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Padilla-Godínez FJ, Ramos-Acevedo R, Martínez-Becerril HA, Bernal-Conde LD, Garrido-Figueroa JF, Hiriart M, Hernández-López A, Argüero-Sánchez R, Callea F, Guerra-Crespo M. Protein Misfolding and Aggregation: The Relatedness between Parkinson's Disease and Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212467. [PMID: 34830348 PMCID: PMC8619695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of cellular homeostasis can lead to misfolding of proteins thus acquiring conformations prone to polymerization into pathological aggregates. This process is associated with several disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), and endoplasmic reticulum storage disorders (ERSDs), like alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and hereditary hypofibrinogenemia with hepatic storage (HHHS). Given the shared pathophysiological mechanisms involved in such conditions, it is necessary to deepen our understanding of the basic principles of misfolding and aggregation akin to these diseases which, although heterogeneous in symptomatology, present similarities that could lead to potential mutual treatments. Here, we review: (i) the pathological bases leading to misfolding and aggregation of proteins involved in PD, AATD, and HHHS: alpha-synuclein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and fibrinogen, respectively, (ii) the evidence linking each protein aggregation to the stress mechanisms occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of each pathology, (iii) a comparison of the mechanisms related to dysfunction of proteostasis and regulation of homeostasis between the diseases (such as the unfolded protein response and/or autophagy), (iv) and clinical perspectives regarding possible common treatments focused on improving the defensive responses to protein aggregation for diseases as different as PD, and ERSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Padilla-Godínez
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Hilda Angélica Martínez-Becerril
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Luis D. Bernal-Conde
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Jerónimo F. Garrido-Figueroa
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
| | - Adriana Hernández-López
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rubén Argüero-Sánchez
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Francesco Callea
- Department of Histopathology, Bugando Medical Centre, Catholic University of Healthy and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania;
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.J.P.-G.); (R.R.-A.); (H.A.M.-B.); (L.D.B.-C.); (J.F.G.-F.); (M.H.)
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.H.-L.); (R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MMA, Ellis E, van Wenum M, Fuchs SA, de Ligt J, van de Wetering M, Sasaki N, Boers SJ, Kemperman H, de Jonge J, Ijzermans JNM, Nieuwenhuis EES, Hoekstra R, Strom S, Vries RRG, van der Laan LJW, Cuppen E, Clevers H. Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver. Cell 2015; 160:299-312. [PMID: 25533785 PMCID: PMC4313365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1031] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous replication potential of the human liver, there are currently no culture systems available that sustain hepatocyte replication and/or function in vitro. We have shown previously that single mouse Lgr5+ liver stem cells can be expanded as epithelial organoids in vitro and can be differentiated into functional hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. We now describe conditions allowing long-term expansion of adult bile duct-derived bipotent progenitor cells from human liver. The expanded cells are highly stable at the chromosome and structural level, while single base changes occur at very low rates. The cells can readily be converted into functional hepatocytes in vitro and upon transplantation in vivo. Organoids from α1-antitrypsin deficiency and Alagille syndrome patients mirror the in vivo pathology. Clonal long-term expansion of primary adult liver stem cells opens up experimental avenues for disease modeling, toxicology studies, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karien Hamer
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francis Blokzijl
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Hälsovägen, Flemingsberg, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martien van Wenum
- Surgical Laboratory, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine A Fuchs
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne J Boers
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kemperman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Surgical Laboratory, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen Strom
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels Alle 8, F 56 141-86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert R G Vries
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, CancerGenomics.nl, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Lysosomal and mitochondrial permeabilization mediates zinc(II) cationic phthalocyanine phototoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2553-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a protective cellular response activated under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The hepatic UPR is activated in several forms of liver disease including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent data defining the role of the UPR in hepatic lipid metabolism have identified molecular mechanisms that may underlie the association between UPR activation and NAFLD. It has become increasingly evident that the IRE1α/Xbp1 pathway of the UPR is critical for hepatic lipid homeostasis, and dysregulation of this evolutionarily conserved pathway is associated with human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although increasing evidence has delineated the importance of UPR pathway signaling in fatty liver disorders, the regulation of the hepatic UPR in normal physiology and fatty liver disorders remains incompletely understood. Understanding the role of the UPR in hepatic lipid metabolism may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Henkel
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section of Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building 15-705, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, Tel: 312-503-3148, Fax: 312-908-9032
| | - Richard M. Green
- Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section of Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building 15-719, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, Tel: 312-503-1812, Fax: 312-908-9032
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Greene CM, Varley RB, Lawless MW. MicroRNAs and liver cancer associated with iron overload: Therapeutic targets unravelled. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5212-5226. [PMID: 23983424 PMCID: PMC3752555 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i32.5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a global disease that is on the increase. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for most primary liver cancers and has a notably low survival rate, largely attributable to late diagnosis, resistance to treatment, tumour recurrence and metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are regulatory RNAs that modulate protein synthesis. miRNAs are involved in several biological and pathological processes including the development and progression of HCC. Given the poor outcomes with current HCC treatments, miRNAs represent an important new target for therapeutic intervention. Several studies have demonstrated their role in HCC development and progression. While many risk factors underlie the development of HCC, one process commonly altered is iron homeostasis. Iron overload occurs in several liver diseases associated with the development of HCC including Hepatitis C infection and the importance of miRNAs in iron homeostasis and hepatic iron overload is well characterised. Aberrant miRNA expression in hepatic fibrosis and injury response have been reported, as have dysregulated miRNA expression patterns affecting cell cycle progression, evasion of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. In 2009, miR-26a delivery was shown to prevent HCC progression, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Several studies have since investigated the clinical potential of other miRNAs with one drug, Miravirsen, currently in phase II clinical trials. miRNAs also have potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis of HCC and to evaluate treatment efficacy. Ongoing studies and clinical trials suggest miRNA-based treatments and diagnostic methods will have novel clinical applications for HCC in the coming years, yielding improved HCC survival rates and patient outcomes.
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Topic A, Ljujic M, Radojkovic D. Alpha-1-antitrypsin in pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7042. [PMID: 23162602 PMCID: PMC3496874 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is the most abundant liver-derived, highly polymorphic, glycoprotein in plasma. Hereditary deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin in plasma (A1ATD) is a consequence of accumulation of polymers of A1AT mutants in endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and other A1AT-producing cells. One of the clinical manifestations of A1ATD is liver disease in childhood and cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in adulthood. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of liver failure in early childhood caused by A1ATD are well known, but the association with hepatocellular carcinoma is not clarified. The aim of this article is to review different aspects of association between A1AT variants and hepatocellular carcinoma, with emphasis on the epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis. The significance of A1AT as a biomarker in the diagnosis of HCC is also discussed. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS Search for relevant articles were performed through Pub Med, HighWire, and Science Direct using the keywords "alpha-1-antitrypsin", "liver diseases", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "SERPINA1". Articles published until 2011 were reviewed. RESULTS Epidemiology studies revealed that severe A1ATD is a significant risk factor for cirrhosis and HCC unrelated to the presence of HBV or HCV infections. However, predisposition to HCC in moderate A1ATD is rare, and probably happens in combination with HBV and/or HCV infections or other unknown risk factors. It is assumed that accumulation of polymers of A1ATD variants in endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes leads to damage of hepatocytes by gain-of-function mechanism. Also, increased level of A1AT was recognized as diagnostic and prognostic marker of HCC. CONCLUSIONS Clarification of a carcinogenic role for A1ATD and identification of proinflammatory or some still unknown factors that lead to increased susceptibility to HCC associated with A1ATD may contribute to a better understanding of hepatic carcinogenesis and to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Topic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Corresponding author: Aleksandra Topic, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vojvode Stepe, 45011221, Belgrade, Serbia. Tel.: +38-1113951283, Fax: +38-1113972840, E-mail:
| | - Mila Ljujic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
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Toll-like receptor signalling in liver disease: ER stress the missing link? Cytokine 2012; 59:195-202. [PMID: 22579700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors induce a complex inflammatory response that can function to alert the body to infection, neutralize pathogens and repair damaged tissues. Toll-like receptors are expressed on kupffer, endothelial, dendritic, biliary epithelial, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes in the liver. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central organelle of eukaryotic cells that exists as a place of lipid synthesis, protein folding and protein maturation. The ER is a major signal transduction organelle that senses and responds to changes in homeostasis. Conditions interfering with the function of the ER are collectively known as ER stress and can be induced by accumulation of unfolded protein aggregates or by excessive protein traffic as can occur during viral infection. The ability of ER stress to induce an inflammatory response is considered to play a role in disease pathogenesis. Importantly, ER stress is viewed as a contributor to the pathogenesis of liver diseases with evidence linking components of ER homeostasis as requirements for optimal Toll-like receptor function. In this context this review discusses the association of Toll-like receptors with ER stress. This is an emerging paradigm in the understanding of Toll-like receptor signalling which may have an underlying role in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Geraghty P, Wallace A, D’Armiento JM. Induction of the unfolded protein response by cigarette smoke is primarily an activating transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein mediated process. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011; 6:309-19. [PMID: 21697995 PMCID: PMC3119106 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s19599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoke is the major risk factor associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent studies propose a link between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and emphysema, demonstrated by increased ER stress markers under smoking conditions. Here, we investigate whether cigarette smoke-induced ER stress is cell specific and correlates with acute and chronic cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS Gene and protein expression changes in human primary lung cell cultures following cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure were monitored by qPCR and Western blot analysis. Mice and guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke and ER stress markers examined in whole lung homogenates. Inflammatory cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 10 days smoke exposed mice were also examined. RESULTS Cigarette smoke induced a trend increase in the ER stress response through an activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mediated induction of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in primary small airway epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages responded similarly to CSE. Wild-type mice and guinea pigs exposed to acute levels of cigarette smoke exhibited increased levels of CHOP but not at significant levels. However, after long-term chronic cigarette smoke exposure, CHOP expression was reduced. Interestingly, inflammatory cells from smoke exposed mice had a significant increase in CHOP/ATF4 expression. CONCLUSION A trend increase in CHOP levels appear in multiple human lung cell types following acute cigarette smoke exposure in vitro. In vivo, inflammatory cells, predominately macrophages, demonstrate significant cigarette smoke-induced ER stress. Early induction of CHOP in cigarette smoke may play a pivotal role in early induction of lung disease, however in vivo long-term cigarette smoke exposure exhibited a reduction in the ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Molecular and Pulmonary Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Molecular and Pulmonary Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanine M D’Armiento
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Molecular and Pulmonary Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Xiao Z, Yang Z, Liu X, Xie D. Impaired membrane targeting and aberrant cellular localization of human Cx26 mutants associated with inherited recessive hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 2011; 131:59-66. [PMID: 20863150 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2010.506885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that five Cx26 mutations (R32H, S199F, 572delT, 631-632delGT, and Y155X) affect gap junction (GJ) functions by causing impaired membrane targeting and aberrant cellular localization, and one mutation (R165W) leads to a constriction of the channel pore with no dye coupling. OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathogenetic roles of six recessive Cx26 mutations (p.R32H, p.R165W, p.S199F, c.572delT, c.631-632delGT, and p.Y155X), which have not been functionally analyzed in vitro. METHODS The six mutants and wild-type Cx26 (wtCx26) were cloned into the EcoRI and SalI sites of pEGFP-N1 vector. We transfected the seven constructs into HeLa cells, followed by analysis of their protein expression using the western blot method, study of the protein localizations and gap junction-plaques on the cytomembrane under confocal microscopy, and assessment of the dye coupling of the mutated GJ channels by intercellular dye transfer experiment. RESULTS p.R165W targeted the cytomembrane and formed GJ-like structures in adjacent HeLa cells, causing null dye coupling. The mutants (p.R32H, p.S199F, c.572delT, c.631-632delGT, and p.Y155X) failed to reach the cell surface, and perfectly co-localized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) throughout the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Baxter MA, Rowe C, Alder J, Harrison S, Hanley KP, Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CE, Hanley NA. Generating hepatic cell lineages from pluripotent stem cells for drug toxicity screening. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:4-22. [PMID: 20483202 PMCID: PMC3556810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is an enormous and increasing problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Early detection of problems during the drug discovery pathway is advantageous to minimize costs and improve patient safety. However, current cellular models are sub-optimal. This review addresses the potential use of pluripotent stem cells in the generation of hepatic cell lineages. It begins by highlighting the scale of the problem faced by the pharmaceutical industry, the precise nature of drug-induced liver injury and where in the drug discovery pathway the need for additional cell models arises. Current research is discussed, mainly for generating hepatocyte-like cells rather than other liver cell-types. In addition, an effort is made to identify where some of the major barriers remain in translating what is currently hypothesis-driven laboratory research into meaningful platform technologies for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Baxter
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jane Alder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sean Harrison
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is an inducible transcription factor that tightly regulates the expression of a large cohort of genes. As a key component of the cellular machinery NF-κB is involved in a wide range of biological processes including innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, cellular stress responses, cell adhesion, apoptosis and proliferation. Appropriate regulation of NF-κB is critical for the proper function and survival of the cell. Aberrant NF-κB activity has now been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Systems governing NF-κB activity are complex and there is an increased understanding of the importance of nuclear events in regulating NF-κB's activities as a transcription factor. A number of novel nuclear regulators of NF-κB such as IκB-ζ and PDZ and LIM domain 2 (PDLIM2) have now been identified, adding another layer to the mechanics of NF-κB regulation. Further insight into the functions of these molecules raises the prospect for better understanding and rational design of therapeutics for several important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mankan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Interactions of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor with small ligands of therapeutic potential: binding with retinoic acid. Amino Acids 2009; 38:1011-20. [PMID: 19495939 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (alpha(1)-PI), also known as alpha(1)-antitrypsin, is the most abundant plasma serine protease inhibitor (serpin). It is best recognized for inhibition of neutrophil elastase. The alpha(1)-PI interactions with non-protease ligands were investigated mainly in regards to those molecules that may block the aggregation of alpha(1)-PI Z mutant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of alpha(1)-PI to bind small non-peptide ligands of pharmaceutical interest that may attain additional properties to currently available alpha(1)-PI therapeutic preparations. Among putative ligands of bio-medical interest examined in this study, all-trans retinoic acid (RA) was selected due to its recently proposed roles in the lungs, and as an efficient optical probe. The results of this study, including absorption spectroscopy data, fluorescence quenching and the protein-induced chirality of the visible circular dichroism strongly suggest that alpha(1)-PI does bind RA in vitro to non-covalent complexes of up to two moles of RA per one mole of the protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report that provides experimental evidence of the alpha(1)-PI potential towards bi-functional drugs via a combination with RA, or potentially other molecules of pharmaceutical interest, that ultimately, may enhance currently available alpha(1)-PI therapies.
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Lung alveolar epithelium and interstitial lung disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1643-51. [PMID: 19433305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a group of lung disorders characterized by various levels of inflammation and fibrosis. The current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of ILD strongly suggests a central role of the alveolar epithelium. Following injury, alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) may actively participate in the restoration of a normal alveolar architecture through a coordinated process of re-epithelialization, or in the development of fibrosis through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Complex networks orchestrate EMT leading to changes in cell architecture and behaviour, loss of epithelial characteristics and gain of mesenchymal properties. In the lung, AECs themselves may serve as a source of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts by acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype. This review covers recent knowledge on the role of alveolar epithelium in the pathogenesis of ILD. The mechanisms underlying disease progression are discussed, with a main focus on the apoptotic pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and the developmental pathway.
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