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Umar SM, Dev AJR, Kashyap A, Rathee M, Chauhan SS, Sharma A, Prasad CP. 7-amino carboxycoumarin 2 inhibits lactate induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via MPC1 in oral and breast cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1185-1197. [PMID: 38773713 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Lactate is an oncometabolite that play important role in tumor aggressiveness. Lactate from the tumor microenvironment (TME) is taken up by cancer cells as an energy resource via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS). In the present study, by using an online meta-analysis tool we demonstrated that in oral squamous cancer cells (OSCCs) glycolytic and OXPHOS governing genes are overexpressed, like in breast cancer. For experimental demonstration, we treated the OSCC cell line (SCC4) and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) with sodium L-lactate and analyzed its effects on changes in EMT and migration. For the therapeutic intervention of lactate metabolism, we used AZD3965 (an MCT1 inhibitor), and 7ACC2 (an MPC inhibitor). Like breast cancer, oral cancer tissues showed increased transcripts of 12 genes that were previously shown to be associated with glycolysis and OXPHOS. We experimentally demonstrated that L-lactate treatment induced mesenchymal markers and migration of cancer cells, which was significantly neutralized by MPC inhibitor that is, 7ACC2. Such an effect on EMT status was not observed with AZD3965. Furthermore, we showed that lactate treatment increases the MPC1 expression in both cancer cells, and this might be the reason why cancer cells in the high lactate environment are more sensitive to 7ACC2. Overall, our present findings demonstrate that extracellular lactate positively regulates the MPC1 protein expression in cancer cells, thereby putting forward the notion of using 7ACC2 as a potential therapeutic alternative to inhibit malignant oxidative cancers. Future preclinical studies are warranted to validate the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammad Umar
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arundhathi J R Dev
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Kashyap
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meetu Rathee
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kim J, Park SH, Kim DY, Ryu HW, Jun HS. Molecular Mechanisms of Anticarcinogenic Potential of Hydrocotyle umbellata and Its Major Components. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:1018-1030. [PMID: 38994559 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2377344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite the development of several anticancer treatments, there remains a need for new drugs that can overcome resistance and reduce side effects. While the medicinal herb Hydrocotyle umbellata (H. umbellata) has been used to relieve pain and inflammation, its antitumor properties have not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated the anticarcinogenic potential of H. umbellata extract (HUE) and its major components, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that HUE inhibited the growth of various tumor cell lines, including B16F10, without affecting non-cancer cells. Furthermore, HUE was effective in treating and preventing tumor growth in mice. Our mechanistic studies revealed that HUE inhibited cellular respiration, thereby reducing tumor cell proliferation. When combined with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, HUE demonstrated an enhanced anticancer effect by increasing the rate apoptosis. Analysis of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of HUE identified 1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-butanyl-α-d-glucopyranoside and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives as the major components responsible for the observed anticancer effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HUE and its two major components have the potential to be developed as effective therapeutic agents for a wide range of tumors by targeting cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lee R, Lee WY, Park HJ. Anticancer Effects of Mitoquinone via Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4923. [PMID: 38732133 PMCID: PMC11084895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating female canine mammary gland tumors is crucial owing to their propensity for rapid progression and metastasis, significantly impacting the overall health and well-being of dogs. Mitoquinone (MitoQ), an antioxidant, has shown promise in inhibiting the migration, invasion, and clonogenicity of human breast cancer cells. Thus, we investigated MitoQ's potential anticancer properties against canine mammary gland tumor cells, CMT-U27 and CF41.Mg. MitoQ markedly suppressed the proliferation and migration of both CMT-U27 and CF41.Mg cells and induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with MitoQ led to increased levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, including cleaved-caspase3, BAX, and phospho-p53. Cell cycle analysis revealed that MitoQ hindered cell progression in the G1 and S phases in CMT-U27 and CF41.Mg cells. These findings were supported using western blot analysis, demonstrating elevated levels of cleaved caspase-3, a hallmark of apoptosis, and decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 and cyclin D4, pivotal regulators of the cell cycle. In conclusion, MitoQ exhibits in vitro antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle in canine mammary gland tumors, suggesting its potential as a preventive or therapeutic agent against canine mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea; (R.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea; (R.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Republic of Korea
- Department Smart Life Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li SP, Ou L, Zhang Y, Shen FR, Chen YG. A first-in-class POLRMT specific inhibitor IMT1 suppresses endometrial carcinoma cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:152. [PMID: 36823110 PMCID: PMC9950144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Exploring novel molecularly-targeted therapies for endometrial carcinoma is important. The current study explored the potential anti-endometrial carcinoma activity by a first-in-class POLRMT (RNA polymerase mitochondrial) inhibitor IMT1. In patient-derived primary human endometrial carcinoma cells and established lines, treatment with IMT1 potently inhibited cell viability, proliferation, cell-cycle progression and motility, while inducing robust caspase-apoptosis activation. Treatment with the PLORMT inhibitor impaired mitochondrial functions, leading to mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) transcription inhibition, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative stress and ATP loss in the endometrial carcinoma cells. Similarly, POLRMT depletion, through shRNA-induced silencing or CRISPR/Cas9-caused knockout (KO), inhibited primary endometrial carcinoma cell proliferation and motility, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Importantly, IMT1 failed to induce further cytotoxicity in POLRMT-KO endometrial carcinoma cells. Contrarily, ectopic overexpression of POLRMT further augmented proliferation and motility of primary endometrial carcinoma cells. In vivo, oral administration of a single dose of IMT1 substantially inhibited endometrial carcinoma xenograft growth in the nude mice. mtDNA transcription inhibition, oxidative stress, ATP loss and apoptosis were detected in IMT1-treated endometrial carcinoma xenograft tissues. Together, targeting PLORMT by IMT1 inhibited endometrial carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-ping Li
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Obstetrics Department, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Ou
- grid.452666.50000 0004 1762 8363Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China.
| | - Fang-rong Shen
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You-guo Chen
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Liu P, Roberts S, Shoemaker JT, Vukasinovic J, Tomlinson DC, Speirs V. Validation of a 3D perfused cell culture platform as a tool for humanised preclinical drug testing in breast cancer using established cell lines and patient-derived tissues. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283044. [PMID: 36928454 PMCID: PMC10019722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture models of cancer are currently being developed to recapitulate in vivo physiological conditions and to assess therapeutic responses. However, most models failed to incorporate the biochemical and biophysical stimuli from fluid flow. In this study, a three-dimensional scaffold, SeedEZ was applied within the PerfusionPal perfused culture system to investigate how perfusion, and blood-like oxygen delivery influenced breast cancer cell growth and their responses to a commonly used breast cancer drug tamoxifen. Our results showed that breast cancer cells could be maintained over 3 weeks in PerfusionPal with increased cell viability compared to static 3D culture in fully humanised conditions. This platform also supported examining the effect of tamoxifen on breast cancer cell lines and in primary patient-derived breast cancer samples. Future work is warranted to further the adaption for fully humanised assessment of drug effectiveness in a patient personalized approach with the aim to reduce the burden of animal use in cancer research and increase the degree of human pre-clinical data translation to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Darren C Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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6
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Hyroššová P, Milošević M, Škoda J, Vachtenheim Jr J, Rohlena J, Rohlenová K. Effects of metabolic cancer therapy on tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1046630. [PMID: 36582801 PMCID: PMC9793001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1046630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor metabolism for cancer therapy is an old strategy. In fact, historically the first effective cancer therapeutics were directed at nucleotide metabolism. The spectrum of metabolic drugs considered in cancer increases rapidly - clinical trials are in progress for agents directed at glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, glutaminolysis and several others. These pathways are essential for cancer cell proliferation and redox homeostasis, but are also required, to various degrees, in other cell types present in the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. How metabolism-targeted treatments impact these tumor-associated cell types is not fully understood, even though their response may co-determine the overall effectivity of therapy. Indeed, the metabolic dependencies of stromal cells have been overlooked for a long time. Therefore, it is important that metabolic therapy is considered in the context of tumor microenvironment, as understanding the metabolic vulnerabilities of both cancer and stromal cells can guide new treatment concepts and help better understand treatment resistance. In this review we discuss recent findings covering the impact of metabolic interventions on cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and their implications for metabolic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hyroššová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mirko Milošević
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Škoda
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Vachtenheim Jr
- 3rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Rohlenová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Metabolic targeting of malignant tumors: a need for systemic approach. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2115-2138. [PMID: 35925428 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulated metabolism is now recognized as a fundamental hallmark of carcinogenesis inducing aggressive features and additional hallmarks. In this review, well-established metabolic changes displayed by tumors are highlighted in a comprehensive manner and corresponding therapeutical targets are discussed to set up a framework for integrating basic research findings with clinical translation in oncology setting. METHODS Recent manuscripts of high research impact and relevant to the field from PubMed (2000-2021) have been reviewed for this article. RESULTS Metabolic pathway disruption during tumor evolution is a dynamic process potentiating cell survival, dormancy, proliferation and invasion even under dismal conditions. Apart from cancer cells, though, tumor microenvironment has an acting role as extracellular metabolites, pH alterations and stromal cells reciprocally interact with malignant cells, ultimately dictating tumor-promoting responses, disabling anti-tumor immunity and promoting resistance to treatments. CONCLUSION In the field of cancer metabolism, there are several emerging prognostic and therapeutic targets either in the form of gene expression, enzyme activity or metabolites which could be exploited for clinical purposes; both standard-of-care and novel treatments may be evaluated in the context of metabolism rewiring and indeed, synergistic effects between metabolism-targeting and other therapies would be an attractive perspective for further research.
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8
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Icard P, Simula L, Fournel L, Leroy K, Lupo A, Damotte D, Charpentier MC, Durdux C, Loi M, Schussler O, Chassagnon G, Coquerel A, Lincet H, De Pauw V, Alifano M. The strategic roles of four enzymes in the interconnection between metabolism and oncogene activation in non-small cell lung cancer: Therapeutic implications. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 63:100852. [PMID: 35849943 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer mortality and represents a major challenge in cancer therapy. Intrinsic and acquired anticancer drug resistance are promoted by hypoxia and HIF-1α. Moreover, chemoresistance is sustained by the activation of key signaling pathways (such as RAS and its well-known downstream targets PI3K/AKT and MAPK) and several mutated oncogenes (including KRAS and EGFR among others). In this review, we highlight how these oncogenic factors are interconnected with cell metabolism (aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis and lipid synthesis). Also, we stress the key role of four metabolic enzymes (PFK1, dimeric-PKM2, GLS1 and ACLY), which promote the activation of these oncogenic pathways in a positive feedback loop. These four tenors orchestrating the coordination of metabolism and oncogenic pathways could be key druggable targets for specific inhibition. Since PFK1 appears as the first tenor of this orchestra, its inhibition (and/or that of its main activator PFK2/PFKFB3) could be an efficacious strategy against NSCLC. Citrate is a potent physiologic inhibitor of both PFK1 and PFKFB3, and NSCLC cells seem to maintain a low citrate level to sustain aerobic glycolysis and the PFK1/PI3K/EGFR axis. Awaiting the development of specific non-toxic inhibitors of PFK1 and PFK2/PFKFB3, we propose to test strategies increasing citrate levels in NSCLC tumors to disrupt this interconnection. This could be attempted by evaluating inhibitors of the citrate-consuming enzyme ACLY and/or by direct administration of citrate at high doses. In preclinical models, this "citrate strategy" efficiently inhibits PFK1/PFK2, HIF-1α, and IGFR/PI3K/AKT axes. It also blocks tumor growth in RAS-driven lung cancer models, reversing dedifferentiation, promoting T lymphocytes tumor infiltration, and increasing sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Icard
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Unité de recherche BioTICLA INSERM U1086, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Luca Simula
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ludovic Fournel
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM UMR-S 1124, Cellular Homeostasis and Cancer, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karen Leroy
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Cancers, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lupo
- Pathology Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM U1138, Integrative Cancer Immunology, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Pathology Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM U1138, Integrative Cancer Immunology, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Durdux
- Radiation Oncology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Loi
- Radiotherapy Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Coquerel
- INSERM U1075, COMETE " Mobilités: Attention, Orientation, Chronobiologie", Université Caen, France
| | - Hubert Lincet
- ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), France
| | - Vincent De Pauw
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Paris Center University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM U1138, Integrative Cancer Immunology, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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9
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Bao S, Wang X, Li M, Gao Z, Zheng D, Shen D, Liu L. Potential of Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes as Cancer Biomarkers Demonstrated by Bioinformatics Results. Front Oncol 2022; 12:835549. [PMID: 35719986 PMCID: PMC9204274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.835549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analyses have clearly revealed the roles of mitochondrial ribosomal genes in cancer development. Mitochondrial ribosomes are composed of three RNA components encoded by mitochondrial DNA and 82 specific protein components encoded by nuclear DNA. They synthesize mitochondrial inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related proteins and participate in various biological activities via the regulation of energy metabolism and apoptosis. Mitochondrial ribosomal genes are strongly associated with clinical features such as prognosis and foci metastasis in patients with cancer. Accordingly, mitochondrial ribosomes have become an important focus of cancer research. We review recent advances in bioinformatics research that have explored the link between mitochondrial ribosomes and cancer, with a focus on the potential of mitochondrial ribosomal genes as biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Bao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dihan Shen
- Medical Research Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Chemotherapy Resistance: Role of Mitochondrial and Autophagic Components. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061462. [PMID: 35326612 PMCID: PMC8945922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemotherapy resistance is a common occurrence during cancer treatment that cancer researchers are attempting to understand and overcome. Mitochondria are a crucial intracellular signaling core that are becoming important determinants of numerous aspects of cancer genesis and progression, such as metabolic reprogramming, metastatic capability, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Mitophagy, or selective autophagy of mitochondria, can influence both the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy and the degree of drug resistance. Regardless of the fact that mitochondria are well-known for coordinating ATP synthesis from cellular respiration in cellular bioenergetics, little is known its mitophagy regulation in chemoresistance. Recent advancements in mitochondrial research, mitophagy regulatory mechanisms, and their implications for our understanding of chemotherapy resistance are discussed in this review. Abstract Cancer chemotherapy resistance is one of the most critical obstacles in cancer therapy. One of the well-known mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance is the change in the mitochondrial death pathways which occur when cells are under stressful situations, such as chemotherapy. Mitophagy, or mitochondrial selective autophagy, is critical for cell quality control because it can efficiently break down, remove, and recycle defective or damaged mitochondria. As cancer cells use mitophagy to rapidly sweep away damaged mitochondria in order to mediate their own drug resistance, it influences the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy as well as the degree of drug resistance. Yet despite the importance of mitochondria and mitophagy in chemotherapy resistance, little is known about the precise mechanisms involved. As a consequence, identifying potential therapeutic targets by analyzing the signal pathways that govern mitophagy has become a vital research goal. In this paper, we review recent advances in mitochondrial research, mitophagy control mechanisms, and their implications for our understanding of chemotherapy resistance.
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11
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Kamada S, Takeiwa T, Ikeda K, Horie K, Inoue S. Emerging Roles of COX7RP and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:717881. [PMID: 35178385 PMCID: PMC8844363 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.717881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are critical events in cancers, which often contribute to tumor pathophysiology. While aerobic glycolysis is a known characteristic of cancer-related metabolism, recent studies have shed light on mitochondria-related metabolic pathways in cancer biology, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), amino acid and lipid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, and redox regulation. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women; thus, elucidation of breast cancer-related metabolic alteration will help to develop cancer drugs for many patients. We here aim to define the contribution of mitochondrial metabolism to breast cancer biology. The relevance of OXPHOS in breast cancer has been recently defined by the discovery of COX7RP, which promotes mitochondrial respiratory supercomplex assembly and glutamine metabolism: the latter is also shown to promote nucleic acid and fatty acid biosynthesis as well as ROS defense regulation. In this context, the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family nuclear receptors and collaborating coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) are essential transcriptional regulators for both energy production and cancer-related metabolism. Summarizing recent findings of mitochondrial metabolism in breast cancer, this review will aim to provide a clue for the development of alternative clinical management by modulating the activities of responsible molecules involved in disease-specific metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kamada
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takeiwa
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kuniko Horie
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Why may citrate sodium significantly increase the effectiveness of transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma? Drug Resist Updat 2021; 59:100790. [PMID: 34924279 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third cause of cancer death in men worldwide, and its increasing incidence can be explained by the increasing occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). HCC prognosis is poor, as its 5-year overall survival is approximately 18 % and most cases are diagnosed at an inoperable advanced stage. Moreover, tumor sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutics (particularly to cisplatin-based regimen), trans-arterial chemoembolization (cTACE), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors is limited. Oncogenic signaling pathways, such as HIF-1α and RAS/PI3K/AKT, may provoke drug resistance by enhancing the aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg effect") in cancer cells. Indeed, this metabolism, which promotes cancer cell development and aggressiveness, also induces extracellular acidity. In turn, this acidity promotes the protonation of drugs, hence abrogating their internalization, since they are most often weakly basic molecules. Consequently, targeting the Warburg effect in these cancer cells (which in turn would reduce the extracellular acidification) could be an effective strategy to increase the delivery of drugs into the tumor. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) and its activator PFK2 are the main regulators of glycolysis, and they also couple the enhancement of glycolysis to the activation of key signaling cascades and cell cycle progression. Therefore, targeting this "Gordian Knot" in HCC cells would be of crucial importance. Here, we suggest that this could be achieved by citrate administration at high concentration, because citrate is a physiologic inhibitor of PFK1 and PFK2. As shown in various in vitro studies, including HCC cell lines, administration of high concentrations of citrate inhibits PFK1 and PFK2 (and consequently glycolysis), decreases ATP production, counteracts HIF-1α and PI3K/AKT signaling, induces apoptosis, and sensitizes cells to cisplatin treatment. Administration of high concentrations of citrate in animal models (including Ras-driven tumours) has been shown to effectively inhibit cancer growth, reverse cell dedifferentiation, and neutralize intratumor acidity, without apparent toxicity in animal studies. Citrate may also induce a rapid secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and it could favour the destruction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) sustaining tumor recurrence. Consequently, this "citrate strategy" could improve the tumor sensitivity to current treatments of HCC by reducing the extracellular acidity, thus enhancing the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor. Therefore, we propose that this strategy should be explored in clinical trials, in particular to enhance cTACE effectiveness.
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Duraj T, Carrión-Navarro J, Seyfried TN, García-Romero N, Ayuso-Sacido A. Metabolic therapy and bioenergetic analysis: The missing piece of the puzzle. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101389. [PMID: 34749013 PMCID: PMC8637646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant metabolism is recognized as a hallmark of cancer, a pillar necessary for cellular proliferation. Regarding bioenergetics (ATP generation), most cancers display a preference not only toward aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg effect") and glutaminolysis (mitochondrial substrate level-phosphorylation) but also toward other metabolites such as lactate, pyruvate, and fat-derived sources. These secondary metabolites can assist in proliferation but cannot fully cover ATP demands. SCOPE OF REVIEW The concept of a static metabolic profile is challenged by instances of heterogeneity and flexibility to meet fuel/anaplerotic demands. Although metabolic therapies are a promising tool to improve therapeutic outcomes, either via pharmacological targets or press-pulse interventions, metabolic plasticity is rarely considered. Lack of bioenergetic analysis in vitro and patient-derived models is hindering translational potential. Here, we review the bioenergetics of cancer and propose a simple analysis of major metabolic pathways, encompassing both affordable and advanced techniques. A comprehensive compendium of Seahorse XF bioenergetic measurements is presented for the first time. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Standardization of principal readouts might help researchers to collect a complete metabolic picture of cancer using the most appropriate methods depending on the sample of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Duraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU San Pablo University, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Noemí García-Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. The Key Role of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancers under Normoxic Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215557. [PMID: 34771718 PMCID: PMC8582658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in cancers and plays a major role in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Recent studies have shown that cancer processes are involved under normoxic conditions. These findings completely change the way of approaching the study of the cancer process. In this review, we focus on the fact that, under normoxic conditions, the overstimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway leads to modifications in the tumor micro-environment and the activation of the Warburg effect, i.e., aerobic glycolysis, autophagy and glutaminolysis, which in turn participate in tumor growth. Abstract The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in cancers and plays a major role in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation is associated with cancer. Hypoxic mechanisms lead to the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, promoting glycolytic and energetic metabolism and angiogenesis. However, HIF-1α is degraded by the HIF prolyl hydroxylase under normoxia, conditions under which the WNT/β-catenin pathway can activate HIF-1α. This review is therefore focused on the interaction between the upregulated WNT/β-catenin pathway and the metabolic processes underlying cancer mechanisms under normoxic conditions. The WNT pathway stimulates the PI3K/Akt pathway, the STAT3 pathway and the transduction of WNT/β-catenin target genes (such as c-Myc) to activate HIF-1α activity in a hypoxia-independent manner. In cancers, stimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway induces many glycolytic enzymes, which in turn induce metabolic reprogramming, known as the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis, leading to lactate overproduction. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces gene transactivation via WNT target genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1, or via HIF-1α. This in turn encodes aerobic glycolysis enzymes, including glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase-A, leading to lactate production. The increase in lactate production is associated with modifications to the tumor microenvironment and tumor growth under normoxic conditions. Moreover, increased lactate production is associated with overexpression of VEGF, a key inducer of angiogenesis. Thus, under normoxic conditions, overstimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway leads to modifications of the tumor microenvironment and activation of the Warburg effect, autophagy and glutaminolysis, which in turn participate in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 Rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR, CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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15
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Metabolic Tumor Microenvironment Characterization of Contrast Enhancing Brain Tumors Using Physiologic MRI. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100668. [PMID: 34677383 PMCID: PMC8537028 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a critical regulator of cancer development and progression as well as treatment response and resistance in brain neoplasms. The available techniques for investigation, however, are not well suited for noninvasive in vivo characterization in humans. A total of 120 patients (59 females; 61 males) with newly diagnosed contrast-enhancing brain tumors (64 glioblastoma, 20 brain metastases, 15 primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas (PCNSLs), and 21 meningiomas) were examined with a previously established physiological MRI protocol including quantitative blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging and vascular architecture mapping. Six MRI biomarker maps for oxygen metabolism and neovascularization were fused for classification of five different tumor microenvironments: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), hypoxia with/without neovascularization, and necrosis. Glioblastoma showed the highest metabolic heterogeneity followed by brain metastasis with a glycolysis-to-OxPhos ratio of approximately 2:1 in both tumor entities. In addition, glioblastoma revealed a significant higher percentage of hypoxia (24%) compared to all three other brain tumor entities: brain metastasis (7%; p < 0.001), PCNSL (8%; p = 0.001), and meningioma (8%; p = 0.003). A more aggressive biological brain tumor behavior was associated with a higher percentage of hypoxia and necrosis and a lower percentage of remaining vital tumor tissue and aerobic glycolysis. The proportion of oxidative phosphorylation, however, was rather similar (17–26%) for all four brain tumor entities. Tumor microenvironment (TME) mapping provides insights into neurobiological differences of contrast-enhancing brain tumors and deserves further clinical cancer research attention. Although there is a long roadmap ahead, TME mapping may become useful in order to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) exhibit altered metabolism to support a variety of bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands for tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Changes in glycolytic flux, oxidative phosphorylation, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation, and nucleic acid biosynthesis are observed in GBMs to help drive tumorigenesis. Both the genetic landscape of GBMs and the unique brain tumor microenvironment shape metabolism; therefore, an understanding of how both intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate metabolism is becoming increasingly important for finding effect targets and therapeutics for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Morrow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Jenna Minami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles.
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17
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Mou Z, Yang C, Zhang Z, Wu S, Xu C, Cheng Z, Dai X, Chen X, Ou Y, Jiang H. Transcriptomic Analysis of Glycolysis-Related Genes Reveals an Independent Signature of Bladder Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 11:566918. [PMID: 33424916 PMCID: PMC7786194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.566918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder carcinoma (BC) is one of the most prevalent and malignant tumors. Multiple gene signatures based on BC metabolism, especially regarding glycolysis, remain unclear. Thus, we developed a glycolysis-related gene signature to be used for BC prognosis prediction. Methods Transcriptomic and clinical data were divided into a training set and a validation set after they were downloaded and analyzed from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and differential analysis were used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while univariate Cox regression and lasso-penalized Cox regression were employed for signature establishment. To evaluate the prognostic power of the signature, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis were also used. Additionally, we developed a nomogram to predict patients' survival chances using the identified prognostic gene signature. Further, gene mutation and protein expression, as well as the independence of signature genes, were also analyzed. Finally, we also performed qPCR and western blot to detect the expression and potential pathways of signature genes in BC samples. Results Ten genes were selected for signature construction among 71 DEGs, including nine risk genes and one protection gene. KM survival analysis revealed that the high-risk group had poor survival and the low-risk group had increased survival. ROC curve analysis and the nomogram validated the accurate prediction of survival using a gene signature composed of 10 glycolysis-related genes. Western blot and qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression trend of signature genes was basically consistent with previous results. These 10 glycolysis-related genes were independent and suitable for a signature. Conclusion Our current study indicated that we successfully built and validated a novel 10-gene glycolysis-related signature for BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Mou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Dai
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinan Chen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxi Ou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Vaupel P, Multhoff G. Revisiting the Warburg effect: historical dogma versus current understanding. J Physiol 2021; 599:1745-1757. [PMID: 33347611 DOI: 10.1113/jp278810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to Warburg's original thesis, accelerated aerobic glycolysis is not a primary, permanent and universal consequence of dysfunctional or impaired mitochondria compensating for poor ATP yield per mole of glucose. Instead, in most tumours the Warburg effect is an essential part of a 'selfish' metabolic reprogramming, which results from the interplay between (normoxic/hypoxic) hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) overexpression, oncogene activation (cMyc, Ras), loss of function of tumour suppressors (mutant p53, mutant phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), microRNAs and sirtuins with suppressor functions), activated (PI3K-Akt-mTORC1, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK-cMyc, Jak-Stat3) or deactivated (LKB1-AMPK) signalling pathways, components of the tumour microenvironment, and HIF-1 cooperation with epigenetic mechanisms. Molecular and functional processes of the Warburg effect include: (a) considerable acceleration of glycolytic fluxes; (b) adequate ATP generation per unit time to maintain energy homeostasis and electrochemical gradients; (c) backup and diversion of glycolytic intermediates facilitating the biosynthesis of nucleotides, non-essential amino acids, lipids and hexosamines; (d) inhibition of pyruvate entry into mitochondria; (e) excessive formation and accumulation of lactate, which stimulates tumour growth and suppression of anti-tumour immunity - in addition, lactate can serve as an energy source for normoxic cancer cells and drives malignant progression and resistances to conventional therapies; (f) cytosolic lactate being mainly exported through upregulated lactate-proton symporters (MCT4), working together with other H+ transporters, and carbonic anhydrases (CAII, CAIX), which hydrate CO2 from oxidative metabolism to form H+ and bicarbonate; (g) these proton export mechanisms, in concert with poor vascular drainage, being responsible for extracellular acidification, driving malignant progression and resistance to conventional therapies; (h) maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; and (i) HIF-1 overexpression, mutant p53 and mutant PTEN, which inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and functions, negatively impacting cellular respiration rate. The glycolytic switch is an early event in oncogenesis and primarily supports cell survival. All in all, the Warburg effect, i.e. aerobic glycolysis in the presence of oxygen and - in principle - functioning mitochondria, constitutes a major driver of the cancer progression machinery, resistance to conventional therapies, and poor patient outcome. However, as evidenced during the last two decades, in a minority of tumours primary mitochondrial defects can play a key role promoting the Warburg effect and tumour progression due to mutations in some Krebs cycle enzymes and mitochondrial ROS overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumour Pathophysiology Group, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of RadioOncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Vaupel P, Multhoff G. The Warburg Effect: Historical Dogma Versus Current Rationale. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:169-177. [PMID: 33966213 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to Warburg's original thesis, accelerated aerobic glycolysis is not a primary and permanent consequence of dysfunctional mitochondria compensating for a poor ATP yield per mole glucose. Instead, the Warburg effect is an essential part of a "selfish" metabolic reprogramming, which results from the interplay between (normoxic or hypoxic) HIF-1 overexpression, oncogene activation (cMyc, Ras), loss of function of tumor suppressors (mutant p53, mutant PTEN, microRNAs and sirtuins with suppressor functions), activated (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk/c-Myc) or deactivated (AMPK) signaling pathways, components of the tumor microenvironment, and HIF-1 cooperations with epigenetic mechanisms. Molecular and functional processes of the Warburg effect include (a) considerably accelerated glycolytic fluxes; (b) adequate ATP generation per unit time to maintain energy homeostasis; (c) backup and diversion of glycolytic intermediates facilitating the biosynthesis of nucleotides, nonessential amino acids, lipids, and hexosamines; (d) inhibition of pyruvate entry into mitochondria; (e) excessive formation and accumulation of lactate which stimulates tumor growth and suppression of antitumor immunity (in addition, lactate can serve as an energy source for normoxic cancer cells, contributes to extracellular acidosis, and thus drives malignant progression and resistances to conventional therapies); (f) maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis and low ROS formation; and (g) HIF-1 overexpression, mutant p53, and mutant PTEN which inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and functions, thus negatively impacting cellular respiration rate. The glycolytic switch is an early event in oncogenesis and primarily supports cell survival. All in all, the Warburg effect, i.e., aerobic glycolysis in the presence of oxygen and - in principle - functioning mitochondria, constitutes a major driver of the cancer progression machinery, resistance to conventional therapies, and - finally - poor patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Pathophysiology Group, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Kamada S, Takeiwa T, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Long Non-coding RNAs Involved in Metabolic Alterations in Breast and Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:593200. [PMID: 33123488 PMCID: PMC7573247 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are the most prevalent cancers in females and males, respectively. These cancers exhibit sex hormone dependence and thus, hormonal therapies are used to treat these cancers. However, acquired resistance to hormone therapies is a major clinical problem. In addition, certain portions of these cancers initially exhibit hormone-independence due to the absence of sex hormone receptors. Therefore, precise and profound understanding of the cancer pathophysiology is required to develop novel clinical strategies against breast and prostate cancers. Metabolic reprogramming is currently recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer, as exemplified by the alteration of glucose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of metabolic enzymes and their regulators such as kinases, transcription factors, and other signaling molecules contributes to metabolic alteration in cancer. Moreover, accumulating lines of evidence reveal that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate cancer development and progression by modulating metabolism. Understanding the mechanism and function of lncRNAs associated with cancer-specific metabolic alteration will therefore provide new knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review provides an overview of recent studies regarding the role of lncRNAs in metabolism in breast and prostate cancers, with a focus on both sex hormone-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kamada
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takeiwa
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Fujita M, Imadome K, Somasundaram V, Kawanishi M, Karasawa K, Wink DA. Metabolic characterization of aggressive breast cancer cells exhibiting invasive phenotype: impact of non-cytotoxic doses of 2-DG on diminishing invasiveness. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:929. [PMID: 32993545 PMCID: PMC7525976 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic reprogramming is being recognized as a fundamental hallmark of cancer, and efforts to identify drugs that can target cancer metabolism are underway. In this study, we used human breast cancer (BC) cell lines and established their invading phenotype (INV) collected from transwell inserts to compare metabolome differences and evaluate prognostic significance of the metabolome in aggressive BC invasiveness. Methods The invasiveness of seven human BC cell lines were compared using the transwell invasion assay. Among these, INV was collected from SUM149, which exhibited the highest invasiveness. Levels of metabolites in INV were compared with those of whole cultured SUM149 cells (WCC) using CE-TOFMS. The impact of glycolysis in INV was determined by glucose uptake assay using fluorescent derivative of glucose (2-NBDG), and significance of glycolysis, or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and electron transport chain (ETC) in the invasive process were further determined in aggressive BC cell lines, SUM149, MDA-MB-231, HCC1937, using invasion assays in the presence or absence of inhibitors of glycolysis, TCA cycle or ETC. Results SUM149 INV sub-population exhibited a persistent hyperinvasive phenotype. INV were hyper-glycolytic with increased glucose (2-NBDG) uptake; diminished glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) levels but elevated pyruvate and lactate, along with higher expression of phosphorylated-pyruvate dehydrogenase (pPDH) compared to WCC. Notably, inhibiting of glycolysis with lower doses of 2-DG (1 mM), non-cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937, was effective in diminishing invasiveness of aggressive BC cell lines. In contrast, 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NA), an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that oxidizes succinate to fumarate in TCA cycle, and functions as complex II of ETC, had no significant effect on their invasiveness, although levels of TCA metabolites or detection of mitochondrial membrane potential with JC-1 staining, indicated that INV cells originally had functional TCA cycles and membrane potential. Conclusions Hyper-glycolytic phenotype of invading cells caters to rapid energy production required for invasion while TCA cycle/ETC cater to cellular energy needs for sustenance in aggressive BC. Lower, non-cytotoxic doses of 2-DG can hamper invasion and can potentially be used as an adjuvant with other anti-cancer therapies without the usual side-effects associated with cytotoxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Basic Medical Science for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, NIRS, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, QST, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan.
| | - Kaori Imadome
- Department of Basic Medical Science for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, NIRS, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, QST, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Miki Kawanishi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Karasawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David A Wink
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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A novel metadherinΔ7 splice variant enhances triple negative breast cancer aggressiveness by modulating mitochondrial function via NFĸB-SIRT3 axis. Oncogene 2019; 39:2088-2102. [PMID: 31806873 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metadherin (MTDH) expression inversely correlates with prognosis of several cancers including mammary carcinomas. In this work, we identified a novel splice variant of MTDH with exon7 skipping (MTDHΔ7) and its levels were found significantly high in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and in patients diagnosed with TNBC. Selective overexpression of MTDHΔ7 in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells enhanced proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition markers in comparison to its wildtype counterpart. In contrast, knockdown of MTDHΔ7 induced antiproliferative/antiinvasive effects. Mechanistically, MTDH-NFĸB-p65 complex activated SIRT3 transcription by binding to its promoter that in turn enhanced MnSOD levels and promoted EMT in TNBC cells. Intriguingly, mitochondrial OCR through Complex-I and -IV, and glycolytic rate (ECAR) were significantly high in MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing MTDHΔ7. While depletion of SIRT3 inhibited MTDH-Wt/Δ7-induced OCR and ECAR, knockdown of MnSOD inhibited only ECAR. In addition, MTDH-Wt/Δ7-mediated pro-proliferative/-invasive effects were greatly obviated with either siSIRT3 or siMnSOD in these cells. The functional relevance of MTDHΔ7 was further proved under in vivo conditions in an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. Mice bearing labeled MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing MTDHΔ7 showed significantly more tumor growth and metastatic ability to various organs in comparison to MTDH-Wt bearing mice. Taken together, MTDHΔ7 promotes TNBC aggressiveness through enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis/function, which perhaps serves as a biomarker.
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Vaupel P, Schmidberger H, Mayer A. The Warburg effect: essential part of metabolic reprogramming and central contributor to cancer progression. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:912-919. [PMID: 30822194 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1920s, Warburg published experimental data on the enhanced conversion of glucose to pyruvate (followed by lactate formation) even in the presence of abundant oxygen (aerobic glycolysis, Warburg effect). He attributed this metabolic trait to a respiratory injury and considered this a universal metabolic alteration in carcinogenesis. This interpretation of the data was questioned since the early 1950s. Realistic causative mechanisms and consequences of the Warburg effect were described only during the past 15 years and are summarized in this article. There is clear evidence that mitochondria are not defective in most cancers. Aerobic glycolysis, a key metabolic feature of the Warburg phenotype, is caused by active metabolic reprogramming required to support sustained cancer cell proliferation and malignant progression. This metabolic switch is directed by altered growth factor signaling, hypoxic or normoxic activation of HIF-1α- transcription, oncogene activation or loss-of-function of suppressor genes, and is implemented in the hostile tumor microenvironment. The 'selfish' reprogramming includes (a) overexpression of glucose transporters and of key glycolytic enzymes, and an accelerated glycolytic flux with subsequent accumulation and diversion of glycolytic intermediates for cancer biomass synthesis, (b) high-speed ATP production that meets the energy demand, and (c) accumulation of lactate which drives tumor progression and largely contributes to tumor acidosis, which in turn synergistically favors tumor progression and resistance to certain antitumor therapies, and compromises antitumor immunity. Altogether, the Warburg effect is the central contributor to the cancer progression machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vaupel
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Tumor Pathophysiology Group, University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Tumor Pathophysiology Group, University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
| | - Arnulf Mayer
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Tumor Pathophysiology Group, University Medical Center , Mainz , Germany
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Ashton TM, McKenna WG, Kunz-Schughart LA, Higgins GS. Oxidative Phosphorylation as an Emerging Target in Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2482-2490. [PMID: 29420223 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have upregulated glycolysis compared with normal cells, which has led many to the assumption that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is downregulated in all cancers. However, recent studies have shown that OXPHOS can be also upregulated in certain cancers, including leukemias, lymphomas, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, high OXPHOS subtype melanoma, and endometrial carcinoma, and that this can occur even in the face of active glycolysis. OXPHOS inhibitors could therefore be used to target cancer subtypes in which OXPHOS is upregulated and to alleviate therapeutically adverse tumor hypoxia. Several drugs including metformin, atovaquone, and arsenic trioxide are used clinically for non-oncologic indications, but emerging data demonstrate their potential use as OXPHOS inhibitors. We highlight novel applications of OXPHOS inhibitors with a suitable therapeutic index to target cancer cell metabolism. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2482-90. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Ashton
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- OncoRay, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, Germany
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Icard P, Shulman S, Farhat D, Steyaert JM, Alifano M, Lincet H. How the Warburg effect supports aggressiveness and drug resistance of cancer cells? Drug Resist Updat 2018; 38:1-11. [PMID: 29857814 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ both conventional oxidative metabolism and glycolytic anaerobic metabolism. However, their proliferation is marked by a shift towards increasing glycolytic metabolism even in the presence of O2 (Warburg effect). HIF1, a major hypoxia induced transcription factor, promotes a dissociation between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a process limiting the efficient production of ATP and citrate which otherwise would arrest glycolysis. The Warburg effect also favors an intracellular alkaline pH which is a driving force in many aspects of cancer cell proliferation (enhancement of glycolysis and cell cycle progression) and of cancer aggressiveness (resistance to various processes including hypoxia, apoptosis, cytotoxic drugs and immune response). This metabolism leads to epigenetic and genetic alterations with the occurrence of multiple new cell phenotypes which enhance cancer cell growth and aggressiveness. In depth understanding of these metabolic changes in cancer cells may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which when combined with existing cancer treatments, might improve their effectiveness and/or overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Icard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, BioTICLA axis (Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers), Caen, France; UNICANCER, Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, BioTICLA lab, Caen, France; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Caen, France
| | | | - Diana Farhat
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, EDST-PRASE, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique (LIX), Palaiseau, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Center University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Lincet
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.
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Yi M, Yang J, Li W, Li X, Xiong W, McCarthy JB, Li G, Xiang B. The NOR1/OSCP1 proteins in cancer: from epigenetic silencing to functional characterization of a novel tumor suppressor. J Cancer 2017; 8:626-635. [PMID: 28367242 PMCID: PMC5370506 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NOR1 (Oxidored-nitro domain-containing protein 1), also known as OSCP1, was first identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells in 2003. NOR1 is evolutionarily conserved among species with its expression is restricted to brain, testis and respiratory epithelial cells. NOR1 was downregulated in NPC and the downregulation associates with poor prognosis. Previous study demonstrated that hypermethylation of NOR1 promoter was observed in NPC and hematological malignancies, which has been believed to be the main epigenetic cause for NOR1 silencing in these cancers. Recently, the NOR1 tumor suppressor status has been fully established. NOR1 inhibited cancer cell growth by disturbing tumor cell energe metabolism. NOR1 also promote tumor cells apoptosis in oxidative stress and hypoxia by inhibition of stress induced autophagy. Moreover, NOR1 suppressed cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis via activation of FOXA1/HDAC2-slug regulatory network. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying NOR1 mediated tumor suppressive role would be helpful to a deeper understanding of carcinogenesis and, furthermore, to the development of new therapeutic approaches. Here we summarize the current knowledge on NOR1 focusing on its expression pattern, epigenetic and genetic association with human cancers and its biological functions. This review will also elucidate the potential application of NOR1/OSCP1 for some human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Wenjuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China;; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410078, China
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Danhier P, Bański P, Payen VL, Grasso D, Ippolito L, Sonveaux P, Porporato PE. Cancer metabolism in space and time: Beyond the Warburg effect. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:556-572. [PMID: 28167100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered metabolism in cancer cells is pivotal for tumor growth, most notably by providing energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks while several metabolites exert a signaling function promoting tumor growth and progression. A cancer tissue cannot be simply reduced to a bulk of proliferating cells. Tumors are indeed complex and dynamic structures where single cells can heterogeneously perform various biological activities with different metabolic requirements. Because tumors are composed of different types of cells with metabolic activities affected by different spatial and temporal contexts, it is important to address metabolism taking into account cellular and biological heterogeneity. In this review, we describe this heterogeneity also in metabolic fluxes, thus showing the relative contribution of different metabolic activities to tumor progression according to the cellular context. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in Cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Danhier
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73 box B1.73.08, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piotr Bański
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luigi Ippolito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino Italy.
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28
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Vaupel P, Mayer A. Tumor Oxygenation Status: Facts and Fallacies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:91-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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29
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Coelho RG, Cazarin JDM, Cavalcanti de Albuquerque JPA, de Andrade BM, Carvalho DP. Differential glycolytic profile and Warburg effect in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3673-3681. [PMID: 27748844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration of glycolysis is a characteristic of neoplasia. Previous studies have shown that a metabolic shift occurs in many tumors and correlates with a negative prognosis. The present study aimed to investigate the glycolytic profile of thyroid carcinoma cell lines. We investigated glycolytic and oxidative parameters of two thyroid carcinoma papillary cell lines (BCPAP and TPC1) and the non-tumor cell line NTHY-ori. All carcinoma cell lines showed higher rates of glycolysis efficiency, when compared to NTHY-ori, as assessed by a higher rate of glucose consumption and lactate production. The BCPAP cell line presented higher rates of growth, as well as elevated intracellular ATP levels, compared to the TPC1 and NTHY-ori cells. We found that glycolysis and activities of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) regulatory enzymes were significantly different among the carcinoma cell lines, particularly in the mitochondrial hexokinase (HK) activity which was higher in the BCPAP cells than that in the TPC1 cell line which showed a balanced distribution of HK activity between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial subcellular localizations. However, TPC1 had higher levels of glucose‑6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting that the PPP is elevated in this cell type. Using high resolution respirometry, we observed that the Warburg effect was present in the BCPAP and TPC1 cells, characterized by low oxygen consumption and high reactive oxygen species production. Overall, these results indicate that both thyroid papillary carcinoma cell lines showed a glycolytic profile. Of note, BCPAP cells presented some relevant differences in cell metabolism compared to TPC1 cells, mainly related to higher mitochondrial-associated HK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guimarães Coelho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Menezes Cazarin
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Moulin de Andrade
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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30
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Wynn ML, Yates JA, Evans CR, Van Wassenhove LD, Wu ZF, Bridges S, Bao L, Fournier C, Ashrafzadeh S, Merrins MJ, Satin LS, Schnell S, Burant CF, Merajver SD. RhoC GTPase Is a Potent Regulator of Glutamine Metabolism and N-Acetylaspartate Production in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13715-29. [PMID: 27129239 PMCID: PMC4919454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an extremely lethal cancer that rapidly metastasizes. Although the molecular attributes of IBC have been described, little is known about the underlying metabolic features of the disease. Using a variety of metabolic assays, including (13)C tracer experiments, we found that SUM149 cells, the primary in vitro model of IBC, exhibit metabolic abnormalities that distinguish them from other breast cancer cells, including elevated levels of N-acetylaspartate, a metabolite primarily associated with neuronal disorders and gliomas. Here we provide the first evidence of N-acetylaspartate in breast cancer. We also report that the oncogene RhoC, a driver of metastatic potential, modulates glutamine and N-acetylaspartate metabolism in IBC cells in vitro, revealing a novel role for RhoC as a regulator of tumor cell metabolism that extends beyond its well known role in cytoskeletal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wynn
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and
| | | | | | | | - Zhi Fen Wu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Liwei Bao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Matthew J Merrins
- the Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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31
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Porporato PE, Payen VL, Pérez-Escuredo J, De Saedeleer CJ, Danhier P, Copetti T, Dhup S, Tardy M, Vazeille T, Bouzin C, Feron O, Michiels C, Gallez B, Sonveaux P. A mitochondrial switch promotes tumor metastasis. Cell Rep 2014; 8:754-66. [PMID: 25066121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression of cancer is associated with poor outcome, and here we examine metabolic changes underlying this process. Although aerobic glycolysis is known to promote metastasis, we have now identified a different switch primarily affecting mitochondria. The switch involves overload of the electron transport chain (ETC) with preserved mitochondrial functions but increased mitochondrial superoxide production. It provides a metastatic advantage phenocopied by partial ETC inhibition, another situation associated with enhanced superoxide production. Both cases involved protein tyrosine kinases Src and Pyk2 as downstream effectors. Thus, two different events, ETC overload and partial ETC inhibition, promote superoxide-dependent tumor cell migration, invasion, clonogenicity, and metastasis. Consequently, specific scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide with mitoTEMPO blocked tumor cell migration and prevented spontaneous tumor metastasis in murine and human tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Porporato
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Jhudit Pérez-Escuredo
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Christophe J De Saedeleer
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Pierre Danhier
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group (REMA), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Tamara Copetti
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Suveera Dhup
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Morgane Tardy
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | | | - Bernard Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group (REMA), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology (FATH), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium.
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Amoedo ND, Rodrigues MF, Rumjanek FD. MITOCHONDRIA: Are mitochondria accessory to metastasis? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Seyfried TN, Flores RE, Poff AM, D'Agostino DP. Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:515-27. [PMID: 24343361 PMCID: PMC3941741 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease involving disturbances in energy production through respiration and fermentation. The genomic instability observed in tumor cells and all other recognized hallmarks of cancer are considered downstream epiphenomena of the initial disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. The disturbances in tumor cell energy metabolism can be linked to abnormalities in the structure and function of the mitochondria. When viewed as a mitochondrial metabolic disease, the evolutionary theory of Lamarck can better explain cancer progression than can the evolutionary theory of Darwin. Cancer growth and progression can be managed following a whole body transition from fermentable metabolites, primarily glucose and glutamine, to respiratory metabolites, primarily ketone bodies. As each individual is a unique metabolic entity, personalization of metabolic therapy as a broad-based cancer treatment strategy will require fine-tuning to match the therapy to an individual’s unique physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA and
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Abstract
Tumour cells thrive in environments that would be hostile to their normal cell counterparts. Survival depends on the selection of cell lines that harbour modifications of both, gene regulation that shifts the balance between the cell cycle and apoptosis and those that involve the plasticity of the metabolic machinery. With regards to metabolism, the selected phenotypes usually display enhanced anaerobic glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, the so-called Warburg effect, and anabolic pathways that provide precursors for the synthesis of lipids, proteins and DNA. The review will discuss the original ideas of Otto Warburg and how they initially led to the notion that mitochondria of tumour cells were dysfunctional. Data will be presented to show that not only the organelles are viable and respiring, but that they are key players in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Likewise, interconnecting pathways that stand out in the tumour phenotype and that require intact mitochondria such as glutaminolysis will be addressed. Furthermore, comments will be made as to how the peculiarities of the biochemistry of tumour cells renders them amenable to new forms of treatment by highlighting possible targets for inhibitors. In this respect, a case study describing the effect of a metabolite analogue, the alkylating agent 3BP (3-bromopyruvate), on glycolytic enzyme targets will be presented.
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Dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation makes malignant melanoma cells addicted to glycolysis driven by the (V600E)BRAF oncogene. Oncotarget 2013; 4:584-99. [PMID: 23603840 PMCID: PMC3720606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene addiction describes how cancer cells exhibit dependence on single oncogenes to escape apoptosis and senescence. While oncogene addiction constitutes the basis for new cancer treatment strategies targeting individual kinases and pathways activated by oncogenic mutations, the biochemical basis for this addiction is largely unknown. Here we provide evidence for a metabolic rationale behind the addiction to V600EBRAF in two malignant melanoma cell lines. Both cell lines display a striking addiction to glycolysis due to underlying dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Notably, even minor reductions in glycolytic activity lead to increased OXPHOS activity (reversed Warburg effect), however the mitochondria are unable to sustain ATP production. We show that V600EBRAF upholds the activity of glycolysis and therefore the addiction to glycolysis de facto becomes an addiction to V600EBRAF. Finally, the senescence response associated with inhibition of V600EBRAF is rescued by overexpression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), providing direct evidence that oncogene addiction rests on a metabolic foundation.
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Optimization of Tumor Radiotherapy With Modulators of Cell Metabolism: Toward Clinical Applications. Semin Radiat Oncol 2013; 23:262-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Li W, Li X, Wang W, Yi M, Zhou Y, Zheng P, Xiong W, Yang J, Peng S, McCarthy JB, Xiang B, Li G. Tumor suppressor gene Oxidored-nitro domain-containing protein 1 regulates nasopharyngeal cancer cell autophagy, metabolism, and apoptosis in vitro. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2016-26. [PMID: 23831407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism that involves the catabolic degradation of damaged proteins and organelles during stress. It is particularly required for tumor cell survival during starvation and tumorigenesis. NOR1 is a putative tumor suppressor gene. This study investigated in vitro the effects of NOR1 on the regulation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma autophagy, metabolism, and apoptosis. The data showed that acute oxidative stress induced the expression of NOR1 in normal human cells and tumor cells. Restoration of NOR1 expression downregulated basal autophagy, assessed by autophagy marker LC3 conversion and transmission electron microscopy. In NOR1-expressing tumor cells, reduced autophagy inhibited mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. Restoration of NOR1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells enhanced apoptosis after induction of oxidative stress. NOR1 expression upregulated Bax expression, Bax translocation to the mitochondria, Smac/DIABLO release from the mitochondria, and activation of caspase-9, and -3, and PARP. In contrast, knockdown of NOR1 expression using NOR1 RNAi resulted in an increase in autophagy and attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in HeLa cells. In addition, expression of NOR1 significantly inhibited cisplatin-induced autophagy, resulting in increased cisplatin cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These data revealed novel aspects of the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, which underlies the tumor suppression function of NOR1. This work may provide novel insights to contribute to the development of a combinatorial therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Macintyre AN, Rathmell JC. Activated lymphocytes as a metabolic model for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 24280044 PMCID: PMC3834493 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key event in tumorigenesis to support cell growth, and cancer cells frequently become both highly glycolytic and glutamine dependent. Similarly, T lymphocytes (T cells) modify their metabolism after activation by foreign antigens to shift from an energetically efficient oxidative metabolism to a highly glycolytic and glutamine-dependent metabolic program. This metabolic transition enables T cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In both activated T cells and cancer cells metabolic reprogramming is achieved by similar mechanisms and offers similar survival and cell growth advantages. Activated T cells thus present a useful model with which to study the development of tumor metabolism. Here, we review the metabolic similarities and distinctions between activated T cells and cancer cells, and discuss both the common signaling pathways and master metabolic regulators that lead to metabolic rewiring. Ultimately, understanding how and why T cells adopt a cancer cell-like metabolic profile may identify new therapeutic strategies to selectively target tumor metabolism or inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Macintyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Sarah W, Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Vaupel P. Tumor oxygenation: an appraisal of past and present concepts and a look into the future : Arisztid G. B. Kovách Lecture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 789:229-236. [PMID: 23852499 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since 1970, the multifactorial pathogenesis of the deficient and heterogeneous oxygenation of transplanted murine tumors and of human cancers (including parameters determining oxygen delivery, e.g., blood flow, diffusion geometry, oxygen transport capacity of the blood) has been investigated in vivo. Hypoxia and/or anoxia was quantitatively assessed and characterized using microtechniques and special preclinical tumor models. Hypoxia subtypes were identified, and critical supply conditions were theoretically analyzed. In the 1980s, first experiments on humans were carried out in cancers of the rectum and of the oral cavity. In the 1990s, the clinical investigations were carried out on cancers of the breast and of the uterine cervix, clearly showing that hypoxia is a hallmark of locally advanced human tumors. In multivariate analysis, hypoxia was found to be an independent, adverse prognostic factor for patient survival due to hypoxia-driven malignant progression and hypoxia-associated resistance to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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