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Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV. Methylene blue and its potential in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0007. [PMID: 38530227 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and brain ischemia/reperfusion cause neurodegenerative processes that can continue after the acute stage with the development of severe brain atrophy with dementia. In this case, the long-term neurodegeneration of the brain is similar to the neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is associated with the accumulation of beta amyloid and tau protein. In the pathogenesis of AD as well as in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and TBI oxidative stress, progressive inflammation, glial activation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and excessive activation of autophagy are involved, which implies the presence of many targets that can be affected by neuroprotectors. That is, multivariate cascades of nerve tissue damage represent many potential targets for therapeutic interventions. One of such substances that can be used in multi-purpose therapeutic strategies is methylene blue (MB). This drug can have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect, activate autophagy, inhibit the aggregation of proteins with an irregular shape, inhibit NO synthase, and bypass impaired electron transfer in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. MB is a well-described treatment for methemoglobinemia, malaria, and encephalopathy caused by ifosfamide. In recent years, this drug has attracted great interest as a potential treatment for a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including the effects of TBI, ischemia, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- 64935 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Gureev AP, Sadovnikova IS, Popov VN. Molecular Mechanisms of the Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:940-956. [PMID: 36180986 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922090073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is the first fully synthetic compound that had found its way into medicine over 120 years ago as a treatment against malaria. MB has been approved for the treatment of methemoglobinemia, but there are premises for its repurposing as a neuroprotective agent based on the efficacy of this compound demonstrated in the models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depressive disorders, etc. However, the goal of this review was not so much to focus on the therapeutic effects of MB in the treatment of various neurodegeneration diseases, but to delve into the mechanisms of direct or indirect effect of this drug on the signaling pathways. MB can act as an alternative electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the case of dysfunctional electron transport chain. It also displays the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), activates signaling pathways involved in the mitochondrial pool renewal (mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy), and prevents aggregation of misfolded proteins. Comprehensive understanding of all aspects of direct and indirect influence of MB, and not just some of its effects, can help in further research of this compound, including its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P Gureev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018, Russia.
- Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036, Voronezh, Russia
| | | | - Vasily N Popov
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018, Russia
- Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036, Voronezh, Russia
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3
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van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Laine-Menéndez S, Fernández-de la Torre M, Bermejo-Gómez V, Rufián-Vázquez L, Arenas J, Martín MA, Lucia A, Morán M. Physical Exercise and Mitochondrial Disease: Insights From a Mouse Model. Front Neurol 2019; 10:790. [PMID: 31402893 PMCID: PMC6673140 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are among the most prevalent neuromuscular disorders. Unfortunately, no curative treatment is yet available. This study analyzed the effects of exercise training in an animal model of respiratory chain complex I deficiency, the Harlequin (Hq) mouse, which replicates the clinical features of this condition. Methods: Male heterozygous Harlequin (Hq/Y) mice were assigned to an “exercise” (n = 10) or a “sedentary” control group (n = 11), with the former being submitted to an 8 week combined exercise training intervention (aerobic + resistance training performed five times/week). Aerobic fitness, grip strength, and balance were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention period in all the Hq mice. Muscle biochemical analyses (with results expressed as percentage of reference data from age/sex-matched sedentary wild-type mice [n = 12]) were performed at the end of the aforementioned period for the assessment of major molecular signaling pathways involved in muscle anabolism (mTOR activation) and mitochondrial biogenesis (proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α [PGC-1α] levels), and enzyme activity and levels of respiratory chain complexes, and antioxidant enzyme levels. Results: Exercise training resulted in significant improvements in aerobic fitness (−33 ± 13 m and 83 ± 43 m for the difference post- vs. pre-intervention in total distance covered in the treadmill tests in control and exercise group, respectively, p = 0.014) and muscle strength (2 ± 4 g vs. 17 ± 6 g for the difference post vs. pre-intervention, p = 0.037) compared to the control group. Higher levels of ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 phosphorylated at threonine 389 (156 ± 30% vs. 249 ± 30%, p = 0.028) and PGC-1α (82 ± 7% vs. 126 ± 19% p = 0.032) were observed in the exercise-trained mice compared with the control group. A higher activity of respiratory chain complexes I (75 ± 4% vs. 95 ± 6%, p = 0.019), III (79 ± 5% vs. 97 ± 4%, p = 0.031), and V (77 ± 9% vs. 105 ± 9%, p = 0.024) was also found with exercise training. Exercised mice presented with lower catalase levels (204 ± 22% vs. 141 ± 23%, p = 0.036). Conclusion: In a mouse model of MD, a training intervention combining aerobic and resistance exercise increased aerobic fitness and muscle strength, and mild improvements were found for activated signaling pathways involved in muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and anabolism, OXPHOS complex activity, and redox status in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Laine-Menéndez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-de la Torre
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Bermejo-Gómez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rufián-Vázquez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Fragility and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Morán
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Mitochondrial complex I deficiency and cardiovascular diseases: current evidence and future directions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:579-591. [PMID: 30863992 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence demonstrates the emerging role of mitochondrial complex I deficiency in the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In particular, defects in single subunits of mitochondrial complex I have been associated with cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, as well as diabetic complications and stroke in pre-clinical studies. Moreover, data obtained in humans revealed that genes coding for complex I proteins were associated with different CVDs. In this review, we discuss recent experimental studies that underline the contributory role of mitochondrial complex I deficiency in the etiopathogenesis of several CVDs, with a particular focus on those involving loss of function models of mitochondrial complex I. We also discuss human studies and potential therapeutic strategies able to rescue mitochondrial function in CVDs.
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6
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Gowthami N, Sunitha B, Kumar M, Keshava Prasad T, Gayathri N, Padmanabhan B, Srinivas Bharath M. Mapping the protein phosphorylation sites in human mitochondrial complex I (NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase): A bioinformatics study with implications for brain aging and neurodegeneration. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 95:13-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Ravasz D, Kacso G, Fodor V, Horvath K, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Reduction of 2-methoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone by mitochondrially-localized Nqo1 yielding NAD + supports substrate-level phosphorylation during respiratory inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:909-924. [PMID: 29746824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Provision of NAD+ for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA by the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) is critical for maintained operation of succinyl-CoA ligase yielding high-energy phosphates, a process known as mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mSLP). We have shown previously that when NADH oxidation by complex I is inhibited by rotenone or anoxia, mitochondrial diaphorases yield NAD+, provided that suitable quinones are present (Kiss G et al., FASEB J 2014, 28:1682). This allows for KGDHC reaction to proceed and as an extension of this, mSLP. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an enzyme exhibiting diaphorase activity. Here, by using Nqo1-/- and WT littermate mice we show that in rotenone-treated, isolated liver mitochondria 2-methoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (MNQ) is preferentially reduced by matrix Nqo1 yielding NAD+ to KGDHC, supporting mSLP. This process was sensitive to inhibition by specific diaphorase inhibitors. Reduction of idebenone and its analogues MRQ-20 and MRQ-56, menadione, mitoquinone and duroquinone were unaffected by genetic disruption of the Nqo1 gene. The results allow for the conclusions that i) MNQ is a Nqo1-preferred substrate, and ii) in the presence of suitable quinones, mitochondrially-localized diaphorases other than Nqo1 support NADH oxidation when complex I is inhibited. Our work confirms that complex I bypass can occur by quinones reduced by intramitochondrial diaphorases oxidizing NADH, ultimately supporting mSLP. Finally, it may help to elucidate structure-activity relationships of redox-active quinones with diaphorase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Ravasz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kacso
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Fodor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Kata Horvath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary.
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8
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Srinivas Bharath MM. Post-Translational Oxidative Modifications of Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase): Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapeutics in Human Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S69-S86. [PMID: 28582861 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase; CI) is central to the electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production in eukaryotes. CI is a multi-subunit complex with a complicated yet organized structure that optimally connects electron transfer with proton translocation and forms higher-order supercomplexes with other ETC complexes. Efforts to understand the molecular genetics, expression profile of subunits, and structure-function relationship of CI have increased over the years due to the direct role of the complex in human diseases. Although mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genes of CI and altered expression of subunits could potentially lower CI activity leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in many diseases, oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged as an important mechanism contributing to altered CI activity. These mainly include reversible and irreversible cysteine modifications, tyrosine nitration, carbonylation, and tryptophan oxidation that are generated following exposure to reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species. Interestingly, oxidative PTMs could contribute either to CI damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ensuing cell death or a response mechanism with potential cytoprotective effects. This has also emerged as a promising field for structural biologists since analysis of PTMs could assist in understanding the structure-function relationship of the complex and correlate electron transfer mechanism with energy production. However, analysis of PTMs of CI and their contribution to CI function are incomplete in many physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to highlight the role of oxidative PTMs in modulating CI activity with implications toward pathobiology of CNS diseases and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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9
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Molinari F, Pin F, Gorini S, Chiandotto S, Pontecorvo L, Penna F, Rizzuto E, Pisu S, Musarò A, Costelli P, Rosano G, Ferraro E. The mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming agent trimetazidine as an 'exercise mimetic' in cachectic C26-bearing mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:954-973. [PMID: 29130633 PMCID: PMC5700442 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is characterized by muscle depletion and exercise intolerance caused by an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation and by impaired myogenesis. Myofibre metabolic efficiency is crucial so as to assure optimal muscle function. Some drugs are able to reprogram cell metabolism and, in some cases, to enhance metabolic efficiency. Based on these premises, we chose to investigate the ability of the metabolic modulator trimetazidine (TMZ) to counteract skeletal muscle dysfunctions and wasting occurring in cancer cachexia. METHODS For this purpose, we used mice bearing the C26 colon carcinoma as a model of cancer cachexia. Mice received 5 mg/kg TMZ (i.p.) once a day for 12 consecutive days. A forelimb grip strength test was performed and tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles were excised for analysis. Ex vivo measurement of skeletal muscle contractile properties was also performed. RESULTS Our data showed that TMZ induces some effects typically achieved through exercise, among which is grip strength increase, an enhanced fast-to slow myofibre phenotype shift, reduced glycaemia, PGC1α up-regulation, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. TMZ also partially restores the myofibre cross-sectional area in C26-bearing mice, while modulation of autophagy and apoptosis were excluded as mediators of TMZ effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data show that TMZ acts like an 'exercise mimetic' and is able to enhance some mechanisms of adaptation to stress in cancer cachexia. This makes the modulation of the metabolism, and in particular TMZ, a suitable candidate for a therapeutic rehabilitative protocol design, particularly considering that TMZ has already been approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Molinari
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Chiandotto
- DMCM Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, c/o Department of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni', Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pontecorvo
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pisu
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy.,Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace London, SW17, UK
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
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10
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Irwin MH, Moos WH, Faller DV, Steliou K, Pinkert CA. Epigenetic Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:109-23. [PMID: 26899010 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research In this review, we discuss epigenetic-driven methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, focusing on carnitinoid antioxidant-histone deacetylase inhibitors that show an ability to reinvigorate synaptic plasticity and protect against neuromotor decline in vivo. Aging remains a major risk factor in patients who progress to dementia, a clinical syndrome typified by decreased mental capacity, including impairments in memory, language skills, and executive function. Energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are viewed as determinants in the aging process that may afford therapeutic targets for a host of disease conditions, the brain being primary in such thinking. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a core feature in the pathophysiology of both Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and rare mitochondrial diseases. The potential of new therapies in this area extends to glaucoma and other ophthalmic disorders, migraine, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, systemic exertion intolerance disease, and chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. An emerging and hopefully more promising approach to addressing these hard-to-treat diseases leverages their sensitivity to activation of master regulators of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, antioxidant response elements, and mitophagy. Drug Dev Res 77 : 109-123, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,SRI Biosciences, A Division of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,PhenoMatriX, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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11
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Moos WH, Maneta E, Pinkert CA, Irwin MH, Hoffman ME, Faller DV, Steliou K. Epigenetic Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Autism and Schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:53-72. [PMID: 26899191 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions that often share underlying mitochondrial dysfunction and biological pathways implicated in their pathogenesis, progression, and treatment. To date, these disorders have proven notoriously resistant to molecular-targeted therapies, and clinical options are relegated to interventional types, which do not address the core symptoms of the disease. In this review, we discuss emerging epigenetic-driven approaches using novel acylcarnitine esters (carnitinoids) that act on master regulators of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes and mitophagic pathways. These carnitinoids are actively transported, mitochondria-localizing, biomimetic coenzyme A surrogates of short-chain fatty acids, which inhibit histone deacetylase and may reinvigorate synaptic plasticity and protect against neuronal damage. We outline these neuroprotective effects in the context of treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,SRI Biosciences, A Division of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Eleni Maneta
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael H Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michelle E Hoffman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,PhenoMatriX, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Khotimah H, Ali M, Sumitro SB, Widodo MA. Decreasing α-synuclein aggregation by methanolic extract of Centella asiatica in zebrafish Parkinson's model. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Bioprotective Carnitinoids: Lipoic Acid, Butyrate, and Mitochondria-Targeting to Treat Radiation Injury: Mitochondrial Drugs Come of Age. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Diabolical effects of rabies encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:8-13. [PMID: 25994917 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis in humans and animals caused by rabies virus (RABV) infection. Because the neuropathological changes are very mild in rabies, it has been assumed that neuronal dysfunction likely explains the severe clinical disease. Recently, degenerative changes have been observed in neuronal processes (dendrites and axons) in experimental rabies. In vitro studies have shown evidence of oxidative stress that is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent work has shown that the RABV phosphoprotein (P) interacts with mitochondrial Complex I leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which results in injury to axons. Amino acids at positions 139 to 172 of the P are critical in this process. Rabies vectors frequently show behavioral changes. Aggressive behavior with biting is important for transmission of the virus to new hosts at a time when virus is secreted in the saliva. Aggression is associated with low serotonergic activity in the brain. Charlton and coworkers performed studies in experimentally infected striped skunks with skunk rabies virus and observed aggressive behavioral responses. Heavy accumulation of RABV antigen was found in the midbrain raphe nuclei, indicating that impaired serotonin neurotransmission from the brainstem may account for the aggressive behavior. We now have an improved understanding of how RABV causes neuronal injury and how the infection results in behavioral changes that promote viral transmission to new hosts.
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15
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Parameshwaran K, Irwin MH, Steliou K, Suppiramaniam V, Pinkert CA. Antioxidant-Mediated Reversal of Oxidative Damage in Mouse Modeling of Complex I Inhibition. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:72-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael H. Irwin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Boston, MA, and Cancer Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa AL USA
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16
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Cannon MV, Irwin MH, Pinkert CA. Mitochondrially-Imported RNA in Drug Discovery. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:61-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
- Department of Biology; The University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa AL USA
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17
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Generating Mouse Models of Mitochondrial Disease. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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18
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Berhanu TK, Holley-Cuthrell J, Roberts NW, Mull AJ, Heydemann A. Increased AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscles of Murphy Roth Large mice and its potential role in altered metabolism. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00252. [PMID: 24760507 PMCID: PMC4002233 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild‐type Murphy Roth Large (MRL) mice have long been investigated for their superior healing ability when subjected to various wound and disease models. Despite this long history, the mechanisms causing their extraordinary healing ability remain undefined. As we have recently demonstrated that MRL mice with muscular dystrophy are resistant to the associated fibrosis and the Heber‐Katz group has demonstrated MRL mitochondrial mutations, we decided to investigate the skeletal muscle metabolic characteristics of the MRL mouse strain compared to the commonly utilized C57BL/6J control mouse strain. We now have evidence demonstrating an altered metabolism in the MRL quadriceps, triceps brachii, and diaphragm of 8‐week‐old animals compared to tissues from control animals. The MRL skeletal muscles have increased activated phosphorylated AMP‐activated protein kinase (pAMPK). The increased pAMPK signaling coincides with increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. These metabolic changes may compensate for insufficient oxidative phosphorylation which is demonstrated by altered quantities of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ex vivo metabolic investigations. We also demonstrate that the MRL muscle cells have increased metabolic physiologic reserve. These data further the investigations into this important and unique mouse strain. Why the MRL mice have increased pAMPK and how increased pAMPK and the resultant metabolic alterations affect the healing ability in the MRL mouse strain is discussed. Understanding the molecular mechanisms surrounding the super healing characteristics of these mice will lead to relevant clinical intervention points. In conclusion, we present novel data of increased mitochondrial content, pAMPK, and glycolytic indicators in MRL skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirsit K Berhanu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Lee KK, Fujimoto K, Zhang C, Schwall CT, Alder NN, Pinkert CA, Krueger W, Rasmussen T, Boelsterli UA. Isoniazid-induced cell death is precipitated by underlying mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in mouse hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:584-594. [PMID: 23911619 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an antituberculosis drug that has been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury in susceptible patients. The underlying mechanisms are still unclear, but there is growing evidence that INH and/or its major metabolite, hydrazine, may interfere with mitochondrial function. However, hepatic mitochondria have a large reserve capacity, and minor disruption of energy homeostasis does not necessarily induce cell death. We explored whether pharmacologic or genetic impairment of mitochondrial complex I may amplify mitochondrial dysfunction and precipitate INH-induced hepatocellular injury. We found that INH (≤ 3000 μM) did not induce cell injury in cultured mouse hepatocytes, although it decreased hepatocellular respiration and ATP levels in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, coexposure of hepatocytes to INH and nontoxic concentrations of the complex I inhibitors rotenone (3 μM) or piericidin A (30 nM) resulted in massive ATP depletion and cell death. Although both rotenone and piericidin A increased MitoSox-reactive fluorescence, Mito-TEMPO or N-acetylcysteine did not attenuate the extent of cytotoxicity. However, preincubation of cells with the acylamidase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenol phosphate provided protection from hepatocyte injury induced by rotenone/INH (but not rotenone/hydrazine), suggesting that hydrazine was the cell-damaging species. Indeed, we found that hydrazine directly inhibited the activity of solubilized complex II. Hepatocytes isolated from mutant Ndufs4(+/-) mice, although featuring moderately lower protein expression levels of this complex I subunit in liver mitochondria, exhibited unchanged hepatic complex I activity and were therefore not sensitized to INH. These data indicate that underlying inhibition of complex I, which alone is not acutely toxic, can trigger INH-induced hepatocellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kwang Lee
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Fujimoto
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Daiichi Sankyo, Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Japan
| | - Carmen Zhang
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Christine T Schwall
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, CT 06029, USA
| | - Nathan N Alder
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, CT 06029, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Auburn University, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Winfried Krueger
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Theodore Rasmussen
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Urs A Boelsterli
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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20
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Ponsuksili S, Du Y, Hadlich F, Siengdee P, Murani E, Schwerin M, Wimmers K. Correlated mRNAs and miRNAs from co-expression and regulatory networks affect porcine muscle and finally meat properties. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:533. [PMID: 23915301 PMCID: PMC3750351 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiological processes aiding the conversion of muscle to meat involve many genes associated with muscle structure and metabolic processes. MicroRNAs regulate networks of genes to orchestrate cellular functions, in turn regulating phenotypes. Results We applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify co-expression modules that correlated to meat quality phenotypes and were highly enriched for genes involved in glucose metabolism, response to wounding, mitochondrial ribosome, mitochondrion, and extracellular matrix. Negative correlation of miRNA with mRNA and target prediction were used to select transcripts out of the modules of trait-associated mRNAs to further identify those genes that are correlated with post mortem traits. Conclusions Porcine muscle co-expression transcript networks that correlated to post mortem traits were identified. The integration of miRNA and mRNA expression analyses, as well as network analysis, enabled us to interpret the differentially-regulated genes from a systems perspective. Linking co-expression networks of transcripts and hierarchically organized pairs of miRNAs and mRNAs to meat properties yields new insight into several biological pathways underlying phenotype differences. These pathways may also be diagnostic for many myopathies, which are accompanied by deficient nutrient and oxygen supply of muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Group Functional Genome Analyses, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, FBN, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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