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Zheng J, Li G, Liu W, Deng Y, Xu X. The Expression of Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1445:11-36. [PMID: 38967747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-0511-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Although V(D)J recombination and immunoglobulin (Ig) production are traditionally recognised to occur only in B lymphocytes and plasma cells, the expression of Igs in non-lymphoid cells, which we call non B cell-derived Igs (non B Igs), has been documented by growing studies. It has been demonstrated that non B-Igs can be widely expressed in most cell types, including, but not limited to, epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, myeloid cells, and cells from immune-privileged sites, such as neurons and spermatogenic cells. In particular, malignant tumour cells express high level of IgG. Moreover, different from B-Igs that mainly localised on the B cell membrane and in the serum and perform immune defence function mainly, non B-Igs have been found to distribute more widely and play critical roles in immune defence, maintaining cell proliferation and survival, and promoting progression. The findings of non B-Igs may provide a wealthier breakthrough point for more therapeutic strategies for a wide range of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Hematologic Disease Laboratory, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - XiaoJun Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Chen C, Ma S, Li J, Li M, Huang Q. An immunomodulatory role of Fc receptor γ chain independent of FcγR ligation by IgG in acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105638. [PMID: 37923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), one of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing adaptor proteins, is abundantly expressed in microglia. It couples with different receptors, such as receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. In this study, we observed increased FcRγ expression along with increased IgG-binding during acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication, where adaptive immune responses should not be involved. Notably, FcRγ was expressed not only in the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm in the activated microglia. FcRγ deficiency exacerbated microglial activation, pro-inflammatory factor upregulation, nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits, implicating a beneficial role of FcRγ in this model. Blockade of Fcγ receptor ligation by IgG in mice by Endoglycosidase S treatment, a bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase cleaving specifically the Asn297-linked glycan of IgG, or by using the mice deficient in mature B cells (muMT) with IgG production defects, did not show similar phenotypes to those observed in FcRγ-deficient mice, indicating that the beneficial effect mediated by FcRγ did not depend on FcγR ligation by IgG. Further, FcRγ knockout aggravated the expression and activation of STAT1 in microglia, suggesting FcRγ modulated neuroinflammation by dampening STAT1 signaling. Collectively, these results revealed that FcRγ-associated receptors could function as negative regulators of neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Tian Y, Chen R, Su Z. HMGB1 is a Potential and Challenging Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:47-58. [PMID: 34797463 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the human nervous system and has a wide range of serious impacts on human health and quality of life. Recently, research targeting high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in PD has emerged, and a variety of laboratory methods for inhibiting HMGB1 have achieved good results to a certain extent. However, given that HMGB1 undergoes a variety of intracellular modifications and three different forms of extracellular redox, the possible roles of these forms in PD are likely to be different. General inhibition of all forms of HMGB1 is obviously not ideal and has become one of the biggest obstacles in the clinical application of targeting HMGB1. In this review, pure mechanistic research of HMGB1 and in vivo research targeting HMGB1 were combined, the effects of HMGB1 on neurons and immune cell responses in PD are discussed in detail, and the problems that need to be focused on in the future are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Rong Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Wang Y, Luo FQ, He YH, Yang ZX, Wang X, Li CR, Cai BQ, Chen LJ, Wang ZB, Zhang CL, Guan YC, Zhang D. Oocytes could rearrange immunoglobulin production to survive over adverse environmental stimuli. Front Immunol 2022; 13:990077. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.990077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are key humoral immune molecules produced and secreted by B lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation. No research has reported whether immunoglobulins are present in the non-proliferative female germ cells—oocytes—and whether they are functionally important for oocyte quality, self-protection, and survival. Herein, we found that IgG was present in the oocytes of immunodeficient mice; the IgG-VDJ regions were highly variable between different oocytes, and H3K27Ac bound and regulated the IgG promoter region. Next, IgG mRNA and protein levels increased in response to LPS, and this increment was mediated by CR2 on the oocyte membrane. Finally, we revealed three aspects of the functional relevance of oocyte IgG: first, oocytes could upregulate IgG to counteract the increased ROS level induced by CSF1; second, oocytes could upregulate IgG in response to injected virus ssRNA to maintain mitochondrial integrity; third, upon bacterial infection, oocytes could secrete IgG, subsequently encompassing the bacteria, thus increasing survival compared to somatic cells. This study reveals for the first time that the female germ cells, oocytes, can independently adjust intrinsic IgG production to survive in adverse environments.
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Danková M, Domoráková I, Fagová Z, Stebnický M, Mechírová E. Induction of ischemic tolerance by remote perconditioning or postconditioning as neuroprotective strategy for spinal cord motor neurons. Life Sci 2021; 283:119789. [PMID: 34256043 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study is focused on the investigation of the mechanisms leading to ischemic tolerance acquisition in the spinal cord neurons via application of non-invasive method of remote conditioning. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have verified the possibility of neuroprotection of spinal cord in rabbit by using remote perconditioning (PerC) applied during last 12 min of spinal cord ischemia (SC-ischemia) or postconditioning (PostC) applied after 1st (early) or 3rd (late) h of reperfusion. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the aorta below the left renal artery for 20 min. Reperfusion period was 24 or 72 h. Remote conditioning was induced by compression of left forelimb with a tourniquet in 3 cycles of 2 min of ischemia, each followed by 2 min of reperfusion. Damaged neurons were detected by Fluoro Jade B method and the modified Tarlov score was used for functional assessment. KEY FINDINGS The remote conditioning significantly attenuated degeneration of motor neurons in all remote conditioned groups versus both SC-ischemia groups. We detected significant changes in number of Hsp70 positive motor neurons. At 72time point, in the group with remote late PostC we observed significant increase (p < 0.001) of Hsp70 positive motor neurons versus SC- ischemia group and sham control. There was a trend towards improvement of hindlimbs movement. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed the effectiveness of remote conditioning as a neuroprotective strategy, evidenced by induction of ischemic tolerance leading to decrease of motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Sasinkova 4, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Domoráková
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Fagová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Stebnický
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Surgery and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Ding X, Yang W, Ren Q, Hu J, Yang S, Han W, Wang J, Wang X, Wang H. Serum IgG-induced microglial activation enhances neuronal cytolysis via the NO/sGC/PKG pathway in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and neuroblastoma. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:190. [PMID: 32546235 PMCID: PMC7298801 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disease. Some children with OMS also have neuroblastoma (NB). We and others have previously documented that serum IgG from children with OMS and NB induces neuronal cytolysis and activates several signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms underlying OMS remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) from activated microglias and its cascade contribute to neuronal cytolysis in pediatric OMS. Methods The activation of cultured cerebral cortical and cerebellar microglias incubated with sera or IgG isolated from sera of children with OMS and NB was measured by the expression of the activation marker, cytokines, and NO. Neuronal cytolysis was determined after exposing to IgG-treated microglia-conditioned media. Using inhibitors and activators, the effects of NO synthesis and its intracellular cascade, namely soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase G (PKG), on neuronal cytolysis were evaluated. Results Incubation with sera or IgG from children with OMS and NB increased the activation of cerebral cortical and cerebellar microglias, but not the activation of astrocytes or the cytolysis of glial cells. Moreover, the cytolysis of neurons was elevated by conditioned media from microglias incubated with IgG from children with OMS and NB. Furthermore, the expression of NO, sGC, and PKG was increased. Neuronal cytolysis was relieved by the inhibitors of NO signaling, while neuronal cytolysis was exacerbated by the activators of NO signaling but not proinflammatory cytokines. The cytolysis of neurons was suppressed by pretreatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline, a clinically tested drug. Finally, increased microglial activation did not depend on the Fab fragment of serum IgG. Conclusions Serum IgG from children with OMS and NB potentiates microglial activation, which induces neuronal cytolysis through the NO/sGC/PKG pathway, suggesting an applicability of microglial inhibitor as a therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ding
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan-li-shi Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Qinghua Ren
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jiajian Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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Li S, Zhao H, Huang R, He L, Tian C, Huang H, Han X, Tang F, Lin Z, Deng S, Zhou J, Li Z. Generation of iPSC line (GIBHi001-A) from a patient with autism spectrum disorder. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101571. [PMID: 31520889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder with complex etiologies. In this study, urine cells were collected from a 16-year-old male with ASD and reprogrammed with the human SKOM transcription factors. The patient has a heterozygous C > T mutation of FCGR1B gene that was confirmed by sequencing analysis. The pluripotency was verified by gene expression and capacity of differentiation towards the three germ layers. This kind of iPSC will be valuable for further understanding the pathogenesis of ASD and help to develop drugs for treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongqi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuoxian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihao Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell. and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China.
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Food allergy induces alteration in brain inflammatory status and cognitive impairments. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:374-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang L, Xu J, Gao J, Chen P, Yin M, Zhao W. Decreased immunoglobulin G in brain regions of elder female APOE4-TR mice accompany with Aβ accumulation. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:2. [PMID: 30700991 PMCID: PMC6347753 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-018-0142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and ageing are the most important known risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we determined the alterations of IgG, CD19, and Aβ in various brain regions of uninfected male and female APOE3- and APOE4-TR mice at the age of 3 and 10 months to elucidate impacts of AD risk factors on alterations of brain IgG. Results Positive staining for IgG was distributed across the brain, including neocortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum. IgG positive staining was mainly located on microglia, but not astrocytes. Some IgG positive neurons were also observed, but only in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Compared with APOE3-TR mice, 10-month-old female APOE4-TR mice had lower IgG level in AD susceptible brain regions such as neocortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, but no significant changes in thalamus and cerebellum, two regions nearly intact in AD. In addition, the expression of CD19, a specific marker for mature B cells, was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of 10-month-old female APOE4-TR mice. Although there were no obvious differences in plasma IgG levels between APOE4- and age matched female APOE3-TR mice, significant decreased B cell amount in blood of 10-month-old female APOE4-TR mice have also been found. Moreover, more obvious positive staining for Aβ was observed in the cortex of 10-month-old female APOE4-TR mice than other groups. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that AD risk factors were associated with IgG alterations in various brain regions, which might result from the defects of humoral immunity and lead to the impairment of IgG-mediated clearance of Aβ by microglia, therefore facilitated AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Juan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinchao Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Peiqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ming Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Curative Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Chinese Optimized Yinxieling Formula in Models of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6142065. [PMID: 30519267 PMCID: PMC6241364 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6142065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAN) accompanied by glial activation. Thus, inhibiting glial activation that occurs during this disease could be an effective method for treating PD. Optimized Yinxieling Formula (OYF), a Chinese medicinal formula, which is used to efficiently treat autoimmune disease psoriasis, has been proved to display potential immunomodulatory effects in inflammation-associated diseases. This study assessed the therapeutic benefits of OYF on glial-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in PD models in vitro and in vivo. First, the results showed that OYF significantly suppresses LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion and attenuates the overall inflammatory responses in BV-2 cells. Second, in vivo studies confirm that while the validity of our MPTP-induced PD mouse models possesses activated glia and significant neurobehavioral dysfunction, pretreatment with OYF prevents glial activation and ameliorates movement dysfunction in the MPTP-induced PD mouse models as evaluated by the pole and rotarod tests. Third, transcriptomic analyses were carried out to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of the OYF treatment. Sixteen pathways were significantly upregulated in the OYF-treated PD model mice, including the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, coagulation, and complement cascades. Fifteen pathways were significantly downregulated in the OYF-treated PD model mice, such as the natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, hematopoietic cell lineage, phagosome, and others. These pathways share direct or indirect features of immunomodulation, suggesting that the physiological effects of OYF involve key roles of immune and inflammation regulations. Therefore, we prove that OYF is a useful immunomodulatory formula in developing prevention and treatment methods for neurodegenerative disease PD.
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Abstract
Immune control is associated with nigrostriatal neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease (PD); though its direct cause and effect relationships have not yet been realized and modulating the immune system for therapeutic gain has been openly discussed. While the pathobiology of PD remains in study, neuroinflammation is thought to speed nigrostriatal degeneration. The neuroinflammatory cascade associated with PD begins with aggregation of misfolded or post-translationally modified α-synuclein (α-syn). Such aggregation results in neuronal cell death and the presence of chronically activated glia (microglia and astroglia), leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These changes in the glial phenotype can affect the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment by producing a pro-inflammatory milieu that speeds PD pathogenesis. Mucuna pruriens (Mp) is the most popular drug in Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine. Several reports have suggested that it possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-epileptic and anti-microbial activities. Mp contain L-DOPA and ursolic acid which has an anti-inflammatory property. There are very few literatures which show the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in PD, several researchers have tried to work on the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in some other diseases. The results of several studies show that Mp modulate the immune components like TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-λ, IL-1β, iNOS and IL-2 in the CNS. It also modulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-kB which plays an important role in the progression of the PD. Thus, by altering these cytokines or transcription factors, Mp protects or prevents the progression of PD. Thus in this review we try to explore the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in PD.
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Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:8385961. [PMID: 28127491 PMCID: PMC5239986 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8385961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile neuroinflammation is essential for the proper brain development and tissue repair. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various disease processes. The endogenous intracellular molecules so called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins or damage signals that are released by activated or necrotic cells are thought to play a crucial role in initiating an immune response. Sterile inflammatory response that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, hemorrhage, epilepsy, or traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates a vicious cycle of unrestrained inflammation, driving progressive neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism in the progression (e.g., AD and PD) or secondary injury development (e.g., stroke, hemorrhage, stress, and TBI) of multiple brain conditions. Hence, it provides an opportunity for the therapeutic intervention to prevent progressive tissue damage and loss of function. The key for developing anti-neuroinflammatory treatment is to minimize the detrimental and neurotoxic effects of inflammation while promoting the beneficial and neurotropic effects, thereby creating ideal conditions for regeneration and repair. This review outlines how inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of major nonpathogenic neuroinflammatory conditions and discusses the complex response of glial cells to damage signals. In addition, emerging experimental anti-neuroinflammatory drug treatment strategies are discussed.
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A. Richard S, Min W, Su Z, Xu HX. Epochal neuroinflammatory role of high mobility group box 1 in central nervous system diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Sever M, Turkyilmaz M, Sevinc C, Cakir A, Ocalan B, Cansev M, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Regenerative effects of peptide nanofibers in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Acta Biomater 2016; 46:79-90. [PMID: 27619838 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and reduction in striatal dopamine levels. Although there are few treatment options for PD such as Levodopa, they are used just to relieve and modify the symptoms. There are no therapies available for PD to slow down the degeneration process in the brain and recover the lost function. In this study, we used extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers as a potential therapeutic approach in a PD rat model. We demonstrated the effect of heparan sulfate mimetic and laminin mimetic PA nanofibers on reducing striatal injury and enhancing functional recovery after unilateral striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The bioactive self-assembled PA nanofibers significantly reduced forelimb asymmetry, contralateral forelimb akinesia and d-amphetamine-induced rotational behavior in cylinder, stepping and rotation tests, respectively, in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats after 6 weeks. The behavioral improvement with PA nanofiber administration was associated with enhanced striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase content as well as reduced cleaved-Caspase-3 levels. Histological assessment also showed that PA nanofiber injection to the striatum resulted in better tissue integrity compared to control groups. In addition, PA nanofibers reduced the progressive cell loss in SH-SY5Y cells caused by 6-OHDA treatment. These data showed that the bioactive peptide nanofibers improve neurochemical and behavioral consequences of Parkinsonism in rats and provide a promising new strategy for treatment of PD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomimetic nanomaterials bearing natural bioactive signals which are derived from extracellular matrix components like laminin and heparan sulfates provide promising therapeutic strategies for regeneration of the nervous system. However, no research has been reported exploring the use of biomimetic materials against degeneration in Parkinson's disease. In this work, we investigated potential therapeutic effects of heparan sulfate and laminin mimetic PA nanofibers on reduction of striatal injury in experimental Parkinson's disease model. PA nanofibers enhanced functional recovery associated with enhanced striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase content as well as reduced cleaved-Caspase-3 levels. Overall, this study shows the improvement in consequences of Parkinsonism in rats and provides a new platform for treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Sever
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Sevinc
- Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Aysen Cakir
- Department of Physiology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Busra Ocalan
- Department of Physiology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Ayse B Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Li XQ, Zhang ZL, Tan WF, Sun XJ, Ma H. Down-Regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 Expression Alleviates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Inflammatory Pain via Inhibiting Glial TLR4 Activation in the Spinal Cord. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163807. [PMID: 27760212 PMCID: PMC5070836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important for the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions and the promotion of pain processing after ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in spinal cord. Recently, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), were demonstrated to be simultaneously critical for inflammatory reactions, thereby facilitating glial activation. However, whether CXCL12/CXCR4 expression can contribute to IR-induced inflammatory pain via spinal TLR4 remained unclear. A rat model was established by 8 min of aortic arch occlusion. The effects of CXCL12/CXCR4 expression and TLR4 activation on inflammatory hyperalgesia were investigated by pretreatments with CXCL12-neutralizing antibody, CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) and TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242) for 5 consecutive days before surgery. The results indicated that IR induced significant and sustained inflammatory pain, observed as decreases in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL), throughout the post-injury period. The increased levels of TLR4 and proinflammatory chemokine CXCL12, as well as its receptor, CXCR4, were closely correlated with the PWT and PWL trends. Double immunostaining further suggested that TLR4, which is mainly expressed on astrocytes and microglia, was closely co-localized with CXCL12 and CXCR4 in spinal dorsal horn. As expected, intrathecal pretreatment with the TLR4 antagonist, TAK-242 markedly ameliorated pain by inhibiting astrocytic and microglial activation, as shown by decreases in TLR4 immunoreactivity and the percentage of double-labeled cells. These protective effects were likely due in part to the reduced production of the downstream cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as for the recruitment of CXCL12 and CXCR4. Additionally, intrathecal pretreatment with CXCL12-neutralizing antibody and AMD3100 resulted in similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects as those receiving TAK-242 pretreatment. These results suggest that intrathecal blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 expression may attenuate IR-induced pain sensation and the release of inflammatory cytokines by limiting glial TLR4 activation in spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zai-Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen-Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xi-Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Higaki H, Choudhury ME, Kawamoto C, Miyamoto K, Islam A, Ishii Y, Miyanishi K, Takeda H, Seo N, Sugimoto K, Takahashi H, Yano H, Tanaka J. The hypnotic bromovalerylurea ameliorates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neuron loss while suppressing expression of interferon regulatory factors by microglia. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:158-168. [PMID: 27392596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The low molecular weight organic compound bromovalerylurea (BU) has long been used as a hypnotic/sedative. In the present study, we found that BU suppressed mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors and nitric oxide release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat primary microglial cell cultures. BU prevented neuronal degeneration in LPS-treated neuron-microglia cocultures. The anti-inflammatory effects of BU were as strong as those of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. A rat hemi-Parkinsonian model was prepared by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into the right striatum. BU was orally administered to these rats for 7 days, which ameliorated the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and alleviated motor deficits. BU suppressed the expression of mRNAs for interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 1, 7 and 8 in the right (lesioned) ventral midbrain as well as those for proinflammatory mediators. BU increased mRNA expression of various neuroprotective factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor, but it did not increase expression of alternative activation (M2) markers. In microglial culture, BU suppressed the LPS-induced increase in expression of IRFs 1 and 8, and it reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of JAK1 and STATs 1 and 3. Knockdown of IRFs 1 and 8 suppressed LPS-induced NO release by microglial cells. These results suggest that suppression of microglial IRF expression by BU prevents neuronal cell death in the injured brain region, where microglial activation occurs. Because many Parkinsonian patients suffer from sleep disorders, BU administration before sleep may effectively ameliorate neurological symptoms and alleviate sleep dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Higaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | | | - Chisato Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Afsana Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Yurika Ishii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Naoto Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kana Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan; Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.
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17
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TLR4 signaling in VTA dopaminergic neurons regulates impulsivity through tyrosine hydroxylase modulation. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e815. [PMID: 27187237 PMCID: PMC5727490 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a complex disorder that initiates with episodes of excessive alcohol drinking known as binge drinking, and has a 50-60% risk contribution from inherited susceptibility genes. Cognitive impulsivity is a heritable trait that may set the stage for transition to alcohol dependence but its role in the ethanol-seeking behavior and the involved genes are still poorly understood. We have previously shown that alcohol-preferring P rats have innately elevated levels of a neuronal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that controls the initiation of excessive alcohol drinking. Here we report that TLR4 is localized in dopaminergic (TH+) neurons and it upregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)/cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal. P rats have higher impulsivity than wild-type (WT) rats and VTA infusion of a non-replicating Herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector for TLR4-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA; pHSVsiTLR4) inhibits both impulsivity and TLR4/TH expression. A scrambled siRNA vector does not affect gene expression or impulsivity. The data suggest that TLR4 signaling in VTA dopaminergic neurons controls impulsivity related to the regulation of TH expression, likely contributing to the initiation of alcohol drinking and its transition to alcohol dependence.
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Fang B, Li XQ, Bao NR, Tan WF, Chen FS, Pi XL, Zhang Y, Ma H. Role of autophagy in the bimodal stage after spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 328:107-16. [PMID: 27109922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its neuroprotective or neurodegenerative role remains controversial. The extent and persistence of autophagy activation may be the critical factor to explain the opposing effects. In this study, the different roles and action mechanisms of autophagy in the early and later stages after I/R injury were investigated in rats. Thespinal cord I/R injury was induced by 14-min occlusion of the aortic arch, after which rats were treated with autophagic inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) or agonist (rapamycin) immediately or 48h following the injury. Autophagy markers, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and Beclin 1 increased and peaked at the early stage (8h) and the later stage (72h) after spinal cord I/R injury. Beclin 1 was mostly expressed in neurons, but was also expressed to an extent in astrocytes, microglia and vascular endothelial cells. 8h after injury, rats treated with 3-MA showed a decrease in the hind-limb Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scores, surviving motor neurons, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, and increase in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, and activation of microglia, while those treated with rapamycin showed opposing effects. However, 72h after injury, rats treated with 3-MA improved the BBB scores, and the surviving motor neurons, and reduced the autophagic cell death, while those treated with rapamycin had adverse effects. These findings provide the first evidence that early activated autophagy alleviates spinal cord I/R injury via inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation; however later excessively elevated autophagy aggravates I/R injury through inducing autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Na-Ren Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Wen-Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Feng-Shou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Li Pi
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
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19
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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20
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DAMPs and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:17-28. [PMID: 25462192 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of neuroinflammation has come a full circle; from being initially regarded as a controversial viewpoint to its present day acceptance as an integral component of neurodegenerative processes. A closer look at the etiopathogenesis of many neurodegenerative conditions will reveal a patho-symbiotic relationship between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, where the two liaise with each other to form a self-sustaining vicious cycle that facilitates neuronal demise. Here, we focus on damage associated molecular patterns or DAMPs as a potentially important nexus in the context of this lethal neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration alliance. Since their nomenclature as "DAMPs" about a decade ago, these endogenous moieties have consistently been reported as novel players in sterile (non-infective) inflammation. However, their roles in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), especially during chronic neurodegenerative disorders are still being actively researched. The aim of this review is to first provide a general overview of the neuroimmune response in the CNS within the purview of DAMPs, its receptors and downstream signaling. This is then followed by discussions on some of the DAMP-mediated neuroinflammatory responses involved in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Along the way, we also highlighted some important gaps in our existing knowledge regarding the role of DAMPs in neurodegeneration, the clarification of which we believe would aid in the prospects of developing treatment or screening strategies directed at these molecules.
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21
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Kim BW, Koppula S, Kumar H, Park JY, Kim IW, More SV, Kim IS, Han SD, Kim SK, Yoon SH, Choi DK. α-Asarone attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF kappa B activation and mitigates MPTP-induced behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:46-57. [PMID: 25983275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with microglial activation. Therefore, the importance of early therapeutic intervention to inhibit microglial activation would be an effective strategy to alleviate the progression of PD. α-Asarone, an active compound found in Araceae and Annonaceae plant species has been used to improve various disease conditions including central nervous system disorders. In the present study the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of α-asarone isolated from the rhizome of Acorus gramineus Solander was evaluated on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroprotection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were used to evaluate in vitro effects. 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was developed to study the neuroprotective effects of α-asarone in vivo. The results indicated that α-asarone significantly attenuated the LPS-stimulated increase in neuroinflammatory responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in BV-2 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that α-asarone inhibited the LPS-stimulated activation via regulation of nuclear factor kappa-B by blocking degradation of inhibitor kappa B-alpha signaling in BV-2 microglial cells. In in vivo studies, MPTP intoxication to mice resulted in brain microglial activation and significant behavioral deficits. Prophylactic treatment with α-asarone suppressed microglial activation and attenuated PD-like behavioral impairments as assessed by the Y-maze and pole tests. Taken together, these data demonstrate that α-asarone is a promising neuroprotective agent that should be further evaluated and developed for future prevention and treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory conditions including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Il-Woung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sandeep V More
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Don Han
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 380-704, South Korea
| | - Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea.
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AAV.shRNA-mediated downregulation of ROCK2 attenuates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease in vitro and in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:150-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Li XQ, Wang J, Fang B, Tan WF, Ma H. Intrathecal antagonism of microglial TLR4 reduces inflammatory damage to blood-spinal cord barrier following ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Brain 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24751148 PMCID: PMC4022154 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory reaction in blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays a crucial role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been shown that microglia could be activated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Therefore, we hypothesize that TLR4 is involved in the microglial activation and BSCB disruption after I/R. RESULTS To verify our hypothesis, we analyzed the behavioral data, changes of BSCB permeability, as well as expressions of microglial marker Iba-1 and TLR4 in spinal cord I/R model induced by 14 min aortic occlusion. Double immunostaining reveals that after I/R, Iba-1 immunoreactivity increased gradually 12 h after reperfusion and maintained at a such level throughout 36 h. Such increasing pattern of Iba-1 expression is consistent with the increases in Evan's Blue (EB) extravasation, spinal water content and mechanical allodynia demonstrated by lowed withdrawal threshold to Von Frey filaments. Moreover, double immunostaining suggested that TLR4 was highly expressed in microglia. Intrathecal infusion of minocycline and TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) treatment attenuated I/R-induced allodynia and BSCB leakage. In contrast, LPS induced TLR4 expression aggregated above-mentioned injuries. Furthermore, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity has a similar profile as TLR4 activity. It is consisted with the results of NF-κB mRNA and protein expression changes and activation of downstream cytokine, IL-1β. Expectedly, intrathecal infusion of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-κB inhibitor, showed similar protective effects as minocycline and TAK-242. In addition, our data show that TLR4 closely involved in I/R-induced inflammatory damage induced neuronal apoptosis. Significantly, neutralizing TLR4 function largely reduced neuronal apoptosis determined by NeuN immunoreactivity in ventral gray matter and increased percentage of double-label cells with cleaved caspase3, whereas LPS reversed these effects. Similarly, inhibitions of microglia and NF-κB with minocycline or PDTC treatment accordingly perform the same protective effects on I/R injury. CONCLUSION The results indicate that compromised BSCB caused by I/R injury lead to spinal microglial activation and TLR4, its membrane-bound receptor, up-regulation, which then initiate neuro-inflammation and neuro-apoptosis via NF-κB/ IL-1β pathway. To inhibit the positive feedback loop of TLR4-microglia-NF-κB/ IL-1β pathway by minocycline, TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, NF-κB inhibitor) may provide new targets for treating I/R injury in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen-Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
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Sasaki T, Oga T, Nakagaki K, Sakai K, Sumida K, Hoshino K, Miyawaki I, Saito K, Suto F, Ichinohe N. Developmental expression profiles of axon guidance signaling and the immune system in the marmoset cortex: Potential molecular mechanisms of pruning of dendritic spines during primate synapse formation in late infancy and prepuberty (I). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Neurogenic neuroinflammation: inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 15:43-53. [PMID: 24281245 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed 'neuroinflammation', which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of recent publications, we deduce that orchestrated actions of immune cells, vascular cells and neurons that constitute neuroinflammation are not only provoked by pathological conditions but can also be induced by increased neuronal activity. We suggest that the technical term 'neurogenic neuroinflammation' should be used for inflammatory reactions in the CNS in response to neuronal activity. We believe that neurogenic neuro-inflammation maintains homeostasis to enable the CNS to cope with enhanced metabolic demands and increases the computational power and plasticity of CNS neuronal networks. However, neurogenic neuroinflammation may also become maladaptive and aggravate the outcomes of pain, stress and epilepsy.
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