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Kallel H, Aroui M, Lakhrem M, Houcke S, Feki A, Hakim A, Zeghal KM, Kallel C, Triki M, Lambert Y, Drak Alsibai K, Resiere D, Pujo JM, Ben Amara I. Sex-related differences in toxic manifestations induced by Bothrops atrox venom in mice. Toxicon 2024; 249:108075. [PMID: 39179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Lancehead snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for 90% of the snakebites in Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the LD50, physical, and hematological manifestations induced by B. atrox venom in male and female mice inoculated by different routes. B. atrox venom was inoculated in male and female mice by intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intravenous (IV), and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. B. atrox venom LD50 was lower in male than female groups, regardless of the injection route. However, it was the lowest when the venom was inoculated by the IP route. Moreover, comparisons between male and female responses according to the injected venom dose showed higher edema-forming, local hemorrhagic, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities in male than in female mice. While the minimal hemorrhagic, and necrotic doses were not statistically different between the two groups, the difference between males and females was more pronounced at high venom doses. Hematological parameter changes were also more significant in male than in female mice. The venom decreased the levels of total leukocytes after 24 h of injection in male and female mice, with a more profound decrease in the male group. The micronucleus test, a tool for genotoxicity assessment, documented the mutagenic effects of B. atrox on leucocytes. We demonstrate the higher susceptibility of male mice to B. atrox venom than females. Sex differences must be considered when conducting experimental studies on snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Kallel
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana.
| | - Malek Aroui
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Lakhrem
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | | | - Amal Feki
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Mounir Zeghal
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Choumous Kallel
- . Hematology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, University, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Triki
- . Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yann Lambert
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; . Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Centre, F-97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dabor Resiere
- . Intensive Care Unit, Martinique University Hospital, Martinique, France
| | - Jean Marc Pujo
- . Emergency department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana; . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
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Cavalcante JS, de Almeida DEG, Santos-Filho NA, Sartim MA, de Almeida Baldo A, Brasileiro L, Albuquerque PL, Oliveira SS, Sachett JAG, Monteiro WM, Ferreira RS. Crosstalk of Inflammation and Coagulation in Bothrops Snakebite Envenoming: Endogenous Signaling Pathways and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11508. [PMID: 37511277 PMCID: PMC10380640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming represents a major health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the elevated number of accidents and high morbidity and mortality rates, the World Health Organization reclassified this disease to category A of neglected diseases. In Latin America, Bothrops genus snakes are mainly responsible for snakebites in humans, whose pathophysiology is characterized by local and systemic inflammatory and degradative processes, triggering prothrombotic and hemorrhagic events, which lead to various complications, organ damage, tissue loss, amputations, and death. The activation of the multicellular blood system, hemostatic alterations, and activation of the inflammatory response are all well-documented in Bothrops envenomings. However, the interface between inflammation and coagulation is still a neglected issue in the toxinology field. Thromboinflammatory pathways can play a significant role in some of the major complications of snakebite envenoming, such as stroke, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury. In addition to exacerbating inflammation and cell interactions that trigger vaso-occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion processes, and, eventually, organic damage and necrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammatory pathways in modulating coagulation and inducing platelet and leukocyte activation, as well as the inflammatory production mediators and induction of innate immune responses, among other mechanisms that are altered by Bothrops venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeliton S Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Emanuel Garcia de Almeida
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara 14800-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Laboratory of Bioprospection, University Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Almeida Baldo
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Polianna L Albuquerque
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza 60025-061, Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60430-140, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Research Management, Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amazonas, Manaus 69050-001, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Translational Science and Development of Biopharmaceuticals FAPESP/CEVAP-UNESP, Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pierre-Louis O, Resiere D, Alphonsine C, Dantin F, Banydeen R, Dubois MD, Mehdaoui H, Neviere R. Increased Binding of von Willebrand Factor to Sub-Endothelial Collagen May Facilitate Thrombotic Events Complicating Bothrops lanceolatus Envenomation in Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:441. [PMID: 37505710 PMCID: PMC10467054 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption coagulopathy and hemorrhagic syndrome exacerbated by blood anticoagulability remain the most important causes of lethality associated with Bothrops snake envenomation. Bothrops venom also engages platelet aggregation on the injured endothelium via von Willebrand factor (vWF) interactions. Besides platelet aggregation, some Bothrops venom toxins may induce qualitative thrombopathy, which has been in part related to the inhibition of vWF activation. We tested whether B. lanceolatus venom impaired vWF to collagen(s) binding (vWF:CB) activity. Experiments were performed with B. lanceolatus crude venom, in the presence or absence of Bothrofav, a monospecific B. lanceolatus antivenom. Venom of B. lanceolatus fully inhibited vWF to collagen type I and III binding, suggesting venom interactions with the vWF A3 domain. In contrast, B. lanceolatus venom increased vWF to collagen type VI binding, suggesting the enhancement of vWF binding to collagen at the vWF A1 domain. Hence, B. lanceolatus venom exhibited contrasting in vitro effects in terms of the adhesive properties of vWF to collagen. On the other hand, the antivenom Bothrofav reversed the inhibitory effects of B. lanceolatus venom on vWF collagen binding activity. In light of the respective distribution of collagen type III and collagen type VI in perivascular connective tissue and the sub-endothelium, a putative association between an increase in vWF:CB activity for collagen type VI and the onset of thrombotic events in human B. lanceolatus envenomation might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pierre-Louis
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Dabor Resiere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
| | - Celia Alphonsine
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Fabienne Dantin
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Rishika Banydeen
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Marie-Daniela Dubois
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies (Université des Antilles), 97233 Fort de France, France; (O.P.-L.); (D.R.); (C.A.); (F.D.); (R.B.); (M.-D.D.); (H.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Martinique (CHU Martinique), 97200 Fort-de-France, France
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4
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Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Rego CMA, Pires WL, Santana HM, Chaves YO, Rodrigues MMDS, Lima AM, Setúbal SDS, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Phenotypic, functional and plasticity features of human PBMCs induced by venom secreted PLA 2s. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:135-152. [PMID: 36812762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops venom contains a high amount of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s) enzymes responsible for the inflammatory reaction and activation of leukocytes in cases of envenoming. PLA2s are proteins that have enzymatic activity and can hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position, thereby releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids precursors of eicosanoids, which are significant mediators of inflammatory conditions. Whether these enzymes have a role in the activation and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is not known. Here we show for the first time how two secreted PLA2s (BthTX-I and BthTX-II) isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu affect the function and polarization of PBMCs. Neither BthTX-I nor BthTX-II exhibited significant cytotoxicity to isolated PBMCs compared with the control at any of the time points studied. RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine changes in gene expression and the release of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines, respectively, during the cell differentiation process. Lipid droplets formation and phagocytosis were also investigated. Monocytes/macrophages were labeled with anti-CD14, -CD163, and -CD206 antibodies to assay cell polarization. Both toxins caused a heterogeneous morphology (M1 and M2) on days 1 and 7 based on immunofluorescence analysis, revealing the considerable flexibility of these cells even in the presence of typical polarization stimuli. Thus, these findings indicate that the two sPLA2s trigger both immune response profiles in PBMCs indicating a significant degree of cell plasticity, which may be crucial for understanding the consequences of snake envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Moreno Magalhães de Souza Rodrigues
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Análise e Visualização de Dados, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil.
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Van Petten de Vasconcelos Azevedo F, Lopes DS, Zóia MAP, Correia LIV, Saito N, Fonseca BB, Polloni L, Teixeira SC, Goulart LR, de Melo Rodrigues Ávila V. A New Approach to Inhibiting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Antiangiogenic Effect of BthTx-II, a PLA 2-Asp-49 from Bothrops jararacussu Venom. Biomolecules 2022; 12:258. [PMID: 35204758 PMCID: PMC8961627 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) represent a superfamily of enzymes widely distributed in living organisms, with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential. Anti-angiogenic strategies have become one of the main tools in fighting cancer. In this sense, the present work reports the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis induced by Asp-49 BthTX-II using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches. We demonstrate that BthTx-II inhibited cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as well as caused a reduction in the levels of endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during in vitro angiogenesis assays. BthTx-II was also able to inhibit the sprouting angiogenic process, by the ex vivo germination assay of the aortic ring; in addition, this toxin inhibited the migration and proliferation of HUVEC in co-culture with triple-negative breast cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231 cells). Finally, in vivo tumor suppression and anti-angiogenic activities were analyzed using MDA-MB-231 cells with Matrigel injected into the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryo (CAM) for 7 days treatment with BthTx-II, showing a considerable reduction in vessel caliber, on the size and weight of tumors. Together, these results suggest an important antiangiogenic and antitumor role for BthTx-II, as a potential prototype for the development of new tools and antitumor drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Van Petten de Vasconcelos Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Alves Pereira Zóia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Natieli Saito
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | | | - Lorena Polloni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
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Larréché S, Chippaux JP, Chevillard L, Mathé S, Résière D, Siguret V, Mégarbane B. Bleeding and Thrombosis: Insights into Pathophysiology of Bothrops Venom-Related Hemostasis Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179643. [PMID: 34502548 PMCID: PMC8431793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins from Bothrops venoms targeting hemostasis are responsible for a broad range of clinical and biological syndromes including local and systemic bleeding, incoagulability, thrombotic microangiopathy and macrothrombosis. Beyond hemostais disorders, toxins are also involved in the pathogenesis of edema and in most complications such as hypovolemia, cardiovascular collapse, acute kidney injury, myonecrosis, compartmental syndrome and superinfection. These toxins can be classified as enzymatic proteins (snake venom metalloproteinases, snake venom serine proteases, phospholipases A2 and L-amino acid oxidases) and non-enzymatic proteins (desintegrins and C-type lectin proteins). Bleeding is due to a multifocal toxicity targeting vessels, platelets and coagulation factors. Vessel damage due to the degradation of basement membrane and the subsequent disruption of endothelial cell integrity under hydrostatic pressure and tangential shear stress is primarily responsible for bleeding. Hemorrhage is promoted by thrombocytopenia, platelet hypoaggregation, consumption coagulopathy and fibrin(ogen)olysis. Onset of thrombotic microangiopathy is probably due to the switch of endothelium to a prothrombotic phenotype with overexpression of tissue factor and other pro-aggregating biomarkers in association with activation of platelets and coagulation. Thrombosis involving large-caliber vessels in B. lanceolatus envenomation remains a unique entity, which exact pathophysiology remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Larréché
- INSERM, UMRS-1144, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France; (S.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- MERIT, IRD, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France;
- CRT, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- INSERM, UMRS-1144, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France; (S.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Simon Mathé
- INSERM, UMRS-1144, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France; (S.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Dabor Résière
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, 97200 Martinique, France;
| | - Virginie Siguret
- INSERM, UMRS-1140, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France;
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- INSERM, UMRS-1144, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France; (S.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-143-985-299
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Wufuer Y, Shan X, Sailike M, Adilaimu K, Ma S, Wang H. GPVI‑Fc‑PEG improves cerebral infarct volume and cerebral thrombosis in mouse model with cerebral thrombosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7561-7568. [PMID: 28944903 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral thrombosis is one of the most common causes of cerebral infarction, and anticoagulation therapy is a routine treatment in patients with hemorrhagic cerebral venous thrombosis. The hemostatic function of platelets is important for the anticoagulation therapy of thrombosis. Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is reported as the major signaling receptor for collagen and is exclusively expressed on platelets and megakaryocytes, initiating platelet recruitment at sites of vascular injury and demonstrating numerous beneficial effects for patients with cerebral thrombosis. In the present study, thrombus formation and platelet adhesion following endothelial injury was monitored in the jugular vein by intra‑vital fluorescence microscopy. The morphological and clinical observations of cerebral thrombosis were investigated and analyzed in a mouse model with cerebral thrombosis. In addition, the present study investigated the effect of fusion protein GPVI modified with Fc and PEG, which is specifically linked to the extracellular domain of GPVI (GPVI‑Fc‑PEG), on thrombus formation following vessel wall injury and on experimental mice with cerebral thrombosis. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was identified as 0.18 mg. GPVI‑Fc‑PEG competitively bound to and prevented von Willebrand Factor‑collagen interactions. The results of the present study demonstrated that cerebral thrombosis was greatly relieved and improved functional outcomes treatment with an MTD of GPVI‑Fc‑PEG following endothelial injury, compared with GPVI‑Fc‑treated mice. In addition, cerebral edema and infarct size was improved compared with GPVI‑Fc‑treated mice with ischemic stroke immediately prior to reperfusion. Furthermore, treatment of GPVI‑Fc‑PEG led to increased reperfusion and improved survival following cerebral thrombosis compared with treatment with either single agent alone. Taken together, GPVI‑Fc‑PEG relieved cerebral thrombosis following ischemic stroke and improved prognostic preclinical outcomes without intracranial bleeding, which suggested that GPVI‑Fc‑PEG may be a potential candidate for cerebral thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimae Wufuer
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Shan
- The First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Magaoweiya Sailike
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Kamile Adilaimu
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Songfeng Ma
- The First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Huguo Wang
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, Gastrointestinal Vascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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de Queiroz MR, de Sousa BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, Mamede CCN, Matias MS, de Morais NCG, de Oliveira Costa J, de Oliveira F. The role of platelets in hemostasis and the effects of snake venom toxins on platelet function. Toxicon 2017; 133:33-47. [PMID: 28435120 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The human body has a set of physiological processes, known as hemostasis, which keeps the blood fluid and free of clots in normal vessels; in the case of vascular injury, this process induces the local formation of a hemostatic plug, preventing hemorrhage. The hemostatic system in humans presents complex physiological interactions that involve platelets, plasma proteins, endothelial and subendothelial structures. Disequilibrium in the regulatory mechanisms that control the growth and the size of the thrombus is one of the factors that favors the development of diseases related to vascular disorders such as myocardial infarction and stroke, which are among the leading causes of death in the western world. Interfering with platelet function is a strategy for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. Antiplatelet drugs are used mainly in cases related to arterial thrombosis and interfere in the formation of the platelet plug by different mechanisms. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the oldest and most widely used antithrombotic drug. Although highly effective in most cases, aspirin has limitations compared to other drugs used in the treatment of homeostatic disorders. For this reason, research related to molecules that interfere with platelet aggregation are of great relevance. In this regard, snake venoms are known to contain a number of molecules that interfere with hemostasis, including platelet function. The mechanisms by which snake venom components inhibit or activate platelet aggregation are varied and can be used as tools for the diagnosis and the treatment of several hemostatic disorders. The aim of this review is to present the role of platelets in hemostasis and the mechanisms by which snake venom toxins interfere with platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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PID15, a novel 6 kDa secreted peptide, mediates Naja naja venom phospholipase A₂ induced apoptosis in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:66. [PMID: 25030355 PMCID: PMC4115167 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venoms are a complex mixture of active principles mainly peptides and proteins also including amino acids, nucleotides, free lipids, carbohydrates and metallic elements bound to proteins that interfere in several biological systems. In this study, we aimed to understand the mode of action of the apoptosis inducing ability of Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 (NV-PLA2) using isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. Results Human peripheral lymphocytes when incubated with Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 (NV-PLA2) induced up to 68% DNA fragmentation. The dialysed conditioned media obtained by incubating lymphocytes with NV-PLA2 at 15th min induced 44% DNA fragmentation, referred to as cmlp-active. Cmlp-active showed 20.5% increased protein concentration than the corresponding control condition media cmlp-c-15. Test for creatine kinase activity in cmlp-active proved negative and negligible amount of lactate dehydrogenase did not show significant DNA fragmentation. Fractionation of cmlp-active on Sephadex G-25 showed two peaks, major peak induced 38% DNA fragmentation, which was further rechromatographed on Sephadex G-25. The single peak obtained was named PID15 (Phospholipase A2Induced DNA fragmentation factor secreted at 15th min). Q-Tof MS/MS analysis of PID-15 showed it is a 6 kDa peptide. PID15 sequence analysis gave 40 amino acids in the following order, msilpcknvs iwvikdtaas dkevvlgsdr aikflylatg. The homology search for the sequence revealed it to be an Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF). Conclusion Results indicate that the secretion of PID15 is dependent on concentration of NV-PLA2 treatment, incubation time and also on temperature and the probable membrane origin of PID15 and not of cytosolic origin with apoptosis inducing ability.
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Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-1, BthTX-II and BthA-1, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. Toxicon 2013; 72:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Interactions of PLA2-s from Vipera lebetina, Vipera berus berus and Naja naja oxiana venom with platelets, bacterial and cancer cells. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:203-23. [PMID: 23348053 PMCID: PMC3640532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipasesA2 (sPLA2s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. Herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of sPLA2s from Vipera lebetina (VLPLA2), Vipera berus berus (VBBPLA2), and Naja naja oxiana (NNOPLA2) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains (gram-negative Escherichia coli and Vibrio fischeri; gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (PC-3, LNCaP, MCF-7, K-562 and B16-F10) in vitro. sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation: VBBPLA2 IC50 = 0.054, VLPLA2 IC50 = 0.072, NNOPLA2 IC50 = 0.814 μM. p-Bromophenacylbromide-inhibited sPLA2 had no inhibitory action on platelets. 36.17 μM VBBPLA2 completely inhibited the growth of gram-positive Bacillus subtilis whereas no growth inhibition was observed towards gram-negative Escherichia coli. The inhibitory action of sPLA2s (~0.7 μM and ~7 μM) towards cancer cells depended on both venom and cell type. VBBPLA2 (7.2 μM) inhibited significantly the viability of K-562 cells and the cell death appeared apoptotic. The sPLA2s exhibited no inhibitory effect towards LNCaP cells and some effect (8%–20%) towards other cells. Thus, already sub-μM concentrations of sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and from the current suite of studied svPLA2s and test cells, VBBPLA2 was the most growth inhibitory towards Bacillus subtilis and K-562 cells.
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Toyama DDO, Diz Filho EBDS, Cavada BS, da Rocha BAM, de Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Soares VCG, Delatorre P, Marangoni S, Toyama MH. Umbelliferone induces changes in the structure and pharmacological activities of Bn IV, a phospholipase A2 isoform isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi. Toxicon 2011; 57:851-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The caterpillar Lonomia obliqua is a venomous animal that causes numerous accidents, especially in southern Brazil, where it is considered a public health problem. The clinical manifestations include several haemostatic disturbances that lead to a hemorrhagic syndrome. Considering that platelets play a central role in hemostasis, in this work we investigate the effects of L. obliqua venomous secretion upon blood platelets responses in vitro. Results obtained shows that L. obliqua venom directly induces aggregation and ATP secretion in human washed platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Electron microscopy studies clearly showed that the venomous bristle extract was also able to produce direct platelets shape change and adhesion as well as activation and formation of platelet aggregates. Differently from other enzyme inhibitors, the venom-induced platelet aggregation was significatively inhibited by p-bromophenacyl bromide, a specific inhibitor of phospholipases A2. Additional experiments with different pharmacological antagonists indicate that the aggregation response triggered by the venom active components occurs through a calcium-dependent mechanism involving arachidonic acid metabolite(s) of the cyclooxygenase pathway and activation of phosphodiesterase 3A, an enzyme that leads to the consumption of intracellular cAMP content. It was additionally found that L. obliqua-induced platelet aggregation was independent of ADP release. Altogether, these findings are in line with the need for a better understanding of the complex hemorrhagic syndrome resulting from the envenomation caused by L. obliqua caterpillars, and can also give new insights into the management of its clinical profile.
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Sajevic T, Leonardi A, Križaj I. Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms. Toxicon 2011; 57:627-45. [PMID: 21277886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that affect the haemostatic system can cause (a) lowering of blood coagulability, (b) damage to blood vessels, resulting in bleeding, (c) secondary effects of bleeding, e.g. hypovolaemic shock and organ damage, and (d) thrombosis. These proteins may, or may not, be enzymes. We review the data on the most relevant haemostatically active proteinases, phospholipases A₂, L-amino acid oxidases and 5'-nucleotidases from snake venoms. We also survey the non-enzymatic effectors of haemostasis from snake venoms--disintegrins, C-type lectins and three-finger toxins. Medical applications have already been found for some of these snake venom proteins. We describe those that have already been approved as drugs to treat haemostatic disorders or are being used to diagnose such health problems. No clinical applications, however, currently exist for the majority of snake venom proteins acting on haemostasis. We conclude with the most promising potential uses in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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dos Santos JI, Cintra-Francischinelli M, Borges RJ, Fernandes CAH, Pizzo P, Cintra ACO, Braz ASK, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural, functional, and bioinformatics studies reveal a new snake venom homologue phospholipase A2class. Proteins 2010; 79:61-78. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Induction of microvascular leakage and histamine release by promutoxin, an Arg49 phospholipase A2. Toxicon 2009; 55:888-96. [PMID: 20036273 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is a crucial factor of snake venom induced inflammation. Recently, promutoxin, a novel member of minor subgroup of snake venom PLA(2) (R49 PLA(2)) has been characterized in our laboratory, but its roles in induction of inflammation remain uninvestigated. Using highly purified promutoxin, we found this enzymatically inactive PLA(2) provoked a dose-dependent increase in microvascular leakage in the skin of rats. Pretreatment of rats with compound 48/80 diminished promutoxin-induced skin reaction and reduced mast cell numbers in rats. Cyproheptadine, terfenadine, Ginkgolide B and heparin inhibited promutoxin elicited microvascular leakage when they were co-injected with the stimulus to rat skin. Moreover, promutoxin was found to induce histamine release from human colon, lung and tonsil mast cells, and both metabolic inhibitors and pertussis toxin were capable of inhibiting promutoxin elicited histamine release. Provocation of microvascular leakage and mast cell activation by promutoxin suggests further that snake venom induced inflammation is related to mast cell activation and certain anti-inflammatory drugs could be therapeutic effective in treating snake wound.
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Vija H, Samel M, Siigur E, Aaspõllu A, Trummal K, Tõnismägi K, Subbi J, Siigur J. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of acidic platelet aggregation inhibiting phospholipases A2 from the snake venom of Vipera lebetina (Levantine viper). Toxicon 2009; 54:429-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Berger M, Reck J, Terra RMS, Pinto AFM, Termignoni C, Guimarães JA. Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes platelet hypoaggregation and blood incoagulability in rats. Toxicon 2009; 55:33-44. [PMID: 19577588 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation caused by Lonomia obliqua is a public health hazard in Southern Brazil. Envenomed victims present severe hemorrhagic syndrome that can progress to intracranial hemorrhage and death. To understand the mechanisms that lead to hemorrhage, we investigated the platelet dysfunction and blood coagulation disturbances following experimental envenomation in rats. L. obliqua bristle extract was injected (s.c.) and blood collected at different times post-venom administration for determination of platelet response and analysis of blood coagulation. Rats presented hypofibrinogenemia and platelet hypoaggregation in platelet rich plasma (PRP). After addition of exogenous fibrinogen to PRP, platelet hypoaggregation was not corrected. Interestingly, normoaggregation was observed when platelets were separated from plasma. In addition, incubation of plasma from envenomed rats inhibits aggregation response of normal washed platelets. These results indicate that an aggregation inhibitor is generated in plasma during envenomation. Moreover, rats presented an increase in nitric oxide plasmatic levels which coincided with maximum inhibition in platelet aggregation. Animals also showed blood incoagulability and a significant increase in thrombin, plasmin and urokinase plasmatic activities. Despite this intravascular thrombin generation, only a slight decrease in platelet numbers was detected. Certainly, the platelet hypoaggregation and blood incoagulability described herein contribute to systemic bleeding observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Cx. Postal 15005, Cep 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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dos Santos ML, Fagundes FHR, Teixeira BRF, Toyama MH, Aparicio R. Purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a new Lys49-PLA2 from B. Jararacussu. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:736-750. [PMID: 19325781 PMCID: PMC2635704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BjVIII is a new myotoxic Lys49-PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom that exhibits atypical effects on human platelet aggregation. To better understand the mode of action of BjVIII, crystallographic studies were initiated. Two crystal forms were obtained, both containing two molecules in the asymmetric unit (ASU). Synchrotron radiation diffraction data were collected to 2.0 A resolution and 1.9 A resolution for crystals belonging to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 48.4 A, b = 65.3 A, c = 84.3 A) and space group P3(1)21 (a = b = 55.7 A, c = 127.9 A), respectively. Refinement is currently in progress and the refined structures are expected to shed light on the unusual platelet aggregation activity observed for BjVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno R. F. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Química de Macromoléculas, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6154, 13083–970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Corrêa LC, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cintra AC, Sampaio SV, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Crystal structure of a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 with low catalytic activity: Insights into Ca2+-independent catalytic mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:591-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang H, Xu X, Ma D, Zhang K, Lai R. A phospholipase A1 platelet activator from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica (Smith). Toxicon 2007; 51:289-96. [PMID: 18023835 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Wasp is an important venomous animal that can induce human fatalities. Aortic thrombosis and cerebral infarction are major clinical symptoms after massive wasp stings but the reason leading to the envenomation manifestation is still not known. In this paper, a toxin protein is purified and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cationic exchange and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) from the venom of the wasp, Vespa magnifica (Smith). This protein, named magnifin, contains phospholipase-like activity and induces platelet aggregation. The cDNA encoding magnifin is cloned from the venom sac cDNA library of the wasp. The predicted protein was deduced from the cDNA with a sequence composed of 337 amino acid residues. Magnifin is very similar to other phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)), especially to other wasp allergen PLA(1). Magnifin can activate platelet aggregation and induce thrombosis in vivo. The current results proved that PLA(1) in wasp venom could be contributable to aortic thrombosis after massive wasp stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratories of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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de Oliveira TC, de Amorim HLN, Guimarães JA. Interfacial activation of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) probed by molecular dynamics simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Higuchi DA, Barbosa CMV, Bincoletto C, Chagas JR, Magalhaes A, Richardson M, Sanchez EF, Pesquero JB, Araujo RC, Pesquero JL. Purification and partial characterization of two phospholipases A2 from Bothrops leucurus (white-tailed-jararaca) snake venom. Biochimie 2007; 89:319-28. [PMID: 17110015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two proteins with phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity were purified to homogeneity from Bothrops leucurus (white-tailed-jararaca) snake venom through three chromatographic steps: Conventional gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, ion-exchange on Q-Sepharose and reverse phase on Vydac C4 HPLC column. The molecular mass for both enzymes was estimated to be approximately 14 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal sequences (48 residues) show that one enzyme presents lysine at position 48 and the other an aspartic acid in this position, and therefore they were designated blK-PLA(2) and blD-PLA(2) respectively. blK-PLA(2) presented negligible levels of PLA(2) activity as compared to that of blD-PLA(2). The PLA(2) activity of both enzymes is Ca(2+)-dependent. blD-PLA(2) did not have any effect upon platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, ADP or collagen, but strongly inhibits coagulation and is able to stimulate Ehrlich tumor growth but not angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Higuchi
- University of Mogi das Cruzes, Av Dr Candido Xavier de Almeida Souza 200, Centro Cívico, CEP 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cogo JC, Lilla S, Souza GHMF, Hyslop S, de Nucci G. Purification, sequencing and structural analysis of two acidic phospholipases A2 from the venom of Bothrops insularis (jararaca ilhoa). Biochimie 2006; 88:1947-59. [PMID: 17140721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms contain a variety of phospholipases (PLA(2)), some of which are myotoxic. In this work, we used reverse-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry to purify and sequence two PLA(2) from the venom of Bothrops insularis. The two enzymes, designated here as BinTX-I and BinTx-II, were acidic (pI 5.05 and 4.49) Asp49 PLA(2), with molecular masses of 13,975 and 13,788, respectively. The amino acid sequence and molecular mass of BinTX-I were identical to those of a PLA(2) previously isolated from this venom (PA2_BOTIN, SwissProt accession number ) while those of BinTX-II indicated that this was a new enzyme. Multiple sequence alignments with other Bothrops PLA(2) showed that the amino acids His48, Asp49, Tyr52 and Asp99, which are important for enzymatic activity, were fully conserved, as were the 14 cysteine residues involved in disulfide bond formation, in addition to various other residues. A phylogenetic analysis showed that BinTX-I and BinTX-II grouped with other acidic Asp49 PLA(2) from Bothrops venoms, and computer modeling indicated that these enzymes had the characteristic structure of bothropic PLA(2) that consisted of three alpha-helices, a beta-wing, a short helix and a calcium-binding loop. BinTX-I (30 microg/paw) produced mouse hind paw edema that was maximal after 1h compared to after 3h with venom (10 and 100 microg/paw); in both cases, the edema decreased after 6h. BinTX-1 and venom (40 microg/ml each) produced time-dependent neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis preparations that reached 40% and 95%, respectively, after 120 min. BinTX-I also produced muscle fiber damage and an elevation in CK, as also seen with venom. These results indicate that BinTX-I contributes to the neuromuscular activity and tissue damage caused by B. insularis venom in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Cogo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, e Serpentário do Centro de Estudos da Natureza (CEN), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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26
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Wei JF, Li T, Wei XL, Sun QY, Yang FM, Chen QY, Wang WY, Xiong YL, He SH. Purification, characterization and cytokine release function of a novel Arg-49 phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus. Biochimie 2006; 88:1331-42. [PMID: 16793192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are major components in Viperidae/Crotalidae venom. In the present study, a novel PLA(2) named promutoxin with Arg at the site 49 has been purified from the venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by chromatography. It consists of 122 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 13,656 Da assessed by MALDI-TOF. It has the structural features of snake venom group IIA PLA(2)s, but has no PLA(2) enzymatic activity. Promutoxin shows higher amino acid sequence identity to the K49 PLA(2)s (72-95%) than to D49 PLA(2)s (52-58%). Promutoxin exhibits potent myotoxicity in the animal model with as little as 1 microg of promutoxin causing myonecrosis and myoedema in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Promutoxin is also able to stimulate the release of IL-12, TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta from human monocytes, and induce IL-2, TNFalpha and IL-6 release from T cells, indicating that this snake venom group IIA PLA(2) is actively involved in the inflammatory process in man caused by snake venom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fu Wei
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road 11, 515031 Shantou, Guangdong, China
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27
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Corrêa LC, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cintra ACO, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of BthTX-II, a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 with low catalytic activity from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:765-7. [PMID: 16880551 PMCID: PMC2242931 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106025164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a complete X-ray diffraction data set has been collected from a myotoxic Asp49-phospholipase A2 (Asp49-PLA2) with low catalytic activity (BthTX-II from Bothrops jararacussu venom) and a molecular-replacement solution has been obtained with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. The quaternary structure of BthTX-II resembles the myotoxin Asp49-PLA2 PrTX-III (piratoxin III from B. pirajai venom) and all non-catalytic and myotoxic dimeric Lys49-PLA2s. In contrast, the oligomeric structure of BthTX-II is different from the highly catalytic and non-myotoxic BthA-I (acidic PLA2 from B. jararacussu). Thus, comparison between these structures should add insight into the catalytic and myotoxic activities of bothropic PLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Corrêa
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - D. P. Marchi-Salvador
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. O. Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - A. M. Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, FCFRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - M. R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CP 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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28
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Du XY, Sim DS, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Blood cells as targets of snake toxins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:414-21. [PMID: 16631395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are mixtures of enzymes and peptides which exert toxicological effects by targeting their substrates or receptors upon envenomation. Snake venom proteins widely affect vascular system including circulating blood cells, coagulation factors, and vascular wall components. Many of the toxic proteins have multiple targets. For example, some metalloproteinase domain-containing snake venom protein cleaves not only fibrinogen but also receptors on platelets. Also, it is frequent that toxins from different snake venom protein families are capable of binding to a common target on cells. Most of the cytotoxic effects in the venom are usually results of the activities of metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, disintegrin, cysteine-rich protein, as well as phospholipase A(2). There has been a growing interest in studying the structure and function of these snake venom proteins because many of them have high structural homologies to proteins found in human. Therefore, the understanding of how these toxins interact with their targets may contribute to the discovery of novel physiological processes and the development of therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize how snake toxins target blood cells with an emphasis on their effects on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Biotoxin Unites, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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29
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Neto HS, Marques MJ. Microvessel damage by B. jararacussu snake venom: pathogenesis and influence on muscle regeneration. Toxicon 2005; 46:814-9. [PMID: 16198390 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass consequent to poor muscle regeneration is a common sequela following the injection of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Since an intact microvasculature plays a central role in the success of muscle regeneration, the poor muscle regeneration seen after envenomation could be explained by damage to the local microvasculature. In this work, we investigated the pathogenesis of microvessel damage caused by B. jararacussu venom and its correlation with poor muscle regeneration. The right soleus muscle of adult mice was injected with 80 microg of venom and the mice were killed from 2 min to 3 months later. Similarly, the soleus muscle of other mice was injected with 80 microg of bothrosptoxin-I (BthTX-I), a non-vasculotoxic myotoxin. Tissue samples were prepared for analysis by electron (venom only) and light (venom and BthTX-I) microscopy. The extent of revascularization was assessed using light microscopy by examining recanalization of thrombi and calculating the individual capillary-to-fiber-ratio, the number of capillaries around a fiber and the capillary/muscle cell ratio. Microvessel damage by venom started within 5 min and, after 6 h, there was total degeneration of the capillaries with failure of the local microcirculation. The time-course of the ultrastructural lesions suggested that endothelial cells were probably damaged by a direct action of B. jararacussu venom on these cells. The revascularization of muscle damaged by venom, but not by BthTX-I, occurred later and was very poor. These results indicate a central role for vascular lesions in muscle regeneration after damage by B. jararacussu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Santo Neto
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Beghini DG, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Randazzo-Moura P, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Novello JC, Hyslop S, Marangoni S. Cross-neutralization of the neurotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu venoms by antisera against crotoxin and phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. Toxicon 2005; 46:604-11. [PMID: 16157360 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom (cdc-crotoxin) and its PLA2 (cdc-PLA2) neutralized the neurotoxicity of this venom and its crotoxin. In this study, we examined the ability of these antisera to neutralize the neurotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu venoms and their major toxins, cdt-crotoxin and bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), respectively, in mouse isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. Immunoblotting showed that antiserum to cdc-crotoxin recognized cdt-crotoxin and BthTX-I, while antiserum to cdc-PLA2 recognized cdt-PLA2 and BthTX-I. ELISA corroborated this cross-reactivity. Antiserum to cdc-crotoxin prevented the neuromuscular blockade caused by C. d. terrificus venom and its crotoxin at a venom/crotoxin:antiserum ratio of 1:3. Antiserum to cdc-PLA2 also neutralized the neuromuscular blockade caused by C. d. terrificus venom or its crotoxin at venom or toxin:antiserum ratios of 1:3 and 1:1, respectively. The neuromuscular blockade caused by B. jararacussu venom and BthTX-I was also neutralized by the antisera to cdc-crotoxin and cdc-PLA2 at a venom/toxin:antiserum ratio of 1:10 for both. Commercial equine antivenom raised against C. d. terrificus venom was effective in preventing the neuromuscular blockade typical of B. jararacussu venom (venom:antivenom ratio of 1:2), whereas for BthTX-I the ratio was 1:10. These results show that antiserum produced against PLA2, the major toxin in C. durissus cascavella venom, efficiently neutralized the neurotoxicity of C. d. terrificus and B. jararacussu venoms and their PLA2 toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Beghini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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