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Tremblay EJ, Tchernof A, Pelletier M, Joanisse DR, Mauriège P. Plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio associates with subcutaneous abdominal and omental adipose tissue characteristics in women. BMC Endocr Disord 2024; 24:39. [PMID: 38481206 PMCID: PMC10938796 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-024-01567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, which includes morphological and functional changes such as adipocyte hypertrophy as well as impaired adipogenesis, lipid storage/mobilization, endocrine and inflammatory responses, is needed in the context of obesity. One dimension of AT dysfunction, secretory adiposopathy, often assessed as a low plasma adiponectin (A)/leptin (L) ratio, is commonly observed in obesity. The aim of this study was to examine markers of AT development and metabolism in 67 women of varying age and adiposity (age: 40-62 years; body mass index, BMI: 17-41 kg/m2) according to levels of adiponectinemia, leptinemia or the plasma A/L ratio. METHODS Body composition, regional AT distribution and circulating adipokines were determined. Lipolysis was measured from glycerol release in subcutaneous abdominal (SCABD) and omental (OME) adipocytes under basal, isoproterenol-, forskolin (FSK)- and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (DcAMP)-stimulated conditions. Adipogenesis (C/EBP-α/β/δ, PPAR-γ2 and SREBP-1c) and lipid metabolism (β2-ARs, HSL, FABP4, LPL and GLUT4) gene expression (RT-qPCR) was assessed in both fat depots. Participants in the upper versus lower tertile of adiponectin, leptin or the A/L ratio were compared. RESULTS Basal lipolysis was similar between groups. Women with a low plasma A/L ratio were characterized by higher adiposity and larger SCABD and OME adipocytes (p<0.01) compared to those with a high ratio. In OME adipocytes, women in the low adiponectinemia tertile showed higher isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis (0.01 CONCLUSIONS Secretory adiposopathy assessed as the plasma A/L ratio, more so than adiponectin or leptin levels alone, discriminates low and elevated lipolysis in OME and SCABD adipocytes despite similar AT expression of selected genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Julie Tremblay
- École de Nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- École de Nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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2
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Zeng L, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Song J, Shao J, Su P. Paternal cadmium exposure induces glucolipid metabolic reprogramming in offspring mice via PPAR signaling pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139592. [PMID: 37482320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In industrialized societies, the prevalence of metabolic diseases has substantially increased over the past few decades, yet the underlying causes remain unclear. Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal and pervasive environmental endocrine disruptor. Here, we investigate the effects of paternal Cd exposure on offspring glucolipid metabolism. Paternal Cd exposure (1 mg kg-1 body weight) impaired glucose tolerance, increased random serum glucose and fasting serum insulin, elevated serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in offspring mice. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of male offspring liver tissue revealed that paternal Cd exposure can affect offspring glucolipid metabolic reprogramming, which involved biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, metabolism of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid. Transcriptome sequencing of male offspring liver tissue showed that arachidonic acid metabolism, AMPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway were significantly inhibited in the Cd-exposed group. The mRNA expression levels of PPAR signaling pathway related genes (Acsl1, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a10, Cd36, Ppard and Pck1) were significantly decreased. The protein expression levels of ACSL1, CD36, PPARD and PCK1 were also significantly reduced. Collectively, our findings suggest that paternal Cd exposure affect offspring glucolipid metabolic reprogramming via PPAR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zeng
- Medical Genetics Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jinzhao Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yamin Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jieping Song
- Medical Genetics Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - JingFan Shao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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3
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Transcriptome profile of skeletal muscle using different sources of dietary fatty acids in male pigs. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 36867299 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Pork is of great importance in world trade and represents the largest source of fatty acids in the human diet. Lipid sources such as soybean oil (SOY), canola (CO), and fish oil (FO) are used in pig diets and influence blood parameters and the ratio of deposited fatty acids. In this study, the main objective was to evaluate changes in gene expression in porcine skeletal muscle tissue resulting from the dietary oil sources and to identify metabolic pathways and biological process networks through RNA-Seq. The addition of FO in the diet of pigs led to intramuscular lipid with a higher FA profile composition of C20:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, and SFA (C16:0 and C18:0). Blood parameters for the FO group showed lower cholesterol and HDL content compared with CO and SOY groups. Skeletal muscle transcriptome analyses revealed 65 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR 10%) between CO vs SOY, and 32 DEG for CO vs FO, and 531 DEG for SOY vs FO comparison. Several genes, including AZGP1, PDE3B, APOE, PLIN1, and LIPS, were found to be down-regulated in the diet of the SOY group compared to the FO group. The enrichment analysis revealed DEG involved in lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and inflammation between the oil groups, with specific gene functions in each group and altered blood parameters. The results provide mechanisms to help us understand the behavior of genes according to fatty acids.
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Ghrelin Alleviates Experimental Ulcerative Colitis in Old Mice and Modulates Colonocyte Metabolism via PPARγ Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010565. [PMID: 36614012 PMCID: PMC9820475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, among the aging population. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that, in addition to controlling feeding and energy metabolism, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effect of ghrelin in protecting against colitis in old mice has not been assessed. Here, we subjected old female C57BL/6J mice to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for six days, then switched back to normal drinking water, administered acyl-ghrelin or vehicle control from day 3 to 13, and monitored disease activities throughout the disease course. Our results showed that treatment of old mice with acyl-ghrelin attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Compared to the DSS group, ghrelin treatment decreased levels of the inflammation marker S100A9 in the colons collected on day 14 but not on day 8, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect was more prominent in the recovery phase. Ghrelin treatment also significantly reduced F4/80 and interleukin-17A on day 14. Moreover, acyl-ghrelin increased mitochondrial respiration and activated transcriptional activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in Caco-2 cells. Together, our data show that ghrelin alleviated DSS-induced colitis, suggesting that ghrelin may promote tissue repair in part through regulating epithelial metabolism via PPARγ mediated signaling.
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The Potential Role of PPARs in the Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213474. [PMID: 36359869 PMCID: PMC9653757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one’s risk for the development of future adult disease. Studies from humans and animals have demonstrated that many diseases can begin in childhood and are caused by a variety of early life traumas, including maternal malnutrition, maternal disease conditions, lifestyle changes, exposure to toxins/chemicals, improper medication during pregnancy, and so on. Recently, the roles of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in FOAD have been increasingly appreciated due to their wide variety of biological actions. PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily, consisting of three distinct subtypes: PPARα, β/δ, and γ, highly expressed in the reproductive tissues. By controlling the maturation of the oocyte, ovulation, implantation of the embryo, development of the placenta, and male fertility, the PPARs play a crucial role in the transition from embryo to fetus in developing mammals. Exposure to adverse events in early life exerts a profound influence on the methylation pattern of PPARs in offspring organs, which can affect development and health throughout the life course, and even across generations. In this review, we summarize the latest research on PPARs in the area of FOAD, highlight the important role of PPARs in FOAD, and provide a potential strategy for early prevention of FOAD.
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Ahn YJ, Lim JW, Kim H. Lutein inhibits IL‑6 expression by inducing PPAR‑γ activation and SOCS3 expression in cerulein‑stimulated pancreatic acinar cells. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:302. [PMID: 35946453 PMCID: PMC9434989 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a severe inflammatory disease of the pancreas. In experimental acute pancreatitis, cerulein induces the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by activating Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 in pancreatic acinar cells. Ligands of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 inhibit IL-6 expression by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. Lutein, an oxygenated carotenoid, upregulates and activates PPAR-γ to regulate inflammation in a renal injury model. The present study aimed to determine whether lutein activated PPAR-γ and induced SOCS3 expression in unstimulated AR42J cells, and whether lutein inhibited activation of JAK2/STAT3 and IL-6 expression via activation of PPAR-γ and SOCS3 expression in cerulein-stimulated AR42J cells. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of lutein was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in AR42J cells stimulated with or without cerulein. In another experiment, cells were treated with lutein and the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 or the PPAR-γ agonist troglitazone prior to cerulein stimulation to determine the involvement of PPAR-γ activation. The results indicated that lutein increased PPAR-γ and SOCS3 levels in unstimulated cells. Cerulein increased phospho-specific forms of JAK2 and STAT3, and mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, but decreased SOCS3 levels in AR42J cells. Cerulein-induced alterations were suppressed by lutein or troglitazone. GW9662 alleviated the inhibitory effect of lutein on JAK2/STAT3 activation and IL-6 expression in cerulein-stimulated cells. In conclusion, lutein inhibited the activation of JAK2/STAT3 and reduced IL-6 levels via PPAR-γ-mediated SOCS3 expression in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with cerulein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Kuiper-Makris C, Selle J, Nüsken E, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcazar MA. Perinatal Nutritional and Metabolic Pathways: Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667315. [PMID: 34211985 PMCID: PMC8239134 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is not completed at birth, but expands beyond infancy, rendering the lung highly susceptible to injury. Exposure to various influences during a critical window of organ growth can interfere with the finely-tuned process of development and induce pathological processes with aberrant alveolarization and long-term structural and functional sequelae. This concept of developmental origins of chronic disease has been coined as perinatal programming. Some adverse perinatal factors, including prematurity along with respiratory support, are well-recognized to induce bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a neonatal chronic lung disease that is characterized by arrest of alveolar and microvascular formation as well as lung matrix remodeling. While the pathogenesis of various experimental models focus on oxygen toxicity, mechanical ventilation and inflammation, the role of nutrition before and after birth remain poorly investigated. There is accumulating clinical and experimental evidence that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as a consequence of limited nutritive supply due to placental insufficiency or maternal malnutrition is a major risk factor for BPD and impaired lung function later in life. In contrast, a surplus of nutrition with perinatal maternal obesity, accelerated postnatal weight gain and early childhood obesity is associated with wheezing and adverse clinical course of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. While the link between perinatal nutrition and lung health has been described, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. There are initial data showing that inflammatory and nutrient sensing processes are involved in programming of alveolarization, pulmonary angiogenesis, and composition of extracellular matrix. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the impact of perinatal metabolism and nutrition on the lung and beyond the cardiopulmonary system as well as possible mechanisms determining the individual susceptibility to CLD early in life. We aim to emphasize the importance of unraveling the mechanisms of perinatal metabolic programming to develop novel preventive and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Kuiper-Makris
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics-Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaco Selle
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics-Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Nüsken
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel A Alejandre Alcazar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics-Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Gießen, Germany
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8
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Yun UJ, Nho CW, Park KW, Yang DK. Hexane Extract of Chloranthus japonicus Increases Adipocyte Differentiation by Acting on Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030241. [PMID: 33804020 PMCID: PMC7999792 DOI: 10.3390/life11030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloranthus japonicus has been heavily investigated for the treatment of various diseases. This paper attempts to show that Chloranthus japonicus can modulate adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes. To establish this, we investigated the effects of Chloranthus japonicus extract in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, adipogenesis, and the underlying molecular mechanisms in C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Our data showed that Chloranthus japonicus methanol extract increased lipid accumulation and promoted adipocyte differentiation. Further studies on the fractionation with various solvents led to the identification of Chloranthus japonicus hexane extract (CJHE) as the most potent inducer of adipocyte differentiation. CJHE consistently increased lipid accumulation and adipocyte marker expression including Pparγ and it acted during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed that CJHE and a Wnt inhibitor similarly stimulated adipogenesis and were active in Wnt-selective reporter assays. The effects of CJHE were inhibited by Wnt3a protein treatment and were significantly blunted in β-catenin-silenced cells, further suggesting that CJHE acted on Wnt pathways to promote adipogenesis. We also showed that Chloranthus japonicus extracts generated from different plant parts similarly promoted adipocyte differentiation. These results identified Chloranthus japonicus as a pro-adipogenic natural product and suggest its potential use in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Jeong Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Clinical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea;
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Clinical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.W.P.); (D.K.Y.)
| | - Dong Kwon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.P.); (D.K.Y.)
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9
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Manickam R, Duszka K, Wahli W. PPARs and Microbiota in Skeletal Muscle Health and Wasting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218056. [PMID: 33137899 PMCID: PMC7662636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major metabolic organ that uses mostly glucose and lipids for energy production and has the capacity to remodel itself in response to exercise and fasting. Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in many diseases and during aging. Muscle wasting is often accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation associated to inter- and intra-muscular fat deposition. During aging, muscle wasting is advanced due to increased movement disorders, as a result of restricted physical exercise, frailty, and the pain associated with arthritis. Muscle atrophy is characterized by increased protein degradation, where the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, atrogenes, and growth factor signaling all play an important role. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, which are activated by fatty acids and their derivatives. PPARs regulate genes that are involved in development, metabolism, inflammation, and many cellular processes in different organs. PPARs are also expressed in muscle and exert pleiotropic specialized responses upon activation by their ligands. There are three PPAR isotypes, viz., PPARα, -β/δ, and -γ. The expression of PPARα is high in tissues with effective fatty acid catabolism, including skeletal muscle. PPARβ/δ is expressed more ubiquitously and is the predominant isotype in skeletal muscle. It is involved in energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fiber-type switching. The expression of PPARγ is high in adipocytes, but it is also implicated in lipid deposition in muscle and other organs. Collectively, all three PPAR isotypes have a major impact on muscle homeostasis either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, reciprocal interactions have been found between PPARs and the gut microbiota along the gut–muscle axis in both health and disease. Herein, we review functions of PPARs in skeletal muscle and their interaction with the gut microbiota in the context of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Toxalim, INRAE, Chemin de Tournefeuille 180, F-31027 Toulouse, France
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Lundgren P, Thaiss CA. The microbiome-adipose tissue axis in systemic metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G717-G724. [PMID: 32068441 PMCID: PMC7191461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00304.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal commensal microbiome is an important component of host health, in part by contributing an abundance of metabolites that gain access to the systemic circulation. The microbiome thereby influences the physiology of numerous organ systems outside the gastrointestinal tract. The consequences of this signaling axis between the intestinal microbiome and host are profound, in particular for the modulation of organismal metabolism. Here, we review recent examples whereby the intestinal microbiome influences host metabolism by influencing the biology of adipose tissue. We place a special emphasis on metabolite-driven pathways by which adipose tissue responds to alterations in intestinal microbial colonization. Given its accessibility for therapeutic interventions, the gut microbiome is an attractive relay module for the remote control of systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lundgren
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Facchinetti F, Appetecchia M, Aragona C, Bevilacqua A, Bezerra Espinola MS, Bizzarri M, D'Anna R, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Hernández Marín I, Kamenov ZA, Kandaraki E, Laganà AS, Monastra G, Montanino Oliva M, Nestler JE, Orio F, Ozay AC, Papalou O, Pkhaladze L, Porcaro G, Prapas N, Soulage CO, Stringaro A, Wdowiak A, Unfer V. Experts' opinion on inositols in treating polycystic ovary syndrome and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a further help for human reproduction and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:255-274. [PMID: 32129111 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1737675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This Experts' opinion provides an updated scientific support to gynecologists, obstetricians, endocrinologists, nutritionists, neurologists and general practitioners on the use of Inositols in the therapy of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).Areas covered: This paper summarizes the physiology of Myo-Inositol (MI) and D-Chiro-Inositol (DCI), two important molecules present in human organisms, and their therapeutic role, also for treating infertility. Some deep differences between the physiological functions of MI and DCI, as well as their safety and intestinal absorption are discussed. Updates include new evidence on the efficacy exerted in PCOS by the 40:1 MI/DCI ratio, and the innovative approach based on alpha-lactalbumin to overcome the decreased therapeutic efficacy of Inositols in some patients.Expert opinion: The evidence suggests that MI, alone or with DCI in the 40:1 ratio, offers a promising treatment for PCOS and NIDDM. However, additional studies need to evaluate some still unresolved issues, such as the best MI/DCI ratio for treating NIDDM, the potential cost-effectiveness of reduced gonadotropins administration in IVF due to MI treatment, or the benefit of MI supplementation in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchinetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Appetecchia
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Aragona
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Bevilacqua
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario D'Anna
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Didier Dewailly
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
| | | | - Imelda Hernández Marín
- Human Reproduction Department, Hospital Juárez de México, México City Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Zdravko A Kamenov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Eleni Kandaraki
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, HYGEIA Hospital, Marousi, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monastra
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - John E Nestler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Francesco Orio
- Department of Endocrinology, "Parthenope" University of Naples, Italy
| | - Ali Cenk Ozay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Near East University, Nicosia Cyprus.,Near East University, Research Center of Experimental Health Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Olga Papalou
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, HYGEIA Hospital, Marousi, Athens, Greece
| | - Lali Pkhaladze
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Ioseb Zhordania Institute of Reproductology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nikos Prapas
- 3rd Department of OB-GYNAE, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece.,IVF Laboratory, IAKENTRO Fertility Centre, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation - Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Artur Wdowiak
- Diagnostic Techniques Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Chhabra M, Sharma S. Potential role of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma analogues in regulation of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus: An overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1123-1129. [PMID: 31336454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells are recognized as the potential targets for the revascularization and angiogenesis because of their ability to get themselves transformed into mature endothelial cells. Underlying pathophysiology in diabetes mellitus leads to decrease in circulatory endothelial progenitor cells, resulting in diabetic macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) gamma analogues serves as an effective therapy for controlling blood sugar levels and preventing its complications. Reports of clinical trials and meta-analysis of clinical trial suggests the beneficial aspects of PPAR gamma therapy in increasing the number and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. This review highlights the pleotropic effect of PPAR gamma analogs, apart from their antidiabetic action via reduction of oxidative stress, increasing expression of eNOS, reducing level of miR 22, miR 222 levels and positive modulation of rapamycin/Protein kinase B/phosphoinoside3-kinase pathways, preventing the early apoptosis, enhanced mobility proliferation and transformation into mature endothelial cells. PPAR gamma therapy in diabetes regulates endothelial progenitor cells, reduces complications of diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, deep vein thrombosis, and maintains the healthy vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Chhabra
- PharmD Intern, Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical and Allied Medical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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13
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Kim S, Song NJ, Chang SH, Bahn G, Choi Y, Rhee DK, Yun UJ, Choi J, Lee J, Yoo JH, Shin D, Park KM, Kang H, Lee S, Ku JM, Cho YS, Park KW. Sulfuretin Prevents Obesity and Metabolic Diseases in Diet Induced Obese Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:107-116. [PMID: 30130954 PMCID: PMC6319556 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic and associated metabolic diseases require alternative biological targets for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we show that a phytochemical sulfuretin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes and administration of sulfuretin to high fat diet-fed obese mice prevented obesity and increased insulin sensitivity. These effects were associated with a suppressed expression of inflammatory markers, induced expression of adiponectin, and increased levels of phosphorylated ERK and AKT. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of sulfuretin in adipocytes, we performed microarray analysis and identified activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) as a sulfuretin-responsive gene. Sulfuretin elevated Atf3 mRNA and protein levels in white adipose tissue and adipocytes. Consistently, deficiency of Atf3 promoted lipid accumulation and the expression of adipocyte markers. Sulfuretin’s but not resveratrol’s anti-adipogenic effects were diminished in Atf3 deficient cells, indicating that Atf3 is an essential factor in the effects of sulfuretin. These results highlight the usefulness of sulfuretin as a new anti-obesity intervention for the prevention of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - No-Joon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyuk Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahee Bahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Jeong Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Donghan Shin
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ki-Moon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kang
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyunghee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Biomaterials Research and Development Team, Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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14
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Agostini M, Schoenmakers E, Beig J, Fairall L, Szatmari I, Rajanayagam O, Muskett FW, Adams C, Marais AD, O'Rahilly S, Semple RK, Nagy L, Majithia AR, Schwabe JWR, Blom DJ, Murphy R, Chatterjee K, Savage DB. A Pharmacogenetic Approach to the Treatment of Patients With PPARG Mutations. Diabetes 2018; 67:1086-1092. [PMID: 29622583 PMCID: PMC5967605 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PPARG cause familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) and severe metabolic disease in many patients. Missense mutations in PPARG are present in ∼1 in 500 people. Although mutations are often binarily classified as benign or deleterious, prospective functional classification of all missense PPARG variants suggests that their impact is graded. Furthermore, in testing novel mutations with both prototypic endogenous (e.g., prostaglandin J2 [PGJ2]) and synthetic ligands (thiazolidinediones, tyrosine agonists), we observed that synthetic agonists selectively rescue function of some peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mutants. We report on patients with FPLD3 who harbor two such PPARγ mutations (R308P and A261E). Both PPARγ mutants exhibit negligible constitutive or PGJ2-induced transcriptional activity but respond readily to synthetic agonists in vitro, with structural modeling providing a basis for such differential ligand-dependent responsiveness. Concordant with this finding, dramatic clinical improvement was seen after pioglitazone treatment of a patient with R308P mutant PPARγ. A patient with A261E mutant PPARγ also responded beneficially to rosiglitazone, although cardiomyopathy precluded prolonged thiazolidinedione use. These observations indicate that detailed structural and functional classification can be used to inform therapeutic decisions in patients with PPARG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Agostini
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Erik Schoenmakers
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Junaid Beig
- Greenlane Diabetes Centre, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise Fairall
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - Istvan Szatmari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Odelia Rajanayagam
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | - Claire Adams
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - A David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Robert K Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Amit R Majithia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.
| | - Dirk J Blom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Health Science Faculty, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Greenlane Diabetes Centre, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K.
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - David B Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K.
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
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15
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Hong SW, Lee J, Cho JH, Kwon H, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Pioglitazone Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic β-Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018; 33:105-113. [PMID: 29589392 PMCID: PMC5874186 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2018.33.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activator gamma (PPARγ) is a useful therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes, but its role in protecting β-cell function and viability is unclear. METHODS To identify the potential functions of PPARγ in β-cells, we treated mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in conditions of lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. RESULTS Palmitate-treated cells incubated with pioglitazone exhibited significant improvements in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the repression of apoptosis, as shown by decreased caspase-3 cleavage and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase activity. Pioglitazone also reversed the palmitate-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 [IL-6], and IL-1β) and ER stress markers (phosphor-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, glucose-regulated protein 78 [GRP78], cleaved-activating transcription factor 6 [ATF6], and C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]), and pioglitazone significantly attenuated inflammation and ER stress in lipopolysaccharide- or tunicamycin-treated MIN6 cells. The protective effect of pioglitazone was also tested in pancreatic islets from high-fat-fed KK-Ay mice administered 0.02% (wt/wt) pioglitazone or vehicle for 6 weeks. Pioglitazone remarkably reduced the expression of ATF6α, GRP78, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, prevented α-cell infiltration into the pancreatic islets, and upregulated glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) expression in β-cells. Moreover, the preservation of β-cells by pioglitazone was accompanied by a significant reduction of blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results support the proposal that PPARγ agonists not only suppress insulin resistance, but also prevent β-cell impairment via protection against ER stress and inflammation. The activation of PPARγ might be a new therapeutic approach for improving β-cell survival and insulin secretion in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Won Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Huang Y, Gao JM, Zhang CM, Zhao HC, Zhao Y, Li R, Yu Y, Qiao J. Assessment of growth and metabolism characteristics in offspring of dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome adults. Reproduction 2017; 152:705-714. [PMID: 27798284 PMCID: PMC5097128 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder that has many characteristic features including hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance and obesity, which may have significant implications for pregnancy outcomes and long-term health of women. Daughters born to PCOS mothers constitute a high-risk group for metabolic and reproductive derangements, but no report has described potential growth and metabolic risk factors for such female offspring. Hence, we used a mouse model of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS to study the mechanisms underlying the pathology of PCOS by investigating the growth, developmental characteristics, metabolic indexes and expression profiles of key genes of offspring born to the models. We found that the average litter size was significantly smaller in the DHEA group, and female offspring had sustained higher body weight, increased body fat and triglyceride content in serum and liver; they also exhibited decreased energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and impaired glucose tolerance. Genes related to glucolipid metabolism such as Pparγ, Acot1/2, Fgf21, Pdk4 and Inhbb were upregulated in the liver of the offspring in DHEA group compared with those in controls, whereas Cyp17a1 expression was significantly decreased. However, the expression of these genes was not detected in male offspring. Our results show that female offspring in DHEA group exhibit perturbed growth and glucolipid metabolism that were not observed in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Jiang-Man Gao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Chun-Mei Zhang
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Cui Zhao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
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17
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Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ in skeletal muscle physiology. Biochimie 2016; 136:42-48. [PMID: 27916646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than two decades of studying Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) has led to an understanding of their implications in various physiological processes that are key for health and disease. All three PPAR isotypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, are activated by a variety of molecules, including fatty acids, eicosanoids and phospholipids, and regulate a spectrum of genes involved in development, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation and differentiation of many cell types in different tissues. The hypolipidemic and antidiabetic functions of PPARα and PPARγ in response to fibrate and thiazolidinedione treatment, respectively, are well documented. However, until more recently the functions of PPARβ/δ were less well defined, but are now becoming more recognized in fatty acid metabolism, energy expenditure, and tissue repair. Skeletal muscle is an active metabolic organ with high plasticity for adaptive responses to varying conditions such as fasting or physical exercise. It is the major site of energy expenditure resulting from lipid and glucose catabolism. Here, we review the multifaceted roles of PPARβ/δ in skeletal muscle physiology.
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18
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Yun UJ, Song NJ, Yang DK, Kwon SM, Kim K, Kim S, Jo DG, Park WJ, Park KW, Kang H. miR-195a inhibits adipocyte differentiation by targeting the preadipogenic determinator Zfp423. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2589-97. [PMID: 25903991 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in various cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we identified miRNA-195a (miR-195a) as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Differential expression of miR-195a in preadipocytes and adipocytes suggests its role in lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation. Forced expression of miR-195a mimics suppressed lipid accumulation and inhibited expression of adipocyte markers such as PPARγ and aP2 in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. Conversely, downregulation of miR-195a by anti-miR-195a increased lipid accumulation and expression of adipocyte markers. Target prediction analysis suggested zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423), a preadipogenic determinator, as a potential gene recognized by miR-195a. In line with this, mimicked expression of miR-195a reduced the expression of Zfp423, whereas anti-miR-195a increased its expression. Predicted targeting sequences in Zfp423 3'UTR, but not mutated sequences fused to luciferase, were regulated by miR-195a. Ectopic Zfp423 expression in 3T3-L1 cells increased lipid accumulation and expression of adipocyte markers, consistent with the observation that miR-195a targets Zfp423, resulting in suppressed adipocyte differentiation. In addition, miR-195a and Zfp423 were inversely correlated in obese fat tissues, raising the possibility of miRNA's role in obesity. Together, our data show that miR-195a is an anti-adipogenic regulator, which acts by targeting Zfp423, and further suggest the roles of miR-195a in obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Jeong Yun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - No-Joon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwon Yang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,College of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Mi Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
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19
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Casamadrid V, Amaya CA, Mendieta ZH. Body Mass Index in Pregnancy Does Not Affect Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Promoter Region (-359 to -260) Methylation in the Neonate. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2016; 6:38-43. [PMID: 27144075 PMCID: PMC4849114 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.180272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity in pregnancy can contribute to epigenetic changes. Aim: To assess whether body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy is associated with changes in the methylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR) promoter region (-359 to - 260) in maternal and neonatal leukocytes. Subjects and Methods: In this matched, cohort study 41 pregnant women were allocated into two groups: (a) Normal weight (n = 21) and (b) overweight (n = 20). DNA was extracted from maternal and neonatal leukocytes (4000-10,000 cells) in MagNA Pure (Roche) using MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit 1 (Roche, Germany). Treatment of DNA (2 μg) was performed with sodium bisulfite (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct™ Kit; Zymo Research). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed in a LightCycler 2.0 (Roche) using the SYBR® Advantage® qPCR Premix Kit (Clontech). The primers used for PPARγ coactivator (PPARG) M3 were 5’- aagacggtttggtcgatc-3’ (forward), and5’- cgaaaaaaaatccgaaatttaa-3’ (reverse) and those for PPARG unmethylated were: 5’-gggaagatggtttggttgatt-3’ (forward) and 5’- ttccaaaaaaaaatccaaaatttaa-3’ (reverse). Intergroup differences were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and intragroup differences, with the Wilcoxon test (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results: Significant differences were found in BMI, pregestational weight, and postdelivery weight between groups but not in the methylation status of the PPARγ promoter region (-359 to - 260). Conclusion: The PPARγ promoter region (-359 to - 260) in peripheral leukocytes is unlikely to get an obesity-induced methylation in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vre Casamadrid
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico
| | - C A Amaya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico
| | - Z H Mendieta
- Academy of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico
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20
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Sauer S. Ligands for the Nuclear Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 36:688-704. [PMID: 26435213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which represent a primary class of drug targets. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key player in various biological processes. PPARγ is widely known as the target protein of the thiazolidinediones for treating type 2 diabetes. Moreover, PPARγ ligands can induce anti-inflammatory and potentially additional beneficial effects. Recent mechanistic insights of PPARγ modulation give hope the next generation of efficient PPARγ-based drugs with fewer side effects can be developed. Furthermore, chemical approaches that make use of synergistic action of combinatorial ligands are promising alternatives for providing tailored medicine. Lessons learned from fine-tuning the action of PPARγ can provide avenues for efficient molecular intervention via many other nuclear receptors to combat common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Sauer
- Otto-Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; University of Würzburg, CU Systems Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Building D15, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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21
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Rosiglitazone activation of PPARγ-dependent signaling is neuroprotective in mutant huntingtin expressing cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Macrophage polarization: the link between inflammation and related diseases. Inflamm Res 2015; 65:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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23
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Aidhen IS, Mukkamala R, Weidner C, Sauer S. A Common Building Block for the Syntheses of Amorfrutin and Cajaninstilbene Acid Libraries toward Efficient Binding with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Org Lett 2014; 17:194-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503135u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrapal S. Aidhen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ramesh Mukkamala
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Christopher Weidner
- Otto-Warburg
Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse
63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto-Warburg
Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse
63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Berná G, Oliveras-López MJ, Jurado-Ruíz E, Tejedo J, Bedoya F, Soria B, Martín F. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics insights into diabetes etiopathogenesis. Nutrients 2014; 6:5338-69. [PMID: 25421534 PMCID: PMC4245593 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a global pandemic, and the incidence of DM continues to grow worldwide. Nutrients and dietary patterns are central issues in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. The pathogenesis of DM is not completely understood, but nutrient-gene interactions at different levels, genetic predisposition and dietary factors appear to be involved. Nutritional genomics studies generally focus on dietary patterns according to genetic variations, the role of gene-nutrient interactions, gene-diet-phenotype interactions and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients; these studies will facilitate an understanding of the early molecular events that occur in DM and will contribute to the identification of better biomarkers and diagnostics tools. In particular, this approach will help to develop tailored diets that maximize the use of nutrients and other functional ingredients present in food, which will aid in the prevention and delay of DM and its complications. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenomics research on DM. Here, we provide an overview of the role of gene variants and nutrient interactions, the importance of nutrients and dietary patterns on gene expression, how epigenetic changes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) can alter cellular signaling in response to nutrients and the dietary interventions that may help to prevent the onset of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Berná
- Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo Olavide (CABIMER-UPO), Seville 41091, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Oliveras-López
- Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo Olavide (CABIMER-UPO), Seville 41091, Spain.
| | - Enrique Jurado-Ruíz
- Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo Olavide (CABIMER-UPO), Seville 41091, Spain.
| | - Juan Tejedo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Francisco Bedoya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Bernat Soria
- Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo Olavide (CABIMER-UPO), Seville 41091, Spain.
| | - Franz Martín
- Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University Pablo Olavide (CABIMER-UPO), Seville 41091, Spain.
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26
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Waser-Althaus J, Salamon A, Waser M, Padeste C, Kreutzer M, Pieles U, Müller B, Peters K. Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on plasma-treated polyetheretherketone. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:515-525. [PMID: 24202913 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) generally exhibits physical and chemical characteristics that prevent osseointegration. To activate the PEEK surface, we applied oxygen and ammonia plasma treatments. These treatments resulted in surface modifications, leading to changes in nanostructure, contact angle, electrochemical properties and protein adhesion in a plasma power and process gas dependent way. To evaluate the effect of the plasma-induced PEEK modifications on stem cell adhesion and differentiation, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (adMSC) were seeded on PEEK specimens. We demonstrated an increased adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of adMSC in contact to plasma-treated PEEK. In dependency on the process gas (oxygen or ammonia) and plasma power (between 10 and 200 W for 5 min), varying degrees of osteogenic differentiation were induced. When adMSC were grown on 10 and 50 W oxygen and ammonia plasma-treated PEEK substrates they exhibited a doubled mineralization degree relative to the original PEEK. Thus plasma treatment of PEEK specimens induced changes in surface chemistry and topography and supported osteogenic differentiation of adMSC in vitro. Therefore plasma treated PEEK holds perspective for contributing to osseointegration of dental and orthopedic load-bearing PEEK implants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Waser-Althaus
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vikas Chandra
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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28
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Li J, Qiao X, Yu M, Li F, Wang H, Guo W, Tian W. Secretory Factors From Rat Adipose Tissue Explants Promote Adipogenesis and Angiogenesis. Artif Organs 2013; 38:E33-45. [PMID: 24020992 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Life Science; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xiangchen Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Feng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Weihua Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Pedodontics; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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29
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Li ZW, Piao CD, Sun HH, Ren XS, Bai YS. Asiatic Acid Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 68:437-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Breast reconstruction is a type of surgery for women who have had a mastectomy, and involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic material to construct a natural-looking breast. Adipose tissue is the major contributor to the volume of the breast, whereas epithelial cells comprise the functional unit of the mammary gland. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can differentiate into both adipocytes and epithelial cells and can be acquired from autologous sources. ASCs are therefore an attractive candidate for clinical applications to repair or regenerate the breast. Here we review the current state of adipose tissue engineering methods, including the biomaterials used for adipose tissue engineering and the application of these techniques for mammary epithelial tissue engineering. Adipose tissue engineering combined with microfabrication approaches to engineer the epithelium represents a promising avenue to replicate the native structure of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA; Department of Molecular Biology; Princeton University; Princeton, NJ USA
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31
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Adipose tissue-specific PPARγ gene targeting. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 952:117-35. [PMID: 23100228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is most abundantly expressed in adipose tissue and has been shown to play imperative roles in controlling adipogenesis and lipogenesis in cultured cell systems in vitro as well as in mice and humans. However, it is unclear how important the role this receptor plays in regulating physiological functions of mature adipocytes in vivo. The Cre-loxP gene targeting strategy is employed to specifically disrupt PPARγ in mature adipocytes in mice. In this chapter, I will describe generation of "floxed" PPARγ mice, which bear loxP sequences in the introns of PPARγ gene locus flanking the coding exons 1 and 2 of PPARγ and creation of the aP2-Cre transgenic mice, which express Cre recombinase under the control of the promoter of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2). Crossing of the two mouse lines results in deletion of PPARγ gene only in differentiated adipocytes in Cre positive mice.
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Rull A, Aragonès G, Beltrán-Debón R, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Camps J, Joven J. Exploring PPAR modulation in experimental mice. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 952:253-73. [PMID: 23100239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The main concern in exploring modulation of PPARs in experimental animals is probably the choice of the model. Although mechanistic studies may be well designed using knockout and transgenic animals, the interpretation of results with respect to inferred results of PPAR activation into humans should be performed cautiously. This is even more important in this field considering that undesired and unexpected effects have been already described in human epidemiologic studies. Taken together, these observations suggest that a global approach using omic technologies, although expensive, is probably the most suitable to obtain useful data. Also, in this approach, we propose all tissues should be explored, not only those obviously relevant to metabolism, or stored in proper conditions if further assessment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rull
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica(URB-CRB), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Videla LA, Pettinelli P. Misregulation of PPAR Functioning and Its Pathogenic Consequences Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Human Obesity. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:107434. [PMID: 23304111 PMCID: PMC3526338 DOI: 10.1155/2012/107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in human obesity is characterized by the multifactorial nature of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, which include misregulation of PPARs signaling. Liver PPAR-α downregulation with parallel PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c up-regulation may trigger major metabolic disturbances between de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation favouring the former, in association with the onset of steatosis in obesity-induced oxidative stress and related long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid n-3 (LCPUFA n-3) depletion, insulin resistance, hypoadiponectinemia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Considering that antisteatotic strategies targeting PPAR-α revealed that fibrates have poor effectiveness, thiazolidinediones have weight gain limitations, and dual PPAR-α/γ agonists have safety concerns, supplementation with LCPUFA n-3 appears as a promising alternative, which achieves both significant reduction in liver steatosis scores and a positive anti-inflammatory outcome. This latter aspect is of importance as PPAR-α downregulation associated with LCPUFA n-3 depletion may play a role in increasing the DNA binding capacity of proinflammatory factors, NF-κB and AP-1, thus constituting one of the major mechanisms for the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Paulina Pettinelli
- Ciencias de la Salud, Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 7820436 Santiago, Chile
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Diarylheptanoid glycosides from Tacca plantaginea and their effects on NF-κB activation and PPAR transcriptional activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6681-7. [PMID: 23031596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the screening search for NF-κB inhibitory and PPAR transactivational agents from medicinal plants, a methanol extract of the whole plant of Tacca plantaginea and its aqueous fraction showed the significant activities. Bioassay-guided fractionation combined with repeated chromatographic separation of the aqueous fraction of the methanol extract of T. plantaginea resulted in the isolation of two new diarylheptanoid glycosides, plantagineosides A (1) and B (2), an unusual new cyclic diarylheptanoid glycoside, plantagineoside C (3), and three known compounds (4-6). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds 3-6 significantly inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.9 to 9.4 μM. Compounds 1-6 significantly activated the transcriptional activity of PPARs in a dose-dependent manner, with EC(50) values ranging from 0.30 to 10.4 μM. In addition, the transactivational effects of compounds 1-6 were evaluated on three individual PPAR subtypes, including PPARα, γ, and β(δ). Compounds 1-6 significantly enhanced the transcriptional activity of PPARβ(δ), with EC(50) values in a range of 11.0-30.1 μM. These data provide the rationale for using T. plantaginea and its components for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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35
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Quang TH, Ngan NTT, Minh CV, Kiem PV, Tai BH, Nhiem NX, Thao NP, Luyen BTT, Yang SY, Kim YH. Anti-Inflammatory and PPAR Transactivational Properties of Flavonoids from the Roots ofSophora flavescens. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1300-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST); 18 Hoang Quoc Viet; Caugiay; Hanoi; Viet Nam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST); 18 Hoang Quoc Viet; Caugiay; Hanoi; Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Bui Thi Thuy Luyen
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon; 305-764; Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon; 305-764; Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon; 305-764; Korea
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36
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Gazit V, Huang J, Weymann A, Rudnick DA. Analysis of the role of hepatic PPARγ expression during mouse liver regeneration. Hepatology 2012; 56:1489-98. [PMID: 22707117 PMCID: PMC3465497 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mice subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH) develop hypoglycemia, followed by increased systemic lipolysis and hepatic fat accumulation, prior to onset of hepatocellular proliferation. Strategies that disrupt these metabolic events inhibit regeneration. These observations suggest that alterations in metabolism in response to hepatic insufficiency promote liver regeneration. Hepatic expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) influences fat accumulation in the liver. Therefore, the studies reported here were undertaken to assess the effects of disruption of hepatic PPARγ expression on hepatic fat accumulation and hepatocellular proliferation during liver regeneration. The results showed that liver regeneration was not suppressed, but rather modestly augmented in liver-specific PPARγ null mice maintained on a normal diet. These animals also exhibited accelerated hepatic cyclin D1 expression. Because hepatic PPARγ expression is increased in experimental models of fatty liver disease in which liver regeneration is impaired, regeneration in liver-specific PPARγ null mice with chronic hepatic steatosis was also examined. In contrast to the results described above, disruption of hepatic PPARγ expression in mice with diet-induced hepatic steatosis resulted in significant suppression of hepatic regeneration. CONCLUSION The metabolic and hepatocellular proliferative responses to PH are modestly augmented in liver-specific PPARγ null mice, thus providing additional support for a metabolic model of liver regeneration. Furthermore, regeneration is significantly impaired in liver-specific PPARγ null mice in the setting of diet-induced chronic steatosis, suggesting that pharmacological strategies to augment hepatic PPARγ activity might improve regeneration of the fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Gazit
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Alexander Weymann
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David A. Rudnick
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Handel M, Hammer TR, Hoefer D. Adipogenic differentiation of scaffold-bound human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASC) for soft tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2012; 7:054107. [PMID: 22972360 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/5/054107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering, instead of tissue substitution, often uses autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASC). These cells are known to improve graft integration and to support neovascularization of scaffolds when seeded onto biomaterials. In this study we thought to engineer adipose tissue using scaffold-bound hASC, since they can be differentiated into the adipocyte cell lineage and used for soft tissue regeneration. We show here by microscopy and gene expression of the peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor gene (PPARγ2) that hASC growing on polypropylene fibrous scaffolds as well as on three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds can be turned into adipose tissue within 19 days. Freshly isolated hASC displayed a higher differentiation potential than hASC cultured for eight passages. In addition, we proved a modified alginate microcapsule to directly induce adipogenic differentiation of incorporated hASC. The results may help to improve long-term success of adipose tissue regeneration, especially for large-scale soft tissue defects, and support the development of cell-scaffold combinations which can be shaped individually and directly induce the adipogenic differentiation of incorporated hASC at the site of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Handel
- Hygiene, Environment and Medicine, Hohenstein Institutes, Schloss Hohenstein, 74357 Boennigheim, Germany
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38
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Birerdinc A, Jarrar M, Stotish T, Randhawa M, Baranova A. Manipulating molecular switches in brown adipocytes and their precursors: a therapeutic potential. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:51-61. [PMID: 22960032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes constitute a metabolically active tissue responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis and the depletion of excess calories. Differentiation of brown fat adipocytes de novo or stimulation of pre-existing brown adipocytes within white adipose depots could provide a novel method for reducing the obesity and alleviating the consequences of type II diabetes worldwide. In this review, we addressed several molecular mechanisms involved in the control of brown fat activity, namely, the β₃-adrenergic stimulation of thermogenesis during exposure to cold or by catecholamines; the augmentation of thyroid function; the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), transcription factors of the C/EBP family, and the PPARγ co-activator PRDM16; the COX-2-driven expression of UCP1; the stimulation of the vanilloid subfamily receptor TRPV1 by capsaicin and monoacylglycerols; the effects of BMP7 or its analogs; the cannabinoid receptor antagonists and melanogenesis modulating agents. Manipulating one or more of these pathways may provide a solution to the problem of harnessing brown fat's thermogenic potential. However, a better understanding of their interplay and other homeostatic mechanisms is required for the development of novel therapies for millions of obese and/or diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Birerdinc
- Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Ren G, Kim JY, Smas CM. Identification of RIFL, a novel adipocyte-enriched insulin target gene with a role in lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E334-51. [PMID: 22569073 PMCID: PMC3423120 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To identify new genes that are important in fat metabolism, we utilized the Lexicon-Genentech knockout database of genes encoding transmembrane and secreted factors and whole murine genome transcriptional profiling data that we generated for 3T3-L1 in vitro adipogenesis. Cross-referencing null models evidencing metabolic phenotypes with genes induced in adipogenesis led to identification of a new gene, which we named RIFL (refeeding induced fat and liver). RIFL-null mice have serum triglyceride levels approximately one-third of wild type. RIFL transcript is induced >100-fold during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and is also increased markedly during adipogenesis of murine and human primary preadipocytes. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIFL during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis results in an ~35% decrease in adipocyte triglyceride content. Murine RIFL transcript is highly enriched in white and brown adipose tissue and liver. Fractionation of WAT reveals that RIFL transcript is exclusive to adipocytes with a lack of expression in stromal-vascular cells. Nutritional and hormonal studies are consistent with a prolipogenic function for RIFL. There is evidence of an approximately eightfold increase in RIFL transcript level in WAT in ob/ob mice compared with wild-type mice. RIFL transcript level in WAT and liver is increased ~80- and 12-fold, respectively, following refeeding of fasted mice. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin increases RIFL transcript ≤35-fold, whereas agents that stimulate lipolysis downregulate RIFL. Interestingly, the 198-amino acid RIFL protein is predicted to be secreted and shows ~30% overall conservation with the NH(2)-terminal half of angiopoietin-like 3, a liver-secreted protein that impacts lipid metabolism. In summary, our data suggest that RIFL is an important new regulator of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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40
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Cornelis MC, Hu FB. Gene-environment interactions in the development of type 2 diabetes: recent progress and continuing challenges. Annu Rev Nutr 2012; 32:245-59. [PMID: 22540253 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is thought to arise from the complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Since the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we have seen considerable progress in our understanding of the role that genetics and gene-environment interactions play in the development of T2D. Recent work suggests that the adverse effect of several T2D loci may be abolished or at least attenuated by higher physical activity levels or healthy lifestyle, whereas low physical activity and dietary factors characterizing a Western dietary pattern may augment it. However, there still remain inconsistencies warranting further investigation. Lack of statistical power and measurement errors for the environmental factors continue to challenge our efforts for characterizing interactions. Although our recent focus on established T2D loci is reasonable, we may be overlooking many other potential loci not captured by recent T2D GWAS. Agnostic approaches to the discovery of gene and environment interactions may address this possibility, but their application to the field is currently limited and still faces conceptual challenges. Nonetheless, continued investment in gene-environment interaction studies through large collaborative efforts holds promise in furthering our understanding of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Pópulo H, Lopes JM, Soares P. The mTOR signalling pathway in human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1886-1918. [PMID: 22408430 PMCID: PMC3291999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), a downstream effector of the PI3K/AKT pathway, forms two distinct multiprotein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is sensitive to rapamycin, activates S6K1 and 4EBP1, which are involved in mRNA translation. It is activated by diverse stimuli, such as growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals, and essential signalling pathways, such as PI3K, MAPK and AMPK, in order to control cell growth, proliferation and survival. mTORC2 is considered resistant to rapamycin and is generally insensitive to nutrients and energy signals. It activates PKC-α and AKT and regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Deregulation of multiple elements of the mTOR pathway (PI3K amplification/mutation, PTEN loss of function, AKT overexpression, and S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E overexpression) has been reported in many types of cancers, particularly in melanoma, where alterations in major components of the mTOR pathway were reported to have significant effects on tumour progression. Therefore, mTOR is an appealing therapeutic target and mTOR inhibitors, including the rapamycin analogues deforolimus, everolimus and temsirolimus, are submitted to clinical trials for treating multiple cancers, alone or in combination with inhibitors of other pathways. Importantly, temsirolimus and everolimus were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, PNET and giant cell astrocytoma. Small molecules that inhibit mTOR kinase activity and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors are also being developed. In this review, we aim to survey relevant research, the molecular mechanisms of signalling, including upstream activation and downstream effectors, and the role of mTOR in cancer, mainly in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pópulo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital São João, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Hinds TD, Stechschulte LA, Cash HA, Whisler D, Banerjee A, Yong W, Khuder SS, Kaw MK, Shou W, Najjar SM, Sanchez ER. Protein phosphatase 5 mediates lipid metabolism through reciprocal control of glucocorticoid receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42911-22. [PMID: 21994940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.311662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor-α (GRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) regulate adipogenesis by controlling the balance between lipolysis and lipogenesis. Here, we show that protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), a nuclear receptor co-chaperone, reciprocally modulates the lipometabolic activities of GRα and PPARγ. Wild-type and PP5-deficient (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were used to show binding of PP5 to both GRα and PPARγ. In response to adipogenic stimuli, PP5-KO mouse embryonic fibroblast cells showed almost no lipid accumulation with reduced expression of adipogenic markers (aP2, CD36, and perilipin) and low fatty-acid synthase enzymatic activity. This was completely reversed following reintroduction of PP5. Loss of PP5 increased phosphorylation of GRα at serines 212 and 234 and elevated dexamethasone-induced activity at prolipolytic genes. In contrast, PPARγ in PP5-KO cells was hyperphosphorylated at serine 112 but had reduced rosiglitazone-induced activity at lipogenic genes. Expression of the S112A mutant rescued PPARγ transcriptional activity and lipid accumulation in PP5-KO cells pointing to Ser-112 as an important residue of PP5 action. This work identifies PP5 as a fulcrum point in nuclear receptor control of the lipolysis/lipogenesis equilibrium and as a potential target in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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Stienstra R, Duval C, Müller M, Kersten S. PPARs, Obesity, and Inflammation. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:95974. [PMID: 17389767 PMCID: PMC1783744 DOI: 10.1155/2007/95974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders is rising rapidly, increasing the burden on our healthcare system. Obesity is often accompanied by excess fat storage in tissues other than adipose tissue, including liver and skeletal muscle, which may lead to local insulin resistance and may stimulate inflammation, as in steatohepatitis. In addition, obesity changes the morphology and composition of adipose tissue, leading to changes in protein production and secretion. Some of these secreted proteins, including several proinflammatory mediators, may be produced by macrophages resident in the adipose tissue. The changes in inflammatory status of adipose tissue and liver with obesity feed a growing recognition that obesity represents a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Various molecular mechanisms have been implicated in obesity-induced inflammation, some of which are modulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism, and overall energy homeostasis. Importantly, PPARs also modulate the inflammatory response, which makes them an interesting therapeutic target to mitigate obesity-induced inflammation and its consequences. This review will address the role of PPARs in obesity-induced inflammation specifically in adipose tissue, liver, and the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Duval
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
- *Sander Kersten:
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Is PPARbeta/delta a Retinoid Receptor? PPAR Res 2011; 2007:73256. [PMID: 18274629 PMCID: PMC2233979 DOI: 10.1155/2007/73256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad ligand-binding characteristic of PPARβ/δ has long hampered identification of physiologically-meaningful ligands for the receptor. The observations that the activity of PPARβ/δ is supported by fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5), which directly delivers ligands from the cytosol to the receptor, suggest that bona fide PPARβ/δ ligands both activate the receptor, and trigger the nuclear translocation of FABP5. Using these criteria, it was recently demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), the activator of the classical retinoic acid receptor RAR, also serves as a ligand for PPARβ/δ. Partitioning of RA between its two receptors was found to be regulated by FABP5, which delivers it to PPARβ/δ, and cellular RA binding protein II (CRABP-II), which targets it to RAR. Consequently, RA activates PPARβ/δ in cells that display a high FABP5/CRABP-II expression ratio. It remains to be clarified whether compounds other than RA may also serve as endogenous activators for this highly promiscuous protein.
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Paola RD, Cuzzocrea S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and acute lung injury. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:63745. [PMID: 17710233 PMCID: PMC1940050 DOI: 10.1155/2007/63745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs regulate several metabolic pathways by binding to sequence-specific PPAR response elements in the promoter region of target genes, including lipid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism. Recently, PPARs and their respective ligands have been implicated as regulators of cellular inflammatory and immune responses. These molecules are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects by negatively regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR ligands possess anti-inflammatory properties and that these properties may prove helpful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the lung. This review will outline the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARs and PPAR ligands and discuss their potential therapeutic effects in animal models of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Clinical, Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria,
Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario,
98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical, Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria,
Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario,
98123 Messina, Italy
- *Salvatore Cuzzocrea:
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Energy Balance, Myostatin, and GILZ: Factors Regulating Adipocyte Differentiation in Belly and Bone. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:92501. [PMID: 18309369 PMCID: PMC2246068 DOI: 10.1155/2007/92501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily of transcription factors. PPARs are expressed in key target tissues such as liver, fat, and muscle and thus they play a major role in the regulation of energy balance. Because of PPAR-gamma's role in energy balance, signals originating from the gut (e.g., GIP), fat (e.g., leptin), muscle (e.g., myostatin), or bone (e.g., GILZ) can in turn modulate PPAR expression and/or function. Of the two PPAR-gamma isoforms, PPAR-gamma2 is the key regulator of adipogenesis and also plays a role in bone development. Activation of this receptor favors adipocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, while inhibition of PPAR-gamma2 expression shifts the commitment towards the osteoblastogenic pathway. Clinically, activation of this receptor by antidiabetic agents of the thiazolidinedione class results in lower bone mass and increased fracture rates. We propose that inhibition of PPAR-gamma2 expression in mesenchymal stem cells by use of some of the hormones/factors mentioned above may be a useful therapeutic strategy to favor bone formation.
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Syed FA, Hoey KA. Integrative physiology of the aging bone: insights from animal and cellular models. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1211:95-106. [PMID: 21062298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss is a common worldwide phenomenon in the aging population, placing them at an increased risk of fractures. Fortunately, basic and translational studies have been pivotal in providing us with a mechanistic understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of this condition. This review focuses on the current concepts and paradigms of age-related bone loss and how various animal and cellular models have broadened our understanding in this fascinating but complex area. Changes in hormonal, neuronal, and biochemical cues with age and their effect on bone have been discussed. This review also outlines recent studies on the relationship between bone and fat in the marrow, as well as the fate of the marrow mesenchymal stromal cell population, which can give rise to either bone-forming osteoblasts or fat-forming adipocytic cells as a function of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan A Syed
- Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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Yaacob NS, Goh KSK, Norazmi MN. Male and female NOD mice differentially express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and pathogenic cytokines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:127-31. [PMID: 20674317 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been implicated in regulating the immune response. We determined the relative changes in the transcriptional expression of PPAR isoforms (α, γ1 and γ2) and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the immune cells of 5 weeks, 10 weeks and diabetic male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice compared to those of female NOD mice from our previous studies, "normalized" against their respective non-obese diabetic resistant (NOR) mice controls. Overall PPARα was significantly more elevated in the macrophages of female NOD mice of all age groups whereas PPARγ, particularly the PPARγ2 isoform was more depressed in the macrophages and CD4(+) lymphocytes of female NOD mice compared to their male counterparts. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and TNFα, as well as the Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFNγ were more elevated in female NOD mice whereas the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, was more depressed in these mice compared to their male counterparts. These findings suggest that the preponderance of T1D in female NOD mice may be influenced by the more pronounced changes in the expression of PPAR isoforms and pathogenic cytokines compared to those in male NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Soriani Yaacob
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Chiang MC, Chen CM, Lee MR, Chen HW, Chen HM, Wu YS, Hung CH, Kang JJ, Chang CP, Chang C, Wu YR, Tsai YS, Chern Y. Modulation of energy deficiency in Huntington's disease via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4043-58. [PMID: 20668093 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Here, we report that the transcript of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor that is critical for energy homeostasis, was markedly downregulated in multiple tissues of a mouse model (R6/2) of HD and in lymphocytes of HD patients. Therefore, downregulation of PPARγ seems to be a pathomechanism of HD. Chronic treatment of R6/2 mice with an agonist of PPARγ (thiazolidinedione, TZD) rescued progressive weight loss, motor deterioration, formation of mutant Htt aggregates, jeopardized global ubiquitination profiles, reduced expression of two neuroprotective proteins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Bcl-2) and shortened life span exhibited by these mice. By reducing HTT aggregates and, thus, ameliorating the recruitment of PPARγ into HTT aggregates, chronic TZD treatment also elevated the availability of the PPARγ protein and subsequently normalized the expression of two of its downstream genes (the glucose transporter type 4 and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha genes). The protective effects described above appear to have been exerted, at least partially, via direct activation of PPARγ in the brain, as TZD was detected in the brains of mice treated with TZD and because a PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) protected striatal cells from mHTT-evoked energy deficiency and toxicity. We demonstrated that the systematic downregulation of PPARγ seems to play a critical role in the dysregulation of energy homeostasis observed in HD, and that PPARγ is a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Sato K, Abe H, Kono T, Yamazaki M, Nakashima K, Kamada T, Akiba Y. Changes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression of chicken abdominal adipose tissue with different age, sex and genotype. Anim Sci J 2010; 80:322-7. [PMID: 20163643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferatior-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a transcription factor that regulates adipocyte differentiation, and the activation of PPARgamma increases fat deposition in growing chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the levels of PPARgamma gene expression were related to fat pad weight in abdominal adipose tissue in growing chickens with different genotype and sex. Body weight and abdominal adipose tissue weight in broiler chickens (Ross strain) were higher than the other genotypes (Road Island Red, White Leghorn, and Japanese native poultry (Tsushima)) at 3 and 5 weeks of age. PPARgamma mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue tended to increase with age, as evidenced by higher expression levels at 5 weeks than at 1 week of age in all sex and genotype of chickens. In broiler chickens, the PPARgamma expressions were significantly higher than the other genotypes. PPARgamma mRNA expression levels in abdominal adipose tissue of female chickens rapidly increased at 3 weeks, and were unchanged until 5 weeks, while those in male chickens gradually increased until 5 weeks. In addition, abdominal adipose tissue weight was correlated with PPARgamma expression levels. These results demonstrated that PPARgamma gene expression is a useful marker of fat deposition in chickens, suggesting that PPARgamma is a key factor of fat accumulation in chicken abdominal fat pad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sato
- Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchui, Tokyo, Japan.
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