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Amroodi MN, Maghsoudloo M, Amiri S, Mokhtari K, Mohseni P, Pourmarjani A, Jamali B, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Tabrizian P, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Wan R. Unraveling the molecular and immunological landscape: Exploring signaling pathways in osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116954. [PMID: 38906027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by compromised bone density and microarchitecture, represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in aging populations. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, providing valuable insights into the pivotal role of signal transduction in maintaining bone homeostasis. The exploration encompasses cellular signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β, all of which play crucial roles in bone remodeling. The dysregulation of these pathways is a contributing factor to osteoporosis, necessitating a profound understanding of their complexities to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying bone loss. The review highlights the pathological significance of disrupted signaling in osteoporosis, emphasizing how these deviations impact the functionality of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ultimately resulting in heightened bone resorption and compromised bone formation. A nuanced analysis of the intricate crosstalk between these pathways is provided to underscore their relevance in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Furthermore, the study addresses some of the most crucial long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with osteoporosis, adding an additional layer of academic depth to the exploration of immune system involvement in various types of osteoporosis. Finally, we propose that SKP1 can serve as a potential biomarker in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nakhaei Amroodi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Maghsoudloo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatere Mokhtari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parnaz Mohseni
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Pourmarjani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behdokht Jamali
- Department of microbiology and genetics, kherad Institute of higher education, Busheher, lran
| | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Tabrizian
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Runlan Wan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Kannan P, A HB, N MP, D TK, Ramanathan G, Eswaramoorthy R, Ramasamy M. Unravelling the Relacatib activity against the CTSK proteins causing pycnodysostosis: a molecular docking and dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4121-4132. [PMID: 37255004 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2218927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis is an atypical autosomal recessive condition of Lysosomal storage disorder that originated due to the deficit of the enzyme Cathepsin K which is vital for normal osteoclast action in bone resorption. Abnormal degradation of type 1 collagen and accumulation of toxic undigested collagen fibers in lysosomes of the osteoclast cells resulting in high bone density, brittle bones, and a short stature is caused in CTSK protein-carrying individuals. The broad aim of this study is to identify the most significant variant through various computational pipelines. This study was initiated by retrieving a total number of thirty-six variants from NCBI, HGMD, and UniProt databases, and the Y283C variant was found to be more significant by various standard computational tools. A structural investigation was performed to understand and gain a better knowledge about the interaction profile for the native (1BY8) and variant (Y283C) with Relacatib (a small-molecule drug that blocks the function of Cathepsin K, an enzyme that has been linked to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other bone-degrading diseases). The interaction profile was analyzed using molecular docking. Relacatib (ligand) had an average binding affinity for both native (-7.16 kcal/mol) and Y283C (-6.76 kcal/mol). Finally, Molecular dynamics simulations were done in duplicates to recognize the variant (Y283C) activity of the protein structure against Relacatib for 100 ns. This study assists in comprehending the most pathogenic amino-acid variant, the ligand interaction with the protein structure, and paves the way for understanding the steadiness of the ligand with the native and selected significant amino-acid variant.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Hadeefa Begum A
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Madhana Priya N
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Thirumal Kumar D
- Faculty of Allied Health Science, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Gnansambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Magesh Ramasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
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Bras G, Satala D, Juszczak M, Kulig K, Wronowska E, Bednarek A, Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. Secreted Aspartic Proteinases: Key Factors in Candida Infections and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4775. [PMID: 38731993 PMCID: PMC11084781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases are key factors contributing to the virulence of pathogenic fungi from the genus Candida. Their proteolytic activities are crucial for extracting nutrients from the external environment, degrading host defenses, and destabilizing the internal balance of the human organism. Currently, the enzymes most frequently described in this context are secreted aspartic proteases (Saps). This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted roles of Saps, highlighting their importance in biofilm formation, tissue invasion through the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and components of the coagulation cascade, modulation of host immune responses via impairment of neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage functions, and their contribution to antifungal resistance. Additionally, the diagnostic challenges associated with Candida infections and the potential of Saps as biomarkers were discussed. Furthermore, we examined the prospects of developing vaccines based on Saps and the use of protease inhibitors as adjunctive therapies for candidiasis. Given the complex biology of Saps and their central role in Candida pathogenicity, a multidisciplinary approach may pave the way for innovative diagnostic strategies and open new opportunities for innovative clinical interventions against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
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Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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Popova-Belova SD, Geneva-Popova MG, Kraev KI, Popova VZ. Serum and Synovial Levels of Cathepsin G and Cathepsin K in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Their Correlation with Disease Activity Indices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3250. [PMID: 37892071 PMCID: PMC10606391 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective case-control study examined the relationship between the serum and synovial levels of cathepsin G (CatG) and cathepsin K (CatK) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and their association with disease activity. Methods: This case-control study involved 156 PsA patients, 50 patients with gonarthrosis (GoA), and 30 healthy controls. The target parameters were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The serum levels of CatG and CatK were found to be significantly higher in PsA patients compared to both control groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, they could distinguish PsA patients from healthy controls with 100% accuracy. Synovial fluid CatG and CatK were positively associated with the following indicators of disease activity: the VAS (rs = 0.362, rs = 0.391); the DAPSA (rs = 0.191, rs = 0.182); and the mCPDAI (rs = 0.378, rs = 0.313). Our results suggest that serum and synovial fluid CatG and CatK levels could serve as biomarkers for PsA. In PsA patients with synovial fluid crystals, elevated synovial CatG levels demonstrated a sensitivity of 89.54% and a specificity of 86.00% in distinguishing them from PsA patients without crystals. Similarly, elevated synovial CatK levels had a sensitivity of 93.67% and a specificity of 94.34% for distinguishing PsA patients with synovial fluid crystals from those without. Furthermore, the synovial fluid levels of both CatG and CatK showed positive associations with key indicators of disease activity, including the visual analog scale (VAS) (rs = 0.362, rs = 0.391), the disease activity in psoriatic arthritis (DAPSA) (rs = 0.191, rs = 0.182), and the modified composite psoriatic disease activity index (mCPDAI) (rs = 0.378, rs = 0.313). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the serum and synovial fluid levels of CatG and CatK hold promise as potential biomarkers for assessing disease activity in psoriatic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Dimitrova Popova-Belova
- Department of Propedeutic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Clinic of Rheumatology, University General Hospital “Sveti Georgi”, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.D.P.-B.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Mariela Gencheva Geneva-Popova
- Department of Propedeutic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Clinic of Rheumatology, University General Hospital “Sveti Georgi”, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.D.P.-B.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Krasimir Iliev Kraev
- Department of Propedeutic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Clinic of Rheumatology, University General Hospital “Sveti Georgi”, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.D.P.-B.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Velichka Zaharieva Popova
- Department of Propedeutic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, University General Hospital “Kaspela”, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
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Michalski MN, Williams BO. The Past, Present, and Future of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Skeletal Biology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1311. [PMID: 37759711 PMCID: PMC10526739 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to create genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has exponentially increased our understanding of many areas of biology. Musculoskeletal biology is no exception. In this review, we will first discuss the historical development of GEMMs and how these developments have influenced musculoskeletal disease research. This review will also update our 2008 review that appeared in BONEKey, a journal that is no longer readily available online. We will first review the historical development of GEMMs in general, followed by a particular emphasis on the ability to perform tissue-specific (conditional) knockouts focusing on musculoskeletal tissues. We will then discuss how the development of CRISPR/Cas-based technologies during the last decade has revolutionized the generation of GEMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Michalski
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Core Technologies and Services, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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7
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Waldrep KM, Rodgers JI, Garrett SM, Wolf BJ, Feghali-Bostwick CA. The Role of SOX9 in IGF-II-Mediated Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11234. [PMID: 37510994 PMCID: PMC10378869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) results in significant morbidity and mortality. We previously reported that insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is overexpressed in lung tissues and fibroblasts from SSc patients, and IGF-II fosters fibrosis by upregulating collagen type I, fibronectin, and TGFβ. We now show that IGF-II augments mRNA levels of profibrotic signaling molecules TGFβ2 (p ≤ 0.01) and TGFβ3 (p ≤ 0.05), collagen type III (p ≤ 0.01), and the collagen posttranslational modification enzymes P4HA2 (p ≤ 0.05), P3H2 (p ≤ 0.05), LOX (p = 0.065), LOXL2 (p ≤ 0.05), LOXL4 (p ≤ 0.05) in primary human lung fibroblasts. IGF-II increases protein levels of TGFβ2 (p ≤ 0.01), as well as COL3A1, P4HA2, P4Hβ, and LOXL4 (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, IGF-II decreases mRNA levels of the collagen degradation enzymes cathepsin (CTS) K, CTSB, and CTSL and protein levels of CTSK (p ≤ 0.05). The SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) is overexpressed in SSc lung tissues at the mRNA (p ≤ 0.05) and protein (p ≤ 0.01) levels compared to healthy controls. IGF-II induces SOX9 in lung fibroblasts (p ≤ 0.05) via the IGF1R/IR hybrid receptor, and SOX9 regulates TGFβ2 (p ≤ 0.05), TGFβ3 (p ≤ 0.05), COL3A1 (p ≤ 0.01), and P4HA2 (p ≤ 0.001) downstream of IGF-II. Our results identify a novel IGF-II signaling axis and downstream targets that are regulated in a SOX9-dependent and -independent manner. Our findings provide novel insights on the role of IGF-II in promoting pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy M Waldrep
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jessalyn I Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sara M Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bethany J Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kayongo A, Nyiro B, Siddharthan T, Kirenga B, Checkley W, Lutaakome Joloba M, Ellner J, Salgame P. Mechanisms of lung damage in tuberculosis: implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146571. [PMID: 37415827 PMCID: PMC10320222 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for COPD. Severe lung function impairment has been reported in post-TB patients. Despite increasing evidence to support the association between TB and COPD, only a few studies describe the immunological basis of COPD among TB patients following successful treatment completion. In this review, we draw on well-elaborated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced immune mechanisms in the lungs to highlight shared mechanisms for COPD pathogenesis in the setting of tuberculosis disease. We further examine how such mechanisms could be exploited to guide COPD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kayongo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Nyiro
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Moses Lutaakome Joloba
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerrold Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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S S, Camardo A, Dahal S, Ramamurthi A. Surface-Functionalized Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Vascular Elastic Matrix Regenerative Repair. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37093652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles that carry cell-specific biomolecular information. Our previous studies showed that adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)-derived EVs provide antiproteolytic and proregenerative effects in cultures of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from an elastase-infused rat abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) model, and this is promising toward their use as a therapeutic platform for naturally irreversible elastic matrix aberrations in the aortic wall. Since systemically administered EVs poorly home into sites of tissue injury, disease strategies to improve their affinity toward target tissues are of great significance for EV-based treatment strategies. Toward this goal, in this work, we developed a postisolation surface modification strategy to target MSC-derived EVs to the AAA wall. The EVs were surface-conjugated with a short, synthetic, azide-modified peptide sequence for targeted binding to cathepsin K (CatK), a cysteine protease overexpressed in the AAA wall. Conjugation was performed using a copper-free click chemistry method. We determined that such conjugation improved EV uptake into cultured aneurysmal SMCs in culture and their binding to the wall of matrix injured vessels ex vivo. The proregenerative and antiproteolytic effects of MSC-EVs on cultured rat aneurysmal SMCs were also unaffected following peptide conjugation. From this study, it appears that modification with short synthetic peptide sequences seems to be an effective strategy for improving the cell-specific uptake of EVs and may be effective in facilitating AAA-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeesh S
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3027, United States
| | - Andrew Camardo
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9620 Carnegie Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Shataakshi Dahal
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3027, United States
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3027, United States
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Zhang Z, Cao Z, Hou L, Song M, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Hu H, Hou Y, Liu Y, Li B, Song X, Ge W, Li B, Jiang X, Yang J, Song D, Zhang X, Pang J, Zhang T, Zhang H, Yang P, Wang J, Wang C. Adenovirus-mediated Overexpression of FcγRIIB Attenuates Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:213-227. [PMID: 36227848 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0056oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (PF-ILDs) result in high mortality and lack effective therapies. The pathogenesis of PF-ILDs involves macrophages driving inflammation and irreversible fibrosis. Fc-γ receptors (FcγRs) regulate macrophages and inflammation, but their roles in PF-ILDs remain unclear. We characterized the expression of FcγRs and found upregulated FcγRIIB in human and mouse lungs after exposure to silica. FcγRIIB deficiency aggravated lung dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis in silica-exposed mice. Using single-cell transcriptomics and in vitro experiments, FcγRIIB was found in alveolar macrophages, where it regulated the expression of fibrosis-related genes Spp1 and Ctss. In mice with macrophage-specific overexpression of FcγRIIB and in mice treated with adenovirus by intratracheal instillation to upregulate FcγRIIB, silica-induced functional and histological changes were ameliorated. Our data from three genetic models and a therapeutic model suggest that FcγRIIB plays a protective role that can be enhanced by adenoviral overexpression, representing a potential therapeutic strategy for PF-ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Lin Hou
- Department of Physiology and
| | - Meiyue Song
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao tong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Huiyuan Hu
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao tong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Yangfeng Hou
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bolun Li
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weipeng Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baicun Li
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Dingyun Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinri Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junling Pang
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Physiology and.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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13
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Jia Y, Wang K, Wang H, Zhang B, Yang K, Zhang Z, Dong H, Wang J. Discovery of selective covalent cathepsin K inhibitors containing novel 4-cyanopyrimidine warhead based on quantum chemical calculations and binding mode analysis. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117053. [PMID: 36270112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K), mainly expressed by osteoclasts, plays an important role in bone resorption. Covalent Cat K inhibitors will show great potential in the future treatment of osteoporosis. It has been reported that the selectivity of covalent cathepsin K inhibitors was related to the drug's safety. The type of warhead has a crucial influence on the enzyme bioactivity and selectivity of covalent inhibitors. In order to develop novel covalent inhibitors with the selective new warhead, quantum chemical calculations were performed to estimate the reactivity of the nitrile warheads. Moreover, binding mode analysis between ligands and high homology Cat K, S and B revealed differences in non-covalent interactions. Novel covalent Cat K inhibitors containing 4-cyanopyrimidine warhead (11) were determined for the first time. Among them, compound 34 significantly inhibited Cat K (IC50 = 61.9 nM) with excellent selectivity compared to Cat S (>810-fold) and Cat B (>1620-fold), respectively. Binding mode analysis of Cat K-34 complex provided the basis for further optimization. Compound 34 could be a valuable lead compound for further research on safe and effective Cat K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhilan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Haijuan Dong
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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14
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Mijanović O, Jakovleva A, Branković A, Zdravkova K, Pualic M, Belozerskaya TA, Nikitkina AI, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. Cathepsin K in Pathological Conditions and New Therapeutic and Diagnostic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213762. [PMID: 36430239 PMCID: PMC9698382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a part of the family of cysteine proteases involved in many important processes, including the degradation activity of collagen 1 and elastin in bone resorption. Changes in levels of CatK are associated with various pathological conditions, primarily related to bone and cartilage degradation, such as pycnodysostosis (associated with CatK deficiency), osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis (associated with CatK overexpression). Recently, the increased secretion of CatK is being highly correlated to vascular inflammation, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Wegener granulomatosis, berylliosis, tuberculosis, as well as with tumor progression. Due to the wide spectrum of diseases in which CatK is involved, the design and validation of active site-specific inhibitors has been a subject of keen interest in pharmaceutical companies in recent decades. In this review, we summarized the molecular background of CatK and its involvement in various diseases, as well as its clinical significance for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Mijanović
- Dia-M, LCC, 7 b.3 Magadanskaya Str., 129345 Moscow, Russia
- The Human Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ana Branković
- Department of Forensics Engineering, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Cara Dusana 196, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kristina Zdravkova
- AD Alkaloid Skopje, Boulevar Alexander the Great 12, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Milena Pualic
- Institute Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatiana A. Belozerskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Angelina I. Nikitkina
- ArhiMed Clinique for New Medical Technologies, Vavilova St. 68/2, 119261 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9261180220
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15
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Denamur S, Chazeirat T, Maszota-Zieleniak M, Vivès RR, Saidi A, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Labarthe F, Samsonov SA, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Binding of heparan sulfate to human cystatin C modulates inhibition of cathepsin L: Putative consequences in mucopolysaccharidosis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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In silico and in vitro mapping of specificity patterns of glycosaminoglycans towards cysteine cathepsins B, L, K, S and V. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 113:108153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Wang Y, Guo X, Fan X, Zhang H, Xue D, Pan Z. The protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo study. Physiol Res 2022; 71:135-145. [PMID: 35043648 PMCID: PMC8997682 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin is a kind of polyphenol chemical compound separated from these herbal medicines of Mangifera indica L., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. and Belamcanda chinensis L., which has anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, and other physiological activities without toxic effects. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is also a kind of arthritis disease in which articular cartilage or bones under the joint is damaged. In addition, artificial replacements are required in severe cases. At present, there are not too much researches on the potential biological activities of mangiferin that plays a protective role in the treatment of OA. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro and in vivo. First, the effect of different concentrations of mangiferin on rat chondrocytes was determined by MTT assay. Second, the effects of mangiferin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, TNF alpha, Collagen II, Caspase-3, and cystatin-C in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced rat chondrocytes were examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction in vitro, meanwhile the effects of mangiferin on the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway were also investigated by Western Blot. Finally, the anti-osteoarthritic protective effect of mangiferin was evaluated in the rat model by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) combined with bilateral ovariectomy-induced OA in vivo. The results showed that the mangiferin was found to inhibit the expression of MMP-13, TNF-alpha, and Caspase-3 which also increased the expression of Collagen II and cystatin-C in IL 1beta induced rat chondrocytes. In addition, IL-1beta-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) and the degradation of inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)-alpha were suppressed by mangiferin. For the in vivo study in a rat model of OA, 100 microl of mangiferin was administered by intra-articular injections for rats, the results showed that the cartilage degradation was suppressed by mangiferin through Micro CT and Histological Examination. According to both in vitro and in vivo results, mangiferin has a protective effect in the treatment of OA which may be a promising therapeutic agent for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. and
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19
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Benýšek J, Buša M, Rubešová P, Fanfrlík J, Lepšík M, Brynda J, Matoušková Z, Bartz U, Horn M, Gütschow M, Mareš M. Highly potent inhibitors of cathepsin K with a differently positioned cyanohydrazide warhead: structural analysis of binding mode to mature and zymogen-like enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:515-526. [PMID: 35144520 PMCID: PMC8843313 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2024527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a target for the treatment of osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone metastasis. Peptidomimetics with a cyanohydrazide warhead represent a new class of highly potent CatK inhibitors; however, their binding mechanism is unknown. We investigated two model cyanohydrazide inhibitors with differently positioned warheads: an azadipeptide nitrile Gü1303 and a 3-cyano-3-aza-β-amino acid Gü2602. Crystal structures of their covalent complexes were determined with mature CatK as well as a zymogen-like activation intermediate of CatK. Binding mode analysis, together with quantum chemical calculations, revealed that the extraordinary picomolar potency of Gü2602 is entropically favoured by its conformational flexibility at the nonprimed-primed subsites boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrated by live cell imaging that cyanohydrazides effectively target mature CatK in osteosarcoma cells. Cyanohydrazides also suppressed the maturation of CatK by inhibiting the autoactivation of the CatK zymogen. Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of cyanohydrazide inhibitors of CatK as potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Benýšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Buša
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rubešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Matoušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Improved Cathepsin Probes for Sensitive Molecular Imaging. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030842. [PMID: 35164107 PMCID: PMC8838171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin proteases are found under normal conditions in the lysosomal compartments of cells, where they play pivotal roles in a variety of cellular processes such as protein and lipid metabolism, autophagy, antigen presentation, and cell growth and proliferation. As a consequence, aberrant localization and activity contribute to several pathologic conditions such as a variety of malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and other diseases. Hence, there is a resurgence of interest to expand the toolkit to monitor intracellular cathepsin activity and better ascertain their functions under these circumstances. Previous fluorescent activity-based probes (ABPs) that target cathepsins B, L, and S enabled detection of their activity in intact cells as well as non-invasive detection in animal disease models. However, their binding potency is suboptimal compared to the cathepsin inhibitor on which they were based, as the P1 positive charge was capped by a reporter tag. Here, we show the development of an improved cathepsin ABP that has a P1 positive charge by linking the tag on an additional amino acid at the end of the probe. While enhancing potency towards recombinant cathepsins, the new probe had reduced cell permeability due to additional peptide bonds. At a second phase, the probe was trimmed; the fluorophore was linked to an extended carbobenzoxy moiety, leading to enhanced cell permeability and superb detection of cathepsin activity in intact cells. In conclusion, this work introduces a prototype design for the next generation of highly sensitive ABPs that have excellent detection of cellular cathepsin activity.
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21
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Genes Predicting Survival of Chordoma Patients. World Neurosurg 2021; 156:125-132. [PMID: 34530149 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chordoma is a slow-growing, invasive neoplasm in the neuraxis that is thought to arise from notochordal cells. At 10-year follow-up, the average survival rate is 50%, though individual prognosis varies substantially. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the genes and proteins expressed in these tumors and their prognostic value to facilitate prognostication for patients with chordoma. METHODS A systematic search of clinical studies that investigated expressed factors related to chordoma survival was performed in PubMed. Data extracted included RNA and protein expression data and prognostic value (in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival, disease-free survival, and recurrence-free survival) from univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS This review included 78 original studies that collectively evaluated 134 expressed factors. Of these molecular factors, 96 by univariate analysis and 32 by multivariate analysis had a predictive value for patient survival. Of the molecular factors studied in multivariate analyses, 26 factors had a negative effect while 6 had a positive effect on patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Identification of molecular factors that are associated with survival contributes to better prognostication of patients with chordoma. Given the rarity of chordoma, often only univariate analyses can be performed. Robust multivariate analyses are scarcer but provide independently significant prognostic factors. The data presented in this review can aid in prognostication for the individual patient and facilitate the development of targeted therapies.
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22
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Wang Y, Wu K, Gan X, Ouyang Q, Wu Q, Liu H, Hu S, Han C, Zhang R, Hu J, Wang J, Li L. The pattern of duck sternal ossification and the changes of histological structure and gene expression therein. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101112. [PMID: 34116350 PMCID: PMC8193625 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest single bone, avian sterna are very different from those of mammals in terms of morphology and functions. Moreover, years of artificial selection in poultry led to incomplete sternal ossification at slaughter age, which may cause diseases, sternal injury, and restriction to breast muscle growth. However, in living birds, studies have rarely described the ossification pattern and underlying mechanisms of the sterna. Here, we examined the pattern (timeline, ossification centers, ossification directions, weekly changes of different parts, quantified differences in ossification degree among sexes and parts) and developmental changes (histological structure, gene expression) of postnatal duck sternal ossification. Direct observation and alcian blue and alizarin red staining of whole sterna samples revealed that, duck sterna mainly ossified during 5 to 9 wk old with five ossification centers. These centers and their ossification directions were different from and more complex than the previously studied birds. The weekly changes of sterna and the quantitative analysis of ossification-related traits showed that ossifications in the three parts of duck sterna (sternum body, keel, posterolateral processes) were mutually independent in space and time, meanwhile, the male duck sterna were more late-maturing than the female. The results of hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue, and toluidine blue stainings and the expression levels of COL2A1, COL10A1, COL1A2, and CTSK together supported that, duck sternal ossification was highly similar to typical endochondral ossification. Furthermore, continuously high expression of MMP13 and SPARC and their significant (P < 0.05) co-expression with COL2A1, COL10A1, COL1A2, and CTSK suggested the importance of MMP13 and SPARC in duck sternal ossification. Taken together, our results may be helpful for the understanding of avian sternal ossification and the improvement of the performance and welfare of poultry from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiang Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qingyuan Ouyang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qifan Wu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Richard ET, Morinaga K, Zheng Y, Sundberg O, Hokugo A, Hui K, Zhou Y, Sasaki H, Kashemirov BA, Nishimura I, McKenna CE. Design and Synthesis of Cathepsin-K-Activated Osteoadsorptive Fluorogenic Sentinel (OFS) Probes for Detecting Early Osteoclastic Bone Resorption in a Multiple Myeloma Mouse Model. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:916-927. [PMID: 33956423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of OFS-1, an Osteoadsorptive Fluorogenic Sentinel imaging probe that is adsorbed by hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bone mineral surfaces, where it generates an external fluorescent signal in response to osteoclast-secreted cathepsin K (Ctsk). The probe consists of a bone-anchoring bisphosphonate moiety connected to a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) internally quenched fluorescent (IQF) dye pair, linked by a Ctsk peptide substrate, GHPGGPQG. Key structural features contributing to the effectiveness of OFS-1 were defined by structure-activity relationship (SAR) and modeling studies comparing OFS-1 with two cognates, OFS-2 and OFS-3. In solution or when preadsorbed on HAp, OFS-1 exhibited strong fluorescence when exposed to Ctsk (2.5-20 nM). Time-lapse photomicrographs obtained after seeding human osteoclasts onto HAp-coated well plates containing preadsorbed OFS-1 revealed bright fluorescence at the periphery of resorbing cells. OFS-1 administered systemically detected early osteolysis colocalized with orthotopic engraftment of RPMI-8226-Luc human multiple myeloma cells at a metastatic skeletal site in a humanized mouse model. OFS-1 is thus a promising new imaging tool for detecting abnormal bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Kenzo Morinaga
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Section of Oral Implantology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Oskar Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kimberly Hui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yipin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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24
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Chen Y, Wei B, Xu P, Tang H, Yang L, Wang Y, Fu Y, Yang X, Mao Y. Schistosoma japonicum cystatin suppresses osteoclastogenesis via manipulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:273. [PMID: 33576450 PMCID: PMC7893784 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal osteoclastic activation and secretion of cysteine proteinases result in excessive bone resorption, which is one of the primary factors in the development of bone metabolic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Mammalian cystatins have been demonstrated to restrain osteoclastic bone resorption and to alleviate severe osteolytic destruction via blocking the activity of cysteine proteinases. However, the specific effects of parasite cystatins on the formation and function of osteoclasts remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was to explore the effects of cystatins from Schistosoma japonicum (Sj‑Cys) on macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (M‑CSF) and receptor activator of NF‑κB ligand (RANKL)‑induced osteoclast differentiation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Recombinant Sj‑Cys (rSj‑Cys) dose‑dependently restrained osteoclast formation, with a half‑maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.3 µM, and suppressed osteoclastic bone resorptive capability in vitro. The findings were based on tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone resorption assays, respectively. However, the cell viability assay showed that the repression of rSj‑Cys on osteoclast formation did not depend on effects on cell viability or apoptosis. Based on the results of reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, it was found that rSj‑Cys downregulated the expression levels of osteoclastogenesis‑related genes and proteins, by interfering with M‑CSF and RANKL‑induced NF‑κB signaling and downstream transcription factors during early‑phase osteoclastogenesis. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that rSj‑Cys exerted an inhibitory role in osteoclast differentiation and could be a prospective biotherapeutic candidate for the treatment and prevention of bone metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Bangguo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Langlang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxiao Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
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25
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Campbell KL, Haspel N, Gath C, Kurniatash N, Nouduri Akkiraju I, Stuffers N, Vadher U. Protein hormone fragmentation in intercellular signaling: hormones as nested information systems. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:887-901. [PMID: 33403392 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the hypothesis that protein hormones are nested information systems in which initial products of gene transcription, and their subsequent protein fragments, before and after secretion and initial target cell action, play additional physiological regulatory roles. The study produced four tools and key results: (1) a problem approach that proceeds, with examples and suggestions for in vivo organismal functional tests for peptide-protein interactions, from proteolytic breakdown prediction to models of hormone fragment modulation of protein-protein binding motifs in unrelated proteins; (2) a catalog of 461 known soluble human protein hormones and their predicted fragmentation patterns; (3) an analysis of the predicted proteolytic patterns of the canonical protein hormone transcripts demonstrating near-universal persistence of 9 ± 7 peptides of 8 ± 8 amino acids even after cleavage with 24 proteases from four protease classes; and (4) a coincidence analysis of the predicted proteolysis locations and the 1939 exon junctions within the transcripts that shows an excess (P < 0.001) of predicted proteolysis within 10 residues, especially at the exonal junction (P < 0.01). It appears all protein hormone transcripts generate multiple fragments the size of peptide hormones or protein-protein binding domains that may alter intracellular or extracellular functions by acting as modulators of metabolic enzymes, transduction factors, protein binding proteins, or hormone receptors. High proteolytic frequency at exonal junctions suggests proteolysis has evolved, as a complement to gene exon fusion, to extract structures or functions within single exons or protein segments to simplify the genome by discarding archaic one-exon genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nurit Haspel
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra Gath
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nuzulul Kurniatash
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Naomi Stuffers
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uma Vadher
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Wang QQ, Han S, Li XX, Yuan R, Zhuo Y, Chen X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Gao H, Zhao LC, Yang S. Nuezhenide Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity through the NF-κB Pathway. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:101-111. [PMID: 32525787 PMCID: PMC8778660 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200611141337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuezhenide (NZD), an iridoid glycoside isolated from Ilex pubescens Hook. & Arn. var. kwangsiensis Hand.-Mazz., used as a traditional Chinese medicine for clearing away heat and toxic materials, displays a variety of biological activities such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, and other life-protecting activities. However, a few studies involving anti-inflammatory activity and the mechanism of NZD have also been reported. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of NZD are illustrated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to test the hypothesis that NZD suppresses LPS-induced inflammation by targeting the NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 cells. METHODS LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were employed to detect the effect of NZD on the release of cytokines by ELISA. Protein expression levels of related molecular markers were quantitated by western blot analysis. The levels of ROS, NO, and Ca2+ were detected by flow cytometry. The changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed and verified by fluorescence microscopy. Using immunofluorescence assay, the translocation of NF-κB/p65 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS NZD exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines such as nitrite, TNF-α, and IL-6. NZD suppressed the expression of the phosphorylated proteins like IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65. Besides, the flow cytometry results indicated that NZD inhibited the levels of ROS, NO, and Ca2+ in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. JC-1 assay data showed that NZD reversed LPS-induced MMP loss. Furthermore, NZD suppressed LPS-induced NF-B/p65 translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. CONCLUSION NZD exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through the NF-κB pathway on RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Shan Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Xin-Xing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Renyikun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Youqiong Zhuo
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Xinxin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Chenwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Yangling Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530200
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27
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Rečnik LM, Kandioller W, Mindt TL. 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles as Amide Bond Surrogates for the Stabilisation of Linear Peptides with Biological Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E3576. [PMID: 32781656 PMCID: PMC7465391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides represent an important class of biologically active molecules with high potential for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their structural diversity, favourable pharmacokinetic properties, and synthetic availability. However, the widespread use of peptides and conjugates thereof in clinical applications can be hampered by their low stability in vivo due to rapid degradation by endogenous proteases. A promising approach to circumvent this potential limitation includes the substitution of metabolically labile amide bonds in the peptide backbone by stable isosteric amide bond mimetics. In this review, we focus on the incorporation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as amide bond surrogates in linear peptides with the aim to increase their stability without impacting their biological function(s). We highlight the properties of this heterocycle as a trans-amide bond surrogate and summarise approaches for the synthesis of triazole-containing peptidomimetics via the Cu(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The impacts of the incorporation of triazoles in the backbone of diverse peptides on their biological properties such as, e.g., blood serum stability and affinity as well as selectivity towards their respective molecular target(s) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Rečnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas L. Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Heinz A. Elastases and elastokines: elastin degradation and its significance in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:252-273. [PMID: 32530323 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is an important protein of the extracellular matrix of higher vertebrates, which confers elasticity and resilience to various tissues and organs including lungs, skin, large blood vessels and ligaments. Owing to its unique structure, extensive cross-linking and durability, it does not undergo significant turnover in healthy tissues and has a half-life of more than 70 years. Elastin is not only a structural protein, influencing the architecture and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, but also plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Bioactive elastin peptides termed elastokines - in particular those of the GXXPG motif - occur as a result of proteolytic degradation of elastin and its non-cross-linked precursor tropoelastin and display several biological activities. For instance, they promote angiogenesis or stimulate cell adhesion, chemotaxis, proliferation, protease activation and apoptosis. Elastin-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases and cysteine proteases slowly damage elastin over the lifetime of an organism. The destruction of elastin and the biological processes triggered by elastokines favor the development and progression of various pathological conditions including emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer. This review gives an overview on types of human elastases and their action on human elastin, including the formation, structure and biological activities of elastokines and their role in common biological processes and severe pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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30
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Regulation of the Proteolytic Activity of Cysteine Cathepsins by Oxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061944. [PMID: 32178437 PMCID: PMC7139492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their primary involvement in the recycling and degradation of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments and also in specialized biological functions, cysteine cathepsins are pivotal proteolytic contributors of various deleterious diseases. While the molecular mechanisms of regulation via their natural inhibitors have been exhaustively studied, less is currently known about how their enzymatic activity is modulated during the redox imbalance associated with oxidative stress and their exposure resistance to oxidants. More specifically, there is only patchy information on the regulation of lung cysteine cathepsins, while the respiratory system is directly exposed to countless exogenous oxidants contained in dust, tobacco, combustion fumes, and industrial or domestic particles. Papain-like enzymes (clan CA, family C1, subfamily C1A) encompass a conserved catalytic thiolate-imidazolium pair (Cys25-His159) in their active site. Although the sulfhydryl group (with a low acidic pKa) is a potent nucleophile highly susceptible to chemical modifications, some cysteine cathepsins reveal an unanticipated resistance to oxidative stress. Besides an introductory chapter and peculiar attention to lung cysteine cathepsins, the purpose of this review is to afford a concise update of the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cysteine cathepsins by redox balance and by oxidants (e.g., Michael acceptors, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species).
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31
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Rat cathepsin K: Enzymatic specificity and regulation of its collagenolytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140318. [PMID: 31740411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K (hCatK), which is highly expressed in osteoclasts, has the noteworthy ability to cleave type I and II collagens in their helical domain. Its collagenase potency depends strictly on the formation of an oligomeric complex with chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Accordingly, hCatK is a pivotal protease involved in bone resorption and is an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis. As rat is a common animal model for the evaluation of hCatK inhibitors, we conducted a comparative analysis of rat CatK (rCatK) and hCatK, which share a high degree of identity (88%) and similarity (93%). The pH activity profile of both enzymes displayed a similar bell-shaped curve (optimal pH: 6.4). Presence of Ser134 and Val160 in the S2 pocket of rCatK instead of Ala and Leu residues, respectively, in hCatK, led to a weaker peptidase activity, as observed for mouse CatK. Also, regardless of the presence of C4-S, rCatK cleaved in the nonhelical telopeptide regions of both type I (tail) and type II (articular joint) rat collagens. Structure-based computational analyses (electrostatic potential, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations) sustained that the C4-S mediated collagenolytic activity of rCatK obeys distinct molecular interactions from those of hCatK. Additionally, T-kininogen (a.k.a. thiostatin), a unique rat serum acute phase molecule, acted as a tight-binding inhibitor of hCatK (Ki = 0.11 ± 0.05 nM). Taken into account the increase of T-Kininogen level in inflamed rat sera, this may raise the question of the appropriateness to evaluate pharmacological hCatK inhibitors in this peculiar animal model.
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32
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Parks AN, Nahata J, Edouard NE, Temenoff JS, Platt MO. Sequential, but not Concurrent, Incubation of Cathepsin K and L with Type I Collagen Results in Extended Proteolysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5399. [PMID: 30931961 PMCID: PMC6443789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during tendinopathy is, in part, mediated by the collagenolytic cathepsin K (catK) and cathepsin L (catL), with a temporal component to their activity. The objective of this study was to determine how catK and catL act in concert or in conflict to degrade collagen and tendon ECM during tissue degeneration. To do so, type I collagen gels or ECM extracted from apolipoprotein E deficient mouse Achilles tendons were incubated with catK and catL either concurrently or sequentially, incubating catK first, then catL after a delayed time period. Sequential incubation of catK then catL caused greater degradation of substrates over concurrent incubation, and of either cathepsin alone. Zymography showed there were reduced amounts of active enzymes when co-incubated, indicating that cannibalism, or protease-on-protease degradation between catK and catL was occurring, but incubation with ECM could distract from these interactions. CatK alone was sufficient to quickly degrade tendon ECM, but catL was not, requiring the presence of catK for degradation. Together, these data identify cooperative and conflicting actions of cathepsin mediated collagen matrix degradation by considering interactive effects of multiple proteases during tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akia N Parks
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Juhi Nahata
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Naomi-Eliana Edouard
- Mathematics Department, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Ln, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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33
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Wartenberg M, Saidi A, Galibert M, Joulin-Giet A, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Lecaille F, Scott CJ, Aucagne V, Delmas AF, Lalmanach G. Imaging of extracellular cathepsin S activity by a selective near infrared fluorescence substrate-based probe. Biochimie 2019; 166:84-93. [PMID: 30914255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We designed a near-infrared fluorescent substrate-based probe (SBP), termed MG101, for monitoring extracellular cathepsin S (CatS) activity. We conceived a fused peptide hairpin loop-structure, combining a CatS recognition domain, an electrostatic zipper (with complementary charges of a polyanionic (D-Glu)5 segment and a polycationic (D-Arg)5 motif, as well as a N and C terminal Förster resonance energy transfer pair (donor: AlexaFluor680; quencher: BHQ3) to facilitate activity-dependent imaging. MG101 showed excellent stability since no fluorescence release corresponding to a self-dequenching was observed in the presence of either 2 M NaCl or after incubation at a broad range of pH (2.2-8.2). Cathepsins B, D, G, H, and K, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 did not cleave MG101, while CatS, and to a lesser extent CatL, hydrolysed MG101 at pH 5.5. However MG101 was fully selective for CatS at pH 7.4 (kcat/Km = 140,000 M-1 s-1) and sensitive to low concentration of CatS (<1 nM). The selectivity of MG101 was successfully endorsed ex vivo, as it was hydrolysed in cell lysates derived from wild-type but not knockout CatS murine spleen. Furthermore, application of the SBP probe with confocal microscopy confirmed the secretion of active CatS from THP-1 macrophages, which could be abrogated by pharmacological CatS inhibitors. Taken together, present data highlight MG101 as a novel near-infrared fluorescent SBP for the visualization of extracellular active CatS from macrophages and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Wartenberg
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Galibert
- CNRS UPR 4301, Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), Team: "Molecular, Structural and Chemical Biology", Orléans, France
| | - Alix Joulin-Giet
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- CNRS UPR 4301, Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), Team: "Molecular, Structural and Chemical Biology", Orléans, France
| | - Agnès F Delmas
- CNRS UPR 4301, Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), Team: "Molecular, Structural and Chemical Biology", Orléans, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", Tours, France.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-(aminoalkyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:226-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cwiklinski K, Donnelly S, Drysdale O, Jewhurst H, Smith D, De Marco Verissimo C, Pritsch IC, O'Neill S, Dalton JP, Robinson MW. The cathepsin-like cysteine peptidases of trematodes of the genus Fasciola. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:113-164. [PMID: 31030768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by trematode parasites of the genus Fasciola is a global disease of livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, water buffalo and goats. It is also a major human zoonosis with reports suggesting that 2.4-17 million people are infected worldwide, and 91.1 million people currently living at risk of infection. A unique feature of these worms is their reliance on a family of developmentally-regulated papain-like cysteine peptidases, termed cathepsins. These proteolytic enzymes play central roles in virulence, infection, tissue migration and modulation of host innate and adaptive immune responses. The availability of a Fasciola hepatica genome, and the exploitation of transcriptomic and proteomic technologies to probe parasite growth and development, has enlightened our understanding of the cathepsin-like cysteine peptidases. Here, we clarify the structure of the cathepsin-like cysteine peptidase families and, in this context, review the phylogenetics, structure, biochemistry and function of these enzymes in the host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orla Drysdale
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Izanara C Pritsch
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Curcumin inhibits the TGF-β1-dependent differentiation of lung fibroblasts via PPARγ-driven upregulation of cathepsins B and L. Sci Rep 2019; 9:491. [PMID: 30679571 PMCID: PMC6345753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease characterized by a widespread accumulation of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Growing evidences support that cysteine cathepsins, embracing cathepsin B (CatB) that affects TGF-β1-driven Smad pathway, along with their extracellular inhibitor cystatin C, participate in myofibrogenesis. Here we established that curcumin, a potent antifibrotic drug used in traditional Asian medicine, impaired the expression of both α-smooth muscle actin and mature TGF-β1 and inhibited the differentiation of human lung fibroblasts (CCD-19Lu cells). Curcumin induced a compelling upregulation of CatB and CatL. Conversely cystatin C was downregulated, which allowed the recovery of the peptidase activity of secreted cathepsins and the restoration of the proteolytic balance. Consistently, the amount of both insoluble and soluble type I collagen decreased, reaching levels similar to those observed for undifferentiated fibroblasts. The signaling pathways activated by curcumin were further examined. Curcumin triggered the expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Contrariwise PPARγ inhibition, either by an antagonist (2-chloro-5-nitro-N-4-pyridinyl-benzamide) or by RNA silencing, restored TGF-β1-driven differentiation of curcumin-treated CCD-19Lu cells. PPARγ response element (PPRE)-like sequences were identified in the promoter regions of both CatB and CatL. Finally, we established that the transcriptional induction of CatB and CatL depends on the binding of PPARγ to PPRE sequences as a PPARγ/Retinoid X Receptor-α heterodimer.
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Korkmaz B, Caughey GH, Chapple I, Gauthier F, Hirschfeld J, Jenne DE, Kettritz R, Lalmanach G, Lamort AS, Lauritzen C, Łȩgowska M, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, McKaig SJ, Moss C, Pedersen J, Roberts H, Schreiber A, Seren S, Thakker NS. Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C: from pathophysiology to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:202-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Corvo I, Ferraro F, Merlino A, Zuberbühler K, O'Donoghue AJ, Pastro L, Pi-Denis N, Basika T, Roche L, McKerrow JH, Craik CS, Caffrey CR, Tort JF. Substrate Specificity of Cysteine Proteases Beyond the S 2 Pocket: Mutagenesis and Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Fasciola hepatica Cathepsins L. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:40. [PMID: 29725596 PMCID: PMC5917446 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases are widespread in all life kingdoms, being central to diverse physiological processes based on a broad range of substrate specificity. Paralogous Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L proteases are essential to parasite invasion, tissue migration and reproduction. In spite of similarities in their overall sequence and structure, these enzymes often exhibit different substrate specificity. These preferences are principally determined by the amino acid composition of the active site's S2 subsite (pocket) of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate P2 residue (Schetcher and Berger nomenclature). Although secreted FhCL1 accommodates aliphatic residues in the S2 pocket, FhCL2 is also efficient in cleaving proline in that position. To understand these differences, we engineered the FhCL1 S2 subsite at three amino acid positions to render it identical to that present in FhCL2. The substitutions did not produce the expected increment in proline accommodation in P2. Rather, they decreased the enzyme's catalytic efficiency toward synthetic peptides. Nonetheless, a change in the P3 specificity was associated with the mutation of Leu67 to Tyr, a hinge residue between the S2 and S3 subsites that contributes to the accommodation of Gly in S3. Molecular dynamic simulations highlighted changes in the spatial distribution and secondary structure of the S2 and S3 pockets of the mutant FhCL1 enzymes. The reduced affinity and catalytic efficiency of the mutant enzymes may be due to a narrowing of the active site cleft that hinders the accommodation of substrates. Because the variations in the enzymatic activity measured could not be exclusively allocated to those residues lining the active site, other more external positions might modulate enzyme conformation, and, therefore, catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Corvo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Ferraro
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Merlino
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kathrin Zuberbühler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lucía Pastro
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Pi-Denis
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tatiana Basika
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leda Roche
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - James H McKerrow
- Department of Pathology, Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Department of Pathology, Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Aich P, Biswas S. Highly Conserved Arg Residue of ERFNIN Motif of Pro-Domain is Important for pH-Induced Zymogen Activation Process in Cysteine Cathepsins K and L. Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 76:219-229. [PMID: 29322360 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-017-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pro-domain of a cysteine cathepsin contains a highly conserved Ex2Rx2Fx2Nx3Ix3N (ERFNIN) motif. The zymogen structure of cathepsins revealed that the Arg(R) residue of the motif is a central residue of a salt-bridge/H-bond network, stabilizing the scaffold of the pro-domain. Importance of the arginine is also demonstrated in studies where a single mutation (Arg → Trp) in human lysosomal cathepsin K (hCTSK) is linked to a bone-related genetic disorder "Pycnodysostosis". In the present study, we have characterized in vitro Arg → Trp mutant of hCTSK and the same mutant of hCTSL. The R → W mutant of hCTSK revealed that this mutation leads to an unstable zymogen that is spontaneously activated and auto-proteolytically degraded rapidly. In contrast, the same mutant of hCTSL is sufficiently stable and has proteolytic activity almost like its wild-type counterpart; however it shows an altered zymogen activation condition in terms of pH, temperature and time. Far and near UV circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence experiments have revealed that the mutation has minimal effect on structure of the protease hCTSL. Molecular modeling studies shows that the mutated Trp31 in hCTSL forms an aromatic cluster with Tyr23 and Trp30 leading to a local stabilization of pro-domain and supplements the loss of salt-bridge interaction mediated by Arg31 in wild-type. In hCTSK-R31W mutant, due to presence of a non-aromatic Ser30 residue such interaction is not possible and may be responsible for local instability. These differences may cause detrimental effects of R31W mutation on the regulation of hCTSK auto-activation process compared to altered activation process in hCTSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulakesh Aich
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700 064, India.,Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sampa Biswas
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700 064, India. .,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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Galibert M, Wartenberg M, Lecaille F, Saidi A, Mavel S, Joulin-Giet A, Korkmaz B, Brömme D, Aucagne V, Delmas AF, Lalmanach G. Substrate-derived triazolo- and azapeptides as inhibitors of cathepsins K and S. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Caracelli I, Maganhi SH, de Oliveira Cardoso J, Cunha RL, Vega-Teijido MA, Zukerman-Schpector J, Tiekink ER. Crystallographic and docking (Cathepsins B, K, L and S) studies on bioactive halotelluroxetanes. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2017-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The molecular structures of the halotelluroxetanes p-MeOC6H4Te(X)[C(=C(H)X′)C(CH2)nO], X=X′=Cl and n=6 (1) and X=Cl, X′=Br and n=5 (4), show similar binuclear aggregates sustained by {· · ·Te–O}2 cores comprising covalent Te–O and secondary Te· · ·O interactions. The resulting C2ClO2(lone-pair) sets define pseudo-octahedral geometries. In each structure, C–X· · ·π(arene) interactions lead to supramolecular layers. Literature studies have shown these and related compounds (i.e. 2: X=X′=Cl and n=5; 3: X=X′=Br and n=5) to inhibit Cathepsins B, K, L and S to varying extents. Molecular docking calculations have been conducted on ligands (i.e. cations derived by removal of the tellurium-bound X atoms) 1′–3′ (note 3′=4′) enabling correlations between affinity for sub-sites and inhibition. The common feature of all docked complexes was the formation of a Te–S covalent bond with cysteine residues, the relative stability of the ligands with an E-configuration and the formation of a C–O· · ·π interaction with the phenyl ring; for 1′ the Te–S covalent bond was weak, a result correlating with its low inhibition profile. At the next level differences are apparent, especially with respect to the interactions formed by the organic-ligand-bound halides. While these atoms do not form specific interactions in Cathepsins B and K, in Cathepsin L, these halides are involved in C–O· · ·X halogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignez Caracelli
- BioMat, Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C.P. 676 , São Carlos, SP, 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Stella H. Maganhi
- BioMat, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C.P. 676 , São Carlos, SP, 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Josiane de Oliveira Cardoso
- BioMat, Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C.P. 676 , São Carlos, SP, 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L.O.R. Cunha
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC , Santo André, São Paulo 09210-180 , Brazil
| | - Mauricio Angel Vega-Teijido
- Laboratório de Cristalografia, Estereodinâmica e Modelagem Molecular , Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C.P. 676 , São Carlos, SP, 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Julio Zukerman-Schpector
- Laboratório de Cristalografia, Estereodinâmica e Modelagem Molecular , Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C.P. 676 , São Carlos, SP, 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Edward R.T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology , Sunway University , 47500 Bandar Sunway , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
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Dongre A, Clements D, Fisher AJ, Johnson SR. Cathepsin K in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: LAM Cell-Fibroblast Interactions Enhance Protease Activity by Extracellular Acidification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28623674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease in which LAM cells and fibroblasts form lung nodules and it is hypothesized that LAM nodule-derived proteases cause cyst formation and tissue damage. On protease gene expression profiling in whole lung tissue, cathepsin K gene expression was 40-fold overexpressed in LAM compared with control lung tissue (P ≤ 0.0001). Immunohistochemistry confirmed cathepsin K protein was expressed in LAM but not control lungs. Cathepsin K gene expression and protein and protease activity were detected in LAM-associated fibroblasts but not the LAM cell line 621-101. In lung nodules, cathepsin K immunoreactivity predominantly co-localized with LAM-associated fibroblasts. In vitro, fibroblast extracellular cathepsin K activity was minimal at pH 7.5 but significantly enhanced at pH 7 and 6. 621-101 cells reduced extracellular pH with acidification dependent on 621-101 mechanistic target of rapamycin activity and net hydrogen ion exporters, particularly sodium bicarbonate co-transporters and carbonic anhydrases, which were also expressed in LAM lung tissue. In LAM cell-fibroblast co-cultures, acidification paralleled cathepsin K activity, and both were reduced by sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (P ≤ 0.0001) and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (P = 0.0021). Our findings suggest that cathepsin K activity is dependent on LAM cell-fibroblast interactions, and inhibitors of extracellular acidification may be potential therapies for LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Dongre
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Debbie Clements
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Ferrall-Fairbanks MC, Barry ZT, Affer M, Shuler MA, Moomaw EW, Platt MO. PACMANS: A bioinformatically informed algorithm to predict, design, and disrupt protease-on-protease hydrolysis. Protein Sci 2017; 26:880-890. [PMID: 28078782 PMCID: PMC5368069 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple proteases in a system hydrolyze target substrates, but recent evidence indicates that some proteases will degrade other proteases as well. Cathepsin S hydrolysis of cathepsin K is one such example. These interactions may be uni- or bi-directional and change the expected kinetics. To explore potential protease-on-protease interactions in silico, a program was developed for users to input two proteases: (1) the protease-ase that hydrolyzes (2) the substrate, protease. This program identifies putative sites on the substrate protease highly susceptible to cleavage by the protease-ase, using a sliding-window approach that scores amino acid sequences by their preference in the protease-ase active site, culled from MEROPS database. We call this PACMANS, Protease-Ase Cleavage from MEROPS ANalyzed Specificities, and test and validate this algorithm with cathepsins S and K. PACMANS cumulative likelihood scoring identified L253 and V171 as sites on cathepsin K subject to cathepsin S hydrolysis. Mutations made at these locations were tested to block hydrolysis and validate PACMANS predictions. L253A and L253V cathepsin K mutants significantly reduced cathepsin S hydrolysis, validating PACMANS unbiased identification of these sites. Interfamilial protease interactions between cathepsin S and MMP-2 or MMP-9 were tested after predictions by PACMANS, confirming its utility for these systems as well. PACMANS is unique compared to other putative site cleavage programs by allowing users to define the proteases of interest and target, and can also be employed for non-protease substrate proteins, as well as short peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Ferrall-Fairbanks
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zachary T Barry
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maurizio Affer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marc A Shuler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ellen W Moomaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Expression of Cathepsin K in Skull Base Chordoma. World Neurosurg 2017; 101:396-404. [PMID: 28216213 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between cathepsin K and the clinical characteristics of skull base chordoma (SBC). METHODS This study included 58 paraffin-embedded samples and 85 frozen samples of 94 patients. All clinical data corresponding to these patients were available. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. Positive rate of immunohistochemical staining slices and delta cycle threshold value of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction represented the cathepsin K expression level in protein and gene level separately. RESULTS In protein level, expression level (EL) of invasive tumors was increased compared with noninvasive tumors (P = 0.006), EL of tumors with dura erosion was increased compared with tumors without dura erosion (P = 0.001). Tumors with septa exhibited increased EL compared with tumors without septa (P = 0.001). Tumors with lobulation exhibited increased EL compared with tumors without lobulation (P = 0.000). Higher EL of cathepsin K was associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.015). In gene level, tumors with septa showed higher EL than tumors without septa (P = 0.015), and tumors with lobulation showed higher EL than tumors without lobulation (P = 0.049). Cathepsin K EL was an independent risk factor for reduced PFS, and an increased level of cathepsin K in SBC was associated with reduced PFS (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Increased cathepsin K expression in SBC was associated with tumor invasion and reduced PFS. The cathepsin K level in SBC also was associated with tumor stage, tumor lobulation, and septa.
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The Unusual Resistance of Avian Defensin AvBD7 to Proteolytic Enzymes Preserves Its Antibacterial Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161573. [PMID: 27561012 PMCID: PMC4999073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are frontline peptides of mucosal immunity in the animal kingdom, including birds. Their resistance to proteolysis and their ensuing ability to maintain antimicrobial potential remains questionable and was therefore investigated. We have shown by bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis of protein extracts that both avian beta-defensins AvBD2 and AvBD7 were ubiquitously distributed along the chicken gut. Cathepsin B was found by immunoblotting in jejunum, ileum, caecum, and caecal tonsils, while cathepsins K, L, and S were merely identified in caecal tonsils. Hydrolysis product of AvBD2 and AvBD7 incubated with a panel of proteases was analysed by RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and antimicrobial assays. AvBD2 and AvBD7 were resistant to serine proteases and to cathepsins D and H. Conversely cysteine cathepsins B, K, L, and S degraded AvBD2 and abolished its antibacterial activity. Only cathepsin K cleaved AvBD7 and released Ile4-AvBD7, a N-terminal truncated natural peptidoform of AvBD7 that displayed antibacterial activity. Besides the 3-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet typical of beta-defensins, structural analysis of AvBD7 by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy highlighted the restricted accessibility of the C-terminus embedded by the N-terminal region and gave a formal evidence of a salt bridge (Asp9-Arg12) that could account for proteolysis resistance. The differential susceptibility of avian defensins to proteolysis opens intriguing questions about a distinctive role in the mucosal immunity against pathogen invasion.
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Yamada S, Ozaki N, Tsushima K, Yamaba S, Fujihara C, Awata T, Sakashita H, Kajikawa T, Kitagaki J, Yamashita M, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Transcriptome Reveals Cathepsin K in Periodontal Ligament Differentiation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516645796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligaments (PDLs) play an important role in remodeling the alveolar bond and cementum. Characterization of the periodontal tissue transcriptome remains incomplete, and an improved understanding of PDL features could aid in developing new regenerative therapies. Here, we aimed to generate and analyze a large human PDL transcriptome. We obtained PDLs from orthodontic treatment patients, isolated the RNA, and used a vector-capping method to make a complementary DNA library from >20,000 clones. Our results revealed that 58% of the sequences were full length. Furthermore, our analysis showed that genes expressed at the highest frequencies included those for collagen type I, collagen type III, and proteases. We also found 5 genes whose expressions have not been previously reported in human PDL. To access which of the highly expressed genes might be important for PDL cell differentiation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure their expression in differentiating cells. Among the genes tested, the cysteine protease cathepsin K had the highest upregulation, so we measured its relative expression in several tissues, as well as in osteoclasts, which are known to express high levels of cathepsin K. Our results revealed that PDL cells express cathepsin K at similar levels as osteoclasts, which are both expressed at higher levels than those of the other tissues tested. We also measured cathepsin K protein expression and enzyme activity during cell differentiation and found that both increased during this process. Immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that cathepsin K localizes to the interior of lysosomes. Last, we examined the effect of inhibiting cathepsin K during cell differentiation and found that cathepsin K inhibition stimulated calcified nodule formation and increased the levels of collagen type I and osteocalcin gene expression. Based on these results, cathepsin K seems to regulate collagen fiber accumulation during human PDL cell differentiation into hard tissue-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Ozaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. Tsushima
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Yamaba
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - C. Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Awata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - H. Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - J. Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Mezawa M, Pinto VI, Kazembe MP, Lee WS, McCulloch CA. Filamin A regulates the organization and remodeling of the pericellular collagen matrix. FASEB J 2016; 30:3613-3627. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600354rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Mezawa
- Department of PeriodontologyNihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Matsudo Japan
| | - Vanessa I. Pinto
- Matrix Dynamics GroupFaculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mwayi P. Kazembe
- Matrix Dynamics GroupFaculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Wilson S. Lee
- Matrix Dynamics GroupFaculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Duong LT, Pickarski M, Cusick T, Chen CM, Zhuo Y, Scott K, Samadfam R, Smith SY, Pennypacker BL. Effects of long term treatment with high doses of odanacatib on bone mass, bone strength, and remodeling/modeling in newly ovariectomized monkeys. Bone 2016; 88:113-124. [PMID: 27126999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives here were to evaluate the effects of odanacatib (ODN) at doses exceeding the clinical exposure on biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae (LV), hip and central femur (CF), and compare ODN to alendronate (ALN) on bone remodeling/modeling in ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys. Ten days post-surgery, animals were treated with vehicle (VEH), ODN-L (2mg/kg/day, p.o.), ODN-H (8/4mg/kg/day), or ALN (30μg/kg/week, s.c.) for 20months. An intact group was also included. ODN-L provided systemic exposures of 1.8-fold of clinical exposure. ODN-H started at 20-fold for 5.5months, and then reduced to 7.8-fold of clinical exposure, compared to ALN at approximated clinical exposure. From cross sectional analyses, LV density and peak load in ODN at both doses or ALN were not different from VEH or Intact. However, cortical thickness of femoral neck (FN) and CF in ODN were higher (21-34%, p<0.05) than VEH, due to smaller endocortical (Ec) perimeter of FN (10-11%; p<0.05) and CF (9-12%; ODN-L, p<0.05), and larger CF periosteal (Ps) perimeter (2-12%; ODN-H, p<0.001) versus VEH. ODN groups also showed slightly higher cortical porosity and Ps non-lamellar bone in CF. ODN-H treatment resulted in higher CF peak load (p<0.05) versus VEH. For all bone sites analyzed, a positive, linear relationship (r(2)=0.46-0.69, p<0.0001) of peak load to density or structural parameters was demonstrated. No treatment-related differences in the derived intrinsic strength properties were evidenced as compared between groups. ALN reduced all remodeling surfaces without affecting Ps modeling. Trabecular and intracortical remodeling were reduced in ODN groups, similar to ALN. Ec mineralizing surface in ODN-H trended to be lower than VEH by month 20, but Ec bone formation indices in ODN groups generally were not different from VEH. Ps modeling in ODN groups was significantly higher than other treatment groups. This study overall demonstrated the bone safety profile of ODN and its unique mechanism on cortical bone supporting the clinical application for osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Duong
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
| | - M Pickarski
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - T Cusick
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - C M Chen
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Y Zhuo
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - K Scott
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - R Samadfam
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Y Smith
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - B L Pennypacker
- Bone Biology Group, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
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Flanagan-Steet H, Aarnio M, Kwan B, Guihard P, Petrey A, Haskins M, Blanchard F, Steet R. Cathepsin-Mediated Alterations in TGFß-Related Signaling Underlie Disrupted Cartilage and Bone Maturation Associated With Impaired Lysosomal Targeting. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:535-48. [PMID: 26404503 PMCID: PMC4808492 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypersecretion of acid hydrolases is a hallmark feature of mucolipidosis II (MLII), a lysosomal storage disease caused by loss of carbohydrate-dependent lysosomal targeting. Inappropriate extracellular action of these hydrolases is proposed to contribute to skeletal pathogenesis, but the mechanisms that connect hydrolase activity to the onset of disease phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here we link extracellular cathepsin K activity to abnormal bone and cartilage development in MLII animals by demonstrating that it disrupts the balance of TGFß-related signaling during chondrogenesis. TGFß-like Smad2,3 signals are elevated and BMP-like Smad1,5,8 signals reduced in both feline and zebrafish MLII chondrocytes and osteoblasts, maintaining these cells in an immature state. Reducing either cathepsin K activity or expression of the transcriptional regulator Sox9a in MLII zebrafish significantly improved phenotypes. We further identify components of the large latent TGFß complex as novel targets of cathepsin K at neutral pH, providing a possible mechanism for enhanced Smad2,3 activation in vivo. These findings highlight the complexity of the skeletal disease associated with MLII and bring new insight to the role of secreted cathepsin proteases in cartilage development and growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Aarnio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian Kwan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Aaron Petrey
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Haskins
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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50
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Andrade SS, Gouvea IE, Silva MCC, Castro ED, de Paula CAA, Okamoto D, Oliveira L, Peres GB, Ottaiano T, Facina G, Nazário ACP, Campos AHJFM, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Juliano M, da Silva IDCG, Oliva MLV, Girão MJBC. Cathepsin K induces platelet dysfunction and affects cell signaling in breast cancer - molecularly distinct behavior of cathepsin K in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:173. [PMID: 26931461 PMCID: PMC4774035 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer comprises clinically and molecularly distinct tumor subgroups that differ in cell histology and biology and show divergent clinical phenotypes that impede phase III trials, such as those utilizing cathepsin K inhibitors. Here we correlate the epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition breast cancer cells and cathepsin K secretion with activation and aggregation of platelets. Cathepsin K is up-regulated in cancer cells that proteolyze extracellular matrix and contributes to invasiveness. Although proteolytically activated receptors (PARs) are activated by proteases, the direct interaction of cysteine cathepsins with PARs is poorly understood. In human platelets, PAR-1 and −4 are highly expressed, but PAR-3 shows low expression and unclear functions. Methods Platelet aggregation was monitored by measuring changes in turbidity. Platelets were immunoblotted with anti-phospho and total p38, Src-Tyr-416, FAK-Tyr-397, and TGFβ monoclonal antibody. Activation was measured in a flow cytometer and calcium mobilization in a confocal microscope. Mammary epithelial cells were prepared from the primary breast cancer samples of 15 women with Luminal-B subtype to produce primary cells. Results We demonstrate that platelets are aggregated by cathepsin K in a dose-dependent manner, but not by other cysteine cathepsins. PARs-3 and −4 were confirmed as the cathepsin K target by immunodetection and specific antagonists using a fibroblast cell line derived from PARs deficient mice. Moreover, through co-culture experiments, we show that platelets activated by cathepsin K mediated the up-regulation of SHH, PTHrP, OPN, and TGFβ in epithelial-mesenchymal-like cells from patients with Luminal B breast cancer. Conclusions Cathepsin K induces platelet dysfunction and affects signaling in breast cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2203-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Siqueira Andrade
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil. .,Charitable Association of Blood Collection - COLSAN, São Paulo, SP, 04080-006, Brazil. .,Department of Gynecology, Cellular Gynecology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 608, CEP 04024-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Iuri Estrada Gouvea
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Eloísa Dognani Castro
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia A A de Paula
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Debora Okamoto
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Oliveira
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Giovani Bravin Peres
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Ottaiano
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Gil Facina
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Hugo J F M Campos
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Hospital Biobank, A C Camargo Cancer Center - Antonio Prudente Foundation, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Juliano
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Ismael D C G da Silva
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza V Oliva
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Manoel J B C Girão
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil. .,Charitable Association of Blood Collection - COLSAN, São Paulo, SP, 04080-006, Brazil.
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