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Higueras C, Sainz Á, García-Sancho M, Rodríguez-Franco F, Rey AI. Faecal Short-Chain, Long-Chain, and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Markers of Different Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathies in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1825. [PMID: 38929444 PMCID: PMC11201139 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIEs) are classified based on treatment trials, and new methods are being sought for earlier differentiation and characterization. Giardia infection (GIA) is one of the first differential diagnoses and may be present in CIE-affected dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the faecal characteristics and faecal fatty acid profile (short, medium, long, and branched-chain fatty acids) in dogs with food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE), and dogs infected with Giardia compared to healthy control (HC) animals as a potential non-invasive indicator of intestinal health that helps in the differentiation of CIEs. The C16:1n-7 percentage (p = 0.0001) and C16:1n-7/C16:0 ratio (p = 0.0001) served to differentiate between HC, FRE, and IRE. IRE dogs presented lower levels of short-chain fatty acids (∑SCFAs) (p = 0.0008) and acetic acid (C2) (p = 0.0007) compared to the other three groups and lower propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0022) compared to HCs. IRE and GIA presented higher faecal fat content (p = 0.0080) and ratio of iso/anteiso branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) compared to HC and FRE. Correlations between some fatty acids and desaturation indices with the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and faecal characteristics were observed, suggesting that these compounds could play an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Higueras
- Department of Animal Production, Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.S.)
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.S.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.S.)
| | - Ana I. Rey
- Department of Animal Production, Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Liu R, Qiao S, Shen W, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liangyu H, Guo Z, Gong J, Shui G, Li Y, Zhu W. Disturbance of Fatty Acid Desaturation Mediated by FADS2 in Mesenteric Adipocytes Contributes to Chronic Inflammation of Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1581-1599. [PMID: 32365195 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic profile of mesenteric adipocytes and the correlations between key metabolic changes and local inflammation in the context of Crohn's disease [CD]. METHODS Metabolic dysfunction was shown to be regulated by fatty acid desaturase-2 [FADS2], through metabolomics and functional analyses of mesenteric adipose tissue biopsies and primary mesenteric adipocytes isolated from surgical specimens collected from CD patients and control subjects. FADS2 was overexpressed in vitro and in vivo using a lentiviral vector and an adeno-associated virus [AAV], respectively. The interaction between mesenteric adipocytes and inflammation responses was evaluated by establishing a cell coculture system and a FADS2-AAV treated animal model; 3T3-L1 cells were used to elucidate the mechanism underlying FADS2 deregulation. RESULTS We observed significant changes in the levels of metabolites involved in the multi-step synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]. Gas chromatography analysis revealed impaired desaturation fluxes towards the n-6 and n-3 pathways, which are associated with reduced FADS2 activity in human mesentery tissue. Decreased FADS2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels was confirmed in surgical specimens. The restoration of FADS2 expression, which allows for the endogenous conversion of n-3 fatty acids into proresolving lipid mediators, resulted in a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and attenuated expression of inflammatory cytokines or adipokines. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that impaired fatty acid desaturation and lipid mediator imbalance within mesenteric adipose tissue contributes to chronic inflammation in CD. The therapeutic role of FADS2 may lead to improved CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuaihua Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Weisong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huang Liangyu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Ng AL, Leung HH, Kawasaki R, Ho WL, Chow LL, Chow SS, Lee JCY, Wong IY. Dietary Habits, Fatty Acids and Carotenoid Levels Are Associated with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081720. [PMID: 31349710 PMCID: PMC6723701 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of diet and circulatory carotenoids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) but not well studied in Chinese. However, other fatty acids were not comprehensively evaluated if it had additional consequence on AMD. This study investigated the relationship among dietary habits, fatty acids levels, carotenoids and AMD in Hong Kong Chinese adults. In this cross-sectional case-controlled study, plasma fatty acids including, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and carotenoids levels were quantified between patients with neovascular AMD (n = 99) and age-gender-matched controls (n = 198). A food frequency questionnaire was also conducted. Low blood carotenoid levels and omega-3 PUFAs namely DHA, EPA and -linolenic acid increased the odds ratio of developing neovascular AMD. High blood omega-6 PUFAs specifically arachidonic acid and eicosadienoic acid, oleic acid (a MUFA) and SFA levels increased the odds ratio of having neovascular AMD. Neovascular AMD group had significantly less omega-3 PUFA rich food (vegetables, nuts, seafood) intake and higher SFA (meat) intake than controls. In short, neovascular AMD was associated with lower circulatory levels of carotenoids and omega-3 PUFAs, and higher level of omega-6 PUFAs, oleic acid and SFAs in the Hong Kong Chinese population. These findings enhance the understandings of dietary impacts on neovascular AMD and provide a context for future nutritional intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lk Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Ophthalmic Associate, Queen's Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Hang Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Vision Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Wing-Lau Ho
- Grantham Hospital, Hospital Authority, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong
| | - Loraine Lw Chow
- Grantham Hospital, Hospital Authority, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong
| | - Sharon Sw Chow
- Grantham Hospital, Hospital Authority, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Ian Yh Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong.
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Hucik B, Sarr O, Nakamura MT, Dyck DJ, Mutch DM. Reduced delta-6 desaturase activity partially protects against high-fat diet-induced impairment in whole-body glucose tolerance. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Starčević K, Filipović N, Galan A, Micek V, Gudan Kurilj A, Mašek T. Hepatic Lipogenesis and Brain Fatty Acid Profile in Response to Different Dietary n6/n3 Ratios and DHA/EPA Supplementation in Streptozotocin Treated Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701007. [PMID: 29579359 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We investigated the interaction between streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and dietary n6/n3 ratio, and its influence on lipogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS The animals were treated with STZ and fed with different dietary n6/n3 ratios: 1, 7, and 60, or supplemented with DHA/EPA. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Fatty acid profile was determined by GC-MS. Pancreas and liver histology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. STZ-induced characteristic changes in all STZ treated groups, including: increased blood glucose, decreased body mass, increased lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, decreased 16:1n7 and 18:1n7, increases in 20:3n6, decreases in phospholipid (PL) content of 20:4n6, as well as decreases in the expression of SREBP1c, Δ-9-desaturase (Δ9D), and Δ-5-desaturase (Δ5D). Additionally, other changes occurred that were dependent on the n6/n3 ratio. Among the diabetic groups, the lower n6/n3 ratio caused higher lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, a greater decrease in 20:4n6 and decreased Δ6-desaturase (Δ6D) expression, while the higher n6/n3 ratio caused increased partitioning of 20:4n6 into hepatic neutral lipids (NL), a decrease in 20:5n3 content, and increased β-oxidation. CONCLUSION Presented data suggest that the n6/n3 ratio could significantly influence lipogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and β-oxidation in STZ-induced diabetes, which could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Starčević
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split, School of Medicine, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Asier Galan
- VetMedZg ERA Chair project, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gudan Kurilj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mašek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Chen XL, Wang N, Tian ML, Wang L, Liu T, Zhang XW, Shi BM, Shan AS. Dietary linseed oil in the maternal diet affects immunoglobulins, tissue fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e257-e265. [PMID: 27868251 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing the maternal diet with linseed oil (LSO) and soya bean oil (SBO) on immunoglobulins, the fatty acid composition and hepatic expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. Multiparous sows (twenty-four per diet) were fed on diets containing a supplement of either SBO or LSO during last week of gestation and lactation. The results indicated that supplementation of maternal diet with LSO could improve the weaning weight of piglets and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05). The concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) was enhanced in sow plasma, colostrum and milk by the addition of LSO (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of 18: 3n-3 fatty acids was higher in the milk of LSO sows. Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with LSO increased the levels of plasma IgG, IgA and the tissues n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in piglets (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, the mRNA expression levels of hepatic ∆5-desaturase (D5D) and ∆6-desaturase (D6D) were higher, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) was lower in piglets from LSO-fed sows when compared with that in the SBO group. In conclusion, LSO supplementation of the maternal diet increases immunoglobulins, modifies the fatty acid composition and affects the gene of D5D and D6D expression of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - N Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - M L Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - T Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - X W Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - B M Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - A S Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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7
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Arai H. Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:579-597. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Castellini C, Dal Bosco A, Mattioli S, Davidescu M, Corazzi L, Macchioni L, Rimoldi S, Terova G. Activity, Expression, and Substrate Preference of the Δ(6)-Desaturase in Slow- or Fast-Growing Rabbit Genotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:792-800. [PMID: 26745387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper liver fatty acid Δ(6) desaturation (fads2) activity was analyzed in two rabbit strains with slow- (S, 27.5 g/day) or fast-growing (F, 48.5 g/day) rate. The fatty acid profile of the liver showed a different PUFA profile in the two strains with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio in the S rabbits. The expression of fads2 was 2-fold higher in S than in F rabbits, whereas enzyme activity was higher in F and more oriented toward the desaturation of linoleic acid (90%). In contrast, S showed a higher preference for linolenic acid (38.9 vs 10%). This study identified a single difference in the fads2 amino acid sequence between these two strains. Such a difference consists in the substitution of Gly104 to Ser104 in the sequence of F fads2. These results indicate for the first time that genetic selection for performance may affect the preference for PUFA toward desaturation of linoleic/linolenic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dal Bosco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Magdalena Davidescu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia , Piazza Gambuli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Corazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia , Piazza Gambuli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Macchioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia , Piazza Gambuli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria , Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria , Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies, "The Protein Factory", Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Insubria , 21100 Varese, Italy
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9
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Cheng Q, Su B, Qin Z, Weng CC, Yin F, Zhou Y, Fobes M, Perera DA, Shang M, Soller F, Shi Z, Davis A, Dunham RA. Interaction of diet and the masou salmon Δ5-desaturase transgene on Δ6-desaturase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression and N-3 fatty acid level in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Transgenic Res 2014; 23:729-42. [PMID: 25011564 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The masou salmon Δ5-desaturase-like gene (D5D) driven by the common carp β-actin promoter was transferred into common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that were fed two diets. For P1 transgenic fish fed a commercial diet, Δ6-desaturase-like gene (D6D) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) mRNA levels in muscle were up-regulated (P < 0.05) 12.7- and 17.9-fold, respectively, and the D6D mRNA level in the gonad of transgenic fish was up-regulated 6.9-fold (P < 0.05) compared to that of non-transgenic fish. In contrast, D6D and SCD mRNA levels in transgenic fish were dramatically down-regulated (P < 0.05), 50.2- and 16.7-fold in brain, and 5.4- and 2.4-fold in liver, respectively, in comparison with those of non-transgenic fish. When fed a specially formulated diet, D6D and SCD mRNA levels in muscle of transgenic fish were up-regulated (P < 0.05) 41.5- and 8.9-fold, respectively, and in liver 6.0- and 3.3-fold, respectively, compared to those of non-transgenic fish. In contrast, D6D and SCD mRNA levels in the gonad of transgenic fish were down-regulated (P < 0.05) 5.5- and 12.4-fold, respectively, and D6D and SCD mRNA levels in the brain were down-regulated 14.9- and 1.4-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, compared to those of non-transgenic fish. The transgenic common carp fed the commercial diet had 1.07-fold EPA, 1.12-fold DPA, 1.07-fold DHA, and 1.07-fold higher observed total omega-3 fatty acid levels than non-transgenic common carp. Although these differences were not statistically different (P > 0.05), there were significantly (P < 0.10) higher omega-3 fatty acid levels when considering the differences for all of the individual omega-3 fatty acids. The genotype × diet interactions observed indicated that the potential of desaturase transgenesis cannot be realized without using a well-designed diet with the needed amount of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36839, USA
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10
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Echium oil is better than rapeseed oil in improving the response of barramundi to a disease challenge. Food Chem 2013; 141:1424-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Linoleic acid is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in human nutrition and represents about 14 g per day in the US diet. Following the discovery of its essential functions in animals and humans in the early 1920's, studies are currently questioning the real requirement of linoleic acid. It seems now overestimated and creates controversy: how much linoleic acid should be consumed in a healthy diet? Beyond the necessity to redefine the dietary requirement of linoleic acid, many questions concerning the consequences of its excessive consumption on human health arise. Linoleic acid is a direct precursor of the bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites. It is also a precursor of arachidonic acid, which produces pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids. A majority of the studies on linoleic acid and its derivatives show a direct/indirect link with inflammation and metabolic diseases. Many authors claim that a high linoleic acid intake may promote inflammation in humans. This review tries to (i) highlight the importance of reconsidering the actual requirement of linoleic acid (ii) point out the lack of knowledge between dietary levels of linoleic acid and the molecular mechanisms explaining its physiological roles (iii) demonstrate the relevance of carrying out further human studies on the single variable linoleic acid.
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12
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Blanchard H, Pédrono F, Boulier-Monthéan N, Catheline D, Rioux V, Legrand P. Comparative effects of well-balanced diets enriched in α-linolenic or linoleic acids on LC-PUFA metabolism in rat tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:383-9. [PMID: 23579035 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intake of the essential fatty acid precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) contributes to ensure adequate n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) bioavailability. Conversely, linoleic acid (LA) intake may compromise tissue n-3 PUFA status as its conversion to n-6 LC-PUFA shares a common enzymatic pathway with the n-3 family. This study aimed to measure dietary ALA and LA contribution to LC-PUFA biosynthesis and tissue composition. Rats were fed with control or experimental diets moderately enriched in ALA or LA for 8 weeks. Liver Δ6- and Δ5-desaturases were analyzed and FA composition was determined in tissues (red blood cells, liver, brain and heart). Hepatic Δ6-desaturase activity was activated with both diets, and Δ5-desaturase activity only with the ALA diet. The ALA diet led to higher n-3 LC-PUFA composition, including DHA in brain and heart. The LA diet reduced n-3 content in blood, liver and heart, without impacting n-6 LC-PUFA composition. At levels relevant with human nutrition, increasing dietary ALA and reducing LA intake were both beneficial in increasing n-3 LC-PUFA bioavailability in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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13
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Lamaziere A, Farabos D, Wolf C, Quinn PJ. The deficit of lipid in cultured cells contrasted with clinical lipidomics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1401-9. [PMID: 23526634 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells grown in culture are frequently employed to model lipid metabolism in vivo. There are reasons of convenience for this but examination of the lipidome of cultured cells and their metabolic responses to lipid supplementation give cause to indicate disparity with their counterparts in living animals. The reason is mainly that homeostatic regulation is exercised in animals supplied with an adequate diet in which the adipose tissue and liver represent plentiful sources of lipid integrated via inter-organ collaboration and able to buffer transient fluctuations in dietary lipid and essential fatty acids (EFAs). Moreover, conventional culture media are generally deficient in total lipids as well as essential EFAs. Cultured cells exposed to high glucose concentrations and lipid deficit typically manifest accelerated rates of lipogenesis evidenced by high rates of de novo FA biosynthesis. A more realistic model may be obtained by increasing supplements of lipid especially enriched in essential EFAs in the growth medium. Increasing concentrations of ω3 FAs, in particular, attenuate the rate of de novo lipogenesis. The improvement of cell culture models for pharmacological screening of drug-candidates targeting lipid or glucose metabolism is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Lamaziere
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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14
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Hurtado de Catalfo GE, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA. Dietary lipid-induced changes in enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism. Nutrition 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lamaziere A, Wolf C, Quinn PJ. Perturbations of lipid metabolism indexed by lipidomic biomarkers. Metabolites 2012; 2:1-18. [PMID: 24957365 PMCID: PMC3901192 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of the liver and the secreted circulating lipoproteins can now be interrogated conveniently by automated mass spectrometric methods. Multivariate analysis of the liver and serum lipid composition in various animal modes or in human patients has pointed to specific molecular species markers. The perturbations of lipid metabolism can be categorized on the basis of three basic pathological mechanisms: (1) an accelerated rate of de novo lipogenesis; (2) perturbation of the peroxisome pathway of ether-lipid and very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis; (3) a change in the rate of interconversion of essential omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review provides examples to illustrate the practicalities of lipidomic studies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Lamaziere
- INSERM U1057, Faculte de Medicine, "P. et M. Curie" 27 rue Chaligny, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Claude Wolf
- INSERM U1057, Faculte de Medicine, "P. et M. Curie" 27 rue Chaligny, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Peter J Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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16
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Alhazzaa R, Bridle AR, Nichols PD, Carter CG. Up-regulated desaturase and elongase gene expression promoted accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) but not long-chain PUFA in Lates calcarifer, a tropical euryhaline fish, fed a stearidonic acid- and γ-linoleic acid-enriched diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8423-8434. [PMID: 21707030 DOI: 10.1021/jf201871w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The limited activity of Δ6 fatty acid desaturase (FAD6) on α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) acids in marine fish alters the long-chain (≥C(20)) polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) concentration in fish muscle and liver when vegetable oils replace fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. Echium oil (EO), rich in stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) and γ-linoleic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), may enhance the biosynthesis of n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFA by bypassing the rate-limiting FAD6 step. Nutritional and environmental modulation of the mechanisms in LC-PUFA biosynthesis was examined in barramundi, Lates calcarifer , a tropical euryhaline fish. Juveniles were maintained in either freshwater or seawater and fed different dietary LC-PUFA precursors present in EO or rapeseed oil (RO) and compared with FO. After 8 weeks, growth of fish fed EO was slower compared to the FO and RO treatments. Irrespective of salinity, expression of the FAD6 and elongase was up-regulated in fish fed EO and RO diets, but did not lead to significant accumulation of LC-PUFA in the neutral lipid of fish tissues as occurred in the FO treatment. However, significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), appeared in liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle of fish fed EO with marked increases in the phospholipid fraction. Fish in the EO treatment had higher EPA and ARA in their liver phospholipids than fish fed FO. Endogenous conversion of dietary precursors into neutral lipid LC-PUFA appears to be limited by factors other than the initial rate-limiting step. In contrast, phospholipid LC-PUFA had higher biosynthesis, or selective retention, in barramundi fed EO rather than RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez Alhazzaa
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
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Biosynthesis and bioavailability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:407-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Effect of dietary fatty acids on expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in tissues of bulls. Animal 2010; 4:755-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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