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Morgenstern R. Kinetic Behavior of Glutathione Transferases: Understanding Cellular Protection from Reactive Intermediates. Biomolecules 2024; 14:641. [PMID: 38927045 PMCID: PMC11201704 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are the primary catalysts protecting from reactive electrophile attack. In this review, the quantitative levels and distribution of glutathione transferases in relation to physiological function are discussed. The catalytic properties (random sequential) tell us that these enzymes have evolved to intercept reactive intermediates. High concentrations of enzymes (up to several hundred micromolar) ensure efficient protection. Individual enzyme molecules, however, turn over only rarely (estimated as low as once daily). The protection of intracellular protein and DNA targets is linearly proportional to enzyme levels. Any lowering of enzyme concentration, or inhibition, would thus result in diminished protection. It is well established that GSTs also function as binding proteins, potentially resulting in enzyme inhibition. Here the relevance of ligand inhibition and catalytic mechanisms, such as negative co-operativity, is discussed. There is a lack of knowledge pertaining to relevant ligand levels in vivo, be they exogenous or endogenous (e.g., bile acids and bilirubin). The stoichiometry of active sites in GSTs is well established, cytosolic enzyme dimers have two sites. It is puzzling that a third of the site's reactivity is observed in trimeric microsomal glutathione transferases (MGSTs). From a physiological point of view, such sub-stoichiometric behavior would appear to be wasteful. Over the years, a substantial amount of detailed knowledge on the structure, distribution, and mechanism of purified GSTs has been gathered. We still lack knowledge on exact cell type distribution and levels in vivo however, especially in relation to ligand levels, which need to be determined. Such knowledge must be gathered in order to allow mathematical modeling to be employed in the future, to generate a holistic understanding of reactive intermediate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Morgenstern
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Huo Z, Lv Y, Wang N, Zhou C, Su X. Construction of a dual-signal readout platform for effective glutathione S-transferase sensing based on polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters and cobalt-manganese oxide nanosheets with oxidase-mimicking activity. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:282. [PMID: 38652326 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel dual-mode fluorometric and colorimetric sensing platform is reported for determining glutathione S-transferase (GST) by utilizing polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs) and cobalt-manganese oxide nanosheets (CoMn-ONSs) with oxidase-like activity. Abundant active oxygen species (O2•-) can be produced through the CoMn-ONSs interacting with dissolved oxygen. Afterward, the pink oxDPD was generated through the oxidation of colorless N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) by O2•-, and two absorption peaks at 510 and 551 nm could be observed. Simultaneously, oxDPD could quench the fluorescence of PEI-AgNCs at 504 nm via the inner filter effect (IFE). However, in the presence of glutathione (GSH), GSH prevents the oxidation of DPD due to the reducibility of GSH, leading to the absorbance decrease at 510 and 551 nm. Furthermore, the fluorescence at 504 nm was restored due to the quenching effect of oxDPD on decreased PEI-AgNCs. Under the catalysis of GST, GSH and1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzo (CDNB) conjugate to generate an adduct, initiating the occurrence of the oxidation of the chromogenic substrate DPD, thereby inducing a distinct colorimetric response again and the significant quenching of PEI-AgNCs. The detection limits for GST determination were 0.04 and 0.21 U/L for fluorometric and colorimetric modes, respectively. The sensing platform illustrated reliable applicability in detecting GST in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejiao Huo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntai Lv
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Martos-Maldonado MC, Quesada-Soriano I, García-Fuentes L, Vargas-Berenguel A. Multivalent Lactose-Ferrocene Conjugates Based on Poly (Amido Amine) Dendrimers and Gold Nanoparticles as Electrochemical Probes for Sensing Galectin-3. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020203. [PMID: 31991555 PMCID: PMC7074905 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is considered a cancer biomarker and bioindicator of fibrosis and cardiac remodeling and, therefore, it is desirable to develop convenient methods for its detection. Herein, an approach based on the development of multivalent electrochemical probes with high galectin-3 sensing abilities is reported. The probes consist of multivalent presentations of lactose–ferrocene conjugates scaffolded on poly (amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers and gold nanoparticles. Such multivalent lactose–ferrocene conjugates are synthesized by coupling of azidomethyl ferrocene–lactose building blocks on alkyne-functionalized PAMAM, for the case of the glycodendrimers, and to disulfide-functionalized linkers that are then used for the surface modification of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles. The binding and sensing abilities toward galectin-3 of both ferrocene-containing lactose dendrimers and gold nanoparticles have been evaluated by means of isothermal titration calorimetry, UV–vis spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The highest sensitivity by electrochemical methods to galectin-3 was shown by lactosylferrocenylated gold nanoparticles, which are able to detect the lectin in nanomolar concentrations.
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Han Y, Chen T, Li Y, Chen L, Wei L, Xiao L. Single-Particle Enumeration-Based Sensitive Glutathione S-Transferase Assay with Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11146-11153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Langxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Lehui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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5
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Cloaking nanoparticles with protein corona shield for targeted drug delivery. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4548. [PMID: 30382085 PMCID: PMC6208370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles can minimize the side effects of conventional pharmaceutical agents and enhance their efficacy. However, translating nanoparticle-based agents into clinical applications still remains a challenge due to the difficulty in regulating interactions on the interfaces between nanoparticles and biological systems. Here, we present a targeting strategy for nanoparticles incorporated with a supramolecularly pre-coated recombinant fusion protein in which HER2-binding affibody combines with glutathione-S-transferase. Once thermodynamically stabilized in preferred orientations on the nanoparticles, the adsorbed fusion proteins as a corona minimize interactions with serum proteins to prevent the clearance of nanoparticles by macrophages, while ensuring systematic targeting functions in vitro and in vivo. This study provides insight into the use of the supramolecularly built protein corona shield as a targeting agent through regulating the interfaces between nanoparticles and biological systems.
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Wang Y, Sun B, Han B, Hu M. New ferrocene modified retinoic acid with enhanced efficacy against melanoma cells via GSH depletion. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27740-27745. [PMID: 35542710 PMCID: PMC9083447 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly lethal disease, and advanced stages of melanoma have proven to be resistant to many chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and high levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) have been proven to play important roles in drug resistance. Retinoic acid (RA) is a promising anticancer agent, which can inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of CSCs, but its clinical use has been limited by its water insolubility and weak cancer cell killing effect when used alone. Herein, by combining RA and ferrocene, a new type of derivative of retinoic acid (FCRA) was synthesized and then oxidized by FeCl3. The oxidized FCRA (FCRA+) was exploited as a novel anticancer agent. Compared with RA, FCRA+ not only has improved water solubility and stronger anti-cancer effect to melanoma cells through depleting intracellular GSH of the cancer cells, but also can inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of melanoma CSCs, such as free RA. Therefore, FCRA+ has better application prospects than RA and may replace RA for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxilloficial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Bin Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxilloficial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
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7
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Vello TP, da Silva LM, Silva GO, de Camargo DH, Corrêa CC, Bof Bufon CC. Hybrid organic/inorganic interfaces as reversible label-free platform for direct monitoring of biochemical interactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:209-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Martos-Maldonado MC, Casas-Solvas JM, Vargas-Berenguel A, García-Fuentes L. Electrochemical detection of glutathione S-transferase: an important enzyme in the cell protective mechanism against oxidative stress. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:123-138. [PMID: 25323504 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises when the antioxidant capacity of cells to clean the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreases. Several human diseases seem to be related with an increment in the oxidative stress. In this regard, GSH present in the cells works by neutralizing ROS and other xenobiotics through the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme. Thus, the level of expression of GST is an important factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to toxic chemicals or xenobiotic compounds. Therefore, the detection of GST levels is fundamental in the clinical diagnosis of ROS-related diseases. Here, we describe a methodology, based on the voltammetric properties of the ferrocene group (used as electrochemical probe), which can be applied for selective detection of GST levels in human cells. The electrochemical signal measured is associated to the specific interaction of a ferrocenyl-GSH derivate with the G- and H-sites of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Martos-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
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9
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Asn112 in Plasmodium falciparum glutathione S-transferase is essential for induced reversible tetramerization by phosphate or pyrophosphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Voelker AE, Viswanathan R. Synthesis of a Suite of Bioorthogonal Glutathione S-Transferase Substrates and Their Enzymatic Incorporation for Protein Immobilization. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9647-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401278x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alden E. Voelker
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center: Rm
216, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078, United States
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Millis Science Center: Rm
216, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078, United States
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11
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Quesada-Soriano I, Barón C, García-Maroto F, Aguilera AM, García-Fuentes L. Calorimetric Studies of Ligands Binding to Glutathione S-Transferase from the Malarial Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1980-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indalecio Quesada-Soriano
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International
Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almerı́a,
Spain
| | - Carmen Barón
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International
Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almerı́a,
Spain
| | - Federico García-Maroto
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International
Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almerı́a,
Spain
| | - Ana M. Aguilera
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International
Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almerı́a,
Spain
| | - Luís García-Fuentes
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almerı́a, Agrifood Campus of International
Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almerı́a,
Spain
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12
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Martos-Maldonado MC, Casas-Solvas JM, Quesada-Soriano I, García-Fuentes L, Vargas-Berenguel A. Poly(amido amine)-based mannose-glycodendrimers as multielectron redox probes for improving lectin sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1318-1326. [PMID: 23286545 DOI: 10.1021/la304107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An easy-to-prepare series of electroactive poly(amido amine) (PAMAM)-based dendrimers of generations G0 to G2 having mannopyranosylferrocenyl moieties in the periphery to detect carbohydrate-protein interactions is reported. The synthesis involved the functionalization of the PAMAM surface with azidomethylferrocenyl groups and subsequent coupling of mannoside units by the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen reaction. The binding affinity of the series of electroactive glycodendrimers was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Upon complexation of the glycodendrimers conjugates with prototypical concanavalin A (Con A), voltammograms showed a decrease of the peak current. Such dendrimers showed a notable improvement of redox sensing abilities toward Con A when compared with mono- and divalent analogues, based on both the glycoside multivalent and ferrocene dendritic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Martos-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Megia-Fernandez A, Hernandez-Mateo F, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Vinyl sulfone-based ferrocenylation reagents: applications in conjugation and bioconjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2586-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Martos-Maldonado MC, Quesada-Soriano I, García-Maroto F, Vargas-Berenguel A, García-Fuentes L. Ferrocene labelings as inhibitors and dual electrochemical sensors of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7256-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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