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Effect of Azithromycin on Mineralized Nodule Formation in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1451-1459. [PMID: 34698079 PMCID: PMC8929154 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin displays immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is used to treat inflammatory diseases, including respiratory and odontogenic infections. Few studies have reported the effect of azithromycin therapy on bone remodeling processes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of azithromycin on the osteogenic function of osteoblasts using osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Cells were cultured in the presence of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/mL azithromycin, and cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity were determined. In vitro mineralized nodule formation was detected with alizarin red staining. The expression of collagenous and non-collagenous bone matrix protein was determined using real-time PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In cells cultured with 10 µg/mL azithromycin, the ALPase activity and mineralized nodule formation decreased, while the type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and osteopontin mRNA expression as well as osteopontin and phosphorylated osteopontin levels increased. These results suggest that a high azithromycin concentration (10 µg/mL) suppresses mineralized nodule formation by decreasing ALPase activity and increasing osteopontin production, whereas low concentrations (≤l.0 µg/mL) have no effect on osteogenic function in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Moreira FRC, de Oliveira TA, Ramos NE, Abreu MAD, Simões E Silva AC. The role of renin angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6619-6629. [PMID: 34417705 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), chronic inflammatory processes lead to progresive joint destruction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of RA and OA. The aim of this mini-review article is to summarize evidence on the role of RAS in RA and OA. METHODS A non-systematic search in Pubmed included terms as "rheumatoid arthritis", "renin angiotensin system", "osteopenia", "RANKL", "DKK-1", "MMP", "inflammation", "angiogenesis", "local renin-angiotensin system", "angiotensin converting enzyme", "AT2 receptor", "Ang-(1-7)", "VEGF", "angiotensine receptor blocker", "angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors", "renin inhibitors". RESULTS Both RAS axes, the classical one, formed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II and AT1 receptor (AT1R) and the counter-regulatory one, composed by ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor, modulate inflammation and tissue damage. Ang II activates pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Conversely, Ang-(1-7) exerts anti-inflammatory actions, decreasing cytokine release, leukocyte attraction, density of vessels, tissue damage and fibrosis. Angiogenesis facilitates inflammatory cells invasion, while osteopenia causes joint dysfunction. Up-regulated osteoclastogenisis and down-regulated osteoblastogeneses were associaed with the activation of the classical RAS axis. Three different pathways, RANKL, DKK-1 and MMPs are enhanced by classical RAS activation. The treatment of RA included methotrexate and corticosteroids, which can cause side effects. Studies with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and renin inhibitors have been conducted in experimental and clinical RA with promising results. CONCLUSION The classical RAS activation is an important mechanism in RA pathogenesis and the benefit of ARB and ACEi administration should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rocha Chaves Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Tiago Almeida de Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Nádia Eliza Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Duarte Abreu
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, room #281, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang H. Angiotensin II upregulates RANKL/NFATC1 expression in synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis through the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:297. [PMID: 33952303 PMCID: PMC8097914 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development. The present study investigated the impact of Ang II on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), as well as of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1) in RA synovial cells, and explored the underlying mechanism. Methods The expression levels of RANKL, NFATC1, and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) were analyzed by RT PCR, western-blot, and/or immunohistochemistry. Western blot was also used to analyze the p38MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2 pathways. Results The expressions of RANKL and NFATC1 increased in synovial tissues of RA compared to osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissues. The expression of RANKL was upregulated by Ang II, and this effect was mitigated by an AT1R blocker but not by an AT2R blocker. Furthermore, Ang II activated the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38MAPK pathways, and this effect was blocked by the AT1R blocker. However, ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors, but not a p38MAPK inhibitor, blocked Ang II-induced RANKL expression. Ang II also increased the level of NFATC1, and this upregulation was attenuated by AT1R blockade, ERK1/2 and JNK inhibition, and siRNA-mediated RANKL silencing, but not by AT2R blockade or p38MAPK inhibition. Conclusion Our results indicated that Ang II activated the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways via AT1R, thus upregulating RANKL and NFATC1 expressions in RA synovial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Changyao Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Haining Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59 Hai Er Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, P.R. China.
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Sha NN, Zhang JL, Poon CCW, Li WX, Li Y, Wang YF, Shi W, Lin FH, Lin WP, Wang YJ, Zhang Y. Differential responses of bone to angiotensin II and angiotensin(1-7): beneficial effects of ANG(1-7) on bone with exposure to high glucose. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E55-E70. [PMID: 33103451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00158.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, diabetes, and hypertension are common concurrent chronic disorders. This study aimed to explore the respective effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) and angiotensin(1-7) [ANG(1-7)], active peptides in the renin-angiotensin system, on osteoblasts and osteoclasts under high-glucose level, as well as to investigate the osteo-preservative effects of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker and ANG(1-7) in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, decreased and increased the formation of calcified nodules and alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells under high-glucose level, and respectively stimulated and inhibited the number of matured osteoclasts and pit resorptive area in RANKL-induced bone marrow macrophages. Olmesartan and Mas receptor antagonist A779 could abolish those effects. ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, downregulated and upregulated the expressions of osteogenesis factors in MC3T3-E1 cells. ANG II promoted the expressions of cathepsin K and MMP9 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) repressed these osteoclastogenesis factors. ANG II rapidly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) markedly reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK under high-glucose condition. After treatments of diabetic SHR with valsartan and ANG(1-7), a significant increase in trabecular bone area, bone mineral density, and mechanical strength was only found in the ANG(1-7)-treated group. Treatment with ANG(1-7) significantly suppressed the increase in renin expression and ANG II content in the bone of SHR. Taken together, ANG II/AT1R and ANG(1-7)/Mas distinctly regulated the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts upon exposure to high-glucose condition. ANG(1-7) could protect SHR from diabetes-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Sha
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Christina Chui-Wa Poon
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Li
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- National TCM Clinical Research Base of Hypertension, the affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- National TCM Clinical Research Base of Hypertension, the affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Fu-Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopaedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopaedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Zhang J, Cai Z, Yang M, Tong L, Zhang Y. Inhibition of tanshinone IIA on renin activity protected against osteoporosis in diabetic mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:219-224. [PMID: 32202179 PMCID: PMC7144291 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1738502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Context: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Labiatae) (SMB) is applied clinically for management of diabetic osteoporosis in China, and research results has suggested its potential action on renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Objective: This study screens and explores naturally occurring bioactive constituents from the root of SMB acting on renin activity and evaluates its osteoprotective efficacy in diabetic mice.Materials and methods: Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, engineered to express human renin, were used as an in vitro model to identify bioactive compound, tanshinone IIA, inhibiting renin activity. The C57BL/6 mice (n = 10 in each group) with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) were intraperitoneally injected with tanshinone IIA (10 and 30 mg/kg). The mice without STZ treatment and the diabetic mice treated with aliskiren were used as non-diabetic control and positive control, respectively.Results: Tanshinone IIA was found to display inhibitory effects on renin activity of HEK-293 cells; moreover, it down-regulated protein expression of ANG II in human renin-expressed HEK-293 cells. Treatment of diabetic mice with tanshinone IIA with both doses could significantly decrease ANG II level in serum (from 16.56 ± 1.70 to 10.86 ± 0.68 and 9.14 ± 1.31 pg/mL) and reduce ANG II expression in bone, consequently improving trabecular bone mineral density and micro-structure of proximal tibial end and increasing trabecular bone area of distal femoral end in diabetic mice.Conclusions: This study revealed beneficial effects of tanshinone IIA on bone of diabetic mice, and potentially suggested the application of Salvia miltiorrhiza in the treatment of osteoporosis and drug development of tanshinone IIA as a renin inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
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Mulinari-Santos G, Santos JSD, Palin LP, Silva ACED, Antoniali C, Faverani LP, Okamoto R. Losartan improves alveolar bone dynamics in normotensive rats but not in hypertensive rats. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180574. [PMID: 31596365 PMCID: PMC6768119 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the main causes of premature death in the world; also, it is associated with several bone alterations. Preclinical studies have demonstrated delayed alveolar bone healing in hypertensive rats. However, losartan has been favorable for consolidation of bone grafts and reduction in active periodontitis. Therefore, losartan is suggested to be effective in bone formation stages, as well as in the synthesis of matrix proteins and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mulinari-Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Silva Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Letícia Pitol Palin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Cláudia Ervolino da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Perez Faverani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Roberta Okamoto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de odontologia de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil.,Affiliated with Research productivity scholarship (Process:306389/2017-7)
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7
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Lu N, Malemud CJ. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153792. [PMID: 31382554 PMCID: PMC6696446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42), respectively. There are also several atypical forms of ERK, including ERK3, ERK4, ERK5 and ERK7. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been implicated in many and diverse cellular events, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, cell migration, cell survival, metabolism and transcription. ERK1/2 is activated (i.e., phosphorylated) in the cytosol and subsequently translocated to the nucleus, where it activates transcription factors including, but not limited to, ETS, c-Jun, and Fos. It is not surprising that the ERK1/2 signaling cascade has been implicated in many pathological conditions, namely, cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, and osteoporosis. This narrative review examines many of the cellular events in which the ERK1/2 signaling cascade plays a critical role. It is anticipated that agents designed to inhibit ERK1/2 activation or p-ERK1/2 activity will be developed for the treatment of those diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression through ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Qi Y, Wang J, Sun M, Ma C, Jin T, Liu Y, Cao Y, Wang J. MMP-14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are related to steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the population of northern China. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00519. [PMID: 30548828 PMCID: PMC6393650 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a refractory disease which frequently occurs in young and middle-aged people. Recent studies indicated that MMP-14 played an important role in the development of chondrocytes, metabolism of osteoblasts as well as fate decision of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms of MMP-14 and steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the Chinese population. METHODS We selected 7 SNPs (rs3751488, rs1003349, rs1042703, rs2236302, rs1042704, rs2236303, and rs2236304) on gene MMP-14. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the chi-squared test, genetic model analysis, haplotype analysis, and stratification analysis. RESULTS We discovered that the genotype "G/G" of rs2236302 was associated with ONFH risk in the MMP-14 in the codominant model (OR = 8.62, 95% CI = 1.07-69.46, p = 0.038) and recessive model (OR = 8.86, 95% CI = 1.10-71.31, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS We have confirmed that the susceptive SNPs (rs2236302) of MMP-14 from the MMPs/TIMPs system exhibit a significant association with increased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in the population of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qi
- Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Mingqi Sun
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Chao Ma
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Tianbo Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern BiotechnologyNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuan Liu
- Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yuju Cao
- Zhengzhou TCM Traumatology HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
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Zhang J, Chen X, Chen B, Tong L, Zhang Y. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside protected against diabetes-induced osteoporosis in mice with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Phytother Res 2018; 33:442-451. [PMID: 30456807 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG), an active component from medicinal herb Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, could block the activity of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays a critical role in development of diabetic osteoporosis. This study aimed to determine if TSG therapy could alleviate bone deteriorations in diabetic mouse model induced by streptozotocin. The diabetic mice showed the loss of trabecular bone mass and the changes of trabecular bone microarchitectural parameters as well as the increase in amount of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts at the distal metaphysis of femur when compared with those of nondiabetic mice. Treatment with TSG significantly elevated calcium content in serum and bone and improved biological parameters of trabecular bone, accompanied by increasing messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of RUNX-2, COL-I, and OCN and protein expression of β-catenin as well as down-regulating protein expression of RAS components including renin and AT1R. In addition, TSG repressed diabetes-induced decrease in ratio of OPG/RANKL expression and increase in sclerostin expression in bone. The similar effects of TSG on osteoblasts-specific genes were found in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrated the osteopreserve effects of TSG in diabetic mice, and the underlying mechanism might be attributed to its regulation on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Wei J, Chen S, Huang C, Guo W, Yang S, Feng B, Chu J. The cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonist montelukast suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:193-197. [PMID: 29268191 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial products such as LPS are critical factors responsible for bone destruction. MMP-13, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, plays a critical role in the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix components, which includes collagen fibrils in the bone matrix. Montelukast is a selective cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1 (cysLT1R) antagonist used clinically for the treatment of asthma, as it reduces eosinophilic inflammation in airways. This study aims to explore the role of montelukast in regulating MMP-13 expression induced by LPS in osteoblasts. Our results indicate that LPS stimulated cysLT1R expression in mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, LPS-induced up-regulation of MMP-13 was ameliorated by treatment with montelukast in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with montelukast stimulated the expression of SOCS3, an inhibitor of MMP-13. Silencing of SOCS3 abolished the inhibitory effects of montelukast on MMP-13 expression. Mechanistically, we found that montelukast suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 as well as NF-κB transcriptional activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. These data suggest that montelukast can modulate inflammatory events in bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China.
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengshuo Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixiong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Shukai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Bailin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
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11
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Wang C, Zhang C, Zhou F, Gao L, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y. Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 expression by increasing reactive oxygen species‑mediated activation of the nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1166-1172. [PMID: 29115506 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) on monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 (MCP‑1) expression and the underlying mechanism in osteoblasts. MCP‑1 expression levels were analyzed by ELISA and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression levels was examined by RT‑qPCR, western blotting and immunostaining. In addition, the nuclear factor (NF)‑κB signaling pathway was investigated via western blot analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also detected by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. The results of the present study ndicated that Ang II upregulated MCP‑1 expression in osteoblasts, which was mitigated by agonists of the AT1R, including olmesartan, a ROS scavenger N‑acetylcysteine (NAC), ammonium pyrrolidinethiocarbamate (PDTC) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, but not by the Ang II type 2 receptor antagonist, PD123319. Furthermore, Ang II increased the generation of ROS and activated the NF‑κB signaling pathway. These effects of Ang II were blocked by olmesartan, NAC and PDTC, but not by PD1123319 in osteoblasts. In conclusion, these data indicated that Ang II enhanced ROS production and activated NF‑κB signaling via AT1R, thus upregulating MCP‑1 expression in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
| | - Cailong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, P.R. China
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12
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Nakai K, Tanaka H, Yamanaka K, Takahashi Y, Murakami F, Matsuike R, Sekino J, Tanabe N, Morita T, Yamazaki Y, Kawato T, Maeno M. Effects of C-reactive protein on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors via Fcγ receptors on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:484-493. [PMID: 28539825 PMCID: PMC5441041 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between obesity and inflammation is well documented in epidemiological studies. Proteolysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is involved in adipose tissue enlargement, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) collectively cleave all ECM proteins. Here, we examined the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory biomarker, on the expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which are natural inhibitors of MMPs, in adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. We analyzed the expression of Fcγ receptor (FcγR) IIb and FcγRIII, which are candidates for CRP receptors, and the effects of anti-CD16/CD32 antibodies, which can act as FcγRII and FcγRIII blockers on CRP-induced alteration of MMP and TIMP expression. Moreover, we examined the effects of CRP on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which is involved in MMP and TIMP expression, in the presence or absence of anti-CD16/CD32 antibodies. Stimulation with CRP increased MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-11, MMP-14, and TIMP-1 expression but did not affect MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4 expression; TIMP-3 expression was not detected. Adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1cells expressed FcγRIIb and FcγRIII; this expression was upregulated on stimulation with CRP. Anti-CD16/CD32 antibodies inhibited CRP-induced expression of MMPs, except MMP-11, and TIMP-1. CRP induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK but did not affect SAPK/JNK phosphorylation, and Anti-CD16/CD32 attenuated the CRP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not that of ERK1/2. These results suggest that CRP facilitates ECM turnover in adipose tissue by increasing the production of multiple MMPs and TIMP-1 in adipocytes. Moreover, FcγRIIb and FcγRIII are involved in the CRP-induced expression of MMPs and TIMP-1 and the CRP-induced phosphorylation of p38, whereas the FcγR-independent pathway may regulate the CRP-induced MMP-11 expression and the CRP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakai
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Takahashi
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rieko Matsuike
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sekino
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanabe
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoko Morita
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Zhang Y, Li XL, Sha NN, Shu B, Zhao YJ, Wang XL, Xiao HH, Shi Q, Wong MS, Wang YJ. Differential response of bone and kidney to ACEI in db/db mice: A potential effect of captopril on accelerating bone loss. Bone 2017; 97:222-232. [PMID: 28130181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed in the kidney and bone. Kidney disease and bone injury are common complications associated with diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on the kidney and bone of db/db mice. The db/db mice were orally administered by gavage with captopril for 8weeks with db/+ mice as the non-diabetic control. Serum and urine biochemistries were determined by standard colorimetric methods or ELISA. Histological measurements were performed on the kidney by periodic acid-schiff staining and on the tibial proximal metaphysis by safranin O and masson-trichrome staining. Trabecular bone mass and bone quality were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were applied for molecular analysis on mRNA and protein expression. Captopril significantly improved albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in db/db mice, and these effects might be attributed to the down-regulation of angiotensin II expression and the expression of its down-stream profibrotic factors in the kidney, like connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus markedly increased in db/db mice in response to captopril. Treatment with captopril induced a decrease in bone mineral density and deterioration of trabecular bone at proximal metaphysis of tibia in db/db mice, as shown in the histological and reconstructed 3-dimensional images. Even though captopril effectively reversed the diabetes-induced changes in calcium-binding protein 28-k and vitamin D receptor expression in the kidney as well as the expression of RAS components and bradykinin receptor-2 in bone tissue, treatment with captopril increased the osteoclast-covered bone surface, reduced the osteoblast-covered bone surface, down-regulated the expression of type 1 collagen and transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (markers for osteoblastic functions), and up-regulated the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (marker for bone resorption). Captopril exerted therapeutic effects on renal injuries associated with type 2 diabetes but worsened the deteriorations of trabecular bone in db/db mice; the latter of which was at least in part due to the stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and the suppression of osteogenesis by captopril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Nan-Nan Sha
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Jian Zhao
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin-Luan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Nagao M, Tanabe N, Manaka S, Naito M, Sekino J, Takayama T, Kawato T, Torigoe G, Kato S, Tsukune N, Maeno M, Suzuki N, Sato S. LIPUS suppressed LPS-induced IL-1α through the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation via AT1-PLCβ pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3337-3346. [PMID: 28063227 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, are involved in inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid osteoarthritis and periodontal disease. Particularly, periodontal disease, which destroys alveolar bone, is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is used for bone healing in orthopedics and dental treatments. However, the mechanism underlying effects of LIPUS on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine are not well understood. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of LIPUS on LPS-induced IL-1α production. Mouse calvaria osteoblast-like cells MC3T3-E1 were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS (Porphyromonas gingivalis), and then stimulated with LIPUS for 30 min/day. To investigate the role of LIPUS, we determined the expression of IL-1α stimulated with LIPUS and treated with an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist, Losartan. We also investigate to clarify the pathway of LIPUS, we transfected siRNA silencing AT1 (siAT1) in MC3T3-E1. LIPUS inhibited mRNA and protein expression of LPS-induced IL-1α. LIPUS also reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by LPS-induced IL-1α. Losartan and siAT1 blocked all the stimulatory effects of LIPUS on IL-1α production and IL-1α-mediated NF-κB translocation induced by LPS. Furthermore, PLCβ inhibitor U73122 recovered NF-κB translocation. These results suggest that LIPUS inhibits LPS-induced IL-1α via AT1-PLCβ in osteoblasts. We exhibit that these findings are in part of the signaling pathway of LIPUS on the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Nagao
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Manaka
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Naito
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sekino
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Takayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Torigoe
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Tsukune
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Du J, Jin T, Cao Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Sun M, Li J, Zhang X, Wang G, Wang J. Association between genetic polymorphisms of MMP8 and the risk of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the population of northern China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4794. [PMID: 27631232 PMCID: PMC5402575 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is the most common clinical nontraumatic ONFH. Once ONFH occurs, it seriously reduces patients' quality of life. The matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (MMP/TIMP) system was found to play a significant role in the development of ONFH. The aim of this study was to identify the associations between 7 genes selected from the MMP/TIMP system and steroid-induced ONFH. METHODS We genotyped 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 7 genes selected from the MMP/TIMP system in a case-control study with 285 cases of steroid-induced ONFH and 308 healthy controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the chi-squared test, genetic model analysis, haplotype analysis, and stratification analysis. RESULTS We found that the minor alleles of rs1940475 and rs11225395 in MMP8 were associated with a 1.32-fold increased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in the allelic model analysis (P = 0.021 and 0.022, respectively). In the genetic model analysis, we found that rs3740938, rs2012390, rs1940475, and rs11225395 were associated with an increased risk of steroid-induced ONFH. In further stratification analysis, rs3740938 and rs2012390 displayed a significantly increased risk of steroid-induced ONFH in females under the dominant (rs3740938, OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.50-4.83, P = 0.001; rs2012390, OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.31-4.03, P = 0.012) and additive (rs3740938, OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.24-3.29, P = 0.010; rs2012390, OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.12-2.80, P = 0.047) models. In addition, haplotype "AGTCA" of MMP8 was found to be associated with a 1.40-fold increased risk of steroid-induced ONFH (95% CI: 1.04-1.88, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION Our results verify that genetic variants of MMP8 contribute to steroid-induced ONFH susceptibility in the population of northern China. In addition, we found that gender differences might interact with MMP8 polymorphisms to contribute to the overall susceptibility to steroid-induced ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Du
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The 2th Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi’an, Shanxi
| | - Yuju Cao
- Zhengzhou TCM Traumatology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan
| | - Junyu Chen
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The 2th Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongchang Guo
- Zhengzhou TCM Traumatology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan
| | - Mingqi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The 2th Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian Li
- Zhengzhou TCM Traumatology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi’an, Shanxi
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The 2th Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Correspondence: Guoqiang Wang, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1 Yingfang Road, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China (e-mail: ); Jianzhong Wang, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1 Yingfang Road, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China (e-mail: )
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The 2th Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Correspondence: Guoqiang Wang, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1 Yingfang Road, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China (e-mail: ); Jianzhong Wang, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1 Yingfang Road, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China (e-mail: )
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16
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Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular Fibrosis in Aging and Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:659-68. [PMID: 27118293 PMCID: PMC4906153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor underlying hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease. With aging, the vasculature undergoes structural and functional changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction, wall thickening, reduced distensibility, and arterial stiffening. Vascular stiffness results from fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, processes that are associated with aging and are amplified by hypertension. Some recently characterized molecular mechanisms underlying these processes include increased expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, activation of transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD signalling, upregulation of galectin-3, and activation of proinflammatory and profibrotic signalling pathways. These events can be induced by vasoactive agents, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and aldosterone, which are increased in the vasculature during aging and hypertension. Complex interplay between the “aging process” and prohypertensive factors results in accelerated vascular remodelling and fibrosis and increased arterial stiffness, which is typically observed in hypertension. Because the vascular phenotype in a young hypertensive individual resembles that of an elderly otherwise healthy individual, the notion of “early” or “premature” vascular aging is now often used to describe hypertension-associated vascular disease. We review the vascular phenotype in aging and hypertension, focusing on arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling. We also highlight the clinical implications of these processes and discuss some novel molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and ECM reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rheure Alves Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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17
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The effects of interleukin-1β in modulating osteoclast-conditioned medium's influence on gelatinases in chondrocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:220-31. [PMID: 26674424 PMCID: PMC5153595 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is recognised to be an interactive pathological process involving the cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium. The signals from the synovium play an important role in cartilage metabolism, but little is known regarding the influence of the signalling from bone. Additionally, the collagenases and stromelysin-1 are involved in cartilage catabolism through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, but the role of the gelatinases has not been elucidated. Here, we studied the influence of osteoclastic signals on chondrocytes by characterising the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced gelatinases through MAPK signalling. We found that osteoclast-conditioned media attenuated the gelatinase activity in chondrocytes. However, IL-1β induced increased levels of gelatinase activity in the conditioned media group relative to the mono-cultured chondrocyte group. More specifically, IL-1β restored high levels of gelatinase activity in c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor-pretreated chondrocytes in the conditioned media group and led to lower levels of gelatinase activity in extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38 inhibitor-pretreated chondrocytes. Gene expression generally correlated with protein expression. Taken together, these results show for the first time that signals from osteoclasts can influence gelatinase activity in chondrocytes. Furthermore, these data show that IL-1β restores gelatinase activity through MAPK inhibitors; this information can help to increase the understanding of the gelatinase modulation in articular cartilage.
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18
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Effects of angiotensin II on leptin and downstream leptin signaling in the carotid body during acute intermittent hypoxia. Neuroscience 2015; 310:430-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Dong CL, Liu HZ, Zhang ZC, Zhao HL, Zhao H, Huang Y, Yao JH, Sun TS. The influence of MicroRNA-150 in Osteoblast Matrix Mineralization. J Cell Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26212040 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Dong
- Department of Nursing; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Hao-Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; Linyi Health School; Linyi 276000 P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Huan-Li Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Nursing; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Yao
- Department of Nursing; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Sun
- Department of Nursing; Linyi People's Hospital; Linyi 276003 P.R. China
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20
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Taguchi H, Aono Y, Kawato T, Asano M, Shimizu N, Saigusa T. Intragingival injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide induces a transient increase in gingival tumour necrosis factor-α, but not interleukin-6, in anaesthetised rats. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:155-60. [PMID: 26047579 PMCID: PMC4582562 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of intragingival application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg-LPS) on gingival tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in rats. A microdialysis probe with an injection needle attached to the surface of the dialysis membrane was implanted into the gingiva of the upper incisor. For comparison, the effects of LPS derived from Escherichia coli (Ec-LPS) on IL-6 and TNF-α levels were also analysed. Pg-LPS (1 μg/1 μL) or Ec-LPS (1 or 6 μg/1 μL) was applied by microsyringe, with gingival dialysates collected every hour. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that gingival dialysates contained approximately 389 pg·mL−1 of IL-6 basally; basal TNF-α levels were lower than the detection limit of the ELISA. Pg-LPS failed to alter IL-6 levels but markedly increased TNF-α levels, which remained elevated for 2 h after treatment. Neither IL-6 nor TNF-α were affected by Ec-LPS. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the gingiva expresses Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 mRNA. Immunohistochemical examination showed that TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed by gingival epithelial cells. The present study provides in vivo evidence that locally applied Pg-LPS, but not Ec-LPS, into the gingiva transiently increases gingival TNF-α without affecting IL-6. The present results suggest that TLR2 but not TLR4 expressed on gingival epithelial cells may mediate the Pg-LPS-induced increase in gingival TNF-α in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Taguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Nakai K, Kawato T, Morita T, Yamazaki Y, Tanaka H, Tonogi M, Oki H, Maeno M. Angiotensin II suppresses osteoblastic differentiation and mineralized nodule formation via AT1 receptor in ROS17/2.8 cells. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:628-37. [PMID: 26170858 PMCID: PMC4495158 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.52369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin II (Ang II) not only regulates systemic blood pressure through a vasoconstrictive effect, but also promotes bone resorption. We recently reported that Ang II (10(-6) M) stimulated the production of matrix metalloproteinases via the AT1 receptor in osteoblastic ROS17/2.8 cells, but suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity. However, the roles of Ang II in osteoblastic differentiation and the function of osteogenesis in osteoblasts are unclear. Therefore, we examined the effect of Ang II on the expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as mineralized nodule formation in ROS17/2.8 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS ROS17/2.8 cells were cultured with 0 (control) or 10(-6) M Ang II in the presence or absence of the AT1 receptor blocker losartan. Mineralized nodule formation was detected by Alizarin Red staining. Gene and protein expression levels of transcription factors and ECM proteins were determined using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Runx2, Msx2, and osteocalcin expression significantly decreased with Ang II compared to the control, whereas AJ18 expression significantly increased. Osterix, Dlx5, type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin expression was unaffected. Mineralized nodule formation and calcium content in mineralized nodules decreased with Ang II. Losartan blocked suppressive or stimulatory effects of Ang II on Runx2, Msx2, osteocalcin, and AJ18 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ang II suppresses osteoblastic differentiation by altering the expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors via the AT1 receptor and the function of osteogenesis in ROS17/2.8 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakai
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoko Morita
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Tonogi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidero Oki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Querques F, Cantilena B, Cozzolino C, Esposito MT, Passaro F, Parisi S, Lombardo B, Russo T, Pastore L. Angiotensin receptor I stimulates osteoprogenitor proliferation through TGFβ-mediated signaling. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1466-74. [PMID: 25556973 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies of large human populations and pharmacological interventions in rodent models have recently suggested that anti-hypertensive drugs that target angiotensin II (Ang II) activity may also reduce loss of bone mineral density. Here, we identified in a genetic screening the Ang II type I receptor (AT1R) as a potential determinant of osteogenic differentiation and, implicitly, bone formation. Silencing of AT1R expression by RNA interference severely impaired the maturation of a multipotent mesenchymal cell line (W20-17) along the osteoblastic lineage. The same effect was also observed after the addition of the AT1R antagonist losartan but not the AT2R inhibitor PD123,319. Additional cell culture assays traced the time of greatest losartan action to the early stages of W20-17 differentiation, namely during cell proliferation. Indeed, addition of Ang II increased proliferation of differentiating W20-17 and primary mesenchymal stem cells and this stimulation was reversed by losartan treatment. Cells treated with losartan also displayed an appreciable decrease of activated (phosphorylated)-Smad2/3 proteins. Moreover, Ang II treatment elevated endogenous transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) expression considerably and in an AT1R-dependent manner. Finally, exogenous TGFβ was able to restore high proliferative activity to W20-17 cells that were treated with both Ang II and losartan. Collectively, these results suggest a novel mechanism of Ang II action in bone metabolism that is mediated by TGFβ and targets proliferation of osteoblast progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Querques
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II,", Naples, Italy
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Yang SW, Lim L, Ju S, Choi DH, Song H. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase 13 on vascular smooth muscle cells migration via Akt–ERK dependent pathway. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Karasawa Y, Tanaka H, Nakai K, Tanabe N, Kawato T, Maeno M, Shimizu N. Tension Force Downregulates Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Upregulates the Expression of Their Inhibitors through MAPK Signaling Pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:905-13. [PMID: 26640410 PMCID: PMC4643081 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), produced by osteoblasts, catalyze the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in osteoid, and the regulation of MMP activity depends on interactions between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We focused on the degradation process of ECM in osteoid that was exposed to mechanical strain, and conducted an in vitro study using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells to examine the effects of tension force (TF) on the expression of MMPs and TIMPs, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. DESIGN Cells were incubated on flexible-bottomed culture plates and stimulated with or without cyclic TF for 24 hours. The expression of MMPs and TIMPs was examined at mRNA and protein levels by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK, and stress-activated protein kinases/c-jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS TF decreased the expression of MMP-1, -3, -13 and phosphorylated ERK1/2. In contrast, TF increased the expression of TIMP-2, -3 and phosphorylated SAPK/JNK. The expression of MMP-2, -14, TIMP-1, -4 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was unaffected by TF. MMP-1, -3 and -13 expression decreased in cells treated with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 compared with untreated control cells. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the TF-induced upregulation of TIMP-2 and -3. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TF suppresses the degradation process that occurs during ECM turnover in osteoid via decreased production of MMP-1, -3 and -13, and increased production of TIMP-2 and -3 through the MAPK signaling pathways in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Karasawa
- 1. Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- 2. Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 3. Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakai
- 2. Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 3. Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanabe
- 3. Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 4. Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- 2. Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 3. Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- 2. Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 3. Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- 5. Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan ; 6. Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Gao A, Kantarci A, Herrera BS, Gao H, Van Dyke TE. A critical role for suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 in regulating LPS-induced transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoblasts. PeerJ 2013; 1:e51. [PMID: 23638389 PMCID: PMC3628613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulator of cytokine signaling in macrophages and T cells. Although SOCS3 seems to contribute to the balance between the pro-inflammatory actions of IL-6 family of cytokines and anti-inflammatory signaling of IL-10 by negatively regulating gp130/Jak/Stat3 signal transduction, how and the molecular mechanisms whereby SOCS3 controls the downstream impact of TLR4 are largely unknown and current data are controversial. Furthermore, very little is known regarding SOCS3 function in cells other than myeloid cells and T cells. Our previous study demonstrates that SOCS3 is expressed in osteoblasts and functions as a critical inhibitor of LPS-induced IL-6 expression. However, the function of SOCS3 in osteoblasts remains largely unknown. In the current study, we report for the first time that LPS stimulation of osteoblasts induces the transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, a central regulator of bone resorption. Importantly, we demonstrate that SOCS3 overexpression leads to a significant decrease of LPS-induced MMP-13 expression in both primary murine calvariae osteoblasts and a mouse osteoblast-like cell line, MC3T3-E1. Our findings implicate SOCS3 as an important regulatory mediator in bone inflammatory diseases by targeting MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Gao
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA , United States
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