MicroRNA biogenesis, gene silencing mechanisms and role in breast, ovarian and prostate cancer

Comprehensive data mining reveals RTK/RAS signaling pathway as a promoter of prostate cancer lineage plasticity through transcription factors and CNV

Prostate cancer lineage plasticity is a key driver in the transition to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), and the RTK/RAS signaling pathway is a well-established cancer pathway. Nevertheless, the comprehensive link between the RTK/RAS signaling pathway and lineage plasticity has received limited investigation. In particular, the intricate regulatory network governing the interplay between RTK/RAS and lineage plasticity remains largely unexplored. The multi-omics data were clustered with the coefficient of argument and neighbor joining algorithm. Subsequently, the clustered results were analyzed utilizing the GSEA, gene sets related to stemness, multi-lineage state datasets, and canonical cancer pathway gene sets. Finally, a comprehensive exploration of the data based on the ssGSEA, WGCNA, GSEA, VIPER, prostate cancer scRNA-seq data, and the GPSAdb database was conducted. Among the six modules in the clustering results, there are 300 overlapping genes, including 3 previously unreported prostate cancer genes that were validated to be upregulated in prostate cancer through RT-qPCR. Function Module 6 shows a positive correlation with prostate cancer cell stemness, multi-lineage states, and the RTK/RAS signaling pathway. Additionally, the 19 leading-edge genes of the RTK/RAS signaling pathway promote prostate cancer lineage plasticity through a complex network of transcriptional regulation and copy number variations. In the transcriptional regulation network, TP63 and FOXO1 act as suppressors of prostate cancer lineage plasticity, whereas RORC exerts a promoting effect. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the role of the RTK/RAS pathway in prostate cancer lineage plasticity and offers new clues for the treatment of NEPC.

Deciphering the role of MicroRNAs in diabetic nephropathy: Regulatory mechanisms and molecular insights

A serious consequence of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) which causes gradual damage to the kidneys. Dietary changes, blood pressure control, glucose control, and hyperlipidemia are all important components of DN management. New research, however, points to microRNAs (miRNAs) as having a pivotal role in DN pathogenesis. Miniature non-coding RNA molecules such as miRNAs control gene expression and impact several biological processes. The canonical and non-canonical routes of miRNA biogenesis are discussed in this article. In addition, several important signaling pathways are examined in the study of miRNA regulation in DN. A deeper knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms would allow for a better understanding of the molecular basis of DN and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Finally, miRNAs show tremendous potential as DN diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets, opening up promising avenues for further study and potential clinical use.

The miR-1290/OGN axis in ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts modulates cancer cell proliferation and invasion

Despite receiving first-line treatment, ovarian cancer patients continue to experience a high rate of recurrence; nearly all women with ovarian cancer develop chemoresistance and succumb to the disease. In this study, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from tumor-containing and normal omenta, respectively, and the downregulation of osteoglycin (OGN) in CAFs was observed. OGN overexpression in CAFs significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell viability, DNA synthesis, and cell invasion. OGN overexpression also changed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and promoted mTOR and Akt phosphorylation in ovarian cancer cells. miR-1290 targeted OGN and inhibited OGN expression. miR-1290 overexpression in CAFs significantly promoted ovarian cancer cell viability, DNA synthesis, and cell invasion. Moreover, miR-1290 overexpression in CAFs also changed EMT markers and promoted mTOR and Akt phosphorylation within ovarian carcinoma cells. Finally, when ovarian cancer cells in a conditioned medium derived from CAFs co-transduced with miR-1290 mimics and OGN-OE were cultured, the effects of miR-1290 overexpression were partially reversed by OGN overexpression. In nude mouse xenograft tumor models, OGN overexpression in CAFs suppressed tumor growth, whereas miR-1290 overexpression in CAFs increased tumor growth. In conclusion, a miRNA/mRNA axis in ovarian cancer CAFs modulating the proliferative and invasive abilities of ovarian cancer cells, possibly via the Akt/mTOR pathway, was demonstrated.

The Diagnostic Value of microRNA Expression Analysis in Detecting Intraductal Papillomas in Patients with Pathological Nipple Discharge

Patients with pathological nipple discharge (PND) often undergo local surgical procedures because standard radiologic imaging fails to identify the underlying cause. MicroRNA (MiRNA) expression analysis of nipple fluid holds potential for distinguishing between breast diseases. This study aimed to compare miRNA expression levels between nipple fluids from patients with PND to identify possible relevant miRNAs that could differentiate between intraductal papillomas and no abnormalities in the breast tissue. Nipple fluid samples from patients with PND without radiological and pathological suspicion for malignancy who underwent a ductoscopy procedure were analyzed. We used univariate and multivariate regression analyses to identify nipple fluid miRNAs differing between pathologically confirmed papillomas and breast tissue without abnormalities. A total of 27 nipple fluid samples from patients with PND were included for miRNA expression analysis. Out of the 22 miRNAs examined, only miR-145-5p was significantly differentially expressed (upregulated) in nipple fluid from patients with an intraductal papilloma compared to patients showing no breast abnormalities (OR 4.76, p = 0.046), with a diagnostic accuracy of 92%. miR-145-5p expression in nipple fluid differs for intraductal papillomas and breast tissue without abnormalities and, therefore, has potential as a diagnostic marker to signal presence of papillomas in PND patients. However, further refinement and validation in clinical trials are necessary to establish its clinical applicability.

MiR-4521 affects the propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells through targeting foxm1 by regulating cell apoptosis

Cryptosporidium parvum could regulate the expression of microRNAs of epithelial cells to facilitate its intracellular propagation. MiR-4521 has been reported to play an important role during the development and progression of tumors and infectious diseases by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the implication of miR-4521 during C. parvum infection was still unknown. In this study, the expression of miR-4521 was found to be upregulated in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum from 8 h post-infection (pi) to 48 hpi, and its upregulation would be related with the TLR/NF-κB signal pathway during C. parvum infection. One potential target of miR-4521, foxm1, was down-regulated in HCT-8 cells from 24 hpi to 48 hpi, and the expression of foxm1 was negatively regulated by miR-4521. The target relationship between miR-4521 and foxm1 was further validated by using dual luciferase reporter assay. Further studies showed that miR-4521 promoted the propagation of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells through targeting foxm1 by regulating BCL2-mediating cell apoptosis. These results contribute to further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of host miRNAs during Cryptosporidium infection.

Potential Roles of microRNAs for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Eclampsia-Exposed Postpartum Women and Offspring

Pre-eclampsia, which is part of the spectrum of hypertensive pregnancy disorders, poses a significant health burden, contributing to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Pre-eclampsia is widely associated with persistent adverse effects on the cardiovascular health of women with a history of pre-eclampsia. Additionally, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that offspring of pre-eclamptic pregnancies have altered cardiac structure and function, as well as different vascular physiology due to the decrease in endothelial function. Therefore, early detection of the likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia-associated cardiovascular diseases is vital, as this could facilitate the undertaking of the necessary clinical measures to avoid disease progression. The utilisation of microRNAs as biomarkers is currently on the rise as microRNAs have been found to play important roles in regulating various physiological and pathophysiological processes. In regard to pre-eclampsia, recent studies have shown that the expression of microRNAs is altered in postpartum women and their offspring who have been exposed to pre-eclampsia, and that these alterations may persist for several years. This review, therefore, addresses changes in microRNA expression found in postpartum women and offspring exposed to pre-eclampsia, their involvement in cardiovascular disease, and the potential role of microRNAs to be used as predictive tools and therapeutic targets in future cardiovascular disease research.

MiRNAs in Alcohol-Related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Step toward New Therapeutic Approaches?

Alcohol-related Liver Disease (ALD) is the primary cause of chronic liver disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in developed countries and thus represents a major public health concern. Unfortunately, few therapeutic options are available for ALD and HCC, except liver transplantation or tumor resection for HCC. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases is therefore of major importance to identify early biomarkers and to design efficient therapeutic options. Increasing evidence indicate that epigenetic alterations play a central role in the development of ALD and HCC. Among them, microRNA importantly contribute to the development of this disease by controlling the expression of several genes involved in hepatic metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis at the post-transcriptional level. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about miRNAs' functions in the different stages of ALD and their role in the progression toward carcinogenesis. We highlight that each stage of ALD is associated with deregulated miRNAs involved in hepatic carcinogenesis, and thus represent HCC-priming miRNAs. By using in silico approaches, we have uncovered new miRNAs potentially involved in HCC. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs for the treatment of these diseases.

HCV and HCC Tango-Deciphering the Intricate Dance of Disease: A Review Article

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for around one-third of all HCC cases. Prolonged inflammation in chronic hepatitis C (CHC), maintained through a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, is one of the aspects of carcinogenesis, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Immune response dysfunction including the innate and adaptive immunity also plays a role in the development, as well as in the recurrence of HCC after treatment. Some of the tumor suppressor genes inhibited by the HCV proteins are p53, p73, and retinoblastoma 1. Mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter and the oncogene catenin beta 1 are two more important carcinogenic signaling pathways in HCC associated with HCV. Furthermore, in HCV-related HCC, numerous tumor suppressor and seven oncogenic genes are dysregulated by epigenetic changes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is considered as a lasting "epigenetic memory", suggesting that HCV-induced changes persist and are associated with liver carcinogenesis even after cure. Epigenetic changes and immune response dysfunction are recognized targets for potential therapy of HCC.

MiRNA-mRNA integrative analysis reveals epigenetically regulated and prognostic miR-103a with a role in migration and invasion of carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells that acquired mesenchymal-like phenotype

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs affect ovarian cancer (OC) progression and therapy response.

PURPOSE

Identification of epigenetically downregulated miRNAs in drug-resistant OC cell lines with a possible role in drug resistance and/or drug-induced mesenchymal-like phenotype.

METHODS

MiRNA profiling was performed on parental and carboplatin-resistant OC cells, MES-OV and MES-OV CBP. RT-qPCR validation, epigenetic modulation and other CBP-resistant OC cell lines were used to select miRNAs of interest. The integration of miRNA-predicted target genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathway and functional analysis were used for forecasting their biological role. Data mining was performed to determine their possible prognostic and predictive values.

RESULTS

MiRNA profiling revealed 48 downregulated miRNAs in OC cells whose drug sensitivity and metastatic potential were impacted by epigenetic modulators. Of the fourteen selected, nine were validated as changed, and seven of these restored their expression upon treatment with epigenetic inhibitors. Only three had similar expression patterns in other OC cell lines. MiRNA-mRNA integrative analysis resulted in 56 target DEGs. Pathway analysis revealed that these genes are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. The functional analysis confirmed the role of miR-103a-3p, miR-17-5p and miR-107 in cell invasion, while data mining showed their prognostic and predictive values. Only miR-103a-3p was epigenetically regulated at the constitutive level.

CONCLUSION

High throughput miRNA and cDNA profiling coupled with pathway analysis and data mining delivered evidence for miRNAs which can be epigenetically regulated in drug-resistant, mesenchymal-like OC cells as possible markers to combat therapy-induced short overall survival and tumor metastatic potential.

MicroRNA-143 as a potential tumor suppressor in cancer: An insight into molecular targets and signaling pathways

MicroRNAs (MiRNAs), which are highly conserved and small noncoding RNAs, negatively regulate gene expression and influence signaling pathways involved in essential biological activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell invasion. MiRNAs have received much attention in the past decade due to their significant roles in cancer development. In particular, microRNA-143 (miR-143) is recognized as a tumor suppressor and is downregulated in most cancers. However, it seems that miR-143 is upregulated in rare cases, such as prostate cancer stem cells, and acts as an oncogene. The present review will outline the current studies illustrating the impact of miR-143 expression levels on cancer progression and discuss its target genes and their relevant signaling pathways to discover a potential therapeutic way for cancer.

miR-136-5p: A key player in human cancers with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications

MiRNAs have emerged as crucial modulators of the expression of their target genes, attracting significant attention due to their engagement in various cellular processes, like cancer onset and development. Amidst the extensive repertoire of miRNAs implicated in cancer, miR-136-5p has emerged as an emerging miRNA with diverse roles. Dysregulation of miR-136-5p has been proved in human cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that miR-136-5p mainly functions as a tumor suppressor. These data proposed that miR-136-5p is engaged in the regulation of various cellular processes, like cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis. In addition, miR-136-5p has demonstrated substantial potential as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in human cancers as well as an effective mediator in cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, miR-136-5p was shown to be correlated with clinicopathological features of affected patients, proposing that it could be used for cancer staging and patient survival. Therefore, a comprehensive comprehension of the precise molecular basis governing miR-136-5p dysregulation in different cancers is vital for unraveling its therapeutic importance. Here, we have discussed the molecular basis of miR-136-5p as a potential tumor suppressor as well as its importance in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapy. Finally, we have discussed the challenge of using miRNAs as a therapeutic target as well as the prospect regarding the importance of miR-136-5p in human cancers.

Prostate Cancer: Genetics, Epigenetics and the Need for Immunological Biomarkers

Epidemiological data highlight prostate cancer as a significant global health issue, with high incidence and substantial impact on patients' quality of life. The prevalence of this disease is associated with various factors, including age, heredity, and race. Recent research in prostate cancer genetics has identified several genetic variants that may be associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. However, despite the significance of these findings, genetic markers for prostate cancer are not currently utilized in clinical practice as reliable indicators of the disease. In addition to genetics, epigenetic alterations also play a crucial role in prostate cancer development. Aberrant DNA methylation, changes in chromatin structure, and microRNA (miRNA) expression are major epigenetic events that influence oncogenesis. Existing markers for prostate cancer, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), have limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The cost of testing, follow-up procedures, and treatment for false-positive results and overdiagnosis contributes to the overall healthcare expenditure. Improving the effectiveness of prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis requires either narrowing the risk group by identifying new genetic factors or enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of existing markers. Immunological biomarkers (both circulating and intra-tumoral), including markers of immune response and immune dysfunction, represent a potentially useful area of research for enhancing the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Our review emphasizes the need for developing novel immunological biomarkers to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of prostate cancer. We highlight the most recent achievements in the identification of biomarkers provided by circulating monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We highlight that monocyte-derived and TAM-derived biomarkers can enable to establish the missing links between genetic predisposition, hormonal metabolism and immune responses in prostate cancer.

MicroRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, targeting and prognosis of prostate cancer

Globally, prostate cancer (PC) is leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Despite significant advances in the treatment and management of this disease, the cure rates for PC remains low, largely due to late detection. PC detection is mostly reliant on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE); however, due to the low positive predictive value of current diagnostics, there is an urgent need to identify new accurate biomarkers. Recent studies support the biological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and progression of PC, as well as their potential as novel biomarkers for patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and disease relapse. In the advanced stages, cancer-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) may constitute a significant part of circulating vesicles and cause detectable changes in the plasma vesicular miRNA profile. Recent computational model for the identification of miRNA biomarkers discussed. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs can be utilized to target PC cells. In this article, the current understanding of the role of microRNAs and exosomes in the pathogenesis and their significance in PC prognosis, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and treatment are reviewed.

Artificial miRNAs derived from miR-181 family members have potential in cancer therapy due to an altered spectrum of target mRNAs

miRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs with gene regulation properties, and they function as key factors in cell homeostasis. The interaction of miRNAs with their target mRNAs is largely considered to rely on sequence complementarity; however, some evidence indicates that mature miRNAs can adopt diverse conformations with implications for their function. Using the oncogenic miR-181 family as a study model, we suggest that a potential relationship between the primary sequence and secondary structure of miRNAs may have an impact on the number and spectrum of targeted cellular transcripts. We further emphasize that specific alterations in miR-181 primary sequences might impose certain constraints on target gene selection compared with the wild-type sequences, leading to the targeting of new transcripts with upregulated function in cancer.

Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Several chronic liver diseases are characterized by a clear gender disparity. Among them, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows significantly higher incidence rates in men than in women. The different epidemiological distribution of risk factors for liver disease and HCC only partially accounts for these gender differences. In fact, the liver is an organ with recognized sexual dysmorphism and is extremely sensitive to the action of androgens and estrogens. Sex hormones act by modulating the risk of developing HCC and influencing its aggressiveness, response to treatments, and prognosis. Furthermore, androgens and estrogens are able to modulate the action of other factors and cofactors of liver damage (e.g., chronic HBV infection, obesity), significantly influencing their carcinogenic power. The purpose of this review is to examine the factors related to the different gender distribution in the incidence of HCC as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, with particular reference to the central role played by sex hormones.

MiR-3976 regulates HCT-8 cell apoptosis and parasite burden by targeting BCL2A1 in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidium is second only to rotavirus as a cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea in young children. There are currently no fully effective drug treatments or vaccines for cryptosporidiosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating the innate immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of miR-3976 in regulating HCT-8 cell apoptosis induced by C. parvum infection.

METHODS

Expression levels of miR-3976 and C. parvum burden were estimated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The interaction between miR-3976 and B-cell lymphoma 2-related protein A1 (BCL2A1) was studied by luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

Expression levels of miR-3976 were decreased at 8 and 12 h post-infection (hpi) but increased at 24 and 48 hpi. Upregulation of miR-3976 promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited the parasite burden in HCT-8 cells after C. parvum infection. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that BCL2A1 was a target gene of miR-3976. Co-transfection with miR-3976 and a BCL2A1 overexpression vector revealed that miR-3976 targeted BCL2A1 and suppressed cell apoptosis and promoted the parasite burden in HCT-8 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data indicated that miR-3976 regulated cell apoptosis and parasite burden in HCT-8 cells by targeting BCL2A1 following C. parvum infection. Future study should determine the role of miR-3976 in hosts' anti-C. parvum immunity in vivo.

Integration analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression exploring their potential roles in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second common primary hepatic malignancy tumor. In this study, an integrative analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs from the ICC onset and adjacent normal tissues were performed to explore the regulatory roles of miRNA-mRNA interaction. A total of 1018 DEGs and 39 miRNAs were likely involved in ICC pathogenesis, suggesting the changes in cell metabolism in ICC development. The built network indicated that 30 DEGs were regulated by 16 differentially expressed miRNA. The screened DEGs and miRNA together were probably considered the biomarkers of ICC, and their important roles in ICC pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. This study could provide a good basis to uncover the regulatory mechanism of miRNA and mRNAs in ICC pathogenesis.

Circ_0000471 suppresses the progression of ovarian cancer through mediating mir-135b-5p/dusp5 axis

BACKGROUND

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common gynecologic cancer with high incidence and mortality. We attempted to investigate the role of circular RNA_0000471 (circ_0000471) in OC progression and its associated mechanism.

METHODS

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot assay were conducted to measure RNA and protein expression, respectively. Cell proliferation was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation assay, and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were conducted to verify the target relationships. Xenograft tumor model was established to assess the role of circ_0000471 on tumor growth in vivo.

RESULTS

Circ_0000471 expression was down-regulated in OC tissues and cell lines. Circ_0000471 overexpression blocked the proliferation, migration, and invasion and triggered the apoptosis of OC cells. Circ_0000471 served as a molecular sponge for microRNA-135b-5p (miR-135b-5p), and circ_0000471 overexpression-mediated anti-tumor influences in OC cells were largely reversed by the overexpression of miR-135b-5p. Dual specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) was a target of miR-135b-5p, and miR-135b-5p silencing-induced anti-tumor effects were largely counteracted by the interference of DUSP5. Circ_0000471 increased DUSP5 expression by sponging miR-135b-5p in OC cells. Circ_0000471 overexpression restrained the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Overexpression of circ_0000471 inhibited OC development by targeting miR-135b-5p/DUSP5 axis, indicating that circ_0000471 may be a new potential target for OC treatment.

miR-338-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in lung squamous cell carcinoma by targeting FGFR2/FRS2

Background

Lung cancer refers to the occurrence of malignant tumors in the lung, and squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common pathological types of non-small cell lung cancer. Studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the occurrence, development, early diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. This study aimed to explore the role and possible mechanism of MicroRNA-338-3p (miR-338-3p) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC).

Method

In this study, we compared 238 LUSC patients with relatively high miR-338-3p expression levels with 238 miR-338-3p expression levels in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUSC dataset using first-line gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Second, the mRNA expression of miR-338-3p, FGFR2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) in 30 lung cancers and adjacent lung tissues was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted, whereby the expression levels of miR-338-3p in lung cancer cells (H1703, SKMES1, H2170, H520) and normal lung epithelial cells (16HBE) were detected using qRT-PCR. miR-338-3p was overexpressed in lung cancer cells (H1703), and the cell proliferation (cell counting kit-8 [CCK8] assay), colony formation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle (BD-FACSVerse assay, Becton Dickinson, Bedford, MA, USA), cell invasion, and migration (Transwell assay, Thermo Fischer Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) were detected.

Results

We found that the expression of miR-338-3p was significantly reduced in LUSC tissues (p ​< ​0.001) and cancer cell lines (P < 0.01), and miR-338-3p was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of FGFR2 (P < 0.001) and FRS2 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-338-3p inhibited proliferation (P < 0.001), migration, and invasion (P < 0.001) of LUSC cell lines and increased apoptosis in the G1 phase (P < 0.001) and cell cycle arrest (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that miR-338-3p inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration by targeting FGFR2 and FRS2 in LUSC. We believe that miR-338-3p may be a promising target for the treatment of LUSC.

Circulating miRNA as a Biomarker in Oral Cancer Liquid Biopsy

Oral cancer is currently challenging the healthcare system, with a high incidence among the population and a poor survival rate. One of the main focuses related to this malignancy is the urge to implement a viable approach for improving its early diagnosis. By introducing the use of liquid biopsy and the identification of potential biomarkers, aiming for a noninvasive approach, new advancements offer promising perspectives in the diagnosis of oral cancer. The present review discusses the potential of circulating miRNAs as oral cancer biomarkers identified in body fluids such as serum, plasma, and saliva samples of oral cancer patients. Existing results reveal an important implication of different miRNA expressions involved in the initiation, development, progression, and metastasis rate of oral malignancy. Liquid biomarkers can play a crucial role in the development of the concept of personalized medicine, providing a wide range of clinical applications and future targeted therapies.

Liquid Biopsy in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Non-Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Currently, sensitive and specific methods for the detection and prognosis of early stage PCa are lacking. To establish the diagnosis and further identify an appropriate treatment strategy, prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test followed by tissue biopsy have to be performed. The combination of tests is justified by the lack of a highly sensitive, specific, and safe single test. Tissue biopsy is specific but invasive and may have severe side effects, and therefore is inappropriate for screening of the disease. At the same time, the PSA blood test, which is conventionally used for PCa screening, has low specificity and may be elevated in the case of noncancerous prostate tumors and inflammatory conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Thus, diverse techniques of liquid biopsy have been investigated to supplement or replace the existing tests of prostate cancer early diagnosis and prognostics. Here, we provide a review on the advances in diagnosis and prognostics of non-metastatic prostate cancer by means of various biomarkers extracted via liquid biopsy, including circulating tumor cells, exosomal miRNAs, and circulating DNAs.

A comprehensive review on miR-153: Mechanistic and controversial roles of miR-153 in tumorigenicity of cancer cells

miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in cancer progression. Recently, miR-153 has been mainly well-known as a tumor suppressive miRNA modulating genes in proliferation, metastasis, EMT, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of a variety types of cancer. Mechanistic activity of miR-153 in tumorigenicity has not been fully reviewed. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review on the tumor suppressive activity of miR-153 as well as introducing the controversial role of miR-153 as an oncogenic miRNA in cancer. Furthermore, it summarizes all potential non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) and circular RNAs (CircRNAs) targeting and sponging miR-153. Understanding the critical role of miR-153 in cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of cancer cells, suggests miR-153 as a potential prognostic biomarker for detecting cancer as well as providing a novel treatment strategy to combat with several types of cancer.

The Expression of miR-205 in Prostate Carcinoma and the Relationship with Prognosis in Patients

Purpose. We aimed to investigate the changes of serum and cell exosome miR-205 levels in patients with prostate carcinoma and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods. Firstly, pronouncement of miR-205 in normal and prostate carcinoma tissues was analyzed by using UALCAN database. The relationship between miR-205 in tumor tissues and the pathological and clinical characteristics of patients with prostate carcinoma were analyzed. Consequently, 60 people with prostate carcinoma were collected to the Minhang Hospital from August 2016 to August 2021. Serum of patients in the two groups was collected, and RNA in serum exosomes was extracted, and qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR-205 mediated by serum exosomes. Meanwhile, the relationship among the clinical as well as pathological aspects and bodement of patients with prostate carcinoma and the pronouncement level of miR-205 mediated by exosome was compared. Next, assays like wound healing and CKK-8 were used to investigate the effects of miR-205 in exosomes extracted from prostate carcinoma on the augmentation and metastasis of prostate carcinoma. Results. The results showed that the pronouncement level of miR-205 in tissues with prostate carcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal prostate tissues. In addition, the pronouncement level of miR-205 in fluid exosome of people with prostate carcinoma and exosomes derived from the lines of prostate carcinoma was considerably less than that in serum exosomes of healthy patients and that of normal cell lines of prostate. The pronouncement level of miR-205 in fluid exosomes of people with prostate carcinoma was negatively associated with cancer phase, uncontrolled cell division in lymph nodes, distant metastasis, and PSA level at initial diagnosis. Analysis (multivariate and univariate) showed that miR-205 pronouncement was a sovereign threat cause for prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Additionally, the pronouncement and metastasis of prostate carcinoma can be restricted by the overexpression of miR-205. Conclusion. The pronouncement of miR-205 in liquid derived exosomes is correlated with the prediction of people with prostate carcinoma and may be a new marker for identification and cure of prostate carcinoma.

microRNA-26b inhibits growth and cellular invasion of ovarian cancer cells by targeting estrogen receptor α

The current study set out to elucidate the mechanism of miR-26b in OC cell proliferation and EMT via suppression of ERα. Initial findings illustrated that miR-26b was poorly expressed in OC tissues and cells. On the other hand, over-expression of miR-26b exerted a diminishing effect on SKOV3 cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, whereas silencing of miR-26b conferred an enhancing effect on CAOV3 cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT. Subsequently, with help from the TargetScan database, a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out to verify the targeting relation between miR-26b and ERα, which revealed that miR-26b could negatively modulate ERα. Furthermore, the in vivo experimentation illustrated that over-expression of miR-26b led to down-regulation of ERα and suppression OC tumor growth and EMT. Meanwhile, silencing of ERα inhibited OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT. In conclusion, our findings indicated that miR-26b inhibited OC cell proliferation and EMT via negative-modulation of ERα. This investigation may offer potential strategy for OC treatment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03222-2.

microRNA-206 Suppresses Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Growth and Invasion by Targeting Jumonji AT-Rich Interactive Domain 2

BACKGROUND

The current study set out to elucidate the specific role of microRNA (miR)-206 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell biological activities by negatively modulating jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 2 (JARID2).

METHODS

Firstly, human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and CCA cell lines were selected via the analysis of miR-206 and JARID2 expression patterns in CCA by qRT-PCR. Next, the target relation between miR-206 and JARID2 was predicted by Targetscan and validated using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Subsequently, CCK-8 method, colony formation assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and western blot analysis were performed to evaluate cancer cell development after the overexpression of miR-206 and/or JARID2, with levels of invasion-related proteins assessed. In addition, xenograft transplantation was also employed to confirm the role of miR-206 in vivo. Lastly, Ki-67 expression pattern was also quantified with immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

It was found that miR-206 was poorly expressed and JARID2 was highly expressed in CCA cell lines. Also, miR-206 overexpression brought about a suppressive effect on cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, miR-206 was observed to target JARID2. Meanwhile, JARID2 overexpression promoted cell growth, while simultaneous overexpression of miR-206 and JARID2 impeded malignant cancer progression, indicating that miR-206 overexpression inhibited cell progression via targeting JARID2. Finally, in vivo experimentation illustrated that miR-206 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and weight, and inhibited the expressions of JARID2 N-cadherin, vimentin, and Ki-67.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, our findings clarified that miR-206 inhibited CCA malignancy by negatively regulating JARID2.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Hyperlipidemia: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutical Application

Hyperlipidemia is a common metabolic disorder with high morbidity and mortality, which brings heavy burden on social. Understanding its pathogenesis and finding its potential therapeutic targets are the focus of current research in this field. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have proved that miRNAs play vital roles in regulating lipid metabolism and were considered as promising therapeutic targets for hyperlipidemia and related diseases. It is demonstrated that miR-191, miR-222, miR-224, miR-27a, miR-378a-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-483, and miR-520d-5p were closely associated with the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia. In this review, we provide brief overviews about advances in miRNAs in hyperlipidemia and its potential clinical application value.

Circular RNAs and Their Role in Exosomes

As a novel class of endogenous non-coding RNAs discovered in recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly conserved and stable covalently closed ring structures with no 5'-end cap or 3'-end poly(A) tail. CircRNAs are formed by reverse splicing, mainly by means of a noose structure or intron complementary pairing. Exosomes are tiny discoid vesicles with a diameter of 40-100 nm that are secreted by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes play an important role in cell-cell communication by carrying DNA, microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and circRNAs. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of circRNAs and exosomes, and further reveal the potential roles of exosomal circRNAs in different diseases, providing a scientific basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a wide variety of diseases.

Knockdown of circ_0067934 inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion via the miR‑1301‑3p/KIF23 axis

In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs/circs) have attracted significant attention due to their potentially important functions in a variety of human cancer types. circ_0067934 is a newly identified circRNA, the role of which in gastric cancer (GC) has yet to be reported, to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, the expression levels of circ_0067934, microRNA (miR)-1301-3p and kinesin family member 23 (KIF23) in GC cells were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and EdU staining. Wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion, respectively. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein expression levels of Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, MMP2, MMP9 and KIF23. The starBase database and luciferase reporter assays were used to predict and verify the binding between circ_0067934 and miR-1301-3p, as well as KIF23, in GC cells. The results demonstrated that circ_0067934 expression was upregulated in GC cells, and circ_0067934 silencing significantly inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, miR-1301-3p was regulated by circ_0067934, and miR-1301-3p overexpression suppressed GC cell migration, invasion and proliferation. miR-1301-3p was found to target KIF23, and KIF23 overexpression reversed the effects of circ_0067934 silencing and miR-1301-3p overexpression on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In conclusion, circ_0067934 may regulate the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells via the miR-1301-3p/KIF23 signaling axis, which may represent a novel therapeutic target for GC metastasis.

Modulation of miRISC-Mediated Gene Silencing in Eukaryotes

Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels in eukaryotic cells. Regulation at the post-transcriptional level is modulated by various trans-acting factors that bind to specific sequences in the messenger RNA (mRNA). The binding of different trans factors influences various aspects of the mRNA such as degradation rate, translation efficiency, splicing, localization, etc. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous ncRNAs that combine with the Argonaute to form the microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), which uses base-pair complementation to silence the target transcript. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) contribute to post-transcriptional control by influencing the mRNA stability and translation upon binding to cis-elements within the mRNA transcript. RBPs have been shown to impact gene expression through influencing the miRISC biogenesis, composition, or miRISC-mRNA target interaction. While there is clear evidence that those interactions between RBPs, miRNAs, miRISC and target mRNAs influence the efficiency of miRISC-mediated gene silencing, the exact mechanism for most of them remains unclear. This review summarizes our current knowledge on gene expression regulation through interactions of miRNAs and RBPs.

Small Molecule Screening Discovers Compounds that Reduce FMRpolyG Protein Aggregates and Splicing Defect Toxicity in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome

Expansion of CGG trinucleotide repeats in 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene is the causative mutation of neurological diseases such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), and ovarian disorder such as fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). CGG repeats containing FMR1 transcripts form the toxic ribonuclear aggregates, abrupt pre-mRNA splicing, and cause repeat-associated non-AUG translation, leading to the disease symptoms. Here, we utilized a small molecule library of ~ 250,000 members obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and implemented a shape-based screening approach to identify the candidate small molecules that mitigate toxic CGG RNA-mediated pathogenesis. The compounds obtained from screening were further assessed for their affinity and selectivity towards toxic CGG repeat RNA by employing fluorescence-binding experiment and isothermal calorimetry titration assay. Three candidate molecules B1, B4, and B11 showed high affinity and selectivity for expanded CGG repeats RNA. Further, NMR spectroscopy, gel mobility shift assay, CD spectroscopy, UV-thermal denaturation assay, and molecular docking affirmed their high affinity and selectivity for toxic CGG RNAs. Next, these lead compounds selectively improved the pre-mRNA alternative splicing defects with no perturbation in global splicing efficacy and simultaneously reduced the FMR1polyG protein aggregate formation without affecting the downstream expression of the gene. Taken together these findings, we addressed compound B1, B4, and B11 as potential lead molecules for developing promising therapeutics against FXTAS. Herein, this study, we have utilized shape similarity approach to screen the NCI library and found out the potential candidate which improves the pre-mRNA splicing defects and reduces FMR1polyG aggregations.

miR-130b Expression Level Changes Promote Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation But Inhibit its Apoptosis by Targeting CDKN1A Gene

Background: Dysregulation of miR-130b expression is associated with the development of different cancers. However, the description of the biological roles of miR-130b in the growth and survival of cervical cancer cells is limited.

Methods: The miR-130b levels in cervical cancer cells during different stages of growth were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The methylation level of DNA sequences upstream of the miR-130b gene was measured using an SYBR Green-based quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescence report assays were used to identify the miR-130b-targeted gene. Cell counting kit-8 and comet assays were used to determine cell viability and DNA damage levels in cells, respectively. EdU Apopllo488 in vitro Flow Cytometry kit, propidium iodide staining, anti-γ-H2AX antibody staining, and Annexin-V apoptosis kit were subsequently used to determine DNA synthesis rates, cell cycle distribution, count of DNA double-strand breaks, and levels of apoptotic cells.

Results: miR-130b levels increased at exponential phases of the growth of cervical cancer cells but reduced at stationary phases. The methylation of a prominent CpG island near the transcript start site suppressed the miR-130b gene expression. MiR-130b increased cell viability, promoted both DNA synthesis and G1 to S phase transition of the cells at exponential phases, but reduced cell viability accompanied by accumulations of DNA breaks and augmentations in apoptosis rates of the cells in stationary phases by targeting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A mRNA.

Conclusion: miR-130b promoted the growth of cervical cancer cells during the exponential phase, whereas it impaired the survival of cells during stationary phases.

The Connection between MicroRNAs and Oral Cancer Pathogenesis: Emerging Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Management

Oral cancer is a common human malignancy that still maintains an elevated mortality rate despite scientific progress. Tumorigenesis is driven by altered gene expression patterns of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. MicroRNAs, a class of short non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, seem to play important roles in oral cancer development, progression, and tumor microenvironment modulation. As properties of microRNAs render them stable in diverse liquid biopsies, together with their differential expression signature in cancer cells, these features place microRNAs at the top of promising biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic values. In this review, we highlight eight expression levels and functions of the most relevant microRNAs involved in oral cancer development, progression, and microenvironment sustainability. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential of using these small RNA species as non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection of oral cancerous lesions. Conclusively, we highlight the perspectives and limitations of microRNAs as novel diagnostic tools, as well as therapeutic models.

FOXO3a and Its Regulators in Prostate Cancer

Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) is a member of a subfamily of forkhead transcription factors involved in the basic processes within a cell, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage. As a transcription factor, FOXO3a is involved in the response to cellular stress, UV radiation, or oxidative stress. Its regulation is based on the modification of proteins as well as regulation by other proteins, e.g., growth factors. FOXO3a is commonly deregulated in cancer cells, and its inactivation is associated with initiation and progression of tumorigenesis, suggesting its role as a tumor suppressor; however, its role is still disputed and seems to be dependent on upstream signaling. Nevertheless, FOXO3a serves as an interesting potential target in therapies as it is regulated during treatment with very common anti-cancer drugs such as paclitaxel, cisplatin, docetaxel, and doxorubicin. This review aims to update the reported role of FOXO3a in prostate cancer (PCa), with a focus on its regulators that might serve as potential therapeutic agents in PCa therapy.

Development of purified glycogen derivatives as siRNA nanovectors

Purified Glycogen (PG) is a highly hyper branched carbohydrate, characterized by high water solubility and very moderate increase in viscosity. The dendrimeric structure of PG, appropriately functionalized, makes it an alternative to current synthetic gene delivery agents. The present study explores the preparation of purified glycogen polycationic derivatives (PGPDs), developed and characterized starting from a single step reaction between PG and N,N-dialkylamino alkyl halides. Subsequently PGPDs were used for the complexation of a model siRNA nucleic acid, a transfection reagent siRNA and a fluorescein-labelled dsRNA oligomer. PGPDs-siRNA complexes were fully characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and their efficacy was assessed by both confocal microscopy and transfection assays on breast and renal cancer cells. Results proved that PGPDs-siRNA complexes were efficient and not cytotoxic, maintaining their spherical and dendrimeric structure and, particularly, were able to effectively transfect the target cells by releasing the siRNA.

MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is the major cause of gynecologic cancer-related mortality. Regardless of outstanding advances, which have been made for improving the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of ovarian cancer, the majority of the patients will die of the disease. Late-stage diagnosis and the occurrence of recurrent cancer after treatment are the most important causes of the high mortality rate observed in ovarian cancer patients. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer may help find new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, mostly at the posttranscriptional stage, through binding to mRNA targets and inducing translational repression or degradation of target via the RNA-induced silencing complex. Over the last two decades, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various human cancers, including ovarian cancer, has been documented in multiple studies. Consequently, these small RNAs could be considered as reliable markers for prognosis and early diagnosis. Furthermore, given the function of miRNAs in various cellular pathways, including cell survival and differentiation, targeting miRNAs could be an interesting approach for the treatment of human cancers. Here, we review our current understanding of the most updated role of the important dysregulation of miRNAs and their roles in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, we meticulously discuss the significance of miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic markers. Lastly, we mention the opportunities and the efforts made for targeting ovarian cancer through inhibition and/or stimulation of the miRNAs.

Role of Circulating miRNAs in Therapeutic Response in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Revision

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, mostly due to nonspecific symptoms and a lack of screening tests, which, taken together, contribute to delayed diagnosis and treatment. The current clinical biomarker is serum CA-125, which allows the identification of most advanced primary and relapsed disease and correlates with disease burden; however, as well highlighted in the literature, CA-125 often lacks sensitivity and specificity, and is not helpful in monitoring chemotherapeutic response or in predicting the risk of relapse. Given that, the identification of novel biomarkers able to foster more precise medical approaches and the personalization of patient management represents an unmet clinical requirement. In this context, circulating miRNAs may represent an interesting opportunity as they can be easily detected in all biological fluids. This is particularly relevant when looking for non-invasive approaches that can be repeated over time, with no pain and stress for the oncological patient. Given that, the present review aims to describe the circulating miRNAs currently identified as associated with therapeutic treatments in OC and presents a complete overview of the available evidence.

Circulating exosomal miRNAs and cancer early diagnosis

Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs), which can affect recognition of homologous sequences and interfere with transcription. It plays key roles in the initiation, development, resistance, metastasis or recurrence of cancers. Identifying circulatory indicators will positively improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients with early cancer. Previous studies have shown that miRNA is highly involved in cancer. In addition, miRNA derived from cancers can be encapsulated as exosomes and further extracted into circulatory systems to realize malignant functions. It indicates that circulating exosome-derived miRNAs have the potential to replace conventional biomarkers as cancer derived exosomes carrying miRNAs can be identified by specific markers and might be more stable and accurate for early diagnosis.

Hsa-miR-599 inhibits breast cancer progression via BRD4/Jagged1/Notch1 axis

Hsa-miR-599 was identified as a tumor suppressor against cancer. This study aimed to explore possible mechanisms of antitumor effect of hsa-miR-599 against breast cancer. Tissue specimens were collected from 106 breast cancer cases, and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was cultured for in vitro experiments. The expression pattern of hsa-miR-599 was measured via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent was used for cell transfection. Cell viability, motility and apoptosis were detected using MTT assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometer, respectively. Protein analysis was performed via western blot. Hsa-miR-599 expression was decreased in breast cancer tissues and cells. Moreover, its expression was negatively correlated with TNM stage (p = 0.004) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001). Enhanced hsa-miR-599 expression in breast cancer cells could induce the inhibition against cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and strengthen cell apoptosis. BRD4 might be a target of hsa-miR-599. Hsa-miR-599 combined with BRD4 inhibited breast cancer progression through targeting Jagged1/Notch1 pathway. Hsa-miR-599 expression is downregulated in breast cancer. Hsa-miR-599 may inactivate BRD4/Jagged1/Notch1 axis, thus suppressing malignant progression of breast cancer.

TLRs Play Crucial Roles in Regulating RA Synoviocyte

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease comparing the inflammation of synovium. Macrophage-like synoviocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (synoviocytes) are crucial ingredients of synovium. Therein, a lot of research has focused on synoviocytes. Researches demonstrated that TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 TLR7 and TLR9 are expressed in synoviocyte. Additionally, the expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 is increased in RA synoviocyte. In this paper, we review the exact role of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 participate in regulating the production of inflammatory factors in RA synoviocyte. Furthermore, we discuss the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), MicroRNA, Monome of Chinese herb and other cells (Monocyte and T cell) influence the function of synoviocyte by regulating TLRs. The activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in synoviocyte leads to the aggravation of arthritis, comparing with angiogenesis and bone destruction. Above all, TLRs are promising targets for managing RA.

Silencing of the long noncoding RNA LINC01132 alleviates the oncogenicity of epithelial ovarian cancer by regulating the microRNA‑431‑5p/SOX9 axis

To date, the role of lncRNA long intergenic non‑protein‑coding RNA 1132 (LINC01132) expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has not been explored. Thus, LINC01132 expression in EOC was assessed and the regulatory activity of LINC01132 on the malignant behaviours of EOC cells was investigated. Additionally, the molecular events that occurred downstream of LINC01132 in EOC cells were also revealed. In the present study, LINC01132 expression in EOC was verified by employing RT‑qPCR. The effects of LINC01132 on the aggressive behaviours of EOC cells were revealed utilizing multiple functional experiments. The targeting interaction among LINC01132, microRNA‑431‑5p (miR‑431‑5p) and SRY‑box 9 (SOX9) was demonstrated by RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay. Herein, LINC01132 was overexpressed in EOC and was significantly associated with poor patient prognosis. Functionally, cell experiments revealed that LINC01132 depletion produced cancer‑suppressive effects in EOC cells and regulated cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, the loss of LINC01132 attenuated tumour growth in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC01132 acted as a competing endogenous RNA by sequestering miR‑431‑5p and consequently overexpressing SOX9 in EOC cells, forming a LINC01132/miR‑431‑5p/SOX9 axis. In rescue experiments, miR‑431‑5p inhibition or SOX9 reintroduction eliminated the anti‑tumour effects of LINC01132 silencing on the pathological behaviours of EOC cells. Generally, LINC01132 exhibited oncogenic activities in EOC cells by regulating the outcome of the miR‑431‑5p/SOX9 axis, providing an effective target for EOC diagnosis, therapy and prognosis evaluation.

CircRNA Hsa_circ_0001017 Inhibited Gastric Cancer Progression via Acting as a Sponge of miR-197

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common digestive system diseases and yet lacks effective therapeutic regimen.

AIMS

The aim of our present research was to probe the value of hsa_circ_0001017 in GC treatment.

METHODS

qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to detect gene and protein expressions, respectively. CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay were used to ensure the proliferation of GC cell lines. Transwell assay was performed to measure the migration and invasion of GC cell lines. The relationship between hsa_circ_0001017 and miR-197 and that between miR-197 and RHOB 3'-UTR were ensured using the luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Decreased hsa_circ_0001017 was discovered in GC, and upregulation of hsa_circ_0001017 notably repressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cell lines. We further certificated that hsa_circ_0001017 served as miR-197 sponge and suppressed the expression of miR-197. Moreover, hsa_circ_0001017 upregulation meaningfully accelerated RHOB expression in both gene and protein levels, and RHOB was a downstream target of miR-197. Overexpression of miR-197 could markedly restrain hsa_circ_0001017-induced RHOB increasing and stifle inhibition of hsa_circ_0001017 to the malignant phenotype of GC cell lines. Next, our results further confirmed that hsa_circ_0001017 increasing notably inhibited tumor growth, impeded miR-197 production, while it enhanced the expression of RHOB in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Our data demonstrated that upregulation of hsa_circ_0001017 could notably muffle the proliferation as well as the metastasis of GC cell lines and impede the formation of GC tumor via targeting to miR-197/RHOB signaling pathway. Our results evidenced that hsa_circ_0001017 may act as a rising biomarker for GC treatment.

MicroRNAs' role in the environment-related non-communicable diseases and link to multidrug resistance, regulation, or alteration

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) 20 years ago has advocated a new era of "small molecular genetics." About 2000 miRNAs are present that regulate one third of the genome. MiRNA dysregulated expression arising as a response to our environment insult or stress or changes may contribute to several diseases, namely non-communicable diseases, including tumor growth. Their presence in body fluids, reflecting level alteration in various cancers, merit circulating miRNAs as the "next-generation biomarkers" for early-stage tumor diagnosis and/or prognosis. Herein, we performed a comprehensive literature search focusing on the origin, biosynthesis, and role of miRNAs and summarized the foremost studies centering on miR value as non-invasive biomarkers in different environment-related non-communicable diseases, including various cancer types. Moreover, during chemotherapy, many miRNAs were linked to multidrug resistance, via modulating numerous, environment triggered or not, biological processes and/or pathways that will be highlighted as well.

Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Activation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts and Facilitate Invasion and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer by Carrying miR-630

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecological malignancy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial media in cell-to-cell communication by carrying microRNAs (miRs). The current study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of miR-630 carried by OC cell-derived EVs in regard to invasion and metastasis of OC cells. miRs related to OC metastasis were searched and screened. The expression patterns of screened miRs in human normal fibroblasts (NFs) and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were detected using RT-qPCR. miR-630 related to OC metastasis and CAFs activation was analyzed further. The levels of FAP and α-SMA were detected using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The migration of NFs was measured using Transwell assay. OC cell-derived EVs were isolated and identified. Uptake of EVs by NFs was observed using immunofluorescence staining. The culture supernatant of NFs was collected and used to culture the low metastasis cell line OVCAR8. The migration and invasion of OC cells and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) were measured. Moreover, a xenograft model was established by injecting OVCAR8 cells of different groups into nude mice. Lastly, the effect of EV-pretreated NFs on invasion and metastasis of OC cells was observed in vivo. miR-630 was upregulated in OC cells and CAFs, and further associated with CAF activation and OC metastasis. miR-630 overexpression increased the levels of FAP and α-SMA in NFs, resulting in the transformation of NFs into CAFs. EVs carried miR-630 into NFs and EVs promoted CAF activation. miR-630 targeted KLF6. miR-630 inhibition or KLF6 overexpression attenuated EVs-induced CAF activation. EVs activated the NF-κB pathway via the miR-630/KLF6 axis. The conditioned medium of NFs pretreated with EVs promoted the invasion and metastasis of OVCAR8 cells, while downregulating miR-630 in EVs partially inhibited the promotive effect of NFs. EV-pretreated NFs promoted invasion and metastasis of OC in vivo. In conclusion, EVs carried miR-630 into NFs, thereby facilitating CAF activation and promoting invasion and metastasis of OC by inhibiting KLF6 and activating the NF-κB pathway. Our findings might offer a novel mechanism of invasion and metastasis of OC from the perspective of tumor microenvironment.

Correlation of microRNA-367 in the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of breast cancer patients

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant tumor originating from cells of the breast. Notably, microRNAs have been recognized as biomarkers of BC metastasis. The present study is designed to evaluate the association between microRNA (miR)-367 expression and BC with the variance of clinicopathologic features and prognosis.Initially, 63 BC patients were allocated in the BC group, while the other 40 healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. miR-367 expression in the serum of patients and healthy controls was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the relation between miR-367 in serum and clinicopathologic features and prognosis of BC patients was accessed.miR-367 expression in serum of the BC group was evidently lower than that in the control group (all P < .001). Besides, miR-367 underexpression in the BC group was closely associated with the variance in tumor nodes metastasis advanced stage, tumor diameter, and lymph node metastasis of BC (all P < .001). In addition, compared with the control group, poorly expressed miR-367 BC group had short period of disease-free survival and overall survival (all P < .001).Our study demonstrated that miR-367 expression is associated with BC clinicopathologic features and prognosis. This investigation may offer new insight for BC treatment.

lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 reverses the effect of sevoflurane on hepatocellular carcinoma progression via regulating the miR-29a-3p/CBX3 axis

Sevoflurane (SEVO) is widely applied as an anesthetic, which exerts antitumor capacity in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies indicated that long non-coding RNA KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) was upregulated, while microRNA-29a-3p (miR-29a-3p) was downregulated in HCC. Thus, we aimed to explore the roles of KCNQ1OT1 and miR-29a-3p in HCC cells exposed to SEVO. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. The levels of genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Furthermore, the interaction between miR-29a-3p and KCNQ1OT1 or chromebox protein homolog 3 (CBX3) was predicted by Starbase or Targetscan, and then confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. We found that the levels of KCNQ1OT1 and CBX3 were decreased, while miR-29a-3p was increased in SEVO-treated HCC cells. KCNQ1OT1 overexpression weakened the inhibitory effects of SEVO on HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Interestingly, KCNQ1OT1 bound to miR-29a-3p, and miR-29a-3p targeted CBX3. KCNQ1OT1 upregulated CBX3 level by repressing miR-29a-3p expression. Furthermore, KCNQ1OT1 exerted tumor promotion in HCC cells via suppressing miR-29a-3p to regulate CBX3 expression. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that KCNQ1OT1 regulated the antitumor effects of SEVO on HCC cells through modulating the miR-29a-3p/CBX3 axis, providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of HCC.

Hypoxia-Induced MALAT1 Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells by Sponging MiR-3064-5p

Hypoxia, a common process during tumor growth, can lead to tumor aggressiveness and is tightly associated with poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are long ribonucleotides (>200 bases) with limited ability to translate proteins, and are known to affect many aspects of cellular function. One of their regulatory mechanisms is to function as a sponge for microRNA (miRNA) to modulate its biological functions. Previously, MALAT1 was identified as a hypoxia-induced lncRNA. However, the regulatory mechanism and functions of MALAT1 in breast cancer are still unclear. Therefore, we explored whether MALAT1 can regulate the functions of breast cancer cells through miRNAs. Our results showed the expression levels of MALAT1 were significantly up-regulated under hypoxia and regulated by HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Next, in contrast to previous reports, nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that MALAT1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the labeling of MALAT1 as a nuclear marker should be done with the caveat. Furthermore, expression levels of miRNAs and RNA immunoprecipitation using antibody against AGO2 showed that MALAT1 functioned as a sponge of miRNA miR-3064-5p. Lastly, functional assays revealed that MALAT1 could promote cellular migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Our findings provide evidence that hypoxia-responsive long non-coding MALAT1 could be transcriptionally activated by HIF-1α and HIF-2α, act as a miRNA sponge of miR-3064-5p, and promote tumor growth and migration in breast cancer cells. These data suggest that MALAT1 may be a candidate for therapeutic targeting of breast cancer progression.

Mechanism of MicroRNA-375 Promoter Methylation in Promoting Ovarian Cancer Cell Malignancy

Objective:

Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks one of the most prevalent fatal tumors of female genital organs. Aberrant promoter methylation triggers changes of microRNA (miR)-375 in OC. Our study aimed to evaluate the mechanism of methylated miR-375 promoter region in OC cell malignancy and to seek the possible treatment for OC.

Methods:

miR-375 promoter methylation level in OC tissues and cells was detected. miR-375 expression in OC tissues and cell lines was compared with that in demethylated cells. Role of miR-375 in OC progression was measured. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was utilized to verify the targeting relationship between miR-375 and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Then, Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related protein expression was tested. Moreover, xenograft transplantation was applied to confirm the in vitro experiments.

Results:

Highly methylated miR-375 was seen in OC tissues and cell lines, while its expression was decreased as the promoter methylation increased. Demethylation in OC cells brought miR-375 back to normal level, with obviously declined cell invasion, migration and viability and improved apoptosis. Additionally, miR-375 targeted YAP1 to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway protein expression. Overexpressed YAP1 reversed the protein expression, promoted cell invasion, migration and viability while reduced cell apoptosis. Overexpressed miR-375 in vivo inhibited OC progression.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrated that demethylated miR-375 inhibited OC growth by targeting YAP1 and downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This investigation may offer novel insight for OC treatment.

The Anticancer Effects of Flavonoids through miRNAs Modulations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence rate has regularly risen over the last decades and is expected to increase in the future. Finding novel treatment options with minimum or no toxicity is of great importance in treating or preventing TNBC. Flavonoids are new attractive molecules that might fulfill this promising therapeutic option. Flavonoids have shown many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition to their anticancer effects by arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, flavonoids can modulate non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) function. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies indicate the possible therapeutic potential of these compounds. Flavonoids display a unique ability to change miRNAs' levels via different mechanisms, either by suppressing oncogenic miRNAs or activating oncosuppressor miRNAs or affecting transcriptional, epigenetic miRNA processing in TNBC. Flavonoids are not only involved in the regulation of miRNA-mediated cancer initiation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also control miRNAs-mediated biological processes that significantly impact TNBC, such as cell cycle, immune system, mitochondrial dysregulation, modulating signaling pathways, inflammation, and angiogenesis. In this review, we highlighted the role of miRNAs in TNBC cancer progression and the effect of flavonoids on miRNA regulation, emphasizing their anticipated role in the prevention and treatment of TNBC.

Clusterin and Its Potential Regulatory microRNAs as a Part of Secretome for the Diagnosis of Abnormally Invasive Placenta: Accreta, Increta, and Percreta Cases

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound methods used for the diagnosis of an abnormally invasive placenta (AIP) have a wide range of sensitivity (Se, 33–93%) and specificity (Sp, 71–100%) levels, which results in a high risk of unfavorable maternal and perinatal outcomes. The relevance of optimizing the diagnosis of AIP is beyond doubt. Given the epigenetic nature of trophoblast invasion, we aimed to quantitate microRNAs and proteins of their target genes that are potentially associated with AIP in blood plasma samples from 64 pregnant women at gestation weeks 30–34 by reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the expression levels of hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, and hsa-miR-320a-3p were revealed in the groups of women with AIP (accreta, increta, percreta) relative to the group of women with scars on the uterus or to the group with placenta previa. Opposite changes in the expression level of “gene–target protein/miRNA” pairs were found for the α-subunit of the clusterin secretory form and any of the hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-320a-3p, and hsa-miR-17-5p in all cases of AIP. The developed logistic regression models to diagnose AIP cases of various severity gave Se values of 88.8–100% and Sp values of 91.6–100% using a combination of hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-320a-3p, or clusterin levels.

MicroRNA profiling identifies Forkhead box transcription factor M1 (FOXM1) regulated miR-186 and miR-200b alterations in triple negative breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the tumorigenesis, metastasis and progression of BC. Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) oncogenic transcription factor is involved in events considered as hallmarks of cancer. However, the specific mechanism by which FOXM1 exerts its oncogenic effects remains unclear and little is known about its effects on the regulation of miRNA expression. We have found that FOXM1 is upregulated in breast cancer cells and that its expression is associated with shortened overall survival and poor prognosis in patients with BC. Using microarray technology, we assessed the expression profiles of 752 miRNAs in highly aggressive and metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in response to FOXM1 knockdown and identified 13 differentialy expressed miRNAs (3 miRNAs upregulated and 10 miRNAs down-regulated). We validated the results of the miRNA expression profile in two different TNBC cells by performing qRT-PCR and identified that miR-186-5p and miR-200b-5p were consistently down- or up-regulated, respectively, after knockdown of FOXM1. We further performed KEGG pathway analysis and GO enrichment analysis for miR-186-5p and miR-200b-5p, and identified that these miRNAs are associated with cancer development and progression involving toll-like receptor signaling, cell cycle, AMPK, p53 and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that increased FOXM1 expression is associated with poor patient survival and leads to induction of oncomiR miR-186-5p expression and tumor-suppressor inhibition miR-200b-5p, suggesting that the FOXM1/miRNA signaling pathway may contribute to poor patient prognosis and may be a potential therapeutic target in TNBC.