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Sensing Methods for Hazardous Phenolic Compounds Based on Graphene and Conducting Polymers-Based Materials. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for years that the phenolic compounds are able to exert harmful effects toward living organisms including humans due to their high toxicity. Living organisms were exposed to these phenolic compounds as they were released into the environment as waste products from several fast-growing industries. In this regard, tremendous efforts have been made by researchers to develop sensing methods for the detection of these phenolic compounds. Graphene and conducting polymers-based materials have arisen as a high potential sensing layer to improve the performance of the developed sensors. Henceforth, this paper reviews the existing investigations on graphene and conducting polymer-based materials incorporated with various sensors that aimed to detect hazardous phenolic compounds, i.e., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4-dimethylphenol. The whole picture and up-to-date information on the graphene and conducting polymers-based sensors are arranged in systematic chronological order to provide a clearer insight in this research area. The future perspectives of this study are also included, and the development of sensing methods for hazardous phenolic compounds using graphene and conducting polymers-based materials is expected to grow more in the future.
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Cerrato-Alvarez M, Bernalte E, Bernalte-García MJ, Pinilla-Gil E. Fast and direct amperometric analysis of polyphenols in beers using tyrosinase-modified screen-printed gold nanoparticles biosensors. Talanta 2018; 193:93-99. [PMID: 30368304 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work it is explored a real applicability of miniaturised and portable biosensing technology for the estimation of total phenolic content in 15 different commercial beers by applying direct amperometry. Gold nanoparticles screen-printed electrodes were thoroughly modified with tyrosinase (Tyr-AuNPS-SPCEs), which was immobilised on the surface by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. All chemical and instrumental variables involved in the electrochemical method were optimised to develop a reliable and powerful tool to estimate rapidly the content of phenolic compounds in complex beer samples. Catechol, phenol, caffeic acid and tyrosol were analysed individually using the proposed methodology and good analytical and kinetic performances were obtained. Total phenolic content in tested beers (high fermented, low fermented and non-alcoholic) were expressed as mg L-1 of tyrosol, which is one of the major phenolic compound reported in beer. Moreover, the developed amperometric methodology was successfully benchmarked against standardised Folin-Ciocalteau spectrophotometric method with a good Pearson correlation (r = 0.821, p < 0.01). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was also applied on electrochemical results and a good capability to group tested beers based on their tyrosol concentration was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cerrato-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - María Josefa Bernalte-García
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pinilla-Gil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Tomassetti M, Spuri Capesciotti G, Angeloni R, Martini E, Campanella L. Bioethanol in Biofuels Checked by an Amperometric Organic Phase Enzyme Electrode (OPEE) Working in "Substrate Antagonism" Format. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1355. [PMID: 27571076 PMCID: PMC5038633 DOI: 10.3390/s16091355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bioethanol content of two samples of biofuels was determined directly, after simple dilution in decane, by means of an amperometric catalase enzyme biosensor working in the organic phase, based on substrate antagonisms format. The results were good from the point of view of accuracy, and satisfactory for what concerns the recovery test by the standard addition method. Limit of detection (LOD) was on the order of 2.5 × 10(-5) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tomassetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | | | - Riccardo Angeloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Martini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Luigi Campanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
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Rodríguez-Sevilla E, Ramírez-Silva MT, Romero-Romo M, Ibarra-Escutia P, Palomar-Pardavé M. Electrochemical quantification of the antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants using biosensors. SENSORS 2014; 14:14423-39. [PMID: 25111237 PMCID: PMC4179004 DOI: 10.3390/s140814423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The working area of a screen-printed electrode, SPE, was modified with the enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) using different immobilization methods, namely entrapment with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cross-linking using glutaraldehyde (GA), and cross-linking using GA and human serum albumin (HSA); the resulting electrodes were termed SPE/Tyr/PVA, SPE/Tyr/GA and SPE/Tyr/HSA/GA, respectively. These biosensors were characterized by means of amperometry and EIS techniques. From amperometric evaluations, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km′, of each biosensor was evaluated while the respective charge transfer resistance, Rct, was assessed from impedance measurements. It was found that the SPE/Tyr/GA had the smallest Km′ (57 ± 7) μM and Rct values. This electrode also displayed both the lowest detection and quantification limits for catechol quantification. Using the SPE/Tyr/GA, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was determined from infusions prepared with “mirto” (Salvia microphylla), “hHierba dulce” (Lippia dulcis) and “salve real” (Lippia alba), medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Área de Química Analítica, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Del. Iztapalapa, México D.F., C.P. 09340, Mexico.
| | - María-Teresa Ramírez-Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Área de Química Analítica, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Del. Iztapalapa, México D.F., C.P. 09340, Mexico.
| | - Mario Romero-Romo
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Área Ingeniería de Materiales, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Del. Azcapotzalco, México, D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Ibarra-Escutia
- SEP-Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Av, Tecnológico S/N. Fraccionamiento La Virgen, Metepec, Edo de México, C.P. 52149, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Palomar-Pardavé
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Área Ingeniería de Materiales, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Del. Azcapotzalco, México, D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico.
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Donato L, Algieri C, Rizzi A, Giorno L. Kinetic study of tyrosinase immobilized on polymeric membrane. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Chen H, Li S, Wang S, Tan Y, Kan J. A New Catechol Biosensor Immobilized Polyphenol Oxidase by Combining Electropolymerization and Cross-Linking Process. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2012.761629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arslan H, Arslan F. Preparation of a polypyrrole-polyvinylsulphonate composite film biosensor for determination of phenol based on entrapment of polyphenol oxidase. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 39:341-345. [PMID: 21899484 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2011.585616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, a novel amperometric phenol biosensor with immobilization of polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase) on electrochemically polymerized polypyrrole-polyvinylsulphonate (PPy-PVS) film has been accomplished via the entrapment technique on the surface of a platinum electrode. The amperometric determination is based on the electrochemical reduction of quinon generated in the enzymatic reaction of phenol. The effects of pH and temperature were investigated and optimum parameters were found to be 8.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The linear working range of the electrode was 1.0 × 10(-7) - 5.0 × 10(-6) M. The storage stability and operation stability of the enzyme electrode were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Alarcón G, Guix M, Ambrosi A, Ramirez Silva MT, Palomar Pardave ME, Merkoçi A. Stable and sensitive flow-through monitoring of phenol using a carbon nanotube based screen printed biosensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:245502. [PMID: 20498520 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/24/245502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A stable and sensitive biosensor for phenol detection based on a screen printed electrode modified with tyrosinase, multiwall carbon nanotubes and glutaraldehyde is designed and applied in a flow injection analytical system. The proposed carbon nanotube matrix is easy to prepare and ensures a very good entrapment environment for the enzyme, being simpler and cheaper than other reported strategies. In addition, the proposed matrix allows for a very fast operation of the enzyme, that leads to a response time of 15 s. Several parameters such as the working potential, pH of the measuring solution, biosensor response time, detection limit, linear range of response and sensitivity are studied. The obtained detection limit for phenol was 0.14 x 10(-6) M. The biosensor keeps its activity during continuous FIA measurements at room temperature, showing a stable response (RSD 5%) within a two week working period at room temperature. The developed biosensor is being applied for phenol detection in seawater samples and seems to be a promising alternative for automatic control of seawater contamination. The developed detection system can be extended to other enzyme biosensors with interest for several other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alarcón
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Tan Y, Guo X, Zhang J, Kan J. Amperometric catechol biosensor based on polyaniline–polyphenol oxidase. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1681-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sánchez-Paniagua López M, Tamimi F, López-Cabarcos E, López-Ruiz B. Highly sensitive amperometric biosensor based on a biocompatible calcium phosphate cement. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2574-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Topcu Sulak M, Erhan E, Keskinler B. Amperometric Phenol Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Entrapped PVF and PPy Composite Film Coated GC Electrode. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:856-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Yildiz HB, Sahmetlioglu E, Boyukbayram AE, Toppare L, Yagci Y. Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase in conducting copolymers of thiophene functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) with pyrrole. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:332-7. [PMID: 17555810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase is achieved in the copolymer of pyrrole with vinyl alcohol with thiophene side groups (PVATh-co-PPy) which is a newly synthesized conducting polymer. PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase and PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrodes are constructed by the entrapment of enzyme in conducting copolymer matrix during electrochemical copolymerization. For tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase enzymes, catechol and ethanol are used as the substrates, respectively. Kinetic parameters: maximum reaction rates (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) are obtained. V(max) and K(m) are found as 2.75 micromol/(minelectrode) and 18 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase electrode and as 0.0091micromol/(minelectrode) and 40 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrode. Maximum temperature and pH values are investigated and found that both electrodes have a wide working range with respect to both temperature and pH. Operational and storage stabilities show that although they have limited storage stabilities, the enzyme electrodes are useful with respect to operational stabilities.
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Shan D, Zhu M, Han E, Xue H, Cosnier S. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles: a host matrix for the construction of highly sensitive amperometric phenol biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:648-54. [PMID: 17768039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We reported on the utilization of a novel attractive nanoscaled calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO(3))-polyphenol oxidase (PPO) biocomposite to create a highly responsive phenol biosensor. The phenol sensor could be easily achieved by casting the biocomposite on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via the cross-linking step by glutaraldehyde. The special three-dimensional structure, porous morphology, hydrophilic and biocompatible properties of the nano-CaCO(3) matrix resulted in high enzyme loading, and the enzyme entrapped in this matrix retained its activity to a large extent. The proposed PPO/nano-CaCO(3) exhibited dramatically developed analytical performance such as such as a broad determination range (6 x 10(-9) -2 x 10(-5)M), a short response time (less than 12 s), high sensitivity (474 mA M(-1)), subnanomolar detection limit (0.44 nM at a signal to noise ratio of 3) and good long-term stability (70% remained after 56 days). In addition, effects of pH value, applied potential, temperature and electrode construction were investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Environmental Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China.
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Campanella L, Lelo D, Martini E, Tomassetti M. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide analysis using an inhibition tyrosinase organic phase enzyme sensor; comparison by butyrylcholinesterase+choline oxidase opee and application to natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:22-32. [PMID: 17386749 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent research performed in our laboratory (using a butyrylcholinesterase+choline oxidase enzyme electrode) suggested the validity of the biosensor approach using enzyme inhibition OPEEs (i.e. enzyme electrodes working in organic phase) in the case of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, which are poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. Since these pesticides are generally much more soluble in chloroform than in water, the present research aimed at analysing this class of pesticides using a tyrosinase inhibition OPEE operating in water-saturated chloroform medium. The tyrosinase biosensor was assembled using an oxygen amperometric transducer coupled to the tyrosinase enzyme, immobilized in kappa-carrageenan gel. Lastly a detailed comparison between the inhibition monoenzymatic tyrosinase and inhibition bienzymatic (butyrylcholinesterase+choline oxidase) OPEEs was performed and discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Campanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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López MSP, López-Cabarcos E, López-Ruiz B. Organic phase enzyme electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:135-47. [PMID: 16730228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the development of biosensors, organic phase enzyme electrodes (OPEEs) have received considerable attention for the detection of substrates in organic media. This article reviews different enzymes, transductors and immobilization methods used for the preparation of OPEEs in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez-Paniagua López
- Departamento de Química-Física II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Biegunski AT, Michota A, Bukowska J, Jackowska K. Immobilization of tyrosinase on poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) evidenced by electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 69:41-8. [PMID: 16423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A conducting, polymeric film of poly(indole-5 carboxylic acid) has been prepared by electrochemical polymerization for covalent immobilization of an enzyme belonging to the family of phenoloxidases-tyrosinase. The polymer was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy in a buffer solution. As the polymer contains pendant carboxylic groups one-step carbodiimide method was used to immobilize tyrosinase on the polymer matrix. Immobilization of tyrosinase was confirmed by surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectra (SERRS) and by cyclic voltammetry as well. Tyrosinase was shown to retain its biological activity when being immobilized on the polymer surface. As proved by the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical (UV-VIS) experiments, tyrosinase covalently bonded to the polymer matrix effectively catalyzes oxidation of catechol. The reduction current of o-quinones was measured as a function of catechol concentration. The linear dependence was found to be 15 microM of catechol with sensitivity of 250 mA/M cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Biegunski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University 02-093 Warsaw, Pasteur 1, Poland
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Hervás Pérez JP, Sánchez-Paniagua López M, López-Cabarcos E, López-Ruiz B. Amperometric tyrosinase biosensor based on polyacrylamide microgels. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:429-39. [PMID: 16806888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric enzyme sensor using tyrosinase (PPO) entrapped in polyacrylamide microgels has been developed for determination of phenolic compounds. Polyacrylamide microgels were obtained by the concentrated emulsion polymerization method. The crosslinking of the polymer matrix optimum to retain the enzyme and to allow the diffusion of the compounds involved in the enzyme reaction has been studied (4.0%) as well as the influence on the response of analytical parameters such as pH, temperature, enzyme load and working potential. The useful lifetime of the biosensor was 27 days and it was useful to determine monophenolics compounds (e.g. cresol, chlorophenol) and diphenolics compounds (e.g. catechol and dopamine) by amperometric measurements at -100mV (versus SCE) in a batch system. The results showed that the substrate structures have a great influence on the sensor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hervás Pérez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Campanella L, Dragone R, Lelo D, Martini E, Tomassetti M. Tyrosinase inhibition organic phase biosensor for triazinic and benzotriazinic pesticide analysis (part two). Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:915-21. [PMID: 16328240 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several triazine pesticides, such as atrazine, are much more soluble in several organic solvents, such as chloroform, than in water. Our recent research was aimed at analyzing this class of pesticides using tyrosinase OPEE (organic phase enzyme electrodes), exploiting their inhibiting action on the tyrosinase enzyme when operating in water-saturated chloroform medium. In this work we studied the response of a tyrosinase inhibition enzyme sensor to several triazinic (simazine, propazine, terbuthylazine) and benzotriazinic (azinphos-ethyl and azinphos-methyl) pesticides (LOD=0.5x10(-9) mol l(-1)). Recovery trials were also performed in vegetal matrixes (corn, barley, lentils). Lastly, the effect of the solvent (chloroform or water) on the inhibition process was investigated via Hill's equation and the diffusion of analyte from the solvent to the enzyme membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Campanella
- Department of Chemistry, La Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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