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Fuchs S, Johansson S, Tjell AØ, Werr G, Mayr T, Tenje M. In-Line Analysis of Organ-on-Chip Systems with Sensors: Integration, Fabrication, Challenges, and Potential. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2926-2948. [PMID: 34133114 PMCID: PMC8278381 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip systems are promising new in vitro research tools in medical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. Their main benefit, compared to standard cell culture platforms, lies in the improved in vivo resemblance of the cell culture environment. A critical aspect of these systems is the ability to monitor both the cell culture conditions and biological responses of the cultured cells, such as proliferation and differentiation rates, release of signaling molecules, and metabolic activity. Today, this is mostly done using microscopy techniques and off-chip analytical techniques and assays. Integrating in situ analysis methods on-chip enables improved time resolution, continuous measurements, and a faster read-out; hence, more information can be obtained from the developed organ and disease models. Integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors have been developed and used for chemical analysis in lab-on-a-chip systems for many years, and recently some of these sensing principles have started to find use in organ-on-chip systems as well. This perspective review describes the basic sensing principles, sensor fabrication, and sensor integration in organ-on-chip systems. The review also presents the current state of the art of integrated sensors and discusses future potential. We bring a technological perspective, with the aim of introducing in-line sensing and its promise to advance organ-on-chip systems and the challenges that lie in the integration to researchers without expertise in sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fuchs
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Ø. Tjell
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Werr
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Tenje
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
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Fagali NS, Grillo CA, Puntarulo S, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele MA. Is there any difference in the biological impact of soluble and insoluble degradation products of iron-containing biomaterials? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:238-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bertuola M, Grillo C, Pissinis D, Prieto E, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M. Is the biocompatibility of copper with polymerized natural coating dependent on the potential selected for the electropolymerization process? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:673-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bertuola M, Grillo CA, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M. Reduction of copper ions release by a novel ecofriendly electropolymerized nanolayer obtained from a natural compound (carvacrol). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 313:262-271. [PMID: 27132073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of copper ions by copper-containing devices, equipments and facilities represents a potential risk for biological systems. Different inhibitory treatments (CuIT) that use organic compounds have been proposed to reduce this environmental hazard but many of them are not in accordance with new regulations. The development of an ecofriendly CuIT based on the use of carvacrol, a natural phenolic compound present in essential oils, is reported here. The effects of carvacrol adsorption (adCarv) and its electropolymerization (polyCarv) were examined. Electropolymerization was attained after cycling the copper electrode in the 0.3-1.0V potential range. Electrochemical techniques complemented by ATR-FTIR, XPS, SEM and AFM surface analyses were used to evaluate the composition and characteristics of the layers. Results demonstrated that adCarv includes cetonic structures while polyCarv additionally contains ether bonds. AFM and SEM observations showed the presence of round nanoglobules, larger for adCarv (close to 50nm diameter). Cytotoxicity of adCarv and polyCarv layers on copper was also evaluated. The comparative analysis of both treatments revealed that polyCarv nanolayer is highly protective while the adCarv layer is weakly protective and reduction in cell viability was found. It was concluded that CuIT that leads to polyCarv nanolayer is very effective and ecofriendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bertuola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - C A Grillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Fernández Lorenzo de Mele
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 1, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Grillo CA, Alvarez F, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele MA. Degradation of bioabsorbable Mg-based alloys: Assessment of the effects of insoluble corrosion products and joint effects of alloying components on mammalian cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:372-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cytotoxicity of corrosion products of degradable Fe-based stents: relevance of pH and insoluble products. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:480-488. [PMID: 25797480 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fe-based biodegradable metallic materials (Fe-BMMs) have been proposed for cardiovascular applications and are expected to disappear via corrosion after an appropriate period. However, in vivo studies showed that Fe ions release leads to accumulation of orange and brownish insoluble products at the biomaterial/cell interface. As an additional consequence, sharp changes in pH may affect the biocompatibility of these materials. In the present work, the experimental protocols were designed with the aim of evaluating the relative importance that these factors have on biocompatibility evaluation of BMMs. Mitochondrial activity (MTT assay) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay on mammalian cells, exposed to 1-5 mM of added Fe3+ salt, were assessed and compared with results linked exclusively to pH effects. Soluble Fe concentration in culture medium and intracellular Fe content were also determined. The results showed that: (i) mitochondrial activity was affected by pH changes over the entire range of concentrations of added Fe3+ assayed, (ii) at the highest added Fe3+ concentrations (≥3 mM), precipitation was detected and the cells were able to incorporate the precipitate, that seems to be linked to cell damage, (iii) the extent of precipitation depends on the Fe/protein concentration ratio; and (iv) lipid peroxidation products were detected over the entire range of concentrations of added Fe3+. Hence, a new approach opens in the biocompatibility evaluation of Fe-based BMMs, since the cytotoxicity would not be solely a function of released (and soluble) ions but of the insoluble degradation product amount and the pH falling at the biomaterial/cell interface. The concentration of Fe-containing products at the interface depends on diffusional conditions in a very complex way that should be carefully analyzed in the future.
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Cellular response to rare earth mixtures (La and Gd) as components of degradable Mg alloys for medical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Alvarez F, Grillo C, Schilardi P, Rubert A, Benítez G, Lorente C, de Mele MFL. Decrease in cytotoxicity of copper-based intrauterine devices (IUD) pretreated with 6-mercaptopurine and pterin as biocompatible corrosion inhibitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:249-255. [PMID: 23252335 DOI: 10.1021/am3025307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The copper intrauterine device (IUD) based its contraceptive action on the release of cupric ions from a copper wire. Immediately after the insertion, a burst release of copper ions occurs, which may be associated to a variety of side effects. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) and pterin (PT) have been proposed as corrosion inhibitors to reduce this harmful release. Pretreatments with 1 × 10(-4) M 6-MP and 1 × 10(-4) M PT solutions with 1h and 3h immersion times were tested. Conventional electrochemical techniques, EDX and XPS analysis, and cytotoxicity assays with HeLa cell line were employed to investigate the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of copper with and without treatments. Results showed that copper samples treated with PT and 6-MP solutions for 3 and 1 h, respectively, are more biocompatible than those without treatment. Besides, the treatment reduces the burst release effect of copper in simulated uterine solutions during the first week after the insertion. It was concluded that PT and 6-MP treatments are promising strategies able to reduce the side effects related to the "burst release" of copper-based IUD without altering the contraceptive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA, CCT La Plata -CONICET), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 16, Suc. 4 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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Cao B, Zheng Y, Xi T, Zhang C, Song W, Burugapalli K, Yang H, Ma Y. Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of copper ions on mouse fibroblasts in vitro: effects of copper ion release from TCu380A vs TCu220C intra-uterine devices. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:709-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Alvarez F, Schilardi PL, de Mele MFL. Reduction of the “burst release” of copper ions from copper-based intrauterine devices by organic inhibitors. Contraception 2012; 85:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Understanding the impact of divalent cation substitution on hydroxyapatite: An in vitro multiparametric study on biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:351-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grillo CA, Reigosa MA, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele MA. Does over-exposure to copper ions released from metallic copper induce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on mammalian cells? Contraception 2010; 81:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effects of copper ions released from metallic copper on CHO-K1 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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