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Ikegai K, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Tran TT, Hatada M, Asano R, Ikebukuro K, Tsugawa W, Sode K. The 2.5 th generation enzymatic sensors based on the construction of quasi-direct electron transfer type NAD(P)-Dependent dehydrogenases. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116219. [PMID: 38552525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a versatile method to convert NAD+ or NADP+ -dependent dehydrogenases into quasi-direct electron transfer (quasi-DET)-type dehydrogenases, by modifying with a mediator on the enzyme surface toward the development of 2.5th generation enzymatic sensors. In this study, we use β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) dehydrogenase (BHBDh) from Alcaligenes faecalis (AfBHBDh) as a representative NAD+ or NADP+ -dependent dehydrogenase. BHBDhs are important in ketone monitoring, especially for the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis. We modified AfBHBDh with a thiol-reactive phenazine ethosulfate (trPES). We designed, constructed, and modified mutant BHBDhs harboring cysteine residues within 20 Å from the C4 nicotinamide in NAD+/NADH. Mutants Ser65Cys, Thr96Cys, and Lys106Cys showed indistinguishable catalytic activities from the wild-type enzyme, even after trPES modification. These trPES-modified mutants were immobilized on gold disk electrodes via amine coupling with succinimide-groups of dithiobis (succinimidyl hexanoate) self-assembled monolayers for electrochemical measurements. Considering there is a wide range of BHB concentrations, we exploited the linear regression in log scales. The linear range for the sensors with trPES-modified BHBDh mutants Ser65Cys, Thr96Cys, and Lys106Cys were 0.1-4.0 mM in both buffer solution and artificial interstitial fluid (ISF). They have limits of detection of 0.047 mM for Ser65Cys, 0.15 mM for Thr96Cys, and 0.060 mM for Lys106Cys in buffer solution, and 0.12 mM, 0.089 mM, and 0.044 mM in artificial ISF, respectively. These results indicate that redox mediator modification of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases converts them into quasi-DET-type dehydrogenases, thereby enabling their utilization in 2.5th generation enzymatic sensors, which will facilitate the construction of enzymatic sensors suitable for continuous monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurea Ikegai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Truc Thanh Tran
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Mika Hatada
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, NC, USA.
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Saldanha DJ, Cai A, Dorval Courchesne NM. The Evolving Role of Proteins in Wearable Sweat Biosensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2020-2047. [PMID: 34491052 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sweat is an increasingly popular biological medium for fitness monitoring and clinical diagnostics. It contains an abundance of biological information and is available continuously and noninvasively. Sweat-sensing devices often employ proteins in various capacities to create skin-friendly matrices that accurately extract valuable and time-sensitive information from sweat. Proteins were first used in sensors as biorecognition elements in the form of enzymes and antibodies, which are now being tuned to operate at ranges relevant for sweat. In addition, a range of structural proteins, sometimes assembled in conjunction with polymers, can provide flexible and compatible matrices for skin sensors. Other proteins also naturally possess a range of functionalities─as adhesives, charge conductors, fluorescence emitters, and power generators─that can make them useful components in wearable devices. Here, we examine the four main components of wearable sweat sensors─the biorecognition element, the transducer, the scaffold, and the adhesive─and the roles that proteins have played so far, or promise to play in the future, in each component. On a case-by-case basis, we analyze the performance characteristics of existing protein-based devices, their applicable ranges of detection, their transduction mechanism and their mechanical properties. Thereby, we review and compare proteins that can readily be used in sweat sensors and others that will require further efforts to overcome design, stability or scalability challenges. Incorporating proteins in one or multiple components of sweat sensors could lead to the development and deployment of tunable, greener, and safer biosourced devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Jane Saldanha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Anqi Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
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3
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Goyal P, Deay D, Seibold S, Candido ACL, Lovell S, Battaile KP, Wilson GS, Richter ML, Petillo PA. Structure of Rhizobium sp. 4-9 histamine dehydrogenase and analysis of the electron transfer pathway to an abiological electron acceptor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109612. [PMID: 37146865 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Histamine dehydrogenase from the gram-negative bacterium Rhizobium sp. 4-9 (HaDHR) is a member of a small family of dehydrogenases containing a covalently attached FMN, and the only member so far identified to date that does not exhibit substrate inhibition. In this study, we present the 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure of HaDHR. This new structure allowed for the identification of the internal electron transfer pathway to abiological ferrocene-based mediators. Alanine 437 was identified as the exit point of electrons from the Fe4S4 cluster. The enzyme was modified with a Ser436Cys mutation to facilitate covalent attachment of a ferrocene moiety. When modified with Fc-maleimide, this new construct demonstrated direct electron transfer from the enzyme to a gold electrode in a histamine concentration-dependent manner without the need for any additional electron mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Goyal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Dwight Deay
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Steve Seibold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - A C L Candido
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66044, USA
| | | | - George S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Mark L Richter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Lee I, Kojima K, Suzuki N, Tsugawa W, Yamada M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Sode K. Microgravity environment grown crystal structure information based engineering of direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1334. [PMID: 36473944 PMCID: PMC9727119 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric flavin adenine dinucleotide dependent glucose dehydrogenase is a promising enzyme for direct electron transfer (DET) principle-based glucose sensors within continuous glucose monitoring systems. We elucidate the structure of the subunit interface of this enzyme by preparing heterotrimer complex protein crystals grown under a space microgravity environment. Based on the proposed structure, we introduce inter-subunit disulfide bonds between the small and electron transfer subunits (5 pairs), as well as the catalytic and the electron transfer subunits (9 pairs). Without compromising the enzyme's catalytic efficiency, a mutant enzyme harboring Pro205Cys in the catalytic subunit, Asp383Cys and Tyr349Cys in the electron transfer subunit, and Lys155Cys in the small subunit, is determined to be the most stable of the variants. The developed engineered enzyme demonstrate a higher catalytic activity and DET ability than the wild type. This mutant retains its full activity below 70 °C as well as after incubation at 75 °C for 15 min - much higher temperatures than the current gold standard enzyme, glucose oxidase, is capable of withstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- grid.258331.e0000 0000 8662 309XDepartment of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Inyoung Lee
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Nanoha Suzuki
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamada
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8505 Japan
| | - Koji Inaka
- grid.459744.fMaruwa Foods and Biosciences, 170-1 Tsutsui-cho, Yamato Koriyama-shi, Nara 639-1123 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- grid.459486.2Confocal Science Inc., Musashino Bldg, 5-14-15 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0081 Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
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A stable glucose sensor with direct electron transfer, based on glucose dehydrogenase and chitosan hydro bonded multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lee I, Wakako T, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. In Vitro Continuous 3 Months Operation of Direct Electron Transfer Type Open Circuit Potential Based Glucose Sensor: Heralding the Next CGM Sensor. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1107-1113. [PMID: 35466718 PMCID: PMC9445357 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems allow precise and real-time blood glucose control, current electrochemicalbased CGM technologies inherently harbor enzyme instability issues. The direct electron transfer (DET) type open circuit potential (OCP) based enzyme sensing principle can minimize the catalytic turnover of the enzyme reaction, thereby providing longer-term operational stability in future CGM glucose sensors. METHOD DET-type OCP based glucose sensors were constructed using gold disk electrodes with glucose dehydrogenase capable of DET which was immobilized using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The single enzyme layer prepared on the gold electrode was operated in the presence of glucose, using in vitro buffer solution, continuously for over 3 months with the OCP sensor signal monitored every 10 seconds at 25°C. RESULTS The DET-type OCP glucose sensor was continuously operated for more than 3 months without a significant decrease of the sensor signal and sensitivity (slope). These results suggest that the DET-type OCP glucose sensor is far more stable than the sensor constructed based on the amperometric principle. The long-term stability of DET-type OCP glucose sensor is attributed to the enzyme's minimized catalytic reaction during the operation, thereby extending the lifetime of enzyme. CONCLUSION The DET-type OCP glucose sensor can be continuously operated for more than 3 months at 25 °C, in vitro without significant decreases in sensor signal and sensitivity. While the further investigation will be required for in vivo validation, the DET-type OCP glucose sensor is ideal for next generation CGM's, especially in long duration implantable use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tsugawa Wakako
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Koji Sode, PhD, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, 10202B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lee H, Lee EM, Reginald SS, Chang IS. Peptide sequence-driven direct electron transfer properties and binding behaviors of gold-binding peptide-fused glucose dehydrogenase on electrode. iScience 2021; 24:103373. [PMID: 34816106 PMCID: PMC8593565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriented enzyme immobilization on electrodes is crucial for interfacial electrical coupling of direct electron transfer (DET)-based enzyme-electrode systems. As inorganic-binding peptides are introduced as molecular binders and enzyme-orienting agents, inorganic-binding peptide-fused enzymes should be designed and constructed to achieve efficient DET. In this study, it is aimed to compare the effects of various gold-binding peptides (GBPs) fused to enzymes on electrocatalytic activity, bioactivity, and material-binding behaviors. Here, GBPs with identical gold-binding properties but different amino acid sequences were fused to the FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase gamma-alpha complex (GDHγα) to generate four GDHγα variants. The structural, biochemical, mechanical, and bioelectrochemical properties of these GDHγα variants immobilized on electrode were determined by their fused GBPs. Our results confirmed that the GBP type is vital in the design, construction, and optimization of GBP-fused enzyme-modified electrodes for facile interfacial DET and practical DET-based enzyme-electrode systems. The four GBP sequences are genetically fused to catalytic subunit of GDHγα complex The cofactor-surface interface was investigated with 3D models of fusion enzymes The four systems exhibit diverse electrochemical results depending on GBP type
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Schachinger F, Chang H, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154525. [PMID: 34361678 PMCID: PMC8348568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements-enzymes and electrodes-is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.
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9
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Developments of the Electroactive Materials for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing and Their Mechanisms. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the electroactive materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensing and sensing devices has been performed in this work. A general introduction for glucose sensing, a facile electrochemical technique for glucose detection, and explanations of fundamental mechanisms for the electro-oxidation of glucose via the electrochemical technique are conducted. The glucose sensing materials are classified into five major systems: (1) mono-metallic materials, (2) bi-metallic materials, (3) metallic-oxide compounds, (4) metallic-hydroxide materials, and (5) metal-metal derivatives. The performances of various systems within this decade have been compared and explained in terms of sensitivity, linear regime, the limit of detection (LOD), and detection potentials. Some promising materials and practicable methodologies for the further developments of glucose sensors have been proposed. Firstly, the atomic deposition of alloys is expected to enhance the selectivity, which is considered to be lacking in non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Secondly, by using the modification of the hydrophilicity of the metallic-oxides, a promoted current response from the electro-oxidation of glucose is expected. Lastly, by taking the advantage of the redistribution phenomenon of the oxide particles, the usage of the noble metals is foreseen to be reduced.
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Lee I, Probst D, Klonoff D, Sode K. Continuous glucose monitoring systems - Current status and future perspectives of the flagship technologies in biosensor research -. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jeon WY, Kim HH, Choi YB. Development of a Glucose Sensor Based on Glucose Dehydrogenase Using Polydopamine-Functionalized Nanotubes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:384. [PMID: 34073998 PMCID: PMC8225004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical-based detection of glucose is widely used for diagnostic purposes and is mediated by enzyme-mediated signal transduction mechanisms. For such applications, recent attention has focused on utilizing the oxygen-insensitive glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme in place of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme, which is sensitive to oxygen levels. Currently used Ru-based redox mediators mainly work with GOx, while Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 has been proposed as a promising mediator that works with GDH. However, there remains an outstanding need to improve Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 attachment to electrode surfaces. Herein, we report the use of polydopamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PDA-MWCNTs) to effectively attach Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 and GDH onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) without requiring a cross-linker. PDA-MWCNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), while the fabrication and optimization of Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2/PDA-MWCNT/SPCEs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The experimental results demonstrate a wide linear range of glucose-concentration-dependent responses and the multi-potential step (MPS) technique facilitated the selective detection of glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant interfering species, as well as in biological fluids (e.g., serum). The ease of device fabrication and high detection performance demonstrate a viable pathway to develop glucose sensors based on the GDH enzyme and Ru(dmo-bpy)2Cl2 redox mediator and the sensing strategy is potentially extendable to other bioanalytes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Korea;
| | - Young-Bong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam, Korea;
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Hiraka K, Tsugawa W, Asano R, Yokus MA, Ikebukuro K, Daniele MA, Sode K. Rational design of direct electron transfer type l-lactate dehydrogenase for the development of multiplexed biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 176:112933. [PMID: 33395570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of wearable multiplexed biosensors has been focused on systems to measure sweat l-lactate and other metabolites, where the employment of the direct electron transfer (DET) principle is expected. In this paper, a fusion enzyme between an engineered l-lactate oxidase derived from Aerococcus viridans, AvLOx A96L/N212K mutant, which is minimized its oxidase activity and b-type cytochrome protein was constructed to realize multiplexed DET-type lactate and glucose sensors. The sensor with a fusion enzyme showed DET to a gold electrode, with a limited operational range less than 0.5 mM. A mutation was introduced into the fusion enzyme to increase Km value and eliminate its substrate inhibition to construct "b2LOxS". Together with the employment of an outer membrane, the detection range of the sensor with b2LOxS was expanded up to 10 mM. A simultaneous lactate and glucose monitoring system was constructed using a flexible thin-film multiplexed electrodes with b2LOxS and a DET-type glucose dehydrogenase, and evaluated their performance in the artificial sweat. The sensors achieved simultaneous detection of lactate and glucose without cross-talking error, with the detected linear ranges of 0.5-20 mM for lactate and 0.1-5 mM for glucose, sensitivities of 4.1 nA/mM∙mm2 for lactate and 56 nA/mM∙mm2 for glucose, and limit of detections of 0.41 mM for lactate and 0.057 mM for glucose. The impact of the presence of electrochemical interferants (ascorbic acid, acetaminophen and uric acid), was revealed to be negligible. This is the first report of the DET-type enzyme based lactate and glucose dual sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hiraka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Yu S, Myung NV. Recent Advances in the Direct Electron Transfer-Enabled Enzymatic Fuel Cells. Front Chem 2021; 8:620153. [PMID: 33644003 PMCID: PMC7902792 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.620153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET), which requires no mediator to shuttle electrons from enzyme active site to the electrode surface, minimizes complexity caused by the mediator and can further enable miniaturization for biocompatible and implantable devices. However, because the redox cofactors are typically deeply embedded in the protein matrix of the enzymes, electrons generated from oxidation reaction cannot easily transfer to the electrode surface. In this review, methods to improve the DET rate for enhancement of enzymatic fuel cell performances are summarized, with a focus on the more recent works (past 10 years). Finally, progress on the application of DET-enabled EFC to some biomedical and implantable devices are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nosang V. Myung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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14
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Ito K, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Kojima K, Mori K, Tsugawa W, Asano R, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Strategic design and improvement of the internal electron transfer of heme b domain-fused glucose dehydrogenase for use in direct electron transfer-type glucose sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112911. [PMID: 33421758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fusion enzyme composed of an Aspergillus flavus-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenase (AfGDH) and an electron transfer domain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium-derived cellobiose dehydrogenase (Pcyb) was previously reported to show the direct electron transfer (DET) ability to an electrode. However, its slow intramolecular electron transfer (IET) rate from the FAD to the heme, limited the sensor signals. In this study, fusion FADGDH (Pcyb-AfGDH) enzymes were strategically redesigned by performing docking simulation, following surface-electrostatic potential estimation in the predicted area. Based on these predictions, we selected the amino acid substitution on Glu324, or on Asn408 to Lys to increase the positive charge at the rim of the interdomain region. Pcyb-AfGDH mutants were recombinantly produced using Pichia pastoris as the host microorganism, and their IET was evaluated. Spectroscopic observations showed that the Glu324Lys (E324K) and Asn408Lys (N408K) Pcyb-AfGDH mutants showed approximately 1.70- and 9.0-fold faster IET than that of wildtype Pcyb-AfGDH, respectively. Electrochemical evaluation revealed that the mutant Pcyb-AfGDH-immobilized electrodes showed higher DET current values than that of the wildtype Pcyb-AfGDH-immobilized electrodes at pH 6.5, which was approximately 9-fold higher in the E324K mutant and 15-fold higher in the N408K mutant, than in the wildtype. Glucose enzyme sensors employing N408K mutant was able to measure glucose concentration under physiological condition using artificial interstitial fluid at pH 7.4, whereas the one with wildtype Pcyb-AfGDH was not. These results indicated that the sensor employed the redesigned mutant Pcyb-AfGDH can be used for future continuous glucose monitoring system based on direct electron transfer principle. (247 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 3-9-5 2F, Taihei, Sumida, Tokyo, 130-0011, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 3-9-5 2F, Taihei, Sumida, Tokyo, 130-0011, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA.
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15
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Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.
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16
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Chen H, Simoska O, Lim K, Grattieri M, Yuan M, Dong F, Lee YS, Beaver K, Weliwatte S, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions of Bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12903-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erin M. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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17
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Mie Y, Katagai S, Ikegami M. Electrochemical Oxidation of Monosaccharides at Nanoporous Gold with Controlled Atomic Surface Orientation and Non-Enzymatic Galactose Sensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195632. [PMID: 33019754 PMCID: PMC7582603 DOI: 10.3390/s20195632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic saccharide sensors are of great interest in diagnostics, but their non-selectivity limits their practical diagnostic abilities. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical oxidation of monosaccharides at nanoporous gold (NPG) catalysts with different contributions of surface crystallographic orientations. Fructose elicited no clear electrochemical response, but glucose, galactose, and mannose produced clear oxidative current. The onset potentials for oxidation of these saccharides depended on the surface atomic structure of the NPG. The oxidation potential was approximately 100 mV less positive at the Au(100)-enhanced NPG than at the Au(111)-enhanced NPG. Furthermore, the voltammetric responses significantly differed among the saccharides. Galactose was oxidized at less positive potential and exhibited a higher current response than the other saccharides. This tendency was enhanced in the presence of chloride ions. These features enabled the selective and sensitive detection of galactose at an NPG electrode without enzymes under physiological conditions. A linear range of 10 μM to 1.8 mM was obtained in the calibration plot, which was comparable to those in previously reported enzymatic galactose sensors. Thus, we demonstrated that controlling the crystallographic orientation on the nanostructured electrode surface is useful in developing electrochemical sensors.
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18
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Shishegari N, Sabahi A, Manteghi F, Ghaffarinejad A, Tehrani Z. Non-enzymatic sensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene modified with Pd nano-particles and NiAl layered double hydroxide for glucose determination in blood. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.
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20
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Engineered Glucose Oxidase Capable of Quasi-Direct Electron Transfer after a Quick-and-Easy Modification with a Mediator. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031137. [PMID: 32046321 PMCID: PMC7036908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been widely utilized for monitoring glycemic levels due to its availability, high activity, and specificity toward glucose. Among the three generations of electrochemical glucose sensor principles, direct electron transfer (DET)-based third-generation sensors are considered the ideal principle since the measurements can be carried out in the absence of a free redox mediator in the solution without the impact of oxygen and at a low enough potential for amperometric measurement to avoid the effect of electrochemically active interferences. However, natural GOx is not capable of DET. Therefore, a simple and rapid strategy to create DET-capable GOx is desired. In this study, we designed engineered GOx, which was made readily available for single-step modification with a redox mediator (phenazine ethosulfate, PES) on its surface via a lysine residue rationally introduced into the enzyme. Thus, PES-modified engineered GOx showed a quasi-DET response upon the addition of glucose. This strategy and the obtained results will contribute to the further development of quasi-DET GOx-based glucose monitoring dedicated to precise and accurate glycemic control for diabetic patient care.
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21
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Filipiak MS, Vetter D, Thodkar K, Gutiérrez-Sanz O, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Tarasov A. Electron transfer from FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase to single-sheet graphene electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Sode K. FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenases - Discovery and engineering of representative glucose sensing enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107414. [PMID: 31838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the development of glucose sensors goes hand-in-hand with the history of the discovery and the engineering of glucose-sensing enzymes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been used for glucose sensing since the development of the first electrochemical glucose sensor. The principle utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor is designated as the first-generation electrochemical enzyme sensors. With increasing demand for hand-held and cost-effective devices for the "self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)", second-generation electrochemical sensor strips employing electron mediators have become the most popular platform. To overcome the inherent drawback of GOx, namely, the use of oxygen as the electron acceptor, various glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) have been utilized in second-generation principle-based sensors. Among the various enzymes employed in glucose sensors, GDHs harboring FAD as the redox cofactor, FADGDHs, especially those derived from fungi, fFADGDHs, are currently the most popular enzymes in the sensor strips of second-generation SMBG sensors. In addition, the third-generation principle, employing direct electron transfer (DET), is considered the most elegant approach and is ideal for use in electrochemical enzyme sensors. However, glucose oxidoreductases capable of DET are limited. One of the most prominent GDHs capable of DET is a bacteria-derived FADGDH complex (bFADGDH). bFADGDH has three distinct subunits; the FAD harboring the catalytic subunit, the small subunit, and the electron-transfer subunit, which makes bFADGDH capable of DET. In this review, we focused on the two representative glucose sensing enzymes, fFADGDHs and bFADGDHs, by presenting their discovery, sources, and protein and enzyme properties, and the current engineering strategies to improve their potential in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Ito Y, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Tsugawa W, Loew N, Shitanda I, Lin CE, La Belle J, Sode K. Third generation impedimetric sensor employing direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:189-197. [PMID: 30721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (faradaic EIS) is an attractive measurement principle for biosensors. However, there have been no reports on sensors employing direct electron transfer (DET)-type redox enzymes based on faradaic EIS principle. In this study, we have attempted to construct the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor, which used DET-type flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) complex, to elucidate its characteristic properties as well as to investigate its potential application as the future immunosensor platform. The gold disk electrodes (GDEs) with DET-type FADGDH prepared using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) showed the glucose concentration dependent impedance change, which was confirmed by the change in the charge transfer resistance (Rct). The Δ(1/Rct) values were also affected by DC bias potential and the length of SAM. Based on the Nyquist plot and Bode plot simulations, glucose sensing by imaginary impedance monitoring under fixed frequency (5 mHz) was carried out, revealing the higher sensitivity at low glucose concentration with wider linear range (0.02-0.2 mM). Considering this high sensitivity toward glucose, the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor would provide alternative platform for future impedimetric immunosensing system, which does not use redox probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chi-En Lin
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Jeffrey La Belle
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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24
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Lee I, Loew N, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Development of a third-generation glucose sensor based on the open circuit potential for continuous glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 124-125:216-223. [PMID: 30388564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are most important in the current Type I diabetes care and as component for the development of artificial pancreas systems because the amount of insulin being supplied is calculated based on the CGM results. Therefore, to stably and accurately control the blood glucose level, CGM should be stable and accurate for a long period. We have been engaged in the biomolecular engineering and application of FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase complex (FADGDH) which is capable of direct electron transfer. In this study, we report the development of the third-generation type open circuit potential (OCP) principle-based glucose sensor with direct electron transfer FADGDH immobilized on gold electrodes using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). We developed a novel algorithm for OCP-based glucose sensors. By employing this new algorithm, high reproducibility of measurement and sensor preparation were achieved. In addition, the signal was not affected by the presence of acetaminophen and ascorbic acid in the sample solution. The thus optimized third-generation OCP-based glucose sensor could be operated continuously for more than 9 days without significant change in the signal, sensitivity and dynamic range, indicating its potential application for CGM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Noya Loew
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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25
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Loew N, Hirose N, Kojima K, Mori K, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Construction and characterization of flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenase complex harboring a truncated electron transfer subunit. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Lin CE, Ito Y, Deng A, Johns J, Matloff D, Cook CB, Sode K, La Belle JT. A Disposable Tear Glucose Biosensor-Part 5: Improvements in Reagents and Tear Sampling Component. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:842-846. [PMID: 29667855 PMCID: PMC6134317 DOI: 10.1177/1932296818769944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A tear glucose (TG) sensor with an integrated tear sampler can provide a noninvasive method for calibrating the continuous TG contact lens and monitoring glucose. Expanding from previous work, an improved TG sensor that implements dried reagents, genetically modified glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and a tear sampler was developed and compared against the TG sensor prepared with commercial GDH. It was found that neither sensor was affected by the tear interferents: ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and uric acid. The sensor prepared with commercial GDH generated higher current. This suggests that using enzymes with lower Km may be advantageous when operating in low glucose environments like tears. The improved TG sensor also demonstrated the potential of integrating Schirmer's test strip as a tear sampler for self-monitoring of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi En Lin
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yuka Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life
Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Deng
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jared Johns
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Matloff
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Curtiss B. Cook
- School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona,
Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life
Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Department of Biomedical
Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State
University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. La Belle
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona,
Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Jeffrey T. La Belle, PhD, Arizona State
University, 550 E Orange St, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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27
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Yamashita Y, Suzuki N, Hirose N, Kojima K, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Mutagenesis Study of the Cytochrome c Subunit Responsible for the Direct Electron Transfer-Type Catalytic Activity of FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040931. [PMID: 29561779 PMCID: PMC5979317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Burkholderia cepacia (FADGDH) is a hetero-oligomeric enzyme that is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) with an electrode. The cytochrome c (cyt c) subunit, which possesses three hemes (heme 1, heme 2, and heme 3, from the N-terminal sequence), is known to enable DET; however, details of the electron transfer pathway remain unknown. A mutagenesis investigation of the heme axial ligands was carried out to elucidate the electron transfer pathway to the electron mediators and/or the electrode. The sixth axial ligand for each of the three heme irons, Met109, Met263, and Met386 were substituted with His. The catalytic activities of the wild-type (WT) and mutant enzymes were compared by investigating their dye-mediated dehydrogenase activities and their DET abilities toward the electrode. The results suggested that (1) heme 1 with Met109 as an axial ligand is mainly responsible for the electron transfer with electron acceptors in the solution, but not for the DET with the electrode; (2) heme 2 with Met263 is responsible for the DET-type reaction with the electrode; and (3) heme 3 with Met386 seemed to be the electron acceptor from the catalytic subunit. From these results, two electron transfer pathways were proposed depending on the electron acceptors. Electrons are transferred from the catalytic subunit to heme 3, then to heme 2, to heme 1 and, finally, to electron acceptors in solution. However, if the enzyme complex is immobilized on the electrode and is used as electron acceptors, electrons are passed to the electrode from heme 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nanoha Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nana Hirose
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
- Ultizyme International Ltd., Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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28
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Gonzalez-Solino C, Lorenzo MD. Enzymatic Fuel Cells: Towards Self-Powered Implantable and Wearable Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E11. [PMID: 29382147 PMCID: PMC5872059 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid progress in nanotechnology and microengineering, point-of-care and personalised healthcare, based on wearable and implantable diagnostics, is becoming a reality. Enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) hold great potential as a sustainable means to power such devices by using physiological fluids as the fuel. This review summarises the fundamental operation of EFCs and discusses the most recent advances for their use as implantable and wearable self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirella Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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