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Vaccination Failures in Pigs-The Impact of Chosen Factors on the Immunisation Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020230. [PMID: 36851108 PMCID: PMC9964700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that often lead to economic losses still pose a severe problem in the pig production sector. Because of increasing restrictions on antibiotic usage, vaccines may become one of the major approaches to controlling infectious diseases; much research has proved that they could be very efficient. Nevertheless, during their life, pigs are exposed to various factors that can interfere with vaccination efficacy. Therefore, in the present paper, we reviewed the influence of chosen factors on the pig immunisation process, such as stress, faecal microbiota, host genetics, the presence of MDAs, infections with immunosuppressive pathogens, and treatment with antibiotics and mycotoxins. Many of them turned out to have an adverse impact on vaccine efficacy.
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Oliva-Cárdenas A, Fernández-Zamora F, Santana-Rodríguez E, Sordo-Puga Y, Vargas-Hernández MDLC, Rodríguez-Moltó MP, Pérez-Pérez D, Sardina-González T, Duarte CA, León-Goñi A, Blanco -Gámez D, Contreras-Pérez F, Valdés-Faure O, Hernández-Prado R, Acosta-Lago E, Sosa-Testé I, Suárez-Pedroso MF. Safety and immunogenicity in piglets of two immunization schedules initiated at two or three weeks of age with PorvacÒ, a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease with a significant impact on food production worldwide. It currently represents one of the main limitations for the development of the pig industry in Cuba. PorvacÒ is a subunit marker vaccine that confers a very rapid onset of protection. Since there are different production systems in pig breeding, readjustments in the vaccination program are often required. This study compares the safety and efficacy in piglets of two vaccination schedules with PorvacÒ (0-2 weeks and 0-3 weeks), initiated at two or three weeks of age. Clinical monitoring was conducted, and a neutralization peroxidase-linked assay was used to measure the neutralization titers. All immunization regimens were safe and well-tolerated, without local or systemic adverse reactions in the vaccinated animals. Geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers higher than 1/1500 were detected in all groups during the six months of the trial. One month after the second immunization, piglets primed at two weeks of age, and boostered three weeks later, developed significantly higher neutralization titers (1/15644) compared to those vaccinated at a similar age but with a two-week interval between doses (1/5760). However, no significant differences in the titers were found three and six months after vaccination among the four regimens. In summary, all the variants studied are effective, but it is recommended to start vaccination at two weeks old, with the second dose at either two or three weeks later, depending on the production system and the purpose of the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymé Oliva-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Fé Fernández-Zamora
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Elaine Santana-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yusmel Sordo-Puga
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | | | - María P. Rodríguez-Moltó
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Danny Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Talia Sardina-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Carlos A. Duarte
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Avelina León-Goñi
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Diurys Blanco -Gámez
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Francisco Contreras-Pérez
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Odalys Valdés-Faure
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Rosmery Hernández-Prado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Eric Acosta-Lago
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ileana Sosa-Testé
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Carretera Tirabeque, Reparto La Unión, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Marisela F. Suárez-Pedroso
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Apdo 6162, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
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Meyer D, Loeffen W, Postel A, Fritsche S, Becher P. Reduced specificity of E rns antibody ELISAs for samples from piglets with maternally derived antibodies induced by vaccination of sows with classical swine fever marker vaccine CP7_E2alf. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:e505-e508. [PMID: 29314759 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful implementation of marker vaccines against classical swine fever virus is dependent on a reliable accompanying diagnostic assay that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) as well as the development of a testing scheme during emergency vaccination. In this context, special attention needs to be paid to breeding farms, because the offspring of marker vaccinated sows possess maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). So far, limited information is available on the influence of MDAs on serological testing in the context of a DIVA strategy. Therefore, two commercially available Erns antibody ELISAs were compared, using serum samples of piglets with a high-to-moderate titre of MDAs against marker vaccine CP7_E2alf. False-positive results were detected by both Erns antibody ELISAs for serum samples of piglets with an age of up to 4 weeks. Interestingly, most samples tested false-positive in the first Erns antibody ELISA were identified correctly by the other Erns antibody ELISA and vice versa. In conclusion, in case of emergency vaccination of sows, the specificity of both ELISAs in newborn piglets younger than 4 weeks may be relatively low. This could be addressed in a testing strategy by either not sampling piglets up to the age of 4 weeks or using both ELISAs in a screening-confirmation set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Loeffen
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - P Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Blome S, Wernike K, Reimann I, König P, Moß C, Beer M. A decade of research into classical swine fever marker vaccine CP7_E2alf (Suvaxyn ® CSF Marker): a review of vaccine properties. Vet Res 2017; 48:51. [PMID: 28915927 PMCID: PMC5603031 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, classical swine fever (CSF) is still one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. To control the disease, safe and highly efficacious live attenuated vaccines exist for decades. However, until recently, the available live vaccines did not allow a serological marker concept that is essentially important to circumvent long-term trade restrictions. In 2014, a new live attenuated marker vaccine, Suvaxyn® CSF Marker (Zoetis), was licensed by the European Medicines Agency. This vaccine is based on pestivirus chimera “CP7_E2alf” that carries the main immunogen of CSF virus “Alfort/187”, glycoprotein E2, in a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 backbone (“CP7”). This review summarizes the available data on design, safety, efficacy, marker diagnostics, and its possible integration into control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Moß
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Classical Swine Fever-An Updated Review. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040086. [PMID: 28430168 PMCID: PMC5408692 DOI: 10.3390/v9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide. The causative agent is CSF virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus. Based on partial sequences, three genotypes can be distinguished that do not, however, directly correlate with virulence. Depending on both virus and host factors, a wide range of clinical syndromes can be observed and thus, laboratory confirmation is mandatory. To this means, both direct and indirect methods are utilized with an increasing degree of commercialization. Both infections in domestic pigs and wild boar are of great relevance; and wild boars are a reservoir host transmitting the virus sporadically also to pig farms. Control strategies for epidemic outbreaks in free countries are mainly based on classical intervention measures; i.e., quarantine and strict culling of affected herds. In these countries, vaccination is only an emergency option. However, live vaccines are used for controlling the disease in endemically infected regions in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Americas, and some African countries. Here, we will provide a concise, updated review on virus properties, clinical signs and pathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immune responses, diagnosis and vaccination possibilities.
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