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Liu L, Luo P, Liao H, Yang K, Yang S, Tu M. Effects of aligned PLGA/SrCSH composite scaffolds on in vitro growth and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35366. [PMID: 38247249 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr) has important functions in bone remodeling. Incorporating strontium-doped α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (SrCSH) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibrous scaffolds were expected to increase its bio-activity and provide a potential material for bone tissue engineering. In the present study, Sr-containing aligned PLGA/SrCSH fibrous scaffolds similar to the architecture of natural bone were prepared via wet spinning. CCK-8 assay revealed that Sr-containing scaffolds possessed better bioactivity and supported favorable cell growth effectively. The aligned PLGA/SrCSH fibers exerted a contact effect on cell attachment, inducing regular cell alignment and influencing a series of cell behaviors. Releasing of high concentration Sr from a-PLGA/SrCSH scaffolds could induce high expression levels of BMP-2, increase ALP activity and upregulate RUNX-2 expression, and further promote the expressions of COL-I and OCN and the maximum mineralization. This study demonstrated that Sr and ordered structure in a-PLGA/SrCSH fibrous scaffolds could synergistically enhance the osteogenic differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) by regulating cell arrangement and expressions of osteogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichu Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Pin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Liao
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Kuangyang Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Shenyu Yang
- Medical 3D Printing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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2
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Che H, Selig M, Rolauffs B. Micro-patterned cell populations as advanced pharmaceutical drugs with precise functional control. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114169. [PMID: 35217114 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cells are both advanced pharmaceutical drugs and 'drug deliverers'. However, functional control prior to or after cell implantation remains challenging. Micro-patterning cells through geometrically defined adhesion sites allows controlling morphogenesis, polarity, cellular mechanics, proliferation, migration, differentiation, stemness, cell-cell interactions, collective cell behavior, and likely immuno-modulatory properties. Consequently, generating micro-patterned therapeutic cells is a promising idea that has not yet been realized and few if any steps have been undertaken in this direction. This review highlights potential therapeutic applications, summarizes comprehensively the many cell functions that have been successfully controlled through micro-patterning, details the established micro-pattern designs, introduces the available fabrication technologies to the non-specialized reader, and suggests a quality evaluation score. Such a broad review is not yet available but would facilitate the manufacturing of therapeutically patterned cell populations using micro-patterned cell-instructive biomaterials for improved functional control as drug delivery systems in the context of cells as pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Che
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Mischa Selig
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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3
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Jurga AM, Paleczna M, Kadluczka J, Kuter KZ. Beyond the GFAP-Astrocyte Protein Markers in the Brain. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091361. [PMID: 34572572 PMCID: PMC8468264 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication between those various cell types is essential to maintain functional efficiency and a quick response to danger. Here, we summarize and discuss known and new markers of astroglial multiple functions, their natural heterogeneity, cellular interactions, aging and disease-induced dysfunctions. This review is focused on newly reported facts regarding astrocytes, which are beyond the old stereotypes. We present an up-to-date list of marker proteins used to identify a broad spectrum of astroglial phenotypes related to the various physiological and pathological nervous system conditions. The aim of this review is to help choose markers that are well-tailored for specific needs of further experimental studies, precisely recognizing differential glial phenotypes, or for diagnostic purposes. We hope it will help to categorize the functional and structural diversity of the astroglial population and ease a clear readout of future experimental results.
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Canadas RF, Costa JB, Mao Z, Gao C, Demirci U, Reis RL, Marques AP, Oliveira JM. 3DICE coding matrix multidirectional macro-architecture modulates cell organization, shape, and co-cultures endothelization network. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121112. [PMID: 34488122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural extracellular matrix governs cells providing biomechanical and biofunctional outstanding properties, despite being porous and mostly made of soft materials. Among organs, specific tissues present specialized macro-architectures. For instance, hepatic lobules present radial organization, while vascular sinusoids are branched from vertical veins, providing specific biofunctional features. Therefore, it is imperative to mimic such structures while modeling tissues. So far, there is limited capability of coupling oriented macro-structures with interconnected micro-channels in programmable long-range vertical and radial sequential orientations. Herein, a three-directional ice crystal elongation (3DICE) system is presented to code geometries in cryogels. Using 3DICE, guided ice crystals growth templates vertical and radial pores through bulky cryogels. Translucent isotropic and anisotropic architectures of radial or vertical pores are fabricated with tunable mechanical response. Furthermore, 3D combinations of vertical and radial pore orientations are coded at the centimeter scale. Cell morphological response to macro-architectures is demonstrated. The formation of endothelial segments, CYP450 activity, and osteopontin expression, as liver fibrosis biomarkers, present direct response and specific cellular organization within radial, linear, and random architectures. These results unlock the potential of ice-templating demonstrating the relevance of macro-architectures to model tissues, and broad possibilities for drug testing, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël F Canadas
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zona Industrial da Gandra, AvePark, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Tech4MED™, UPTEC, ASPRELA I, Office-Lab 0.16, Business Campus, n.° 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João B Costa
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zona Industrial da Gandra, AvePark, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Electrical Engineering Department by Courtesy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zona Industrial da Gandra, AvePark, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zona Industrial da Gandra, AvePark, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zona Industrial da Gandra, AvePark, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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5
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Antmen E, Demirci U, Hasirci V. Micropatterned Surfaces Expose the Coupling between Actin Cytoskeleton-Lamin/Nesprin and Nuclear Deformability of Breast Cancer Cells with Different Malignancies. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000048. [PMID: 33724728 PMCID: PMC9049775 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction proteins transfer mechanical stimuli through nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling and affect the nuclear morphology of cancer cells. However, the contribution of actin filament integrity has never been studied directly. It is hypothesized that differences in nuclear deformability of cancer cells are influenced by the integrity of actin filaments. In this study, transparent micropatterned surfaces as simple tools to screen cytoskeletal and nuclear distortions are presented. Surfaces decorated with micropillars are used to culture and image breast cancer cells and quantify their deformation using shape descriptors (circularity, area, perimeter). Using two drugs (cytochalasin D and jasplakinolide), actin filaments are disrupted. Deformation of cells on micropillars is decreased upon drug treatment as shown by increased circularity. However, the effect is much smaller on benign MCF10A than on malignant MCF7 and MDAMB231 cells. On micropatterned surfaces, molecular analysis shows that Lamin A/C and Nesprin-2 expressions decreased but, after drug treatment, increased in malignant cells but not in benign cells. These findings suggest that Lamin A/C, Nesprin-2 and actin filaments are critical in mechanotransduction of cancer cells. Consequently, transparent micropatterned surfaces can be used as image analysis platforms to provide robust, high throughput measurements of nuclear deformability of cancer cells, including the effect of cytoskeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Antmen
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Department of Medical Engineering, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Papadimitriou L, Manganas P, Ranella A, Stratakis E. Biofabrication for neural tissue engineering applications. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100043. [PMID: 32190832 PMCID: PMC7068131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other tissue types, the nervous tissue extends to a wide and complex environment that provides a plurality of different biochemical and topological stimuli, which in turn defines the advanced functions of that tissue. As a consequence of such complexity, the traditional transplantation therapeutic methods are quite ineffective; therefore, the restoration of peripheral and central nervous system injuries has been a continuous scientific challenge. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the nervous system have provided new alternative medical approaches. These methods use external biomaterial supports, known as scaffolds, to create platforms for the cells to migrate to the injury site and repair the tissue. The challenge in neural tissue engineering (NTE) remains the fabrication of scaffolds with precisely controlled, tunable topography, biochemical cues, and surface energy, capable of directing and controlling the function of neuronal cells toward the recovery from neurological disorders and injuries. At the same time, it has been shown that NTE provides the potential to model neurological diseases in vitro, mainly via lab-on-a-chip systems, especially in cases for which it is difficult to obtain suitable animal models. As a consequence of the intense research activity in the field, a variety of synthetic approaches and 3D fabrication methods have been developed for the fabrication of NTE scaffolds, including soft lithography and self-assembly, as well as subtractive (top-down) and additive (bottom-up) manufacturing. This article aims at reviewing the existing research effort in the rapidly growing field related to the development of biomaterial scaffolds and lab-on-a-chip systems for NTE applications. Besides presenting recent advances achieved by NTE strategies, this work also delineates existing limitations and highlights emerging possibilities and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Papadimitriou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - P. Manganas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - A. Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - E. Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Physics Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
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7
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Tang SW, Yuen W, Kaur I, Pang SW, Voelcker NH, Lam YW. Capturing instructive cues of tissue microenvironment by silica bioreplication. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:114-126. [PMID: 31756551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells in tissues are enveloped by an instructive niche made of the extracellular matrix. These instructive niches contain three general types of information: topographical, biochemical and mechanical. While the combined effects of these three factors are widely studied, the functions of each individual one has not been systematically characterised, because it is impossible to alter a single factor in a tissue microenvironment without simultaneously affecting the other two. Silica BioReplication (SBR) is a process that converts biological samples into silica, faithfully preserving the original topography at the nano-scale. We explored the use of this technique to generate inorganic replicas of intact mammalian tissues, including tendon, cartilage, skeletal muscle and spinal cord. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy showed that the resulting replicas accurately preserved the three-dimensional ultrastructure of each tissue, while all biochemical components were eradicated by calcination. Such properties allowed the uncoupling the topographical information of a tissue microenvironment from its biochemical and mechanical components. Here, we showed that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) cultured on the replicas of different tissues displayed vastly different morphology and focal adhesions, suggesting that the topography of the tissue microenvironment captured by SBR could profoundly affect MSC biology. MSC cultured on tendon replica elongated and expressed tenocytes marker, while MSC on the spinal cord replica developed into spheroids that resembled neurospheres, in morphology and in the expression of neurosphere markers, and could be further differentiated into neuron-like cells. This study reveals the significance of topographical cues in a cell niche, as tissue-specific topography was sufficient in initiating and directing differentiation of MSC, despite the absence of any biochemical signals. SBR is a convenient and versatile method for capturing this topographical information, facilitating the functional characterisation of cell niches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Various studies have shown that three major factors, topographical, biochemical and mechanical, in a tissue microenvironment (TME) are essential for cellular homeostasis and functions. Current experimental models are too simplistic to represent the complexity of the TME, hindering the detailed understanding of its functions. In particular, the importance each factor in a tissue microenvironment have not been individually characterised, because it is challenging to alter one of these factors without simultaneously affecting the other two. Silica bioreplication (SBR) is a process that converts biological samples into silica replicas with high structural fidelity. SBR is a convenient and versatile method for capturing this topographical information on to a biologically inert material, allowing the functional characterisation of the architecture of a TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yuen
- HealthBaby Biotech (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd, Hong Kong
| | - Ishdeep Kaur
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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8
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Cell Morphology on Poly(methyl methacrylate) Microstructures as Function of Surface Energy. Int J Biomater 2019; 2019:2393481. [PMID: 31186649 PMCID: PMC6521382 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2393481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the significance of substrate topography as a regulator of cell function is well established, a systematic analysis of the principles underlying this is still unavailable. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that surface energy plays a decisive role in substrate-mediated modulation of cell phenotype by evaluation of cell behaviour on synthetic microstructures exhibiting pronounced differences in surface energy. These microstructures, specifically cubes and walls, were fabricated from a biocompatible base polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), by variotherm injection molding. The dimensions of the cubes were 1 μm x 1 μm x 1 μm (height x width x length) with a periodicity of 1:1 and 1:5 and the dimensions of the walls 1 μm x 1 μm x 15 mm (height x width x length) with a periodicity of 1:1 and 1:5. Mold inserts were made by lithography and electroplating. The surface energy of the resultant microstructures was determined by static contact angle measurements. Light scanning microscopy of the morphology of NT2/D1 and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells cultured on structured PMMA samples in both cases revealed a profound surface energy dependence. “Walls” appeared to promote significant cell elongation, whilst a lack of cell adhesion was observed on “cubes” with the lowest periodicity. Contact angle measurements on walls revealed enhanced surface energy anisotropy (55 mN/m max., 10 mN/m min.) causing a lengthwise spreading of the test liquid droplet, similar to cell elongation. Surface energy measurements for cubes revealed increased isotropic hydrophobicity (87° max., H2O). A critical water contact angle of ≤ 80° appears to be necessary for adequate cell adhesion. A “switch” for cell adhesion and subsequently cell growth could therefore be applied by, for example, adjusting the periodicity of hydrophobic structures. In summary cell elongation on walls and a critical surface energy level for cell adhesion could be produced for NT2/D1 and MC3T3-E1 cells by symmetrical and asymmetrical energy barrier levels. We, furthermore, propose a water-drop model providing a common physicochemical cause regarding similar cell/droplet geometries and cell adhesion on the investigated microstructures.
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Björk EM, Baumann B, Hausladen F, Wittig R, Lindén M. Cell adherence and drug delivery from particle based mesoporous silica films. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17745-17753. [PMID: 35520598 PMCID: PMC9064623 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02823d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially and temporally controlled drug delivery is important for implant and tissue engineering applications, as the efficacy and bioavailability of the drug can be enhanced, and can also allow for drugging stem cells at different stages of development. Long-term drug delivery over weeks to months is however difficult to achieve, and coating of 3D surfaces or creating patterned surfaces is a challenge using coating techniques like spin- and dip-coating. In this study, mesoporous films consisting of SBA-15 particles grown onto silicon wafers using wet processing were evaluated as a scaffold for drug delivery. Films with various particle sizes (100–900 nm) and hence thicknesses were grown onto trichloro(octadecyl)silane-functionalized silicon wafers using a direct growth method. Precise patterning of the areas for film growth could be obtained by local removal of the OTS functionalization through laser ablation. The films were incubated with the drug model 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), and murine myoblast cells (C2C12 cells) were seeded onto films with different particle sizes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to study the cell growth, and a vinculin-mediated adherence of C2C12 cells on all films was verified. The successful loading of DiO into the films was confirmed by UV-vis and CLSM. It was observed that the drugs did not desorb from the particles during 24 hours in cell culture. During adherent growth on the films for 4 h, small amounts of DiO and separate particles were observed inside single cells. After 24 h, a larger number of particles and a strong DiO signal were recorded in the cells, indicating a particle mediated drug uptake. The vast majority of the DiO-loaded particles remained attached to the substrate also after 24 h of incubation, making the films attractive as longer-term reservoirs for drugs on e.g. medical implants. Particle-based mesoporous silica films synthesized through a direct growth method were successfully used as a drug delivery system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Björk
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry II
- University of Ulm
- 890 81 Ulm
- Germany
- Nanostructured Materials
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry II
- University of Ulm
- 890 81 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Florian Hausladen
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine & Metrology (ILM)
- Ulm University
- 890 81 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Rainer Wittig
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine & Metrology (ILM)
- Ulm University
- 890 81 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Mika Lindén
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry II
- University of Ulm
- 890 81 Ulm
- Germany
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10
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Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ, Gottipati MK. Biomaterial Approaches to Modulate Reactive Astroglial Response. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:372-395. [PMID: 30517922 PMCID: PMC6397084 DOI: 10.1159/000494667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over several decades, biomaterial scientists have developed materials to spur axonal regeneration and limit secondary injury and tested these materials within preclinical animal models. Rarely, though, are astrocytes examined comprehensively when biomaterials are placed into the injury site. Astrocytes support neuronal function in the central nervous system. Following an injury, astrocytes undergo reactive gliosis and create a glial scar. The astrocytic glial scar forms a dense barrier which restricts the extension of regenerating axons through the injury site. However, there are several beneficial effects of the glial scar, including helping to reform the blood-brain barrier, limiting the extent of secondary injury, and supporting the health of regenerating axons near the injury site. This review provides a brief introduction to the role of astrocytes in the spinal cord, discusses astrocyte phenotypic changes that occur following injury, and highlights studies that explored astrocyte changes in response to biomaterials tested within in vitro or in vivo environments. Overall, we suggest that in order to improve biomaterial designs for spinal cord injury applications, investigators should more thoroughly consider the astrocyte response to such designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,
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11
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Ermis M, Antmen E, Hasirci V. Micro and Nanofabrication methods to control cell-substrate interactions and cell behavior: A review from the tissue engineering perspective. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:355-369. [PMID: 29988483 PMCID: PMC6026330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-substrate interactions play a crucial role in the design of better biomaterials and integration of implants with the tissues. Adhesion is the binding process of the cells to the substrate through interactions between the surface molecules of the cell membrane and the substrate. There are several factors that affect cell adhesion including substrate surface chemistry, topography, and stiffness. These factors physically and chemically guide and influence the adhesion strength, spreading, shape and fate of the cell. Recently, technological advances enabled us to precisely engineer the geometry and chemistry of substrate surfaces enabling the control of the interaction cells with the substrate. Some of the most commonly used surface engineering methods for eliciting the desired cellular responses on biomaterials are photolithography, electron beam lithography, microcontact printing, and microfluidics. These methods allow production of nano- and micron level substrate features that can control cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, shape of the cells and the nuclei as well as measurement of the forces involved in such activities. This review aims to summarize the current techniques and associate these techniques with cellular responses in order to emphasize the effect of chemistry, dimensions, density and design of surface patterns on cell-substrate interactions. We conclude with future projections in the field of cell-substrate interactions in the hope of providing an outlook for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menekse Ermis
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Antmen
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Kamguyan K, Katbab AA, Mahmoudi M, Thormann E, Zajforoushan Moghaddam S, Moradi L, Bonakdar S. An engineered cell-imprinted substrate directs osteogenic differentiation in stem cells. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:189-199. [PMID: 29189838 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00733g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cell-imprinted poly(dimethylsiloxane)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite substrate was fabricated to engage topographical, mechanical, and chemical signals to stimulate and boost stem cell osteogenic differentiation. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated substrates, with nanoscale resolution of osteoblast morphology, were probed using a wide range of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and water contact angle measurements. The osteogenic differentiation capacity of the cultured stem cells on these substrates was probed by alizarin red staining, ALP activity, osteocalcin measurements, and gene expression analysis. The outcomes revealed that the concurrent roles of the surface patterns and viscoelastic properties of the substrate provide the capability of directing stem cell differentiation toward osteogenic phenotypes. Besides the physical and mechanical effects, we found that the chemical signaling of osteoinductive hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, embedded in the nanocomposite substrates, could further improve and optimize stem cell osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khorshid Kamguyan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Colour Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1599637111, Iran.
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13
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Calcium-axonemal microtubuli interactions underlie mechanism(s) of primary cilia morphological changes. J Biol Phys 2017; 44:53-80. [PMID: 29090363 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used cell culture of astrocytes aligned within microchannels to investigate calcium effects on primary cilia morphology. In the absence of calcium and in the presence of flow of media (10 μL.s-1) the majority (90%) of primary cilia showed reversible bending with an average curvature of 2.1 ± 0.9 × 10-4 nm-1. When 1.0 mM calcium was present, 90% of cilia underwent bending. Forty percent of these cilia demonstrated strong irreversible bending, resulting in a final average curvature of 3.9 ± 1 × 10-4 nm-1, while 50% of cilia underwent bending similar to that observed during calcium-free flow. The average length of cilia was shifted toward shorter values (3.67 ± 0.34 μm) when exposed to excess calcium (1.0 mM), compared to media devoid of calcium (3.96 ± 0.26 μm). The number of primary cilia that became curved after calcium application was reduced when the cell culture was pre-incubated with 15 μM of the microtubule stabilizer, taxol, for 60 min prior to calcium application. Calcium caused single microtubules to curve at a concentration ≈1.0 mM in vitro, but at higher concentration (≈1.5 mM) multiple microtubule curving occurred. Additionally, calcium causes microtubule-associated protein-2 conformational changes and its dislocation from the microtubule wall at the location of microtubule curvature. A very small amount of calcium, that is 1.45 × 1011 times lower than the maximal capacity of TRPPs calcium channels, may cause gross morphological changes (curving) of primary cilia, while global cytosol calcium levels are expected to remain unchanged. These findings reflect the non-linear manner in which primary cilia may respond to calcium signaling, which in turn may influence the course of development of ciliopathies and cancer.
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Neděla O, Slepička P, Švorčík V. Surface Modification of Polymer Substrates for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1115. [PMID: 28934132 PMCID: PMC5666921 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While polymers are widely utilized materials in the biomedical industry, they are rarely used in an unmodified state. Some kind of a surface treatment is often necessary to achieve properties suitable for specific applications. There are multiple methods of surface treatment, each with their own pros and cons, such as plasma and laser treatment, UV lamp modification, etching, grafting, metallization, ion sputtering and others. An appropriate treatment can change the physico-chemical properties of the surface of a polymer in a way that makes it attractive for a variety of biological compounds, or, on the contrary, makes the polymer exhibit antibacterial or cytotoxic properties, thus making the polymer usable in a variety of biomedical applications. This review examines four popular methods of polymer surface modification: laser treatment, ion implantation, plasma treatment and nanoparticle grafting. Surface treatment-induced changes of the physico-chemical properties, morphology, chemical composition and biocompatibility of a variety of polymer substrates are studied. Relevant biological methods are used to determine the influence of various surface treatments and grafting processes on the biocompatibility of the new surfaces-mammalian cell adhesion and proliferation is studied as well as other potential applications of the surface-treated polymer substrates in the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Neděla
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Simitzi C, Ranella A, Stratakis E. Controlling the morphology and outgrowth of nerve and neuroglial cells: The effect of surface topography. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:21-52. [PMID: 28069509 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other tissue types, like epithelial tissue, which consist of cells with a much more homogeneous structure and function, the nervous tissue spans in a complex multilayer environment whose topographical features display a large spectrum of morphologies and size scales. Traditional cell cultures, which are based on two-dimensional cell-adhesive culture dishes or coverslips, are lacking topographical cues and mainly simulate the biochemical microenvironment of the cells. With the emergence of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques new types of cell culture platforms are developed, where the effect of various topographical cues on cellular morphology, proliferation and differentiation can be studied. Different approaches (regarding the material, fabrication technique, topographical characteristics, etc.) have been implemented. The present review paper aims at reviewing the existing body of literature on the use of artificial micro- and nano-topographical features to control neuronal and neuroglial cells' morphology, outgrowth and neural network topology. The cell responses-from phenomenology to investigation of the underlying mechanisms- on the different topographies, including both deterministic and random ones, are summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE There is increasing evidence that physical cues, such as topography, can have a significant impact on the neural cell functions. With the aid of micro-and nanofabrication techniques, new types of cell culture platforms are developed and the effect of surface topography on the cells has been studied. The present review article aims at reviewing the existing body of literature reporting on the use of various topographies to study and control the morphology and functions of cells from nervous tissue, i.e. the neuronal and the neuroglial cells. The cell responses-from phenomenology to investigation of the underlying mechanisms- on the different topographies, including both deterministic and random ones, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simitzi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - A Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - E Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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16
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Manchineella S, Thrivikraman G, Basu B, Govindaraju T. Surface-Functionalized Silk Fibroin Films as a Platform To Guide Neuron-like Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22849-22859. [PMID: 27518901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface interactions at the biomaterial-cellular interface determine the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Manipulating such interactions through the surface chemistry of scaffolds renders control over directed stem cell differentiation into the cell lineage of interest. This approach is of central importance for stem cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative therapy applications. In the present study, silk fibroin films (SFFs) decorated with integrin-binding laminin peptide motifs (YIGSR and GYIGSR) were prepared and employed for in vitro adult stem cell-based neural tissue engineering applications. Functionalization of SFFs with short peptides showcased the peptide sequence and nature of functionalization-dependent differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Intriguingly, covalently functionalized SFFs with GYIGSR hexapeptide (CL2-SFF) supported hMSC proliferation and maintenance in an undifferentiated pluripotent state and directed the differentiation of hMSCs into neuron-like cells in the presence of a biochemical cue, on-demand. The observed morphological changes were further corroborated by the up-regulation of neuronal-specific marker gene expression (MAP2, TUBB3, NEFL), confirmed through semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The enhanced proliferation and on-demand directed differentiation of adult stem cells (hMSCs) by the use of an economically viable short recognition peptide (GYIGSR), as opposed to the integrin recognition protein laminin, establishes the potential of SFFs for neural tissue engineering and regenerative therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Manchineella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - T Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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17
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Lins LC, Wianny F, Livi S, Dehay C, Duchet-Rumeau J, Gérard JF. Effect of polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fiber orientation on neural stem cell differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2376-2393. [PMID: 27571576 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun polymer piezoelectric fibers can be used in neural tissue engineering (NTE) to mimic the physical, biological, and material properties of the native extracellular matrix. In this work, we have developed scaffolds based on polymer fiber architectures for application in NTE. To study the role of such three-dimensional scaffolds, a rotating drum collector was used for electrospinning poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) polymer at various rotation speeds. The morphology, orientation, polymorphism, as well as the mechanical behavior of the nonaligned and aligned fiber-based architectures were characterized. We have demonstrated that the jet flow and the electrostatic forces generated by electrospinning of PVDF induced local conformation changes which promote the generation of the β-phase. Fiber anisotropy could be a critical feature for the design of suitable scaffolds for NTEs. We thus assessed the impact of PVDF fiber alignment on the behavior of monkey neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs were seeded on nonaligned and aligned scaffolds and their morphology, adhesion, and differentiation capacities into the neuronal and glial pathways were studied using microscopic techniques. Significant changes in the growth and differentiation capacities of NSCs into neuronal and glial cells as a function of the fiber alignment were evidenced. These results demonstrate that PVDF scaffolds may serve as instructive scaffolds for NSC survival and differentiation, and may be valuable tools for the development of cell- and scaffold-based strategies for neural repair. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2376-2393, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanda C Lins
- Université de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères CNRS, UMR 5223; INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence Wianny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Sebastien Livi
- Université de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères CNRS, UMR 5223; INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Jannick Duchet-Rumeau
- Université de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères CNRS, UMR 5223; INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-François Gérard
- Université de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères CNRS, UMR 5223; INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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18
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Yaşayan G, Xue X, Collier P, Clarke P, Alexander MR, Marlow M. The influence of nanotexturing of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) films upon human ovarian cancer cell attachment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:255102. [PMID: 27184195 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/255102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have produced nanotextured poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films by using polystyrene (PS) particles as a template to make a polydimethylsiloxane mould against which PLGA is solvent cast. Biocompatible, biodegradable and nanotextured PLGA films were prepared with PS particles of diameter of 57, 99, 210, and 280 nm that produced domes of the same dimension in the PLGA surface. The effect of the particulate monolayer templating method was investigated to enable preparation of the films with uniformly ordered surface nanodomes. Cell attachment of a human ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR3) alone and co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated on flat and topographically nano-patterned surfaces. Cell numbers were observed to increase on the nanotextured surfaces compared to non-textured surfaces both with OVCAR3 cultures and OVCAR3-MSC co-cultures at 24 and 48 h time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Yaşayan
- University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Boots Science Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology İstanbul, 34668, Turkey
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19
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Katiyar KS, Winter CC, Struzyna LA, Harris JP, Cullen DK. Mechanical elongation of astrocyte processes to create living scaffolds for nervous system regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2737-2751. [PMID: 27273796 DOI: 10.1002/term.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following brain injury or neurodegenerative disease, successful regeneration requires orchestrated migration of neurons and reformation of long-distance communication fibres, or axons. Such extensive regeneration does not occur in the mature brain; however, during embryonic development, pathways formed by glial cells extend several millimeters (mm) to create 'living scaffolds' for targeted neural cell migration and axonal pathfinding. Techniques to recapitulate long process outgrowth in glial cells have proven elusive, preventing the exploitation of this developmental mechanism for regeneration. In the current study, astrocytes were induced to form a network of interconnected processes that were subjected to controlled mechanical tension in vitro using custom-built mechanobioreactors. We discovered a specific micron (μm)-scale mechanical growth regime that induced elongation of the astrocytic processes to a remarkable length of 2.5 mm at an optimal rate of 12.5 μm/h. More rapid mechanical regimes (> 20 μm/h) caused greater incidence of process degeneration or outright breakage, whereas slow regimes (< 4 μm/h) led to adaptive motility, thus failing to achieve process elongation. Cellular phenotype for this astrocytic 'stretch-growth' was confirmed based on presentation of the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Mechanical elongation resulted in the formation of dense bundles of aligned astrocytic processes. Importantly, seeded neurons readily adhered to, and extended neurites directly along, the elongated astrocytic processes, demonstrating permissiveness to support neuronal growth. This is the first demonstration of the controlled application of mechanical forces to create long astrocytic processes, which may form the backbone of tissue-engineered 'living scaffolds' that structurally emulate radial glia to facilitate neuroregeneration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika S Katiyar
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carla C Winter
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P Harris
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Seras-Franzoso J, Tatkiewicz WI, Vazquez E, García-Fruitós E, Ratera I, Veciana J, Villaverde A. Integrating mechanical and biological control of cell proliferation through bioinspired multieffector materials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:873-91. [PMID: 25816885 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, cells respond to complex mechanical and biological stimuli whose understanding is required for tissue construction in regenerative medicine. However, the full replication of such bimodal effector networks is far to be reached. Engineering substrate roughness and architecture allows regulating cell adhesion, positioning, proliferation, differentiation and survival, and the external supply of soluble protein factors (mainly growth factors and hormones) has been long applied to promote growth and differentiation. Further, bioinspired scaffolds are progressively engineered as reservoirs for the in situ sustained release of soluble protein factors from functional topographies. We review here how research progresses toward the design of integrative, holistic scaffold platforms based on the exploration of individual mechanical and biological effectors and their further combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Departament de Genètica & de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Oriented growth and transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards a Schwann cell fate on micropatterned substrates. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:325-35. [PMID: 26371993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While Schwann cells (SCs) have a significant role in peripheral nerve regeneration, their use in treatments has been limited because of lack of a readily available source. To address this issue, this study focused on the effect of guidance cues by employing micropatterned polymeric films to influence the alignment, morphology and transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards a Schwann cell-like fate. Two different types of polymers, biocompatible polystyrene (PS) and biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used to fabricate patterned films. Percentages of transdifferentiated MSCs (tMSCs) immunolabeled with SC markers (α-S100β and α-p75(NTR)) were found to be similar on patterned versus smooth PS and PLA substrates. However, patterning had a significant effect on the alignment and elongation of the tMSCs. More than 80% of the tMSCs were oriented in the direction of microgrooves (0°-20°), while cells on the smooth substrates were randomly oriented. The aspect ratio [AR, ratio of length (in direction of microgrooves) and breadth (in direction perpendicular to microgrooves)] of the tMSCs on patterned substrates had a value of approximately five, as compared to cells on smooth substrates where the AR was one. Understanding responses to these cues in vitro helps us in understanding the behavior and interaction of the cells with the 3D environment of the scaffolds, facilitating the application of these concepts to designing effective nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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22
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Zanchetta E, Guidi E, Della Giustina G, Sorgato M, Krampera M, Bassi G, Di Liddo R, Lucchetta G, Conconi MT, Brusatin G. Injection molded polymeric micropatterns for bone regeneration study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7273-7281. [PMID: 25756304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An industrially feasible process for the fast mass-production of molded polymeric micro-patterned substrates is here presented. Microstructured polystyrene (PS) surfaces were obtained through micro injection molding (μIM) technique on directly patterned stamps realized with a new zirconia-based hybrid spin-on system able to withstand 300 cycles at 90 °C. The use of directly patterned stamps entails a great advantage on the overall manufacturing process as it allows a fast, flexible, and simple one-step process with respect to the use of milling, laser machining, electroforming techniques, or conventional lithographic processes for stamp fabrication. Among the different obtainable geometries, we focused our attention on PS replicas reporting 2, 3, and 4 μm diameter pillars with 8, 9, 10 μm center-to-center distance, respectively. This enabled us to study the effect of the substrate topography on human mesenchymal stem cells behavior without any osteogenic growth factors. Our data show that microtopography affected cell behavior. In particular, calcium deposition and osteocalcin expression enhanced as diameter and interpillar distance size increases, and the 4-10 surface was the most effective to induce osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zanchetta
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Enrica Guidi
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sorgato
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- §Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Giulio Bassi
- §Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucchetta
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanna Brusatin
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
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23
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Mashinchian O, Turner LA, Dalby MJ, Laurent S, Shokrgozar MA, Bonakdar S, Imani M, Mahmoudi M. Regulation of stem cell fate by nanomaterial substrates. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:829-47. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are increasingly studied because of their potential to underpin a range of novel therapies, including regenerative strategies, cell type-specific therapy and tissue repair, among others. Bionanomaterials can mimic the stem cell environment and modulate stem cell differentiation and proliferation. New advances in these fields are presented in this review. This work highlights the importance of topography and elasticity of the nano-/micro-environment, or niche, for the initiation and induction of stem cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14177–55469, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lesley-Anne Turner
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic & Biomedical Chemistry, NMR & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- CMMI – Center for Microscopy & Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland, 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, PO Box 13169–43551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155–6451, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5101, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5101, USA
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24
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Hopkins AM, DeSimone E, Chwalek K, Kaplan DL. 3D in vitro modeling of the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 125:1-25. [PMID: 25461688 PMCID: PMC4324093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are currently more than 600 diseases characterized as affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which inflict neural damage. Unfortunately, few of these conditions have effective treatments available. Although significant efforts have been put into developing new therapeutics, drugs which were promising in the developmental phase have high attrition rates in late stage clinical trials. These failures could be circumvented if current 2D in vitro and in vivo models were improved. 3D, tissue-engineered in vitro systems can address this need and enhance clinical translation through two approaches: (1) bottom-up, and (2) top-down (developmental/regenerative) strategies to reproduce the structure and function of human tissues. Critical challenges remain including biomaterials capable of matching the mechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of neural tissues, compartmentalized scaffolds that support heterogeneous tissue architectures reflective of brain organization and structure, and robust functional assays for in vitro tissue validation. The unique design parameters defined by the complex physiology of the CNS for construction and validation of 3D in vitro neural systems are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hopkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Elise DeSimone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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25
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Kamudzandu M, Yang Y, Roach P, Fricker RA. Efficient alignment of primary CNS neurites using structurally engineered surfaces and biochemical cues. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15739g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nano-structured materials were used to investigate directional alignment of primary CNS neurons (red) co-cultured with astrocytes (green).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Yang
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Keele University
- UK
| | - Paul Roach
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Keele University
- UK
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McCormick AM, Maddipatla MVSN, Shi S, Chamsaz EA, Yokoyama H, Joy A, Leipzig ND. Micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films direct neurite orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19655-19667. [PMID: 25347606 DOI: 10.1021/am5044328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guidance and migration of cells in the nervous system is imperative for proper development, maturation, and regeneration. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it is challenging for axons to bridge critical-sized injury defects to achieve repair and the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited ability to regenerate after injury because of its innate injury response. The photoreactivity of the coumarin polyester used in this study enables efficient micropatterning using a custom digital micromirror device (DMD) and has been previously shown to be biodegradable, making these thin films ideal for cell guidance substrates with potential for future in vivo applications. With DMD, we fabricated coumarin polyester thin films into 10×20 μm and 15×50 μm micropatterns with depths ranging from 15 to 20 nm to enhance nervous system cell alignment. Adult primary neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes were isolated from rat brain tissue and seeded onto the polymer surfaces. After 24 h, cell type and neurite alignment were analyzed using phase contrast and fluorescence imaging. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in cell process distribution for both emergence angle (from the body of the cell) and orientation angle (at the tip of the growth cone) confirming alignment on patterned surfaces compared to control substrates (unpatterned polymer and glass surfaces). The expected frequency distribution for parallel alignment (≤15°) is 14% and the two micropatterned groups ranged from 42 to 49% alignment for emergence and orientation angle measurements, where the control groups range from 12 to 22% for parallel alignment. Despite depths being 15 to 20 nm, cell processes could sense these topographical changes and preferred to align to certain features of the micropatterns like the plateau/channel interface. As a result this initial study in utilizing these new DMD micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films has proven beneficial as an axon guidance platform for future nervous system regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleesha M McCormick
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Barthes J, Özçelik H, Hindié M, Ndreu-Halili A, Hasan A, Vrana NE. Cell microenvironment engineering and monitoring for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: the recent advances. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:921905. [PMID: 25143954 PMCID: PMC4124711 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the conditions in the immediate vicinity of the cells have a direct effect on cells' behaviour and subsequently on clinical outcomes. Physical, chemical, and biological control of cell microenvironment are of crucial importance for the ability to direct and control cell behaviour in 3-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds spatially and temporally. In this review, we will focus on the different aspects of cell microenvironment such as surface micro-, nanotopography, extracellular matrix composition and distribution, controlled release of soluble factors, and mechanical stress/strain conditions and how these aspects and their interactions can be used to achieve a higher degree of control over cellular activities. The effect of these parameters on the cellular behaviour within tissue engineering context is discussed and how these parameters are used to develop engineered tissues is elaborated. Also, recent techniques developed for the monitoring of the cell microenvironment in vitro and in vivo are reviewed, together with recent tissue engineering applications where the control of cell microenvironment has been exploited. Cell microenvironment engineering and monitoring are crucial parts of tissue engineering efforts and systems which utilize different components of the cell microenvironment simultaneously can provide more functional engineered tissues in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Barthes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hayriye Özçelik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Hindié
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 Avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy Pontoise, France
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Protip SAS, 8 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Özçelik H, Padeste C, Hasirci V. Systematically organized nanopillar arrays reveal differences in adhesion and alignment properties of BMSC and Saos-2 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 119:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Suchánek J, Henke P, Mosinger J, Zelinger Z, Kubát P. Effect of Temperature on Photophysical Properties of Polymeric Nanofiber Materials with Porphyrin Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6167-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5029917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suchánek
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Safety Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, Lumírova
13, Ostrava-Vyškovice, 700 30 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Mosinger
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zelinger
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubát
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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30
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Cui ZX, Zhao HB, Peng YY, Srithep Y, Turng LS, Shen CY. Fabrication of highly porous interconnected three-dimensional scaffolds with micro-channels. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Jeon H, Simon CG, Kim G. A mini-review: Cell response to microscale, nanoscale, and hierarchical patterning of surface structure. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1580-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HoJun Jeon
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
| | - Carl G. Simon
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
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32
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Mattioli S, Martino S, D'Angelo F, Emiliani C, Kenny JM, Armentano I. Nanostructured polystyrene films engineered by plasma processes: Surface characterization and stem cell interaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Mattioli
- Materials Science and Technology Center; UdR INSTM; NIPLAB; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Perugia; Terni Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry; Biology and Biotechnologies; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Francesco D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry; Biology and Biotechnologies; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Angelantoni Life Science s.r.l.; Località Cimacolle, 464 06056 Massa Martana PG Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry; Biology and Biotechnologies; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Josè Maria Kenny
- Materials Science and Technology Center; UdR INSTM; NIPLAB; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Perugia; Terni Italy
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Materials Science and Technology Center; UdR INSTM; NIPLAB; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Perugia; Terni Italy
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33
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Pilia M, Guda T, Shiels SM, Appleford MR. Influence of substrate curvature on osteoblast orientation and extracellular matrix deposition. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:23. [PMID: 24090183 PMCID: PMC3851034 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of microchannel diameter in hydroxyapatite (HAp) substrates on osteoblast behavior were investigated in this study. Microchannels of 100, 250 and 500 μm diameter were created on hydroxyapatite disks. The changes in osteoblast precursor growth, differentiation, extra cellular matrix (ECM) secretion and cell attachment/orientation were investigated as a function of microchannel diameter. Results Curvature did not impact cellular differentiation, however organized cellular orientation was achieved within the 100 and 250 μm microchannels (mc) after 6 days compared to the 12 days it took for the 500mc group, while the flat substrate remained disorganized. Moreover, the 100, 250 and 500mc groups expressed a specific shift in orientation of 17.45°, 9.05°, and 22.86° respectively in 24 days. The secreted/mineralized ECM showed the 100 and 250mc groups to have higher modulus (E) and hardness (h) (E = 42.6GPa; h = 1.6GPa) than human bone (E = 13.4-25.7GPa; h = 0.47-0.74GPa), which was significantly greater than the 500mc and control groups (p < 0.05). It was determined that substrate curvature affects the cell orientation, the time required for initial response, and the shift in orientation with time. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the ability of osteoblasts to organize and mineralize differentially in microchannels similar to those found in the osteons of compact bone. These investigations could lead to the development of osteon-like scaffolds to support the regeneration of organized bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pilia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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34
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Kumashiro Y, Itoga K, Kinoshita Y, Yamato M, Okano T. Development of Positive Photoresist for Controlling Cell Culture Shape on Organic Substrates. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kumashiro
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science (TWIns), Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Kazuyoshi Itoga
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science (TWIns), Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | | | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science (TWIns), Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science (TWIns), Tokyo Women’s Medical University
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35
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Hatano R, Mercurio K, Luna JI, Glaser DE, Leppert VJ, McCloskey KE. Endothelial cells derived from embryonic stem cells respond to cues from topographical surface patterns. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:18. [PMID: 23819656 PMCID: PMC3711924 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of micro- and nano-topography similar to those found in the extra cellular matrix of three-dimensional tissues is one technique used to recapitulate the cell-tissue physiology found in the native tissues. Despite the fact that ample studies have been conducted on the physiological significance of endothelial cells alignment parallel to shear stress, as this is the normal physiologic arrangement for healthy arterial EC, very few studies have examined the use of topographical signals to initiate endothelial cell alignment. Here, we have examined the ability for our mouse embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells (ESC-EC) to align on various microchip topographical systems. Briefly, we generated metal molds with 'wrinkled' topography using 1) 15 nm and 2) 30 nm of gold coating on the pre-strained polystryene (PS) sheets. After thermal-induced shrinkage of the PS sheets, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchips were then generated from the wrinkled molds. Using similar Shrink™-based technology, 3) larger selectively crazed acetone-etched lines in the PS sheets, and 4) fully crazed acetone-treated PS sheets of stochastic topographical morphology were also generated. The 15 nm and 30 nm gold coating generated 'wrinkles' of uniaxial anisotropic channels at nano-scaled widths while the crazing generated micron-sized channels. The ESC-EC were able to respond and align on the 320 nm, 510 nm, and the acetone-etched 10.5 μm channels, but not on the fully 'crazed' topographies. Moreover, the ESC-EC aligned most robustly on the wrinkles, and preferentially to ridge edges on the 10.5 μm-sized channels. The ability to robustly align EC on topographical surfaces enables a variety of controlled physiological studies of EC-EC and EC-ECM contact guidance, as well as having potential applications for the rapid endothelialization of stents and vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hatano
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Mercurio
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Isaac Luna
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Drew E Glaser
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Valerie J Leppert
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, CA, USA ; School of Engineering, University of California, P.O. Box 2039, Merced, CA 95344, USA
| | - Kara E McCloskey
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, CA, USA ; School of Engineering, University of California, P.O. Box 2039, Merced, CA 95344, USA
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36
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Heo JS, Choi SM, Kim HO, Kim EH, You J, Park T, Kim E, Kim HS. Neural transdifferentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on hydrophobic polymer-modified surface and therapeutic effects in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Neuroscience 2013; 238:305-18. [PMID: 23454369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have multi-lineage differentiation potential and can become cells of mesodermal and neural lineages. These stem cells thus hold considerable clinical promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. For successful regeneration of damaged neural tissues, directed differentiation of neural or neuronal precursor cells from MSCs and integration of transplanted cells are pivotal factors. We induced MSCs into neurogenesis using a modified protocol. The therapeutic potency of the resulting neural progenitor cells in a rat model of ischemic stroke was analyzed. Using a highly hydrophobic diphenylamino-s-triazine-bridged p-phenylene (DTOPV)-coated surface and adopting a procedure for propagation of neural stem cells, we efficiently converted MSCs into neurosphere-like cellular aggregates (NS-MSCs). The spherical cells were subsequently induced to differentiate into neural cells expressing neuroectodermal markers. To determine whether these cells had neuronal fates and induced neuro-protective effects in vivo, NS-MSCs were intra-cerebrally administered to rats 48h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). The results showed a remarkable attenuation of ischemic damage with significant functional recovery, although the cells were not fully incorporated into the damaged tissues on post-operative day 26. Improvement in the NS-MSC-transplanted rats was faster than in the MSC group and suppression of inflammation was likely the key factor. Thus, our culture system using the hydrophobic surface of a biocompatible DTOPV coating efficiently supported neural cell differentiation from MSCs. Neural-primed MSCs exhibited stronger therapeutic effects than MSCs in rat brains with pMCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Heo
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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37
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Béduer A, Vaysse L, Loubinoux I, Vieu C. [Micro/nano-engineering to control growth of neuronal cells and tissue engineering applied to the central nervous system]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 207:291-307. [PMID: 24594577 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2013019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system pathologies are often characterized by the loss of cell populations. A promising therapy now being developed consists in using bioactive materials, associating grafted cells to biopolymers which provide a scaffold for the in vitro building of new tissues, to be implanted in vivo. In the present article, the state of the art of this field, at crossroads between microtechnology and neuroscience, is described in detail; thereafter our own approach and results about interactions between adult human neural stem cells and microstructured polymers are summarized and discussed. In a second part, some central nervous system repair strategies, based on cerebral tissue engineering, are presented. We will report the main results of our studies to work out and characterize in vivo a cerebral bioprosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Béduer
- LAAS, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INSA, IAES), 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- INSERM, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques UMR 825, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- INSERM, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques UMR 825, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INSA, IAES), 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse, France
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39
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Farhangdoust S, Zamanian A, Yasaei M, Khorami M. The effect of processing parameters and solid concentration on the mechanical and microstructural properties of freeze-casted macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:453-60. [PMID: 25428095 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds, which could overcome current bone tissue engineering limitations, have been considered in recent years. In the current study, controlled unidirectional freeze-casting at different cooling rates was investigated. In the first step, different slurries with initial hydroxyapatite concentrations of 7-37.5 vol.% were prepared. In the next step, different cooling rates from 2 to 14 °C/min were applied to synthesize the porous scaffold. Additionally, a sintering temperature of 1350 °C was chosen as an optimum temperature. Finally, the phase composition (by XRD), microstructure (by SEM), mechanical characteristics, and the porosity of sintered samples were assessed. The porosity of the sintered samples was in a range of 45-87% and the compressive strengths varied from 0.4 MPa to 60 MPa. The mechanical strength of the scaffolds increased as a function of initial concentration, cooling rate, and sintering temperature. With regards to mechanical strength and pore size, the samples with the initial concentration and the cooling rate of 15 vol.% and 5 °C/min, respectively, showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farhangdoust
- Nanotechnology and Advance Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
| | - A Zamanian
- Nanotechnology and Advance Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - M Yasaei
- Nanotechnology and Advance Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - M Khorami
- Nanotechnology and Advance Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
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Abstract
Nerve conduits with grooved inner texture, working as a topographical guidance cue, have been experimentally proved to play a significant role in axonal alignment. How grooved conduits guide axonal outgrowth is of particular interest for studying nerve regeneration. A viscoelastic model of axonal outgrowth in a conduit with a defined grooved geometry characterized by its width in the circumferential direction and its height in the radial direction is developed in this work. In this model, the axon is considered as an elastic beam and the axonal deformation and motion, including stretching, bending and torsion, are described using a Cosserat rod theory. The friction between axon and substrate is also considered in this model as well as the tip outgrowth. It is found that the directional outgrowth of the axon can be significantly improved by the grooved texture: when the groove width decreases or the groove height increases, the axonal elongation in the longitudinal direction of the conduit can be increased, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. This work is the first numerical model to study the effect of the substrate geometry on axonal outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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41
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Jeon K, Oh HJ, Lim H, Kim JH, Lee DH, Lee ER, Park BH, Cho SG. Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through culture on nanopattern polydimethylsiloxane substrate. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5206-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Boote Jones EN, Mallapragada SK. Directed growth and differentiation of stem cells towards neural cell fates using soluble and surface-mediated cues. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 18:999-1015. [PMID: 17705995 DOI: 10.1163/156856207781494449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells are helping researchers understand the complex process of mammalian development and also show great promise in treating diseases that are unresponsive to standard therapies. The potential for embryonic stem cells to differentiate into any cell in the body is their great benefit but avoiding co-culture with animal cells and efficiently narrowing cell fate to a single cell type remains challenging. Adult progenitor cells have a more restricted cell fate, but have the potential for use in autologous cell therapies and avoid the ethical issues surrounding the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines. While progress is encouraging, there is much work to be done in directing cells to specific lineages before stem and progenitor cells can be commonly used in clinical settings. This review discusses current techniques used for investigation of the growth and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells, with a focus on neural cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Boote Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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43
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Turunen S, Haaparanta AM, Äänismaa R, Kellomäki M. Chemical and topographical patterning of hydrogels for neural cell guidancein vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:253-70. [DOI: 10.1002/term.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Turunen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Tampere University of Technology; Finland
| | | | - Riikka Äänismaa
- NeuroGroup, Institute for Biomedical Technology; University of Tampere; Finland
| | - Minna Kellomäki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Tampere University of Technology; Finland
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Mattotti M, Alvarez Z, Ortega JA, Planell JA, Engel E, Alcántara S. Inducing functional radial glia-like progenitors from cortical astrocyte cultures using micropatterned PMMA. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1759-70. [PMID: 22136716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells (RGC) are multipotent progenitors that generate neurons and glia during CNS development, and which also served as substrate for neuronal migration. After a lesion, reactive glia are the main contributor to CNS regenerative blockage, although some reactive astrocytes are also able to de-differentiate in situ into radial glia-like cells (RGLC), providing beneficial effects in terms of CNS recovery. Thus, the identification of substrate properties that potentiate the ability of astrocytes to transform into RGLC in response to a lesion might help in the development of implantable devices that improve endogenous CNS regeneration. Here we demonstrate that functional RGLC can be induced from in vitro matured astrocytes by using a precisely-sized micropatterned PMMA grooved scaffold, without added soluble or substrate adsorbed biochemical factors. RGLC were extremely organized and aligned on 2 μm line patterned PMMA and, like their embryonic counterparts, express nestin, the neuron-glial progenitor marker Pax6, and also proliferate, generate different intermediate progenitors and support and direct axonal growth and neuronal migration. Our results suggest that the introduction of line patterns in the size range of the RGC processes in implantable scaffolds might mimic the topography of the embryonic neural stem cell niche, driving endogenous astrocytes into an RGLC phenotype, and thus favoring the regenerative response in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mattotti
- Dpt. Material Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Meng F, Hlady V, Tresco PA. Inducing alignment in astrocyte tissue constructs by surface ligands patterned on biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1323-35. [PMID: 22100982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Planar substrates with patterned ligands were used to induce astrocyte alignment whereas substrates with uniform fields of ligand were used to produce random cell orientation. DRG neurons plated on top of oriented astrocyte monolayers exhibited directional outgrowth along aligned astrocytes, demonstrating that purely biological cues provided by the oriented astrocytes were sufficient to provide guidance cues. Antibody blocking studies demonstrated that astrocyte associated FN played a major mechanistic role in directing engineered neurite extension. Our results show that nanometer level surface cues are sufficient to direct nerve outgrowth through an intervening organized astrocyte cell layer. In other studies, we showed that patterned ligands were able to transmit organization cues through multiple cell layers to control the overall alignment of an astrocyte tissue construct, demonstrating how natural scar tissue may develop in situ into potent barriers. In such constructs the spatial organization of astrocyte derived FN maintained its organizational anisotropy throughout the thickness of multilayered astrocyte constructs. These in vitro studies suggest possible roles for such constructs as bridging substrates for neuroregenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Meng
- The Keck Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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46
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Xia W, Grandfield K, Hoess A, Ballo A, Cai Y, Engqvist H. Mesoporous titanium dioxide coating for metallic implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 100:82-93. [PMID: 21954047 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A bioactive mesoporous titanium dioxide (MT) coating for surface drug delivery has been investigated to develop a multifunctional implant coating, offering quick bone bonding and biological stability. An evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) method was used to prepare a mesoporous titanium dioxide coating of the anatase phase with BET surface area of 172 m(2)/g and average pore diameter of 4.3 nm. Adhesion tests using the scratch method and an in situ screw-in/screw-out technique confirm that the MT coating bonds tightly with the metallic substrate, even after removal from bone. Because of its high surface area, the bioactivity of the MT coating is much better than that of a dense TiO(2) coating of the same composition. Quick formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in vitro can be related to enhance bonding with bone. The uptake of antibiotics by the MT coating reached 13.4 mg/cm(3) within a 24 h loading process. A sustained release behavior has been obtained with a weak initial burst. By using Cephalothin as a model drug, drug loaded MT coating exhibits a sufficient antibacterial effect on the material surface, and within millimeters from material surface, against E.coli. Additionally, the coated and drug loaded surfaces showed no cytotoxic effect on cell cultures of the osteoblastic cell line MG-63. In conclusion, this study describes a novel, biocompatiblemesoporous implant coating, which has the ability to induce HA formation and could be used as a surface drug-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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47
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Synthetic Polymer Scaffolds for Stem Cell Transplantation in Retinal Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3020899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Luna JI, Ciriza J, Garcia-Ojeda ME, Kong M, Herren A, Lieu DK, Li RA, Fowlkes CC, Khine M, McCloskey KE. Multiscale Biomimetic Topography for the Alignment of Neonatal and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Heart Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:579-88. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Isaac Luna
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-Scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Jesus Ciriza
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | | | - Marco Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Herren
- Department of Pharmocology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Deborah K. Lieu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ronald A. Li
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Cardiovascular Research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Charless C. Fowlkes
- Deptartment of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Michelle Khine
- Deptartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Kara E. McCloskey
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-Scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, California
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Kung KS, Canton I, Massignani M, Battaglia G, Donald AM. The development of anisotropic behaviours of 3T3 fibroblasts on microgrooved patterns. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:23. [PMID: 21380646 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
3T3 fibroblasts cultured on microgrooved polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces of two different widths (25 μm and 55 μm) were individually tracked using confocal microscopy with a novel live-cell staining technique over several hours without noticeable cytotoxic effects. By quantifying the cell morphology, orientation, and migration over time, we identified the timescale (about 2-4 h after seeding) over which cell behaviours transitioned from isotropy to anisotropy, where the preference is in the direction parallel to the pattern. The development of anisotropy occurred more rapidly and distinctly when a narrower ridge width was used, suggesting that it is the ridge width that imposed a physical barrier on the cells' morphology and motility. Furthermore, while we found a weak but statistically significant correlation between cell orientation and morphology on the single-cell level, there is a lack of correlation on the same level between cell orientation and migratory direction. This suggests that while morphology and migration are affected anisotropically by topographical patterns in a similar way, the underlying processes giving rise to the anisotropy is slightly different in the two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kung
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK
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East E, de Oliveira DB, Golding JP, Phillips JB. Alignment of astrocytes increases neuronal growth in three-dimensional collagen gels and is maintained following plastic compression to form a spinal cord repair conduit. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 16:3173-84. [PMID: 20649441 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the spinal cord, reactive astrocytes form a glial scar consisting of highly ramified cell processes that constitute a major impediment to repair, partly due to their lack of orientation and guidance for regenerating axons. In some nonmammalian vertebrates, successful central nervous system regeneration is attributed to the alignment of reactive glia, which guide axons across the lesion site. Here, a three-dimensional mammalian cell-seeded collagen gel culture system was used to explore the effect of astrocyte alignment on neuronal growth. Astrocyte alignment was mapped within tethered rectangular gels and was significantly greater at the edge and middle of the gels compared to the control unaligned regions. When neurons were seeded on and within astrocyte gels, neurite length was greatest in the areas of astrocyte alignment. There was no difference in expression of astrocyte reactivity markers between aligned and control areas. Having established the potential utility of astrocyte alignment, the aligned gels were plastic compressed, transforming them into mechanically robust implantable devices. After compression, astrocytes remained viable and aligned and supported neurite outgrowth, yielding a novel method for assembling aligned cellular constructs suitable for tissue engineering and highlighting the importance of astrocyte alignment as a possible future therapeutic intervention for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma East
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
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