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Qian E, Kang Y. Branched Channels in Porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold Promote Vascularization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19081-19093. [PMID: 38442339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient vascularization is still considerably challenging for a porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold to achieve. To overcome this challenge, branched channels were created in the porous β-TCP scaffold by using 3D printing and a template-casting method to facilitate the instant flow of blood supply. Human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded in the channeled porous scaffolds and characterized through a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and cell migration. Channeled porous β-TCP scaffolds were then implanted in the subcutaneous pockets of mice. Histological staining and immunohistochemical staining on vascularization and bone-related markers were carried out on the embedded paraffin sections. Results from in vitro experiments showed that branched channels significantly promoted HUVECs' infiltration, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis, and also promoted the proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of hBMSCs. In vivo implantation results showed that, in the early stage after implantation, cells significantly migrated into branched channeled scaffolds. More matured blood vessels formed in the branched channeled scaffolds compared to that in nonchanneled and straight channeled scaffolds. Beside promoting vascularization, the branched channels also stimulated the infiltration of bone-related cells into the scaffolds. These results suggested that the geometric design of branched channels in the porous β-TCP scaffold promoted rapid vascularization and potentially stimulated bone cells recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Qian
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Yunqing Kang
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
- Faculty of Integrative Biology Ph.D. Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
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2
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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3
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Schröder M, Reseland JE, Haugen HJ. Osteoblasts in a Perfusion Flow Bioreactor—Tissue Engineered Constructs of TiO2 Scaffolds and Cells for Improved Clinical Performance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11131995. [PMID: 35805079 PMCID: PMC9265932 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining biomaterial scaffolds with cells serves as a promising strategy for engineering critical size defects; however, homogenous cellular growth within large scaffolds is challenging. Mechanical stimuli can enhance bone regeneration by modulating cellular growth and differentiation. Here, we compare dynamic seeding in a perfusion flow bioreactor with static seeding for a synthetic bone scaffold for up to 21 days using the cell line MC3T3-E1 and primary human osteoblast, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The secretion of bone-related proteins was quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Dynamic culture improved cellular distribution through the TiO2 scaffold and induced a five-fold increase in cell number after 21 days. The relative mRNA expression of osteopontin of MC3T3-E1 was 40-fold enhanced after 7 and 21 days at a flow rate of 0.08 mL/min, and that of collagen type I alpha I expression was 18-fold after 21 days. A flow rate of 0.16 mL/min was 10-fold less effective. Dynamic culture increased the levels of dickkopf-related protein 1 (60-fold), osteoprotegrin (29-fold), interleukin-6 (23-fold), interleukin-8 (36-fold), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (28-fold) and vascular endothelial growth factor (6-fold) in the medium of primary human osteoblasts after 21 days compared to static seeding. The proposed method may have clinical potential for bone tissue engineering.
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4
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Ding M, Koroma KE, Wendt D, Martin I, Martinetti R, Jespersen S, Schrøder HD, Overgaard S. Efficacy of bioreactor-activated bone substitute with bone marrow nuclear cells on fusion rate and fusion mass microarchitecture in sheep. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1862-1875. [PMID: 35233920 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors have been used for bone graft engineering in pre-clinical investigations over the past 15 years. The ability of bioreactor-incubated bone marrow nuclear cells (BMNCs) to enhance bone-forming potential varies significantly, and the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of BMNCs within the scaffold is largely unknown. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the efficacy of a carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) with/without BMNCs on spine fusion rate and fusion mass microarchitecture using a highly challenging two-level posterolateral spine fusion without instrumentation; and (2) to evaluate 3D distribution of BMNCs within scaffolds characterized by immunohistochemistry. Fusion rate and fusion mass were quantified by micro-CT, microarchitectural analysis, and histology. While the homogenous 3D distribution of BMNCs was not observed, BMNCs were found to migrate towards a substitute core. In the autograft group, the healing rate was 83.3%, irrespective of the presence of BMNCs. In the CHA group, also 83.3% was fused in the presence of BMNCs, and 66.7% fused without BMNCs. A significant decrease in the fusion mass porosity (p = .001) of the CHA group suggested the deposition of mineralized bone. The autograft group revealed more bone, thicker trabeculae, and better trabecular orientation but less connection compared to the CHA group. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the ability of bioreactors to incubate a large-sized substitute coated with viable BMNCs with the potential for proliferation and differentiation. These findings suggested that a bioreactor-activated substitute is comparable to autograft on spine fusion and that new functional bone regeneration could be achieved by a combination of BMNCs, biomaterials, and bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kariatta Esther Koroma
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - David Wendt
- Department of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stig Jespersen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Overgaard
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Influence of Culture Period on Osteoblast Differentiation of Tissue-Engineered Bone Constructed by Apatite-Fiber Scaffolds Using Radial-Flow Bioreactor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313080. [PMID: 34884885 PMCID: PMC8657963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the limitation of autografts, the development of alternative treatments for bone diseases to alleviate autograft-related complications is highly demanded. In this study, a tissue-engineered bone was formed by culturing rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) onto porous apatite-fiber scaffolds (AFSs) with three-dimensional (3D) interconnected pores using a radial-flow bioreactor (RFB). Using the optimized flow rate, the effect of different culturing periods on the development of tissue-engineered bone was investigated. The 3D cell culture using RFB was performed for 0, 1 or 2 weeks in a standard medium followed by 0, 1 or 2 weeks in a differentiation medium. Osteoblast differentiation in the tissue-engineered bone was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) assays. Furthermore, the tissue-engineered bone was histologically examined by hematoxylin and eosin and alizarin red S stains. We found that the ALP activity and OC content of calcified cells tended to increase with the culture period, and the differentiation of tissue-engineered bone could be controlled by varying the culture period. In addition, the employment of RFB and AFSs provided a favorable 3D environment for cell growth and differentiation. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the design of tissue-engineered bone for clinical applications.
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Dua R, Jones H, Noble PC. Evaluation of bone formation on orthopedic implant surfaces using an ex-vivo bone bioreactor system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22509. [PMID: 34795368 PMCID: PMC8602619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in materials and manufacturing processes have allowed the fabrication of intricate implant surfaces to facilitate bony attachment. However, refinement and evaluation of these new design strategies are hindered by the cost and complications of animal studies, particularly during early iterations in the development process. To address this problem, we have previously constructed and validated an ex-vivo bone bioreactor culture system that can maintain the viability of bone samples for an extended period ex-vivo. In this study, we investigated the mineralization of a titanium wire mesh scaffold under both static and dynamic culturing using our ex vivo bioreactor system. Thirty-six cancellous bone cores were harvested from bovine metatarsals at the time of slaughter and divided into five groups under the following conditions: Group 1) Isolated bone cores placed in static culture, Group 2) Unloaded bone cores placed in static culture in contact with a fiber-mesh metallic scaffold, Group 3) Bone cores placed in contact with a fiber-mesh metallic scaffold under the constant pressure of 150 kPa, Group 4) Bone core placed in contact with a fiber-mesh metallic scaffold and exposed to cyclic loading with continuous perfusion flow of media within the ex-vivo culture system and Group 5) Bone core evaluated on Day 0 to serve as a positive control for comparison with all other groups at weeks 4 and 7. Bone samples within Groups 1-4 were incubated for 4 and 7 weeks and then evaluated using histological examination (H&E) and the Live-Dead assay (Life Technologies). Matrix deposits on the metallic scaffolds were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the chemical composition of the matrix was measured using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). We found that the viability of bone cores was maintained after seven weeks of loading in our ex vivo system. In addition, SEM images revealed crystallite-like structures on the dynamically loaded metal coupons (Group 4), corresponding to the initial stages of mineralization. EDX results further confirmed the presence of carbon at the interface and calcium phosphates in the matrix. We conclude that a bone bioreactor can be used as an alternate tool for in-vivo bone ingrowth studies of new implant surfaces or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Dua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA.
| | - Hugh Jones
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip C Noble
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Surface Creasing-Induced Micropatterned GelMA Using Heating-Hydration Fabrication for Effective Vascularization. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:759-773. [PMID: 34387853 PMCID: PMC8440774 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface modification is used to modify the biomaterials for the regulation of cell culture using different approaches, such as chemical graft and mechanical treatment. However, those conventional methodologies often require precise fabrication in a high resolution involving either high cost or laborious steps to remove chemical residues that are toxic to the cells. METHODS A novel and simple method was proposed and evaluated to rapidly generate surface ceases on the gelatin methacrylate (gelMA) surface using the heating-hydration process. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured on the gelMA surface. The surface binding was characterized using the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) antibodies and cell adhesion pattern captured by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the heating-hydration parameters on the creasing formation was investigated. The morphology of HUVECs cultured on such micropatterned gelMA was characterized and compared. RESULTS It is found that the hydration solution, gelMA mixture, and hydration rate are the major factors that influence the cracking sizes in the range from 20 to 120 µm which resulted in capillary-like patterns on the gelMA surface. Low concentration of gelMA, high water concentration of cooling agent, and slow hydration rate result in the long creases, and heating of at least 60 min is required for complete dehydration. Strong fluorescence was around the creases with RGD-staining. Consequently, micropatterned gelMA demonstrated good biocompatibility with endothelial cells with more than 95% cell viability and continuous cell proliferation throughout 2 weeks as well as a good trace of neovascular formation. In comparison, normal gelMA surface did not exhibit RGD-fluorescent signals, and the cultured HUVECs on it were rounded with no spreading for network formation. CONCLUSION The heating-hydration approach can successfully and easily produce the micropatterned gelMA that allows rapid and effective vascularization to potentially improve the functionalities of the tissue-engineered construct.
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8
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Stojkovska J, Zvicer J, Andrejevic M, Janackovic D, Obradovic B, Veljovic DN. Novel composite scaffolds based on alginate and Mg-doped calcium phosphate fillers: Enhanced hydroxyapatite formation under biomimetic conditions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2079-2090. [PMID: 33955159 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAP) powders followed by the production of alginate based macroporous scaffolds with the aim to imitate the natural bone structure. HAP powders were synthesized by using a hydrothermal method, and after calcination, dominant phases in the powders, undoped and doped with Mg2+ were HAP and β-tricalcium phosphate, respectively. Upon mixing with Na-alginate, followed by gelation and freeze-dying, highly macroporous composite scaffolds were obtained with open and connected pores and uniformly dispersed mineral phase as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the scaffolds were influenced by the composition of calcium phosphate fillers being improved as Ca2+ concentration increased while Mg2+ concentration decreased. HAP formation within all scaffolds was investigated in simulated body fluid (SBF) during 28 days under static conditions while the best candidate (Mg substituted HAP filler, precursor solution with [Ca + Mg]/P molar ratio of 1.52) was investigated under more physiological conditions in a biomimetic perfusion bioreactor. The continuous SBF flow (superficial velocity of 400 μm/s) induced the formation of abundant HAP crystals throughout the scaffolds leading to improved mechanical properties to some extent as compared to the initial scaffolds. These findings indicated potentials of novel biomimetic scaffolds for use in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Stojkovska
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia.,Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Zvicer
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Andrejevic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bojana Obradovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Dua R, Jones H, Noble PC. Designing and validation of an automated ex-vivo bioreactor system for long term culture of bone. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101074. [PMID: 33997151 PMCID: PMC8102406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different bioreactors have been developed to study bone biology. Keeping a bone viable for long-term studies is still a challenge. We have developed an ex-vivo bone bioreactor that can keep the ex-vivo live bone viable for more than 4 weeks. Keeping a bone viable for over a month can be used as an alternative model for in-vivo experiments in animals. We hypothesize that the perfusion flow and mechanical load on the bone provide a real-time environment for the bone to survive. Cancellous bones were harvested from the bovine metatarsals and were placed in the dynamic culture with cyclic loading at regular intervals. After a period of week 4, the bone cores were retrieved from the bioreactor and tested for viability using calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer -1 fluorescent dyes and were compared with the cores that were placed in static culture with and without any loads on them and Day 0 bone core that acted as a positive control. The bone blocks were then fixed in 10% formalin, and bone mineral density was evaluated using a DXA scanner before staining them for H&E to study the morphological changes. Results revealed that the bone cultured in the bioreactor was viable as compared to the one in the static culture with and without constant load. Bone cores cultured in our ex-vivo bioreactor system also maintained their morphology and no statistical difference was found in the bone mineral density compared to positive controls and the statistical difference was found when compared with the cores cultured in static culture. This tool can be used to study bone biology for various applications such as bone ingrowth studies, to study the effect of drugs, hormones, or any growth factors, and much more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Dua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Hugh Jones
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip C Noble
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Melt Electrospinning of Polymers: Blends, Nanocomposites, Additives and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melt electrospinning has been developed in the last decade as an eco-friendly and solvent-free process to fill the gap between the advantages of solution electrospinning and the need of a cost-effective technique for industrial applications. Although the benefits of using melt electrospinning compared to solution electrospinning are impressive, there are still challenges that should be solved. These mainly concern to the improvement of polymer melt processability with reduction of polymer degradation and enhancement of fiber stability; and the achievement of a good control over the fiber size and especially for the production of large scale ultrafine fibers. This review is focused in the last research works discussing the different melt processing techniques, the most significant melt processing parameters, the incorporation of different additives (e.g., viscosity and conductivity modifiers), the development of polymer blends and nanocomposites, the new potential applications and the use of drug-loaded melt electrospun scaffolds for biomedical applications.
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Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Pereira AR, Herrmann M, Hansmann J, Delgado-López JM, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Sandri M. Biomimetic Mineralization Promotes Viability and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Perfusion Bioreactor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1447. [PMID: 33535576 PMCID: PMC7867135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering, the design of 3D systems capable of recreating composition, architecture and micromechanical environment of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) is still a challenge. While perfusion bioreactors have been proposed as potential tool to apply biomechanical stimuli, its use has been limited to a low number of biomaterials. In this work, we propose the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in biomimetic mineralized recombinant collagen scaffolds with a perfusion bioreactor to simultaneously provide biochemical and biophysical cues guiding stem cell fate. The scaffolds were fabricated by mineralization of recombinant collagen in the presence of magnesium (RCP.MgAp). The organic matrix was homogeneously mineralized with apatite nanocrystals, similar in composition to those found in bone. X-Ray microtomography images revealed isotropic porous structure with optimum porosity for cell ingrowth. In fact, an optimal cell repopulation through the entire scaffolds was obtained after 1 day of dynamic seeding in the bioreactor. Remarkably, RCP.MgAp scaffolds exhibited higher cell viability and a clear trend of up-regulation of osteogenic genes than control (non-mineralized) scaffolds. Results demonstrate the potential of the combination of biomimetic mineralization of recombinant collagen in presence of magnesium and dynamic culture of hMSC as a promising strategy to closely mimic bone ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita Pereira
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.H.); (J.H.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.H.); (J.H.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.H.); (J.H.)
| | | | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Monica Sandri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (S.S.); (A.T.); (M.S.)
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12
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Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.
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13
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Sarvari R, Keyhanvar P, Agbolaghi S, Gholami Farashah MS, Sadrhaghighi A, Nouri M, Roshangar L. Shape-memory materials and their clinical applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1833010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raana Sarvari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society Network (CKTSN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
- ARTAN110 Startup Accelerator, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Agbolaghi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Amirhouman Sadrhaghighi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Han H, Jun I, Seok H, Lee K, Lee K, Witte F, Mantovani D, Kim Y, Glyn‐Jones S, Edwards JR. Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Promote Angio-Osteogenesis to Enhance Bone Repair. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000800. [PMID: 32775162 PMCID: PMC7404158 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable metallic materials represent a potential step-change technology that may revolutionize the treatment of broken bones. Implants made with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts and fully biodegradable in vivo, removing the need for secondary surgery or long-term complications. Here, it is shown how clinically approved Mg alloy promotes improved bone repair using an integrated state of the art fetal mouse metatarsal assay coupled with in vivo preclinical studies, second harmonic generation, secretome array analysis, perfusion bioreactor, and high-resolution 3D confocal imaging of vasculature within skeletal tissue, to reveal a vascular-mediated pro-osteogenic mechanism controlling enhanced tissue regeneration. The optimized mechanical properties and corrosion rate of the Mg alloy lead to a controlled release of metallic Mg, Ca, and Zn ions at a rate that facilitates both angiogenesis and coupled osteogenesis for better bone healing, without causing adverse effects at the implantation site. The findings from this study support ongoing development and refinement of biodegradable metal systems to act as crucial portal technologies with significant potential to improve many clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung‐Seop Han
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)University of OxfordOxfordOX3 7LDUK
| | - Indong Jun
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)University of OxfordOxfordOX3 7LDUK
- Environmental Safety GroupKorea Institute of Science & Technology EuropeSaarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Hyun‐Kwang Seok
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Kang‐Sik Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life SciencesAsan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of UlsanSeoul05505Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Witte
- Department of Prostodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular DisordersCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin14197Germany
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC‐I, Dept. Min‐Met‐Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research CenterLaval UniversityQuebecG1V 0A6Canada
| | - Yu‐Chan Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research InstituteKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Sion Glyn‐Jones
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)University of OxfordOxfordOX3 7LDUK
| | - James R. Edwards
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)University of OxfordOxfordOX3 7LDUK
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Dębski T, Kurzyk A, Ostrowska B, Wysocki J, Jaroszewicz J, Święszkowski W, Pojda Z. Scaffold vascularization method using an adipose-derived stem cell (ASC)-seeded scaffold prefabricated with a flow-through pedicle. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:34. [PMID: 31973733 PMCID: PMC6979360 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascularization is important for the clinical application of tissue engineered products. Both adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and surgical prefabrication can be used to induce angiogenesis in scaffolds. Our aim was to compare the angiogenic potential of ASC-seeded scaffolds combined with scaffold prefabrication with that of non-seeded, non-prefabricated scaffolds. Methods For prefabrication, functional blood vessels were introduced into the scaffold using a flow-through pedicle system. ASCs were isolated from rat fat deposits. Three-dimensional-printed cylindrical poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds were fabricated by fused deposition modelling. Three groups, each containing six rats, were investigated by using non-seeded, ASC-seeded, and osteogenic induced ASC-seeded scaffolds. In each group, one rat was implanted with two scaffolds in the inguinal region. On the right side, a scaffold was implanted subcutaneously around the inferior epigastric vessels (classic prefabrication group). On the left side, the inferior epigastric vessels were placed inside the prefabricated scaffold in the flow-through pedicle system (flow-through prefabrication group). The vessel density and vascular architecture were examined histopathologically and by μCT imaging, respectively, at 2 months after implantation. Results The mean vessel densities were 10- and 5-fold higher in the ASC-seeded and osteogenic induced ASC-seeded scaffolds with flow-through prefabrication, respectively, than in the non-seeded classic prefabricated group (p < 0.001). μCT imaging revealed functional vessels within the scaffold. Conclusion ASC-seeded scaffolds with prefabrication showed significantly improved scaffold vasculogenesis and could be useful for application to tissue engineering products in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dębski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kurzyk
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Ostrowska
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Juliusz Wysocki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Opportunities and challenges of translational 3D bioprinting. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 4:370-380. [PMID: 31695178 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed orthopaedic devices and surgical tools, printed maxillofacial implants and other printed acellular devices have been used in patients. By contrast, bioprinted living cellular constructs face considerable translational challenges. In this Perspective, we first summarize the most recent developments in 3D bioprinting for clinical applications, with a focus on how 3D-printed cartilage, bone and skin can be designed for individual patients and fabricated using the patient's own cells. We then discuss key translational considerations, such as the need to ensure close integration of the living device with the patient's vascular network, the development of biocompatible bioinks and the challenges in deriving a physiologically relevant number of cells. Lastly, we outline untested regulatory pathways, as well as logistical challenges in material sourcing, manufacturing, standardization and transportation.
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17
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Rademakers T, Horvath JM, van Blitterswijk CA, LaPointe VL. Oxygen and nutrient delivery in tissue engineering: Approaches to graft vascularization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1815-1829. [PMID: 31310055 PMCID: PMC6852121 DOI: 10.1002/term.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering is making great strides in developing replacement tissue grafts for clinical use, marked by the rapid development of novel biomaterials, their improved integration with cells, better-directed growth and differentiation of cells, and improved three-dimensional tissue mass culturing. One major obstacle that remains, however, is the lack of graft vascularization, which in turn renders many grafts to fail upon clinical application. With that, graft vascularization has turned into one of the holy grails of tissue engineering, and for the majority of tissues, it will be imperative to achieve adequate vascularization if tissue graft implantation is to succeed. Many different approaches have been developed to induce or augment graft vascularization, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we highlight the importance of vascularization in tissue engineering and outline various approaches inspired by both biology and engineering to achieve and augment graft vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rademakers
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith M. Horvath
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Vanessa L.S. LaPointe
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Schmid J, Schwarz S, Meier-Staude R, Sudhop S, Clausen-Schaumann H, Schieker M, Huber R. A Perfusion Bioreactor System for Cell Seeding and Oxygen-Controlled Cultivation of Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:585-595. [PMID: 30234443 PMCID: PMC6208160 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor systems facilitate three-dimensional (3D) cell culture by coping with limitations of static cultivation techniques. To allow for the investigation of proper cultivation conditions and the reproducible generation of tissue-engineered grafts, a bioreactor system, which comprises the control of crucial cultivation parameters in independent-operating parallel bioreactors, is beneficial. Furthermore, the use of a bioreactor as an automated cell seeding tool enables even cell distributions on stable scaffolds. In this study, we developed a perfusion microbioreactor system, which enables the cultivation of 3D cell cultures in an oxygen-controlled environment in up to four independent-operating bioreactors. Therefore, perfusion microbioreactors were designed with the help of computer-aided design, and manufactured using the 3D printing technologies stereolithography and fused deposition modeling. A uniform flow distribution in the microbioreactor was shown using a computational fluid dynamics model. For oxygen measurements, microsensors were integrated in the bioreactors to measure the oxygen concentration (OC) in the geometric center of the 3D cell cultures. To control the OC in each bioreactor independently, an automated feedback loop was developed, which adjusts the perfusion velocity according to the oxygen sensor signal. Furthermore, an automated cell seeding protocol was implemented to facilitate the even distribution of cells within a stable scaffold in a reproducible way. As proof of concept, the human mesenchymal stem cell line SCP-1 was seeded on bovine cancellous bone matrix of 1 cm3 and cultivated in the developed microbioreactor system at different oxygen levels. The oxygen control was capable to maintain preset oxygen levels ±0.5% over a cultivation period of several days. Using the automated cell seeding procedure resulted in evenly distributed cells within a stable scaffold. In summary, the developed microbioreactor system enables the cultivation of 3D cell cultures in an automated and thus reproducible way by providing up to four independently operating, oxygen-controlled bioreactors. In combination with the automated cell seeding procedure, the bioreactor system opens up new possibilities to conduct more reproducible experiments to investigate optimal cultivation parameters and to generate tissue-engineering grafts in an oxygen-controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schmid
- 1 Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany .,2 Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine (ExperiMed), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Munich, Germany .,3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Schwarz
- 1 Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany .,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University Munich , Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Meier-Staude
- 3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sudhop
- 1 Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany .,5 Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- 1 Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany .,5 Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- 2 Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine (ExperiMed), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- 1 Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany .,3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Applied Sciences Munich , Munich, Germany
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Scaffold implantation in the omentum majus of rabbits for new bone formation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:1274-1279. [PMID: 31331852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of the mandible after defects caused by ablative surgery remains challenging. Microvascular free flaps from the scapula, fibula or iliac crest remain the 'gold standard'. A drawback of these methods is donor-side morbidity, availability and the shape of the bone. Former cases have shown that prefabrication of a customized bone flap in the latissimus dorsi muscle may be successful; however, this method is still associated with high donor-side morbidity. Osteogenesis in the omentum majus of rabbits by wrapping the periosteum into it was confirmed recently and is particularly interesting for bone endocultivation. Twelve adult male New Zealand white rabbits were used. In each, two hydroxyapatite blocks were implanted in the greater omentum with autologous bone or autologous bone + rhBMP-2. Bone density measurements were performed by CT scans. Fluorochrome labelling was used for new bone formation detection. The animals were sacrificed at week 10, and the specimens were harvested for histological and histomorphometric analysis. In histological and fluorescence microscopic analysis, new bone formation could be found, as well as new blood vessels and connective tissue. No significant differences were found regarding the histological analysis and bone density measurements between the groups. It could be demonstrated that the omentum majus is a practical way to use one's own body as a bioreactor for prefabrication of tissue-engineered bony constructs. Regarding the influence and exact dose of rhBMP-2, further research is necessary. To establish and improve this method, further large-animal experimental studies are also necessary.
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20
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Wang X, Lin M, Kang Y. Engineering Porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) Scaffolds with Multiple Channels to Promote Cell Migration, Proliferation, and Angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9223-9232. [PMID: 30758175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen and nutrient diffusion in a porous scaffold often resulted in insufficient formation of branched vasculatures, which hindered bone regeneration. In this study, interconnected porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds with different geometric designs of channels were fabricated and compared to discover the functionality of structure on facilitating nutrient diffusion for angiogenesis. In vitro fluid transportation and degradation of the scaffolds were performed. Cell infiltration, migration, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the scaffolds were carried out under both static and dynamic culture conditions. A computational simulation model and a series of immunofluorescent staining were implemented to understand the mechanism of cell behavior in response to different types of scaffolds. Results showed that geometry with multiple channels significantly accelerated the release of Ca2+ and increased the fluid diffusion efficiency. Moreover, multiple channels promoted HUVECs' infiltration and migration in vitro. The ex vivo implantation results showed that the channels promoted cells from the rats' calvarial bone explants to infiltrate into the implanted scaffold. Multiple channels also stimulated HUVECs' proliferation prominently at both static and dynamic culturing conditions. The expression of both cell migration-related protein α5 and angiogenesis-related protein CD31 on multiple-channeled scaffolds was upregulated compared to that on the other two types of scaffolds, implying that multiple channels reinforced cell migration and angiogenesis. All the findings suggested that the geometric design of multiple channels in the porous β-TCP scaffold has promising potential to promote cell infiltration, migration, and further vascularization when implanted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunqing Kang
- Integrative Biology PhD Program, Department of Biological Science, College of Science , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , Florida 33431 , United States
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21
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Paim Á, Tessaro IC, Cardozo NSM, Pranke P. Mesenchymal stem cell cultivation in electrospun scaffolds: mechanistic modeling for tissue engineering. J Biol Phys 2018; 44:245-271. [PMID: 29508186 PMCID: PMC6082795 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-018-9482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of research in which the cells, biomaterials, and processes can be optimized to develop a tissue substitute. Three-dimensional (3D) architectural features from electrospun scaffolds, such as porosity, tortuosity, fiber diameter, pore size, and interconnectivity have a great impact on cell behavior. Regarding tissue development in vitro, culture conditions such as pH, osmolality, temperature, nutrient, and metabolite concentrations dictate cell viability inside the constructs. The effect of different electrospun scaffold properties, bioreactor designs, mesenchymal stem cell culture parameters, and seeding techniques on cell behavior can be studied individually or combined with phenomenological modeling techniques. This work reviews the main culture and scaffold factors that affect tissue development in vitro regarding the culture of cells inside 3D matrices. The mathematical modeling of the relationship between these factors and cell behavior inside 3D constructs has also been critically reviewed, focusing on mesenchymal stem cell culture in electrospun scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Paim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-040, Brazil.
| | - Isabel C Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Nilo S M Cardozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90020-010, Brazil
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22
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Pirosa A, Gottardi R, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. Engineering in-vitro stem cell-based vascularized bone models for drug screening and predictive toxicology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29678192 PMCID: PMC5910611 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of veritable in-vitro models of bone tissue is essential to understand the biology of bone and its surrounding environment, to analyze the pathogenesis of bone diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, etc.), to develop effective therapeutic drug screening, and to test potential therapeutic strategies. Dysregulated interactions between vasculature and bone cells are often related to the aforementioned pathologies, underscoring the need for a bone model that contains engineered vasculature. Due to ethical restraints and limited prediction power of animal models, human stem cell-based tissue engineering has gained increasing relevance as a candidate approach to overcome the limitations of animals and to serve as preclinical models for drug testing. Since bone is a highly vascularized tissue, the concomitant development of vasculature and mineralized matrix requires a synergistic interaction between osteogenic and endothelial precursors. A number of experimental approaches have been used to achieve this goal, such as the combination of angiogenic factors and three-dimensional scaffolds, prevascularization strategies, and coculture systems. In this review, we present an overview of the current models and approaches to generate in-vitro stem cell-based vascularized bone, with emphasis on the main challenges of vasculature engineering. These challenges are related to the choice of biomaterials, scaffold fabrication techniques, and cells, as well as the type of culturing conditions required, and specifically the application of dynamic culture systems using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pirosa
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, Palermo, 90133 Italy
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Beşkardeş IG, Aydın G, Bektaş Ş, Cengiz A, Gümüşderelioğlu M. A systematic study for optimal cell seeding and culture conditions in a perfusion mode bone-tissue bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The creation of single and multilayered adult stem cells (ASCs) sheets is presented. The stem cell sheets preserve the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrices and are developed by utilizing a thermally reversible methylcellulose (MC) coated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dish. This technique is an improvement and a simplification of earlier noninvasive cell retrieval methods based on the use of a temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) coated TCPS dishes. The optimal combination of MC-water-salt was determined to be 12-14% of MC (mol. wt. of 15,000) in water with 0.5× PBS (~150 mOsm). This solution exhibited a gel formation temperature of ~32 °C. The addition (evenly spread) of 1 ml of 3 mg/ml rat tail type-I (pH adjusted to 7.5) over the MC coated surface at 37 °C improves ASC adhesion and proliferation on the methylcellulose system. Upon confluence, a continuous monolayer ASC sheet was formed on the surface of the MC hydrogel system. When the grown cell sheet was removed from the incubator and exposed to room temperature (~30 °C), it spontaneously and gradually detached from the surface of the thermoresponsive hydrogel, creating an ASC sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoosha Forghani
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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25
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Rh Owen G, Dard M, Larjava H. Hydoxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramics as regenerative material for the repair of complex bone defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2493-2512. [PMID: 29266701 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material composed of collagen and calcium phosphate (CaP) mineral. The collagen gives bone its flexibility while the inorganic material gives bone its resilience. The CaP in bone is similar in composition and structure to the mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) and is bioactive, osteoinductive and osteoconductive. Therefore synthetic versions of bone apatite (BA) have been developed to address the demand for autologous bone graft substitutes. Synthetic HA (s-HA) are stiff and strong, but brittle. These lack of physical attributes limit the use of synthetic apatites in situations where no physical loading of the apatite occurs. s-HA chemical properties differ from BA and thus change the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Consequently, s-HA is more chemically stable than BA and thus its resorption rate is slower than the rate of bone regeneration. One solution to this problem is to introduce a faster resorbing CaP, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), when synthesizing the material creating a biphasic (s-HA and β-TCP) formulation of calcium phosphate (BCP). The focus of this review is to introduce the major differences between BCP and biological apatites and how material scientists have overcome the inadequacies of the synthetic counterparts. Examples of BCP performance in vitro and in vivo following structural and chemical modifications are provided as well as novel ultrastructural data. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2493-2512, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethin Rh Owen
- Department of Oral, Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michel Dard
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Department of Oral, Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Birkenfeld F, Sengebusch A, Völschow C, Naujokat H, Möller B, Wieker H, Wiltfang J. * Endocultivation of Scaffolds with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and VEGF 165 in the Omentum Majus in a Rabbit Model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:842-849. [PMID: 28762869 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of defects in the mandible are still challenging. Despite several adequate microvascular bone reconstruction techniques, there is a need for ectopic bone endocultivation without drawbacks by donor-site morbidity. The omentum majus is described as a good vascularized fleece with undifferentiated cells with potential for bone culturing. In the omentum majus of six rabbits, two hydroxyapatite blocks were incorporated for 12 weeks each. The blocks were prepared with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) or VEGF165 + rhBMP-2 and wrapped into the omentum. For ectopic bone endocultivation observation computed tomography (CT) scans were performed, and fluorescence markers were applied. After harvesting the block, histological sections were performed with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue staining. In the CT scans, the Hounsfield units of the blocks increased within the trail. In some sections, new bone formation was observed within the hydroxyapatite blocks, however, the histological staining showed soft-tissue invasion only, no gross bone formation was observed. The ectopic bone endocultivation in the omentum majus is technically a good approach. An adequate mixture of osteoinductive proteins is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Birkenfeld
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Sengebusch
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Chiara Völschow
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Naujokat
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Möller
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Henning Wieker
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel, Germany
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Hendrikson WJ, Rouwkema J, Clementi F, van Blitterswijk CA, Farè S, Moroni L. Towards 4D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering: exploiting 3D shape memory polymers to deliver time-controlled stimulus on cultured cells. Biofabrication 2017; 9:031001. [PMID: 28726680 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering needs innovative solutions to better fit the requirements of a minimally invasive approach, providing at the same time instructive cues to cells. The use of shape memory polyurethane has been investigated by producing 4D scaffolds via additive manufacturing technology. Scaffolds with two different pore network configurations (0/90° and 0/45°) were characterized by dynamic-mechanical analysis. The thermo-mechanical analysis showed a Tg at about 32 °C (Tg = T trans), indicating no influence of the fabrication process on the transition temperature. In addition, shape recovery tests showed a good recovery of the permanent shape for both scaffold configurations. When cells were seeded onto the scaffolds in the temporary shape and the permanent shape was recovered, cells were significantly more elongated after shape recovery. Thus, the mechanical stimulus imparted by shape recovery is able to influence the shape of cells and nuclei. The obtained results indicate that a single mechanical stimulus is sufficient to initiate changes in the morphology of adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmus J Hendrikson
- University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Tissue Regeneration, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Development and Characterization of a Parallelizable Perfusion Bioreactor for 3D Cell Culture. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020051. [PMID: 28952530 PMCID: PMC5590478 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three dimensional (3D) cultivation of stem cells in dynamic bioreactor systems is essential in the context of regenerative medicine. Still, there is a lack of bioreactor systems that allow the cultivation of multiple independent samples under different conditions while ensuring comprehensive control over the mechanical environment. Therefore, we developed a miniaturized, parallelizable perfusion bioreactor system with two different bioreactor chambers. Pressure sensors were also implemented to determine the permeability of biomaterials which allows us to approximate the shear stress conditions. To characterize the flow velocity and shear stress profile of a porous scaffold in both bioreactor chambers, a computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed. Furthermore, the mixing behavior was characterized by acquisition of the residence time distributions. Finally, the effects of the different flow and shear stress profiles of the bioreactor chambers on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated in a proof of concept study. In conclusion, the data from computational fluid dynamics and shear stress calculations were found to be predictable for relative comparison of the bioreactor geometries, but not for final determination of the optimal flow rate. However, we suggest that the system is beneficial for parallel dynamic cultivation of multiple samples for 3D cell culture processes.
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29
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Hendrikson WJ, Deegan AJ, Yang Y, van Blitterswijk CA, Verdonschot N, Moroni L, Rouwkema J. Influence of Additive Manufactured Scaffold Architecture on the Distribution of Surface Strains and Fluid Flow Shear Stresses and Expected Osteochondral Cell Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28239606 PMCID: PMC5300985 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications should instruct cells with the appropriate signals, including biophysical stimuli such as stress and strain, to form the desired tissue. Apart from that, scaffolds, especially for load-bearing applications, should be capable of providing mechanical stability. Since both scaffold strength and stress–strain distributions throughout the scaffold depend on the scaffold’s internal architecture, it is important to understand how changes in architecture influence these parameters. In this study, four scaffold designs with different architectures were produced using additive manufacturing. The designs varied in fiber orientation, while fiber diameter, spacing, and layer height remained constant. Based on micro-CT (μCT) scans, finite element models (FEMs) were derived for finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). FEA of scaffold compression was validated using μCT scan data of compressed scaffolds. Results of the FEA and CFD showed a significant impact of scaffold architecture on fluid shear stress and mechanical strain distribution. The average fluid shear stress ranged from 3.6 mPa for a 0/90 architecture to 6.8 mPa for a 0/90 offset architecture, and the surface shear strain from 0.0096 for a 0/90 offset architecture to 0.0214 for a 0/90 architecture. This subsequently resulted in variations of the predicted cell differentiation stimulus values on the scaffold surface. Fluid shear stress was mainly influenced by pore shape and size, while mechanical strain distribution depended mainly on the presence or absence of supportive columns in the scaffold architecture. Together, these results corroborate that scaffold architecture can be exploited to design scaffolds with regions that guide specific tissue development under compression and perfusion. In conjunction with optimization of stimulation regimes during bioreactor cultures, scaffold architecture optimization can be used to improve scaffold design for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J Hendrikson
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
| | - Anthony J Deegan
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University , Stoke on Trent , UK
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University , Stoke on Trent , UK
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
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30
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Recellularization on Acellular Lung Tissue Scaffold Using Perfusion-Based Bioreactor: An Online Monitoring Strategy. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Kashte S, Jaiswal AK, Kadam S. Artificial Bone via Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Scenario and Challenges. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:1-14. [PMID: 30603457 PMCID: PMC6171575 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone provides mechanical support, and flexibility to the body as a structural frame work along with mineral storage, homeostasis, and blood pH regulation. The repair and/or replacement of injured or defective bone with healthy bone or bone substitute is a critical problem in orthopedic treatment. Recent advances in tissue engineering have shown promising results in developing bone material capable of substituting the conventional autogenic or allogenic bone transplants. In the present review, we have discussed natural and synthetic scaffold materials such as metal and metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, etc. which are widely being used along with their cellular counterparts such as stem cells in bone tissue engineering with their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaji Kashte
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Girinagar, Pune, MS 411025 India
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Center for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, VIT University, Vellore, 632104 India
| | - Sachin Kadam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur, 416006 India
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Kasper FK, Melville J, Shum J, Wong M, Young S. Tissue Engineered Prevascularized Bone and Soft Tissue Flaps. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2017; 29:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Li X, He J, Zhang W, Jiang N, Li D. Additive Manufacturing of Biomedical Constructs with Biomimetic Structural Organizations. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9110909. [PMID: 28774030 PMCID: PMC5457198 DOI: 10.3390/ma9110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), sometimes called three-dimensional (3D) printing, has attracted a lot of research interest and is presenting unprecedented opportunities in biomedical fields, because this technology enables the fabrication of biomedical constructs with great freedom and in high precision. An important strategy in AM of biomedical constructs is to mimic the structural organizations of natural biological organisms. This can be done by directly depositing cells and biomaterials, depositing biomaterial structures before seeding cells, or fabricating molds before casting biomaterials and cells. This review organizes the research advances of AM-based biomimetic biomedical constructs into three major directions: 3D constructs that mimic tubular and branched networks of vasculatures; 3D constructs that contains gradient interfaces between different tissues; and 3D constructs that have different cells positioned to create multicellular systems. Other recent advances are also highlighted, regarding the applications of AM for organs-on-chips, AM-based micro/nanostructures, and functional nanomaterials. Under this theme, multiple aspects of AM including imaging/characterization, material selection, design, and printing techniques are discussed. The outlook at the end of this review points out several possible research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Knee Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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34
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Li Y, Liu Y, Li S, Liang G, Jiang C, Hu Q. Novel control of gel fraction and enhancement of bonding strength for constructing 3D architecture of tissue engineering scaffold with alginate tubular fiber. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:111-116. [PMID: 26073314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alginate tubular fiber has been successfully prepared via coaxial fluid crosslink mode, which is potentially used for the construction of vascularized tissue engineering scaffolds (VTES). However, its elastic and smooth surface is negative for the adhesion of fibers. In this study, the gel fractions were controlled in a novel way of two-step crosslink process in order to meet the needs of each processing link. Based on such consideration, an appropriate formulation was selected to direct write single fiber, which ensured the tubular structure with enough gel portion as well as adhesion between fibers with the reserved sol. Finally, the integrity of the scaffolds had a further development within the 2nd crosslink bath process, which would help to solve the question of poor shear resistance for hydrogel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuai Li
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Concise Review: In Vitro Formation of Bone-Like Nodules Sheds Light on the Application of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1587-1593. [PMID: 27458265 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, we summarize the studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast differentiation in the context of in vitro formation of bone-like nodules, including morphologic and molecular events as well as cellular contributions to mineral nucleation, occurring during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This article also highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies. SIGNIFICANCE Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast commitment and differentiation are summarized. This article highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and the opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies.
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36
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37
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Volz AC, Huber B, Kluger PJ. Adipose-derived stem cell differentiation as a basic tool for vascularized adipose tissue engineering. Differentiation 2016; 92:52-64. [PMID: 26976717 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro adipose tissue constructs is highly desired to cope with the increased demand for substitutes to replace damaged soft tissue after high graded burns, deformities or tumor removal. To achieve clinically relevant dimensions, vascularization of soft tissue constructs becomes inevitable but still poses a challenge. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent a promising cell source for the setup of vascularized fatty tissue constructs as they can be differentiated into adipocytes and endothelial cells in vitro and are thereby available in sufficiently high cell numbers. This review summarizes the currently known characteristics of ASCs and achievements in adipogenic and endothelial differentiation in vitro. Further, the interdependency of adipogenesis and angiogenesis based on the crosstalk of endothelial cells, stem cells and adipocytes is addressed at the molecular level. Finally, achievements and limitations of current co-culture conditions for the construction of vascularized adipose tissue are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Volz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petra J Kluger
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Nguyen BNB, Ko H, Moriarty RA, Etheridge JM, Fisher JP. Dynamic Bioreactor Culture of High Volume Engineered Bone Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:263-71. [PMID: 26653703 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the fabrication of tissue grafts of any significant size--much less a whole organ or tissue--remains a major challenge. Currently, tissue-engineered constructs cultured in vitro have been restrained in size primarily due to the diffusion limit of oxygen and nutrients to the center of these grafts. Previously, we developed a novel tubular perfusion system (TPS) bioreactor, which allows the dynamic culture of bead-encapsulated cells and increases the supply of nutrients to the entire cell population. More interestingly, the versatility of TPS bioreactor allows a large range of engineered tissue volumes to be cultured, including large bone grafts. In this study, we utilized alginate-encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells for the culture of a tissue-engineered bone construct in the size and shape of the superior half of an adult human femur (∼ 200 cm(3)), a 20-fold increase over previously reported volumes of in vitro engineered bone grafts. Dynamic culture in TPS bioreactor not only resulted in high cell viability throughout the femur graft, but also showed early signs of stem cell differentiation through increased expression of osteogenic genes and proteins, consistent with our previous models of smaller bone constructs. This first foray into full-scale bone engineering provides the foundation for future clinical applications of bioengineered bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ngoc B Nguyen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Henry Ko
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Rebecca A Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Julie M Etheridge
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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39
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An J, Leeuwenburgh SC, Wolke JG, Jansen JA. Effects of Stirring and Fluid Perfusion on the In Vitro Degradation of Calcium Phosphate Cement/PLGA Composites. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1171-7. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie An
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joop G.C. Wolke
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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40
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Leferink AM, Chng YC, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Distribution and Viability of Fetal and Adult Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Biaxial Rotating Vessel Bioreactor after Seeding on Polymeric 3D Additive Manufactured Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:169. [PMID: 26557644 PMCID: PMC4617101 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the conventional approaches in tissue engineering is the use of scaffolds in combination with cells to obtain mechanically stable tissue constructs in vitro prior to implantation. Additive manufacturing by fused deposition modeling is a widely used technique to produce porous scaffolds with defined pore network, geometry, and therewith defined mechanical properties. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering-based cell therapies due to their multipotent character. One of the hurdles to overcome when combining additive manufactured scaffolds with MSCs is the resulting heterogeneous cell distribution and limited cell proliferation capacity. In this study, we show that the use of a biaxial rotating bioreactor, after static culture of human fetal MSCs (hfMSCs) seeded on synthetic polymeric scaffolds, improved the homogeneity of cell and extracellular matrix distribution and increased the total cell number. Furthermore, we show that the relative mRNA expression levels of indicators for stemness and differentiation are not significantly changed upon this bioreactor culture, whereas static culture shows variations of several indicators for stemness and differentiation. The biaxial rotating bioreactor presented here offers a homogeneous distribution of hfMSCs, enabling studies on MSCs fate in additive manufactured scaffolds without inducing undesired differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Leferink
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands ; Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands ; Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands ; Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
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41
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Gelinsky M, Bernhardt A, Milan F. Bioreactors in tissue engineering: Advances in stem cell culture and three-dimensional tissue constructs. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone; Joint and Soft Tissue Research; Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone; Joint and Soft Tissue Research; Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Falk Milan
- Centre for Translational Bone; Joint and Soft Tissue Research; Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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42
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Costa PF, Hutmacher DW, Theodoropoulos C, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Vaquette C. Additively Manufactured Device for Dynamic Culture of Large Arrays of 3D Tissue Engineered Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:864-73. [PMID: 25721231 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability to test large arrays of cell and biomaterial combinations in 3D environments is still rather limited in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This limitation can be generally addressed by employing highly automated and reproducible methodologies. This study reports on the development of a highly versatile and upscalable method based on additive manufacturing for the fabrication of arrays of scaffolds, which are enclosed into individualized perfusion chambers. Devices containing eight scaffolds and their corresponding bioreactor chambers are simultaneously fabricated utilizing a dual extrusion additive manufacturing system. To demonstrate the versatility of the concept, the scaffolds, while enclosed into the device, are subsequently surface-coated with a biomimetic calcium phosphate layer by perfusion with simulated body fluid solution. 96 scaffolds are simultaneously seeded and cultured with human osteoblasts under highly controlled bidirectional perfusion dynamic conditions over 4 weeks. Both coated and noncoated resulting scaffolds show homogeneous cell distribution and high cell viability throughout the 4 weeks culture period and CaP-coated scaffolds result in a significantly increased cell number. The methodology developed in this work exemplifies the applicability of additive manufacturing as a tool for further automation of studies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F. Costa
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Christina Theodoropoulos
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Avepark-Zona Industrial da Gandra; S. Cláudio do Barco; 4806-09 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Cédryck Vaquette
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
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43
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Hendrikson WJ, Rouwkema J, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Influence of PCL molecular weight on mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08048g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular weight of polycaprolactone was varied to investigate its effect on stem cell activity. Results showed that polymer molecular weight is an additional parameter to consider when designing scaffolds for skeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. Hendrikson
- Department of Tissue Regeneration
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - J. Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - C. A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - L. Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
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44
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Della Porta G, Nguyen BNB, Campardelli R, Reverchon E, Fisher JP. Synergistic effect of sustained release of growth factors and dynamic culture on osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2161-71. [PMID: 25346530 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles have been utilized as delivery vehicles of soluble factors to modify cellular behavior and therefore enhance tissue engineering regeneration. When incorporated into three-dimensional systems, microparticles can provide geometrical and temporal controlled release of bioactive agents, such as growth factors (GFs) to surrounding cells. This study investigates the effect of GFs release from biopolymer microparticles on osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in calcium (Ca)-alginate scaffolds while cultured in a tubular perfusion system bioreactor system. Empirical and deterministic models were used to demonstrate that poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-encapsulated GFs would result in a delayed release profile compared to GFs encapsulated into scaffolds directly. We hypothesized that the dual delivery of human bone-morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2) and human vascular endothelial growth factor to cells in dynamic culture would provide molecular and physical cues to promote differentiation. Results indicated that the exposures of hBMP2 and dynamic flow are sufficient in enhancing the osteoblastic differentiation pathway compared to no GF addition and static culture. The GF delivery system in a dynamic flow environment resulted in a synergistic effect on osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 47521, Cesena (FC), Italy
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Chen M, Zhou M, Ye Z, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Ectopic osteogenesis of macroscopic tissue constructs assembled from human mesenchymal stem cell-laden microcarriers through in vitro perfusion culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109214. [PMID: 25275528 PMCID: PMC4183582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We had previously demonstrated the feasibility of preparing a centimeter-sized bone tissue construct by following a modular approach. In the present study, the objectives were to evaluate osteogenesis and tissue formation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-laden CultiSpher S microcarriers during in vitro perfusion culture and after subcutaneous implantation. Microtissues were prepared in dynamic culture using spinner flasks in 28 days. In comparison with 1-week perfusion culture, microtissues became more obviously fused, demonstrating significantly higher cellularity, metabolic activity, ALP activity and calcium content while maintaining cell viability after 2-week perfusion. After subcutaneous implantation in nude mice for 6 and 12 weeks, all explants showed tight contexture, suggesting profound tissue remodeling in vivo. In addition, 12-week implantation resulted in slightly better tissue properties. However, in vitro perfusion culture time exerted great influence on the properties of corresponding explants. Degradation of microcarriers was more pronounced in the explants of 2-week perfused macrotissues compared to those of 1-week perfusion and directly implanted microtissues. Moreover, more blood vessel infiltration and bone matrix deposition with homogeneous spatial distribution were found in the explants of 2-week perfused macrotissues. Taken together, in vitro perfusion culture time is critical in engineering bone tissue replacements using such a modular approach, which holds great promise for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (YZ); (WST)
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (YZ); (WST)
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (YZ); (WST)
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Lambrechts T, Papantoniou I, Sonnaert M, Schrooten J, Aerts JM. Model-based cell number quantification using online single-oxygen sensor data for tissue engineering perfusion bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1982-92. [PMID: 24771348 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Online and non-invasive quantification of critical tissue engineering (TE) construct quality attributes in TE bioreactors is indispensable for the cost-effective up-scaling and automation of cellular construct manufacturing. However, appropriate monitoring techniques for cellular constructs in bioreactors are still lacking. This study presents a generic and robust approach to determine cell number and metabolic activity of cell-based TE constructs in perfusion bioreactors based on single oxygen sensor data in dynamic perfusion conditions. A data-based mechanistic modeling technique was used that is able to correlate the number of cells within the scaffold (R(2) = 0.80) and the metabolic activity of the cells (R(2) = 0.82) to the dynamics of the oxygen response to step changes in the perfusion rate. This generic non-destructive measurement technique is effective for a large range of cells, from as low as 1.0 × 10(5) cells to potentially multiple millions of cells, and can open-up new possibilities for effective bioprocess monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lambrechts
- Division M3-BIORES: Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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García-Gareta E, Hua J, Rayan F, Blunn GW. Stem cell engineered bone with calcium-phosphate coated porous titanium scaffold or silicon hydroxyapatite granules for revision total joint arthroplasty. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1553-1562. [PMID: 24519756 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening in total joint replacements (TJRs) is mainly caused by osteolysis which leads to a reduction of the bone stock necessary for implant fixation in revision TJRs. Our aim was to develop bone tissue-engineered constructs based on scaffolds of clinical relevance in revision TJRs to reconstitute the bone stock at revision operations by using a perfusion bioreactor system (PBRS). The hypothesis was that a PBRS will enhance mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and will provide an even distribution of MSCs throughout the scaffolds when compared to static cultures. A PBRS was designed and implemented. Scaffolds, silicon substituted hydroxyapatite granules and calcium-phosphate coated porous TiAl6V4 cylinders, were seeded with MSCs and cultured either in static conditions or in the PBRS at 0.75 mL/min. Statistically significant increased cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity was found in samples cultured in the PBRS. Histology revealed a more even cell distribution in the perfused constructs. SEM showed that cells arranged in sheets. Long cytoplasmic processes attached the cells to the scaffolds. We conclude that a novel tissue engineering approach to address the issue of poor bone stock at revision operations is feasible by using a PBRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Gareta
- John Scales Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, London, UK,
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Costa PF, Vaquette C, Baldwin J, Chhaya M, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Theodoropoulos C, Hutmacher DW. Biofabrication of customized bone grafts by combination of additive manufacturing and bioreactor knowhow. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035006. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Design and functional testing of a multichamber perfusion platform for three-dimensional scaffolds. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:123974. [PMID: 24453787 PMCID: PMC3885203 DOI: 10.1155/2013/123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion culture systems are widely used in tissue engineering applications for enhancing cell culture viability in the core of three-dimensional scaffolds. In this work, we present a multichamber confined-flow perfusion system, designed to provide a straightforward platform for three-dimensional dynamic cell cultures. The device comprises 6 culture chambers allowing independent and simultaneous experiments in controlled conditions. Each chamber consists of three parts: a housing, a deformable scaffold-holder cartridge, and a 7 mL reservoir, which couples water-tightly with the housing compressing the cartridge. Short-term dynamic cell seeding experiments were carried out with MC3T3-E1 cells seeded into polycaprolactone porous scaffolds. Preliminary results revealed that the application of flow perfusion through the scaffold favored the penetration of the cells to its interior, producing a more homogeneous distribution of cells with respect to dropwise or injection seeding methods. The culture chamber layout was conceived with the aim of simplifying the user operations under laminar flow hood and minimizing the risks for contamination during handling and operation. Furthermore, a compact size, a small number of components, and the use of bayonet couplings ensured a simple, fast, and sterility-promoting assembling. Finally, preliminary in vitro tests proved the efficacy of the system in enhancing cell seeding efficiency, opening the way for further studies addressing long-term scaffold colonization.
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Gardel LS, Serra LA, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Use of perfusion bioreactors and large animal models for long bone tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:126-46. [PMID: 23924374 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) strategies for generation of new bone tissue includes the combined use of autologous or heterologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and three-dimensional (3D) scaffold materials serving as structural support for the cells, that develop into tissue-like substitutes under appropriate in vitro culture conditions. This approach is very important due to the limitations and risks associated with autologous, as well as allogenic bone grafiting procedures currently used. However, the cultivation of osteoprogenitor cells in 3D scaffolds presents several challenges, such as the efficient transport of nutrient and oxygen and removal of waste products from the cells in the interior of the scaffold. In this context, perfusion bioreactor systems are key components for bone TERM, as many recent studies have shown that such systems can provide dynamic environments with enhanced diffusion of nutrients and therefore, perfusion can be used to generate grafts of clinically relevant sizes and shapes. Nevertheless, to determine whether a developed tissue-like substitute conforms to the requirements of biocompatibility, mechanical stability and safety, it must undergo rigorous testing both in vitro and in vivo. Results from in vitro studies can be difficult to extrapolate to the in vivo situation, and for this reason, the use of animal models is often an essential step in the testing of orthopedic implants before clinical use in humans. This review provides an overview of the concepts, advantages, and challenges associated with different types of perfusion bioreactor systems, particularly focusing on systems that may enable the generation of critical size tissue engineered constructs. Furthermore, this review discusses some of the most frequently used animal models, such as sheep and goats, to study the in vivo functionality of bone implant materials, in critical size defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Gardel
- 1 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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