1
|
Kim G, Ahn H, Chaj Ulloa J, Gao W. Microneedle sensors for dermal interstitial fluid analysis. MED-X 2024; 2:15. [PMID: 39363915 PMCID: PMC11445365 DOI: 10.1007/s44258-024-00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement in personalized healthcare has driven the development of wearable biomedical devices for real-time biomarker monitoring and diagnosis. Traditional invasive blood-based diagnostics are painful and limited to sporadic health snapshots. To address these limitations, microneedle-based sensing platforms have emerged, utilizing interstitial fluid (ISF) as an alternative biofluid for continuous health monitoring in a minimally invasive and painless manner. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of microneedle sensor technology, covering microneedle design, fabrication methods, and sensing strategy. Additionally, it explores the integration of monitoring electronics for continuous on-body monitoring. Representative applications of microneedle sensing platforms for both monitoring and therapeutic purposes are introduced, highlighting their potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare. Finally, the review discusses the remaining challenges and future prospects of microneedle technology. Graphical Abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwangmook Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Hyunah Ahn
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Joshua Chaj Ulloa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Wang S, Li Y, Meng X, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Cheng Y. An Integrated All-Natural Conductive Supramolecular Hydrogel Wearable Biosensor with Enhanced Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:51618-51629. [PMID: 39259880 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels exhibit tremendous potential for wearable bioelectronics, biosensing, and health monitoring applications, yet concurrently enhancing their biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties remains a long-standing challenge. Herein, we report an all-natural conductive supramolecular hydrogel (GT5-DACD2-B) prepared via the Schiff base reaction between the biofriendly dialdehyde cyclodextrin and gelatin. The potent antibacterial agent fusidic acid (FA) is incorporated through host-guest inclusion, enabling 100% inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus proliferation. The biocompatibility of our hydrogel is bolstered with tannic acid (TA) facilitating antibacterial effects through interactions with gelatin, while borax augments conductivity. This supramolecular hydrogel not only exhibits stable conductivity and rapid response characteristics but also functions as a flexible sensor for monitoring human movement, facial expressions, and speech recognition. Innovatively integrating biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and conductivity into a single system, our work pioneers a paradigm for developing multifunctional biosensors with integrated antibacterial functionalities, paving the way for advanced wearable bioelectronics with enhanced safety and multifunctionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Shuoxuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xiaoyi Meng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Suo D, Xu T, Zhao S, Xu X, Bei HP, Wong KKY, Li Q, Zheng Z, Li B, Zhao X. Sprayable biomimetic double mask with rapid autophasing and hierarchical programming for scarless wound healing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado9479. [PMID: 39141725 PMCID: PMC11323895 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Current sprayable hydrogel masks lack the stepwise protection, cleansing, and nourishment of extensive wounds, leading to delayed healing with scarring. Here, we develop a sprayable biomimetic double wound mask (BDM) with rapid autophasing and hierarchical programming for scarless wound healing. The BDMs comprise hydrophobic poly (lactide-co-propylene glycol-co-lactide) dimethacrylate (PLD) as top layer and hydrophilic gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel as bottom layer, enabling swift autophasing into bilayered structure. After photocrosslinking, BDMs rapidly solidify with strong interfacial bonding, robust tissue adhesion, and excellent joint adaptiveness. Upon implementation, the bottom GelMA layer could immediately release calcium ion for rapid hemostasis, while the top PLD layer could maintain a moist, breathable, and sterile environment. These traits synergistically suppress the inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α pathway while coordinating the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G-Wnt/calcium ion signaling pathways to nourish angiogenesis. Collectively, our BDMs with self-regulated construction of bilayered structure could hierarchically program the healing progression with transformative potential for scarless wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Yang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Suo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianpeng Xu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Ho-Pan Bei
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Kenneth Kak-yuen Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Aesthetic Medicine, PolyU-Hangzhou Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- Hangzhou Industrial Investment Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310025, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Li
- Medical 3D Printing Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Orthopedic Institute, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Research Center for Intelligent Aesthetic Medicine, PolyU-Hangzhou Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhaskaran AM, Agrawal S, Sarkar K, Dhar P. Elasto-compliance of harmonically stimulated soft micro-gaps during electro-magneto-kinetic flows. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 39015945 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we develop and solve an analytical model to understand the elasto-hydrodynamic force response of a deformable, soft substrate, under dynamic loading; wherein the microfluidic gap between the substrate and load is subjected to electro-magneto-hydrodynamic interactions. As a simple physical system, we model the coupled fluid-structure-interaction characteristics when a rigid, small cylinder is permitted to impinge harmonically on an infinitely large elastic, soft substrate, and an oscillatory, squeeze flow establishes in the micro-gap formed between the two. We discuss the different observations and mechanics in terms of the governing Dukhin, Hartmann, and electroviscous numbers. The influence of electromagnetic stimuli on the flow, and its implications vis-à-vis the substrate compliance is the focus of the article. We reveal that for pure magnetohydrodynamics of the gap electrolyte, the transverse magnetic field and the induced streaming potential resist outward squeeze flow, thereby generating substantial amplifications in the force response. On the contrary, the effect of electro-magneto-hydrodynamics on the force response was strongly affected by the orientation and intensity of the transverse electric field. Notably, such variations depended significantly on the electrokinetic parameters, oscillation frequency, and substrate stiffness, whose effects were intertwined with the transverse and streaming potential electric fields. Further, possibilities of squeeze flow reversal due to opposing electromagnetic forces is observed, which may again modulate the compliance of the substrate in different mannerisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Manoj Bhaskaran
- Hydrodynamics and Thermal Multiphysics Lab (HTML), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal-721302, India.
| | - Shubham Agrawal
- Hydrodynamics and Thermal Multiphysics Lab (HTML), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal-721302, India.
| | - Korak Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal-721302, India
| | - Purbarun Dhar
- Hydrodynamics and Thermal Multiphysics Lab (HTML), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal-721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Molinero-Fernandez Á, Wei Q, Xuan X, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Intradermal Lactate Monitoring Based on a Microneedle Sensor Patch for Enhanced In Vivo Accuracy. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3115-3125. [PMID: 38778463 PMCID: PMC11217941 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lactate is an important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of several human pathological conditions, such as sepsis, malaria, and dengue fever. Unfortunately, due to the lack of reliable analytical decentralized platforms, the determination of lactate yet relies on discrete blood-based assays, which are invasive and inefficient and may cause tension and pain in the patient. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of a fully integrated microneedle (MN) sensing system for the minimally invasive transdermal detection of lactate in an interstitial fluid (ISF). The originality of this analytical technology relies on: (i) a strategy to provide a uniform coating of a doped polymer-based membrane as a diffusion-limiting layer on the MN structure, optimized to perform full-range lactate detection in the ISF (linear range of response: 0.25-35 mM, 30 s assay time, 8 h operation), (ii) double validation of ex vivo and in vivo results based on ISF and blood measurements in rats, (iii) monitoring of lactate level fluctuations under the administration of anesthesia to mimic bedside clinical scenarios, and (iv) in-house design and fabrication of a fully integrated and portable sensing device in the form of a wearable patch including a custom application and user-friendly interface in a smartphone for the rapid, routine, continuous, and real-time lactate monitoring. The main analytical merits of the lactate MN sensor include appropriate selectivity, reversibility, stability, and durability by using a two-electrode amperometric readout. The ex-vivo testing of the MN patch of preconditioned rat skin pieces and euthanized rats successfully demonstrated the accuracy in measuring lactate levels. The in vivo measurements suggested the existence of a positive correlation between ISF and blood lactate when a lag time of 10 min is considered (Pearson's coefficient = 0.85, mean difference = 0.08 mM). The developed MN-based platform offers distinct advantages over noncontinuous blood sampling in a wide range of contexts, especially where access to laboratory services is limited or blood sampling is not suitable. Implementation of the wearable patch in healthcare could envision personalized medicine in a variety of clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Águeda Molinero-Fernandez
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Qikun Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Section
of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - María Cuartero
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang P, Luo X, Lv S. Advances in microneedles for transdermal diagnostics and sensing applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:406. [PMID: 38898359 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microneedles, the miniaturized needles, which can pierce the skin with minimal invasiveness open up new possibilities for constructing personalized Point-of-Care (POC) diagnostic platforms. Recent advances in microneedle-based POC diagnostic systems, especially their successful implementation with wearable technologies, enable biochemical detection and physiological recordings in a user-friendly manner. This review presents an overview of the current advances in microneedle-based sensor devices, with emphasis on the biological basis of transdermal sensing, fabrication, and application of different types of microneedles, and a summary of microneedle devices based on various sensing strategies. It concludes with the challenges and future prospects of this swiftly growing field. The aim is to present a critical and thorough analysis of the state-of-the-art development of transdermal diagnostics and sensing devices based on microneedles, and to bridge the gap between microneedle technology and pragmatic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, MOE, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Shaoping Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elsafty O, Berkey CA, Dauskardt RH. Insights and mechanics-driven modeling of human cutaneous impact injuries. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106456. [PMID: 38442507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous damage mechanisms related to dynamic fragment impacts are dependent on the impact angle, impact energy, and fragment characteristics including shape, volume, contact friction, and orientation. Understanding the cutaneous injury mechanism and its relationship to the fragment parameters is lacking compromising damage classification, treatment, and protection. Here we develop a high-fidelity dynamic mechanics-driven model for partial-thickness skin injuries and demonstrate the influence of fragment parameters on the injury mechanism and damage sequence. The model quantitatively predicts the wound shape, area, and depth into the skin layers for selected impact angles, kinetic energy density, and the fragment projectile type including shape and material. The detailed sequence of impact damage including epidermal tearing that occurs ahead of the fragments initial contact location, subsequent stripping of the epidermal/dermal junction, and crushing of the underlying dermis are revealed. We demonstrate that the fragment contact friction with skin plays a key role in redistributing impact energy affecting the extent of epidermal tearing and dermal crushing. Furthermore, projectile edges markedly affect injury severity dependent on the orientation of the edge during initial impact. The model provides a quantitative framework for understanding the detailed mechanisms of cutaneous damage and a basis for the design of protective equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Elsafty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakaguchi S, Konyo M. Skin viscoelasticity effects on the periodic mechanical stimuli propagation between skin layers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106416. [PMID: 38335646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Our daily lives are constantly surrounded by dynamic stimuli, and our skin is deformed in a time-dependent manner. Although skin plays an important role in transmitting stimuli received at the surface to mechanoreceptors, few studies have investigated how differences in skin viscoelasticity affect the mechanical stimuli propagation in the skin. Therefore, using a finite element model, we evaluated the effects and trends of changes in the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the skin on the propagation of mechanical quantities between skin layers where mechanoreceptors are present when subjected to periodic stimuli. First, we constructed a new, sophisticated mathematical model of skin viscoelasticity based on the history-dependent deformation behavior of human skin obtained experimentally. We were able to construct a skin model that thoroughly reproduced the actual human skin deformation behavior at oscillations as fast as 10 Hz by setting viscoelastic parameters with a short time constant (0.001-0.006 s). Then, we calculated how skin material parameters affect the propagation of the mechanical quantities in the skin during the history-dependent skin deformation response to periodic stimuli. The finite element analysis showed that not only stiffness but also viscoelasticity markedly affected the mechanical stimuli propagation in the skin, and the effect differed depending on the layer. In particular, greater immediate responsiveness of the dermis contributed to greater propagation of the mechanical stimulus. Our results indicate that more attention needs to be given to the differences in the time-dependent intradermal mechanical stimuli propagation caused by individual's skin viscoelasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saito Sakaguchi
- MIRAI Technology Institute, Shiseido Co., Ltd, Japan; Grad. Sch. of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Masashi Konyo
- Grad. Sch. of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang X, Wang Z, Xiao M, Li Z, Zhu Z. Advances in biomedical systems based on microneedles: design, fabrication, and application. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:530-563. [PMID: 37971423 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices have become prevalent in biomedical studies due to their convenient portability and potential utility in biomarker monitoring for healthcare. Accessing interstitial fluid (ISF) across the skin barrier, microneedle (MN) is a promising minimally invasive wearable technology for transdermal sensing and drug delivery. MN has the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional transdermal drug administration, making it another prospective mode of drug delivery after oral and injectable. Subsequently, combining MN with multiple sensing approaches has led to its extensive application to detect biomarkers in ISF. In this context, employing MN platforms and control schemes to merge diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into theranostic systems will facilitate on-demand therapy and point-of-care diagnostics, paving the way for future MN technologies. A comprehensive analysis of the growing advances of microneedles in biomedical systems is presented in this review to summarize the latest studies for academics in the field and to offer for reference the issues that need to be addressed in MN application for healthcare. Covering an array of novel studies, we discuss the following main topics: classification of microneedles in the biomedical field, considerations of MN design, current applications of microneedles in diagnosis and therapy, and the regulatory landscape and prospects of microneedles for biomedical applications. This review sheds light on the significance of microneedle-based innovations, presenting an analysis of their potential implications and contributions to the community of wearable healthcare technologies. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of the field's current state and potential, making it a valuable resource for academics and clinicians seeking to harness the full potential of MN applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Westphal JA, Bryan AE, Krutko M, Esfandiari L, Schutte SC, Harris GM. Innervation of an Ultrasound-Mediated PVDF-TrFE Scaffold for Skin-Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 38275450 PMCID: PMC11154284 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, electrospun polyvinylidene-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) was utilized for its biocompatibility, mechanics, and piezoelectric properties to promote Schwann cell (SC) elongation and sensory neuron (SN) extension. PVDF-TrFE electrospun scaffolds were characterized over a variety of electrospinning parameters (1, 2, and 3 h aligned and unaligned electrospun fibers) to determine ideal thickness, porosity, and tensile strength for use as an engineered skin tissue. PVDF-TrFE was electrically activated through mechanical deformation using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) waves as a non-invasive means to trigger piezoelectric properties of the scaffold and deliver electric potential to cells. Using this therapeutic modality, neurite integration in tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs) was quantified including neurite alignment, elongation, and vertical perforation into PVDF-TrFE scaffolds. Results show LIPUS stimulation promoted cell alignment on aligned scaffolds. Further, stimulation significantly increased SC elongation and SN extension separately and in coculture on aligned scaffolds but significantly decreased elongation and extension on unaligned scaffolds. This was also seen in cell perforation depth analysis into scaffolds which indicated LIPUS enhanced perforation of SCs, SNs, and cocultures on scaffolds. Taken together, this work demonstrates the immense potential for non-invasive electric stimulation of an in vitro tissue-engineered-skin model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Westphal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.A.W.); (M.K.); (L.E.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Andrew E. Bryan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Maksym Krutko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.A.W.); (M.K.); (L.E.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.A.W.); (M.K.); (L.E.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Stacey C. Schutte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.A.W.); (M.K.); (L.E.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Greg M. Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.A.W.); (M.K.); (L.E.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo P, Huang R, Wu Y, Liu X, Shan Z, Gong L, Deng S, Liu H, Fang J, Wu S, Wu X, Liu Q, Chen Z, Yeung KW, Qiao W, Chen S, Chen Z. Tailoring the multiscale mechanics of tunable decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) for wound healing through immunomodulation. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:95-111. [PMID: 37250862 PMCID: PMC10209339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of the pivotal role of macrophages in tissue regeneration through shaping the tissue immune microenvironment, various immunomodulatory strategies have been proposed to modify traditional biomaterials. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been extensively used in the clinical treatment of tissue injury due to its favorable biocompatibility and similarity to the native tissue environment. However, most reported decellularization protocols may cause damage to the native structure of dECM, which undermines its inherent advantages and potential clinical applications. Here, we introduce a mechanically tunable dECM prepared by optimizing the freeze-thaw cycles. We demonstrated that the alteration in micromechanical properties of dECM resulting from the cyclic freeze-thaw process contributes to distinct macrophage-mediated host immune responses to the materials, which are recently recognized to play a pivotal role in determining the outcome of tissue regeneration. Our sequencing data further revealed that the immunomodulatory effect of dECM was induced via the mechnotrasduction pathways in macrophages. Next, we tested the dECM in a rat skin injury model and found an enhanced micromechanical property of dECM achieved with three freeze-thaw cycles significantly promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages, leading to superior wound healing. These findings suggest that the immunomodulatory property of dECM can be efficiently manipulated by tailoring its inherent micromechanical properties during the decellularization process. Therefore, our mechanics-immunomodulation-based strategy provides new insights into the development of advanced biomaterials for wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Luo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - You Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Zhengjie Shan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Li Gong
- Instrumental Analysis Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shudan Deng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Jinghan Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518058, China
| | - Shiyu Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xiayi Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Zetao Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Kelvin W.K. Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518058, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shoucheng Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Zhuofan Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Research Center for Dental and Cranial Rehabilitation and Material Engineering, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oftadeh R, Azadi M, Donovan M, Langer J, Liao IC, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky AJ, Luengo GS. Poroelastic behavior and water permeability of human skin at the nanoscale. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad240. [PMID: 37614672 PMCID: PMC10443659 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Topical skin care products and hydrating compositions (moisturizers or injectable fillers) have been used for years to improve the appearance of, for example facial wrinkles, or to increase "plumpness". Most of the studies have addressed these changes based on the overall mechanical changes associated with an increase in hydration state. However, little is known about the water mobility contribution to these changes as well as the consequences to the specific skin layers. This is important as the biophysical properties and the biochemical composition of normal stratum corneum, epithelium, and dermis vary tremendously from one another. Our current studies and results reported here have focused on a novel approach (dynamic atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation) to quantify biophysical characteristics of individual layers of ex vivo human skin. We have discovered that our new methods are highly sensitive to the mechanical properties of individual skin layers, as well as their hydration properties. Furthermore, our methods can assess the ability of these individual layers to respond to both compressive and shear deformations. In addition, since human skin is mechanically loaded over a wide range of deformation rates (frequencies), we studied the biophysical properties of skin over a wide frequency range. The poroelasticity model used helps to quantify the hydraulic permeability of the skin layers, providing an innovative method to evaluate and interpret the impact of hydrating compositions on water mobility of these different skin layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Oftadeh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mark Donovan
- L’OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, 93106, France
| | | | - I-Chien Liao
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Clark, NJ 07066, USA
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gustavo S Luengo
- L’OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, 93106, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Sun Q, Li Q, Li S, Li X. Dynamic Hydrogels with Viscoelasticity and Tunable Stiffness for the Regulation of Cell Behavior and Fate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5161. [PMID: 37512435 PMCID: PMC10386333 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural cells typically exhibits dynamic mechanical properties (viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness). The viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness of the ECM play a crucial role in biological processes, such as tissue growth, development, physiology, and disease. Hydrogels with viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness have recently been used to investigate the regulation of cell behavior and fate. This article first emphasizes the importance of tissue viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness and provides an overview of characterization techniques at both macro- and microscale. Then, the viscoelastic hydrogels (crosslinked via ion bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and supramolecular interactions) and dynamic stiffness hydrogels (softening, stiffening, and reversible stiffness) with different crosslinking strategies are summarized, along with the significant impact of viscoelasticity and dynamic stiffness on cell spreading, proliferation, migration, and differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Finally, the emerging trends in the development of dynamic mechanical hydrogels are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhuofan Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gokaltun AA, Fan L, Mazzaferro L, Byrne D, Yarmush ML, Dai T, Asatekin A, Usta OB. Supramolecular hybrid hydrogels as rapidly on-demand dissoluble, self-healing, and biocompatible burn dressings. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:415-429. [PMID: 37056249 PMCID: PMC10087110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of efforts, state-of-the-art synthetic burn dressings to treat partial-thickness burns are still far from ideal. Current dressings adhere to the wound and necessitate debridement. This work describes the first "supramolecular hybrid hydrogel (SHH)" burn dressing that is biocompatible, self-healable, and on-demand dissoluble for easy and trauma-free removal, prepared by a simple, fast, and scalable method. These SHHs leverage the interactions of a custom-designed cationic copolymer via host-guest chemistry with cucurbit[7]uril and electrostatic interactions with clay nanosheets coated with an anionic polymer to achieve enhanced mechanical properties and fast on-demand dissolution. The SHHs show high mechanical strength (>50 kPa), self-heal rapidly in ∼1 min, and dissolve quickly (4-6 min) using an amantadine hydrochloride (AH) solution that breaks the supramolecular interactions in the SHHs. Neither the SHHs nor the AH solution has any adverse effects on human dermal fibroblasts or epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. The SHHs also do not elicit any significant cytokine response in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo murine experiments show no immune or inflammatory cell infiltration in the subcutaneous tissue and no change in circulatory cytokines compared to sham controls. Thus, these SHHs present excellent burn dressing candidates to reduce the time of pain and time associated with dressing changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Aslihan Gokaltun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02474, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Letao Fan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Luca Mazzaferro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02474, USA
| | - Delaney Byrne
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ayse Asatekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, 02474, USA
| | - O. Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
van der Ven DL, Morrone D, Quetzeri-Santiago MA, Fernandez Rivas D. Microfluidic jet impact: Spreading, splashing, soft substrate deformation and injection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:549-558. [PMID: 36652830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Needle-free injections using microfluidic jets could be optimized by reducing splashing and controlling injection depth. However, this is impeded by an incomplete understanding on how jet characteristics influence impact outcome. We hypothesise that exploring the relation between microfluidic jet characteristics and substrate shear modulus on impact behavior will assist in predicting and giving insights on the impact outcome on skin and injection endpoints. EXPERIMENTS To do so, a setup using microfluidic chips, at varying laser powers and stand-off distances, was used to create thermocavitation generated microfluidic jets with ranging characteristics (velocity: 7-77 m/s, diameter: 35-120 μm, Weber-number: 40-4000), which were impacted on substrates with different shear modulus. FINDINGS Seven impact regimes were found, depending on jet Weber-number and substrate shear modulus, and we identified three thresholds: i) spreading/splashing threshold, ii) dimple formation threshold, and iii) plastic/elastic deformation threshold. The regimes show similarity to skin impact, although the opacity of skin complicated determining the threshold values. Additionally, we found that jet velocity has a higher predictive value for injection depth compared to the Weber-number, and consequently, the jet-diameter. Our findings provide fundamental knowledge on the interaction between microfluidic jets and substrates, and are relevant for optimizing needle-free injections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana L van der Ven
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Davide Morrone
- Nanovea SRL, Via Balegno 1, 10040 Rivalta di Torino, Italy
| | - Miguel A Quetzeri-Santiago
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Multilayer In Vitro Human Skin Tissue Platforms for Quantitative Burn Injury Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020265. [PMID: 36829759 PMCID: PMC9952576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a multilayer in vitro human skin platform to quantitatively relate predicted spatial time-temperature history with measured tissue injury response. This information is needed to elucidate high-temperature, short-duration burn injury kinetics and enables determination of relevant input parameters for computational models to facilitate treatment planning. Multilayer in vitro skin platforms were constructed using human dermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts embedded in collagen I hydrogels. After three seconds of contact with a 50-100 °C burn tip, ablation, cell death, apoptosis, and HSP70 expression were spatially measured using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Finite element modeling was performed using the measured thermal characteristics of skin platforms to determine the temperature distribution within platforms over time. The process coefficients for the Arrhenius thermal injury model describing tissue ablation and cell death were determined such that the predictions calculated from the time-temperature histories fit the experimental burn results. The activation energy for thermal collagen ablation and cell death was found to be significantly lower for short-duration, high-temperature burns than those found for long-duration, low-temperature burns. Analysis of results suggests that different injury mechanisms dominate at higher temperatures, necessitating burn research in the temperature ranges of interest and demonstrating the practicality of the proposed skin platform for this purpose.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jafarbeglou F, Nazari MA, Iravanimanesh S, Amanpour S, Keikha F, Rinaudo P, Azadi M. Micro-scale probing of the Rat's oviduct detects its viscoelastic property needed for creating a biologically relevant substrate for In-Vitro- Fertilization. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:16-24. [PMID: 35863475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Techniques used in assisted reproductive technology such as In-Vitro- Fertilization (IVF) process, often only replicate the biomechanical environment for embryo. Despite its importance, the biomechanics of the Oviduct tissue that is usually called Fallopian Tube in Human, the natural site of fertilization, has not been replicated nor sufficiently studied. This work studies the time-independent and time-dependent biomechanics of the oviduct tissue by realizing a viscoelastic model that accurately fit on the experimental indentation data collected on the mucosal epithelial lining of the oviduct tissue of rats. Nano-scale experiments with varying indentation rates ranging from 0.3 to 8 μms were conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM) resulting in instantaneous elastic modulus ranging from 0.86 MPa to 6.46 MPa correspondingly. This result showed strong time dependency of the mechanical properties of the oviduct. An improved viscoelastic equation based on the fractional viscoelastic model was proposed. This modified relation successfully captured all the experimental data found at different rates (R2 > 0.8). Using the proposed model, the pure elasticity of the oviduct (i.e., about 317.2 kPa) and the viscoelastic parameters were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jafarbeglou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran; University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sahba Iravanimanesh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Keikha
- Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Paolo Rinaudo
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tackling the challenges of developing microneedle-based electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
In vivo, in situ and ex vivo comparison of porcine skin for microprojection array penetration depth, delivery efficiency and elastic modulus assessment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 130:105187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Coffey JW, van der Burg NMD, Rananakomol T, Ng HI, Fernando GJP, Kendall MAF. An Ultrahigh‐Density Microneedle Array for Skin Vaccination: Inducing Epidermal Cell Death by Increasing Microneedle Density Enhances Total IgG and IgG1 Immune Responses. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. Coffey
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunology University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nicole M. D. van der Burg
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thippayawan Rananakomol
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hwee-Ing Ng
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Germain J. P. Fernando
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Vaxxas Pty Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Mark A. F. Kendall
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- The University of Queensland School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kirby MA, Tang P, Liou HC, Kuriakose M, Pitre JJ, Pham TN, Ettinger RE, Wang RK, O'Donnell M, Pelivanov I. Probing elastic anisotropy of human skin in vivo with light using non-contact acoustic micro-tapping OCE and polarization sensitive OCT. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3963. [PMID: 35273250 PMCID: PMC8913799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin broadly protects the human body from undesired factors such as ultraviolet radiation and abrasion and helps conserve body temperature and hydration. Skin's elasticity and its level of anisotropy are key to its aesthetics and function. Currently, however, treatment success is often speculative and subjective, and is rarely based on skin's elastic properties because there is no fast and accurate non-contact method for imaging of skin's elasticity. Here we report on a non-contact and non-invasive method to image and characterize skin's elastic anisotropy. It combines acoustic micro-tapping optical coherence elastography (AμT-OCE) with a nearly incompressible transversely isotropic (NITI) model to quantify skin's elastic moduli. In addition, skin sites were imaged with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to help define fiber orientation. Forearm skin areas were investigated in five volunteers. Results clearly demonstrate elastic anisotropy of skin in all subjects. AμT-OCE has distinct advantages over competitive techniques because it provides objective, quantitative characterization of skin's elasticity without contact, which opens the door for broad translation into clinical use. Finally, we demonstrate that a combination of multiple OCT modalities (structural OCT, OCT angiography, PS-OCT and AμT-OCE) may provide rich information about skin and can be used to characterize scar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Kirby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peijun Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong-Cin Liou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maju Kuriakose
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John J Pitre
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tam N Pham
- Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew O'Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Pelivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Laughlin ME, Stephens SE, Hestekin JA, Jensen MO. Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 13:1-13. [PMID: 34080171 PMCID: PMC8888498 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed. METHODS A 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young's moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom. RESULTS A wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels. CONCLUSION Custom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sam E Stephens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jamie A Hestekin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Morten O Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mostafavi Yazdi SJ, Baqersad J. Mechanical modeling and characterization of human skin: A review. J Biomech 2021; 130:110864. [PMID: 34844034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the advances made in recent years on modeling approaches and experimental techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of human skin. The skin is the largest organ of the human body that has a complex multi-layered structure with different mechanical behaviors. The mechanical properties of human skin play an important role in distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy skin. Furthermore, knowing these mechanical properties enables computer simulation, skin research, clinical studies, as well as diagnosis and treatment monitoring of skin diseases. This paper reviews the recent efforts on modeling skin using linear, nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic materials. The work also focuses on aging effects, microstructure analysis, and non-invasive methods for skin testing. A detailed explanation of the skin structure and numerical models, such as finite element models, are discussed in this work. This work also compares different experimental methods that measure the mechanical properties of human skin. The work reviews the experimental results in the literature and shows how the mechanical properties of human skin vary with the skin sites, the layers, and the structure of human skin. The paper also discusses how state-of-the-art technology can advance skin research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mostafavi Yazdi
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA.
| | - Javad Baqersad
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin CL, Zhai C, Paten JA, Yeo J, Deravi LF. Design and Production of Customizable and Highly Aligned Fibrillar Collagen Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34506101 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to fabricate anisotropic collagenous materials rapidly and reproducibly has remained elusive despite decades of research. Balancing the natural propensity of monomeric collagen (COL) to spontaneously polymerize in vitro with the mild processing conditions needed to maintain its native substructure upon polymerization introduces challenges that are not easily amenable with off-the-shelf instrumentation. To overcome these challenges, we have designed a platform that simultaneously aligns type I COL fibrils under mild shear flow and builds up the material through layer-by-layer assembly. We explored the mechanisms propagating fibril alignment, targeting experimental variables such as shear rate, viscosity, and time. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were also employed to help understand how initial reaction conditions including chain length, indicative of initial polymerization, and chain density, indicative of concentration, in the reaction environment impact fibril growth and alignment. When taken together, the mechanistic insights gleaned from these studies inspired the design, iteration, fabrication, and then customization of the fibrous collagenous materials, illustrating a platform material that can be readily adapted to future tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chenxi Zhai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Paten
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Siami M, Jahani K, Rezaee M. Identifying the parameters of viscoelastic model for a gel-type material as representative of cardiac muscle in dynamic tests. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 235:1205-1216. [PMID: 34137313 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211025868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, mechanical parameters of a calf heart muscle are identified and a gel-type material as the representative of the cardiac muscle in dynamic tests is introduced. The motivation of this study is to introduce a replacement material of the heart muscle to use in experimental studies of the leadless pacemaker. A particular test setup is developed to capture the experimental data based on the stress relaxation test method where its outputs are time histories of the force and displacement. The standard linear solid model is used for mathematical modeling of the heart muscle sample and a gel-type material specimen namely α-gel. Five tests with different strain history (13.6%,17.1%,20.6%22.4%and,23.8%) are performed by regarding and disregarding the influence of the initial ramp of the loading. The mechanical parameters of the standard linear solid model were identified with precise curve fitting. Consideration of the initial ramp significantly influences the consequences and they are so close to their experimental counterparts. The identified parameters of the standard linear solid model by regarding the influence of the initial ramp for the gel-type material are within an acceptable range for the viscoelastic properties of the calf heart tissue. These results show that the gel-type material has the potential to represent the cardiac muscle in the leadless pacemaker experimental studies. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to characterize the dynamic viscoelastic properties for the gel by utilizing the identified parameters with taking into account the initial ramp in the frequency domain. Results show that Storage modulus, Loss modulus, and Loss tangent are strongly frequency-dependent especially at low-frequency around the heartbeat frequency range (0-2 Hz).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Siami
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Jahani
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mousa Rezaee
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Woessner AE, Jones JD, Witt NJ, Sander EA, Quinn KP. Three-Dimensional Quantification of Collagen Microstructure During Tensile Mechanical Loading of Skin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:642866. [PMID: 33748088 PMCID: PMC7966723 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.642866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is a heterogeneous tissue that can undergo substantial structural and functional changes with age, disease, or following injury. Understanding how these changes impact the mechanical properties of skin requires three-dimensional (3D) quantification of the tissue microstructure and its kinematics. The goal of this study was to quantify these structure-function relationships via second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy of mouse skin under tensile mechanical loading. Tissue deformation at the macro- and micro-scale was quantified, and a substantial decrease in tissue volume and a large Poisson’s ratio was detected with stretch, indicating the skin differs substantially from the hyperelastic material models historically used to explain its behavior. Additionally, the relative amount of measured strain did not significantly change between length scales, suggesting that the collagen fiber network is uniformly distributing applied strains. Analysis of undeformed collagen fiber organization and volume fraction revealed a length scale dependency for both metrics. 3D analysis of SHG volumes also showed that collagen fiber alignment increased in the direction of stretch, but fiber volume fraction did not change. Interestingly, 3D fiber kinematics was found to have a non-affine relationship with tissue deformation, and an affine transformation of the micro-scale fiber network overestimates the amount of fiber realignment. This result, along with the other outcomes, highlights the importance of accurate, scale-matched 3D experimental measurements when developing multi-scale models of skin mechanical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jake D Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Nathan J Witt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Healing of Third-Degree Burns Infected with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Laboratory Mice. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The treatment of full-thickness skin burn using nanomaterials is promising as a medical application reducing the risk of infection and severe dermal scarring. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nanomaterials, particularly 3% silver nanoparticles containing ointment (3% SNO), on the full-thickness skin burn of laboratory mice. A total number of 36 male mice were used, equally divided into three groups: negative control (not burned and not treated); positive control (+ve) (burned and treated with castor oil and white petroleum jelly); and SNO-treated group (burned and treated with 3% SNO). The skin of the animals’ back was shaved. A 2x0.5 cm metal plate was heated on a burner to burn the skin of the animals of positive control and SNO-treated groups. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial suspension was applied to the burnt area. The application of SNO, as well as the mixture of white petroleum jelly and castor oil, was started after 6 hours of inducing burns and continued for 14 days (three times daily) in the respected groups. The SNO-treated group showed accelerated healing within 14 days demonstrated by re-epithelialization of the epidermal layer and proliferation of the fibroblasts in the dermal layer. Less healing evidence was observed in the +ve control group in the same period. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first study that uses a 3% SNO formula and has found that it has a promising impact on the treatment of infected skin burns.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kazaili A, Abdul-Amir Al-Hindy H, Madine J, Akhtar R. Nano-Scale Stiffness and Collagen Fibril Deterioration: Probing the Cornea Following Enzymatic Degradation Using Peakforce-QNM AFM. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051629. [PMID: 33652583 PMCID: PMC7956234 DOI: 10.3390/s21051629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the cornea is exposed to various enzymes, some of them have digestive actions, such as amylase and collagenase that may change the ultrastructure (collagen morphology) and sequentially change the mechanical response of the cornea and distort vision, such as in keratoconus. This study investigates the ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of porcine cornea following incubation with α-amylase and collagenase. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to capture nanoscale topographical details of stromal collagen fibrils (diameter and D-periodicity) and calculate their elastic modulus. Samples were incubated with varying concentrations of α-amylase and collagenase (crude and purified). Dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay was utilised to detect depleted glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) following incubation with amylase. Collagen fibril diameters were decreased following incubation with amylase, but not D-periodicity. Elastic modulus was gradually decreased with enzyme concentration in amylase-treated samples. Elastic modulus, diameter, and D-periodicity were greatly reduced in collagenase-treated samples. The effect of crude collagenase on corneal samples was more pronounced than purified collagenase. Amylase was found to deplete GAGs from the samples. This enzymatic treatment may help in answering some questions related to keratoconus, and possibly be used to build an empirical animal model of keratoconic corneas with different progression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kazaili
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah 51002, Iraq
| | | | - Jillian Madine
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK;
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-794-5770
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
García-Guzmán JJ, Pérez-Ràfols C, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Microneedle based electrochemical (Bio)Sensing: Towards decentralized and continuous health status monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
30
|
Mercuri M, Fernandez Rivas D. Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011301. [PMID: 33532017 PMCID: PMC7826167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Each individual's skin has its own features, such as strength, elasticity, or permeability to drugs, which limits the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all approaches typically found in medical treatments. Therefore, understanding the transport mechanisms of substances across the skin is instrumental for the development of novel minimal invasive transdermal therapies. However, the large difference between transport timescales and length scales of disparate molecules needed for medical therapies makes it difficult to address fundamental questions. Thus, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited the efficacy of bioengineering equipment and medical treatments. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important microfluidics-related transport phenomena through the skin and versatile tools to study them. Moreover, we provide a summary of challenges and opportunities faced by advanced transdermal delivery methods, such as needle-free jet injectors, microneedles, and tattooing, which could pave the way to the implementation of better therapies and new methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, TechMed Centre and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Iravanimanesh S, Nazari MA, Jafarbeglou F, Mahjoob M, Azadi M. Extracting the elasticity of the human skin in microscale and in-vivo from atomic force microscopy experiments using viscoelastic models. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 24:188-202. [PMID: 32969746 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1821000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Detecting mechanical properties of the intact skin in-vivo leads to a novel quantitative method to diagnose skin diseases and to monitor skin conditions in clinical settings. Current research and clinical methods that detect skin mechanics have major limitations. The in-vitro experiments are done in non-physiological conditions and in-vivo clinical methods measurer unwanted mechanics of underneath fat and muscle tissues but report the measurement as skin mechanics. An ideal skin mechanics should be captured at skin scale (i.e., micron-scale) and in-vivo. However, extreme challenges of capturing the in-vivo skin mechanics in micron-scale including skin motion due to heart beep, breathing and movement of the subject, has hindered measurement of skin mechanics in-vivo.This study for the first time captures micro-scale mechanics (elasticity and viscoelasticity) of top layers of skin (i.e., the stratum corneum (SC) and stratum granulosum (SG)) in-vivo. In this study, the relevant literature is reviewed and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to capture force-indentation curves on the fingertip skin of four human subjects at a high indentation speed of 40 μm/s. The skin of the same subject were tested in-vitro at 10 different indentation speeds ranging from 0.125 to 40 μm/s by AFM. This study extracts the in-vivo elasticity of SC and SG by detecting time-dependency of tested tissue using a fractional viscoelastic standard linear model developed for indentation. The in-vivo elasticity of SC and SG were smaller in females and in-vitro elasticity were higher than that of in-vivo results. The results were consistent with previous observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Iravanimanesh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jafarbeglou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahjoob
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, BID Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dwivedi KK, Lakhani P, Kumar S, Kumar N. The Effect of Strain Rate on the Stress Relaxation of the Pig Dermis: A Hyper-Viscoelastic Approach. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:091006. [PMID: 32005989 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of strain rate-dependent mechanical properties of the skin is important for accurate prediction of its biomechanics under different loading conditions. This study investigated the effect of strain rate, i.e., 0.025/s (low), 0.5/s (medium), and 1.25/s (high), ranging in the physiological loading rate of connective tissue, on the stress-relaxation response of the porcine dermis. Results show that in the initial phase of the relaxation, the value of stress relaxation (extent of relaxation) was found higher for high strain rate. However, the equilibrium stress was found strain rate independent. A Mooney-Rivlin-based five-term quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model was proposed to determine the effect of strain rate on the stress-relaxation behavior of the porcine dermis. The value of relaxation modulus G1 and G2 were found higher for the high strain rate, whereas the reverse trend was observed for G3, G4, and G5. Moreover, the value of time constants τ1,τ2,τ3τ4, and τ5 were found higher for low strain rate. Statistical analysis shows no significant difference in the values of G5, τ4, and τ5 among the three strain rates. The proposed model was found capable to fit the stress-relaxation response of skin with great accuracy, e.g., root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) value equal to 0.015 ± 0.00012 MPa. Moreover, this hyper-viscoelastic model can be utilized: to quantify the effects of age and diseases on the skin; to simulate the stresses on sutures during large wound closure and impact loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krashn K Dwivedi
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Piyush Lakhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dwivedi KK, Lakhani P, Kumar S, Kumar N. Frequency dependent inelastic response of collagen architecture of pig dermis under cyclic tensile loading: An experimental study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104030. [PMID: 32858398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of collagen architecture of the dermis in response to mechanical stimulation is important as it affects the macroscopic mechanical properties of the dermis. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in the alteration of the collagen structure is required to correlate the mechanical stimulation with tissue remodeling. This study investigated the effect of cyclic frequencies i.e. low (0.1 Hz), medium (2.0 Hz), and high (5.0 Hz) (physiological range) in the alteration of pig dermis collagen structure and its correlation with the macroscopic mechanical response of the dermis. The assessment of the collagen structure of virgin and mechanical tested specimens at tropocollagen, collagen fibril, and fiber level was performed using Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. After 103 cycles, a significantly higher alteration in collagen structure with discrete plastic-type damage was found for low frequency. This frequency dependent alteration of the collagen structure was found in correlation with the dermis macroscopic response. The value of inelastic strain, stress softening, damage parameter (reduction in elastic modulus), and reduction in energy dissipation were observed significantly large for slow frequency. A power-law based empirical relations, as a function of frequency and number of cycles, were proposed to predict the value of inelastic strain and damage parameter. This study also suggests that hierarchical structural response against the mechanical stimulation is time-dependent rather than cycle-dependent, may affect the tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Ropar, India.
| | - Navin Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Engineering Department, IIT, Ropar, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Ropar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Viscoelasticity in natural tissues and engineered scaffolds for tissue reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:74-92. [PMID: 31400521 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity of living tissues plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and its implication in disease development and progression is being recognized recently. In this review, we first explored the state of knowledge regarding the potential application of tissue viscoelasticity in disease diagnosis. In order to better characterize viscoelasticity with local resolution and non-invasiveness, emerging characterization methods have been developed with the potential to be supplemented to existing facilities. To understand cellular responses to matrix viscoelastic behaviors in vitro, hydrogels made of natural polymers have been developed and the relationships between their molecular structure and viscoelastic behaviors, are elucidated. Moreover, how cells perceive the viscoelastic microenvironment and cellular responses including cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation and matrix production, have been discussed. Finally, some future perspective on an integrated mechanobiological comprehension of the viscoelastic behaviors involved in tissue homeostasis, cellular responses and biomaterial design are highlighted. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue- or organ-scale viscoelastic behavior is critical for homeostasis, and the molecular basis and cellular responses of viscoelastic materials at micro- or nano-scale are being recognized recently. We summarized the potential applications of viscoelasticity in disease diagnosis enabled by emerging non-invasive characterization technologies, and discussed the underlying mechanism of viscoelasticity of hydrogels and current understandings of cell regulatory functions of them. With a growing understanding of the molecular basis of hydrogel viscoelasticity and recognition of its regulatory functions on cell behaviors, it is important to bring the clinical insights on how these characterization technologies and engineered materials may contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment. This review explains the basics in characterizing viscoelasticity with our hope to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
35
|
Li Y, Zhang H, Yang R, Laffitte Y, Schmill U, Hu W, Kaddoura M, Blondeel EJM, Cui B. Fabrication of sharp silicon hollow microneedles by deep-reactive ion etching towards minimally invasive diagnostics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:41. [PMID: 31636931 PMCID: PMC6799813 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle technologies have the potential for expanding the capabilities of wearable health monitoring from physiology to biochemistry. This paper presents the fabrication of silicon hollow microneedles by a deep-reactive ion etching (DRIE) process, with the aim of exploring the feasibility of microneedle-based in-vivo monitoring of biomarkers in skin fluid. Such devices shall have the ability to allow the sensing elements to be integrated either within the needle borehole or on the backside of the device, relying on capillary filling of the borehole with dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for transporting clinically relevant biomarkers to the sensor sites. The modified DRIE process was utilized for the anisotropic etching of circular holes with diameters as small as 30 μm to a depth of >300 μm by enhancing ion bombardment to efficiently remove the fluorocarbon passivation polymer. Afterward, isotropic wet and/or dry etching was utilized to sharpen the needle due to faster etching at the pillar top, achieving tip radii as small as 5 μm. Such sharp microneedles have been demonstrated to be sufficiently robust to penetrate porcine skin without needing any aids such as an impact-insertion applicator, with the needles remaining mechanically intact after repetitive penetrations. The capillary filling of DRIE-etched through-wafer holes with water has also been demonstrated, showing the feasibility of use to transport the analyte to the target sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7 Canada
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Yohan Laffitte
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7 Canada
| | - Ulises Schmill
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7 Canada
| | - Wenhan Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Moufeed Kaddoura
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7 Canada
| | | | - Bo Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kingsley DM, McCleery CH, Johnson CDL, Bramson MTK, Rende D, Gilbert RJ, Corr DT. Multi-modal characterization of polymeric gels to determine the influence of testing method on observed elastic modulus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 92:152-161. [PMID: 30703738 PMCID: PMC6387847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Demand for materials that mechanically replicate native tissue has driven development and characterization of various new biomaterials. However, a consequence of materials and characterization technique diversity is a lack of consensus within the field, with no clear way to compare values measured via different modalities. This likely contributes to the difficulty in replicating findings across the research community; recent evidence suggests that different modalities do not yield the same mechanical measurements within a material, and direct comparisons cannot be made across different testing platforms. Herein, we examine whether "material properties" are characterization modality-specific by analyzing the elastic moduli determined by five typical biomaterial mechanical characterization techniques: unconfined-compression, tensiometry, rheometry, and micro-indentation at the macroscopic level, and microscopically using nanoindentation. These analyses were performed in two different polymeric gels frequently used for biological applications, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and agarose. Each was fabricated to span a range of moduli, from physiologic to supraphysiologic values. All five techniques identified the same overall trend within each material group, supporting their ability to appreciate relative moduli differences. However, significant differences were found across modalities, illustrating a difference in absolute moduli values, and thereby precluding direct comparison of measurements from different characterization modalities. These observed differences may depend on material compliance, viscoelasticity, and microstructure. While determining the underlying mechanism(s) of these differences was beyond the scope of this work, these results demonstrate how each modality affects the measured moduli of the same material, and the sensitivity of each modality to changes in sample material composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Caitlin H McCleery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Christopher D L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Michael T K Bramson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Deniz Rende
- Center for Materials, Devices and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
van der Burg NMD, Depelsenaire ACI, Crichton ML, Kuo P, Phipps S, Kendall MAF. A low inflammatory, Langerhans cell-targeted microprojection patch to deliver ovalbumin to the epidermis of mouse skin. J Control Release 2019; 302:190-200. [PMID: 30940498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a low inflammatory skin environment, Langerhans cells (LCs) - but not dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) - contribute to the pivotal process of tolerance induction. Thus LCs are a target for specific-tolerance therapies. LCs reside just below the stratum corneum, within the skin's viable epidermis. One way to precisely deliver immunotherapies to LCs while remaining minimally invasive is with a skin delivery device such as a microprojection arrays (MPA). Today's MPAs currently achieve rapid delivery (e.g. within minutes of application), but are focussed primarily at delivery of therapeutics to the dermis, deeper within the skin. Indeed, no MPA currently delivers specifically to the epidermal LCs of mouse skin. Without any convenient, pre-clinical device available, advancement of LC-targeted therapies has been limited. In this study, we designed and tested a novel MPA that delivers ovalbumin to the mouse epidermis (eMPA) while maintaining a low, local inflammatory response (as defined by low erythema after 24 h). In comparison to available dermal-targeted MPAs (dMPA), only eMPAs with larger projection tip surface areas achieved shallow epidermal penetration at a low application energy. The eMPA characterised here induced significantly less erythema after 24 h (p = 0.0004), less epidermal swelling after 72 h (p < 0.0001) and 52% less epidermal cell death than the dMPA. Despite these differences in skin inflammation, the eMPA and dMPA promoted similar levels of LC migration out of the skin. However, only the eMPA promoted LCs to migrate with a low MHC II expression and in the absence of dDC migration. Implementing this more mouse-appropriate and low-inflammatory eMPA device to deliver potential immunotherapeutics could improve the practicality and cell-specific targeting of such therapeutics in the pre-clinical stage. Leading to more opportunities for LC-targeted therapeutics such as for allergy immunotherapy and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M D van der Burg
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QL 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra C I Depelsenaire
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QL 4072, Australia
| | - Michael L Crichton
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QL 4072, Australia
| | - Paula Kuo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QL 4102, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QL 4006, Australia
| | - Mark A F Kendall
- The Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QL 4072, Australia; The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Qian L, Zhao H. Nanoindentation of Soft Biological Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E654. [PMID: 30544918 PMCID: PMC6316095 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation techniques, with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity, have recently been moved into the center of the spotlight for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials, especially bridging the scales from the molecular via the cellular and tissue all the way to the organ level, whereas characterizing soft biomaterials, especially down to biomolecules, is fraught with more pitfalls compared with the hard biomaterials. In this review we detail the constitutive behavior of soft biomaterials under nanoindentation (including AFM) and present the characteristics of experimental aspects in detail, such as the adaption of instrumentation and indentation response of soft biomaterials. We further show some applications, and discuss the challenges and perspectives related to nanoindentation of soft biomaterials, a technique that can pinpoint the mechanical properties of soft biomaterials for the scale-span is far-reaching for understanding biomechanics and mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Qian
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biological connective tissues exhibit viscoelastic and poroelastic behavior at different frequency regimes: Application to tendon and skin biophysics. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:249-259. [PMID: 29425716 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a poroviscoelastic finite element model (FEM) was developed and used in conjunction with an AFM-based wide-bandwidth nanorheology system to predict the frequency-dependent mechanical behavior of tendon and dermis subjected to compression via nanoindentation. The aim was to distinguish between loading rates that are dominated by either poroelasticity, viscoelasticity, or the superposition of these processes. Using spherical probe tips having different radii, the force and tip displacement were measured and the magnitude, E∗, and phase angle, ϕ, of the dynamic complex modulus were evaluated for mouse supraspinatus tendon and mouse dermis. The peak frequencies of the phase angle were associated with the characteristic time constants of poroelastic and viscoelastic material behavior. The developed FE model could predict the separate poroelastic and viscoelastic responses of these soft tissues over a 4 decade frequency range, showing good agreement with experimental results. We observed that poroelasticity was the dominant energy dissipation mechanism for mouse dermis and supraspinatus tendon at higher indentation frequencies (102 to 104 Hz) whereas viscoelasticity was typically dominant at lower frequencies (<102 Hz). These findings show the underlying mechanical behavior of biological connective tissues and give insight into the role played by these different energy dissipation mechanisms in governing the function of these tissues at nanoscale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Soft biological tissues exhibit complex, load- and time-dependent mechanical behavior. Evaluating their mechanical behavior requires sophisticated experimental tools and numerical models that can capture the fundamental mechanisms governing tissue function. Using an Atomic-force-microscopy-based rheology system and finite element models, the roles of the two most dominant time-dependent mechanisms (poroelasticity and viscoelasticity) that govern the dynamic loading behavior of mouse skin and tendon have been investigated. FE models were able to predict and quantify the contribution of each mechanism to the overall dynamic response and confirming the presence of these two distinct mechanisms in the mechanical response. Overall, these results provide novel insight into the viscoelastic and poroelastic properties of mouse skin and tendon and promote better understanding of the underlying origins of each mechanism.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the skin are important for various applications. Numerous tests have been conducted to characterize the mechanical behavior of this tissue, and this article presents a review on different experimental methods used. A discussion on the general mechanical behavior of the skin, including nonlinearity, viscoelasticity, anisotropy, loading history dependency, failure properties, and aging effects, is presented. Finally, commonly used constitutive models for simulating the mechanical response of skin are discussed in the context of representing the empirically observed behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Joodaki
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew B Panzer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peñuela L, Negro C, Massa M, Repaci E, Cozzani E, Parodi A, Scaglione S, Quarto R, Raiteri R. Atomic force microscopy for biomechanical and structural analysis of human dermis: A complementary tool for medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:150-155. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peñuela
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Carola Negro
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Michela Massa
- Advanced Biotechnology Center; San Martino Hospital; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Erica Repaci
- Advanced Biotechnology Center; San Martino Hospital; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Emanuele Cozzani
- Clinic of Dermatology, DISSAL; Section of Dermatology; University of Genoa; IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST; Genoa Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Clinic of Dermatology, DISSAL; Section of Dermatology; University of Genoa; IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST; Genoa Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglione
- Research National Council; IEIIT Institute (CNR-IEIIT) Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Rodolfo Quarto
- Advanced Biotechnology Center; San Martino Hospital; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wei JCJ, Edwards GA, Martin DJ, Huang H, Crichton ML, Kendall MAF. Allometric scaling of skin thickness, elasticity, viscoelasticity to mass for micro-medical device translation: from mice, rats, rabbits, pigs to humans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15885. [PMID: 29162871 PMCID: PMC5698453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging micro-scale medical devices are showing promise, whether in delivering drugs or extracting diagnostic biomarkers from skin. In progressing these devices through animal models towards clinical products, understanding the mechanical properties and skin tissue structure with which they interact will be important. Here, through measurement and analytical modelling, we advanced knowledge of these properties for commonly used laboratory animals and humans (~30 g to ~150 kg). We hypothesised that skin's stiffness is a function of the thickness of its layers through allometric scaling, which could be estimated from knowing a species' body mass. Results suggest that skin layer thicknesses are proportional to body mass with similar composition ratios, inter- and intra-species. Experimental trends showed elastic moduli increased with body mass, except for human skin. To interpret the relationship between species, we developed a simple analytical model for the bulk elastic moduli of skin, which correlated well with experimental data. Our model suggest that layer thicknesses may be a key driver of structural stiffness, as the skin layer constituents are physically and therefore mechanically similar between species. Our findings help advance the knowledge of mammalian skin mechanical properties, providing a route towards streamlined micro-device research and development onto clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C J Wei
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Grant A Edwards
- Martin group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Darren J Martin
- Martin group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Han Huang
- Nanomechanics and Nanomanufacturing Group, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael L Crichton
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark A F Kendall
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD, 4006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Microneedle patches (MNPs) contain arrays of solid needles measuring hundreds of microns in length that deliver drugs and vaccines into skin in a painless, easy-to-use manner. Optimal MNP design balances multiple interdependent parameters that determine mechanical strength, skin-insertion reliability, drug delivery efficiency, painlessness, manufacturability, and other features of MNPs that affect their performance. MNPs can be made by adapting various microfabrication technologies for delivery of small-molecule drugs, biologics, and vaccines targeted to the skin, which can have pharmacokinetic and immunologic advantages. A small number of human clinical trials, as well as a large and growing market for MNP products for cosmetics, indicate that MNPs can be used safely, efficaciously, and with strong patient acceptance. More advanced clinical trials and commercial-scale manufacturing will facilitate development of MNPs to realize their potential to dramatically increase patient access to otherwise-injectable drugs and to improve drug performance via skin delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meliga SC, Coffey JW, Crichton ML, Flaim C, Veidt M, Kendall MA. The hyperelastic and failure behaviors of skin in relation to the dynamic application of microscopic penetrators in a murine model. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:341-356. [PMID: 27746361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of skin elastic and rupture behavior is fundamental to enable next-generation biomedical devices to directly access areas rich in cells and biomolecules. However, the paucity of skin mechanical characterization and lack of established fracture models limits their rational design. We present an experimental and numerical study of skin mechanics during dynamic interaction with individual and arrays of micro-penetrators. Initially, micro-indentation of individual skin strata revealed hyperelastic moduli were dramatically rate-dependent, enabling extrapolation of stiffness properties at high velocity regimes (>1ms-1). A layered finite-element model satisfactorily predicted the penetration of micro-penetrators using characteristic fracture energies (∼10pJμm-2) significantly lower than previously reported (≫100pJμm-2). Interestingly, with our standard application conditions (∼2ms-1, 35gpistonmass), ∼95% of the application kinetic energy was transferred to the backing support rather than the skin ∼5% (murine ear model). At higher velocities (∼10ms-1) strain energy accumulated in the top skin layers, initiating fracture before stress waves transmitted deformation to the backing material, increasing energy transfer efficiency to 55%. Thus, the tools developed provide guidelines to rationally engineer skin penetrators to increase depth targeting consistency and payload delivery across patients whilst minimizing penetration energy to control skin inflammation, tolerability and acceptability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanics of skin penetration by dynamically-applied microscopic tips is investigated using a combined experimental-computational approach. A FE model of skin is parameterized using indentation tests and a ductile-failure implementation validated against penetration assays. The simulations shed light on skin elastic and fracture properties, and elucidate the interaction with microprojection arrays for vaccine delivery allowing rational design of next-generation devices.
Collapse
|
45
|
Moronkeji K, Todd S, Dawidowska I, Barrett SD, Akhtar R. The role of subcutaneous tissue stiffness on microneedle performance in a representative in vitro model of skin. J Control Release 2016; 265:102-112. [PMID: 27838272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the mechanical behaviour of skin due to the rapid development of microneedle devices for drug delivery applications into skin. However, most in vitro experimentation studies that are used to evaluate microneedle performance do not consider the biomechanical properties of skin or that of the subcutaneous layers. In this study, a representative experimental model of skin was developed which was comprised of subcutaneous and muscle mimics. Neonatal porcine skin from the abdominal and back regions was used, with gelatine gels of differing water content (67, 80, 88 and 96%) to represent the subcutaneous tissue, and a type of ballistic gelatine, Perma-Gel®, as a muscle mimic. Dynamic nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of each of these layers. A custom-developed impact test rig was used to apply dense polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microneedles to the skin models in a controlled and repeatable way with quantification of the insertion force and velocity. Image analysis methods were used to measure penetration depth and area of the breach caused by microneedle penetration following staining and optical imaging. The nanoindentation tests demonstrated that the tissue mimics matched expected values for subcutaneous and muscle tissue, and that the compliance of the subcutaneous mimics increased linearly with water content. The abdominal skin was thinner and less stiff as compared to back skin. The maximum force decreased with gel water content in the abdominal skin but not in the back skin. Overall, larger and deeper perforations were found in the skin models with increasing water content. These data demonstrate the importance of subcutaneous tissue on microneedle performance and the need for representative skin models in microneedle technology development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Moronkeji
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - S Todd
- Renephra Ltd., MedTech Centre, Manchester Science Park, Pencroft Way, M15 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - I Dawidowska
- Renephra Ltd., MedTech Centre, Manchester Science Park, Pencroft Way, M15 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - S D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - R Akhtar
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, L69 3GH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Transdermal Drug Delivery. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315382579-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
47
|
Crichton ML, Muller DA, Depelsenaire ACI, Pearson FE, Wei J, Coffey J, Zhang J, Fernando GJP, Kendall MAF. The changing shape of vaccination: improving immune responses through geometrical variations of a microdevice for immunization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27217. [PMID: 27251567 PMCID: PMC4890175 DOI: 10.1038/srep27217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-device use for vaccination has grown in the past decade, with the promise of ease-of-use, painless application, stable solid formulations and greater immune response generation. However, the designs of the highly immunogenic devices (e.g. the gene gun, Nanopatch or laser adjuvantation) require significant energy to enter the skin (30-90 mJ). Within this study, we explore a way to more effectively use energy for skin penetration and vaccination. These modifications change the Nanopatch projections from cylindrical/conical shapes with a density of 20,000 per cm(2) to flat-shaped protrusions at 8,000 per cm(2), whilst maintaining the surface area and volume that is placed within the skin. We show that this design results in more efficient surface crack initiations, allowing the energy to be more efficiently be deployed through the projections into the skin, with a significant overall increase in penetration depth (50%). Furthermore, we measured a significant increase in localized skin cell death (>2 fold), and resultant infiltrate of cells (monocytes and neutrophils). Using a commercial seasonal trivalent human influenza vaccine (Fluvax 2014), our new patch design resulted in an immune response equivalent to intramuscular injection with approximately 1000 fold less dose, while also being a practical device conceptually suited to widespread vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lawrence Crichton
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - David Alexander Muller
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra Christina Isabelle Depelsenaire
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frances Elizabeth Pearson
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wei
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jacob Coffey
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Germain J P Fernando
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Anthony Fernance Kendall
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Crichton ML, Archer-Jones C, Meliga S, Edwards G, Martin D, Huang H, Kendall MA. Characterising the material properties at the interface between skin and a skin vaccination microprojection device. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:186-94. [PMID: 26956913 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid emergence of micro-devices for biomedical applications over the past two decades has introduced new challenges for the materials used in the devices. Devices like microneedles and the Nanopatch, require sufficient strength to puncture skin often with sharp-slender micro-scale profiles, while maintaining mechanical integrity. For these technologies we sought to address two important questions: 1) On the scale at which the device operates, what forces are required to puncture the skin? And 2) What loads can the projections/microneedles withstand prior to failure. First, we used custom fabricated nanoindentation micro-probes to puncture skin at the micrometre scale, and show that puncture forces are ∼0.25-1.75mN for fresh mouse skin, in agreement with finite element simulations for our device. Then, we used two methods to perform strength tests of Nanopatch projections with varied aspect ratios. The first method used a nanoindenter to apply a force directly on the top or on the side of individual silicon projections (110μm in length, 10μm base radius), to measure the force of fracture. Our second method used an Instron to fracture full rows of projections and characterise a range of projection designs (with the method verified against previous nanoindentation experiments). Finally, we used Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy to visualise projections in situ in the skin to confirm the behaviour we quantified, qualitatively. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Micro-device development has proliferated in the past decade, including devices that interact with tissues for biomedical outcomes. The field of microneedles for vaccine delivery to skin has opened new material challenges both in understanding tissue material properties and device material. In this work we characterise both the biomaterial properties of skin and the material properties of our microprojection vaccine delivery device. This study directly measures the micro-scale puncture properties of skin, whilst demonstrating clearly how these relate to device design. This will be of strong interest to those in the field of biomedical microdevices. This includes work in the field of wearable and semi-implantable devices, which will require clear understanding of tissue behaviour and material characterisation.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The prevalence of prosthodontic treatment has been well recognized, and the need is continuously increasing with the ageing population. While the oral mucosa plays a critical role in the treatment outcome, the associated biomechanics is not yet fully understood. Using the literature available, this paper provides a critical review on four aspects of mucosal biomechanics, including static, dynamic, volumetric and interactive responses, which are interpreted by its elasticity, viscosity/permeability, apparent Poisson's ratio and friction coefficient, respectively. Both empirical studies and numerical models are analysed and compared to gain anatomical and physiological insights. Furthermore, the clinical applications of such biomechanical knowledge on the mucosa are explored to address some critical concerns, including stimuli for tissue remodelling (interstitial hydrostatic pressure), pressure–pain thresholds, tissue displaceability and residual bone resorption. Through this review, the state of the art in mucosal biomechanics and their clinical implications are discussed for future research interests, including clinical applications, computational modelling, design optimization and prosthetic fabrication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junning Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rohana Ahmad
- Unit of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Wei Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Swain
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Raphael AP, Crichton ML, Falconer RJ, Meliga S, Chen X, Fernando GJP, Huang H, Kendall MAF. Formulations for microprojection/microneedle vaccine delivery: Structure, strength and release profiles. J Control Release 2016; 225:40-52. [PMID: 26795684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel methods for vaccine delivery, the skin is viewed as a high potential target, due to the abundance of immune cells that reside therein. One method, the use of dissolving microneedle technologies, has the potential to achieve this, with a range of formulations now being employed. Within this paper we assemble a range of methods (including FT-FIR using synchrotron radiation, nanoindentation and skin delivery assays) to systematically examine the effect of key bulking agents/excipients - sugars/polyols - on the material form, structure, strength, failure properties, diffusion and dissolution for dissolving microdevices. We investigated concentrations of mannitol, sucrose, trehalose and sorbitol from 1:1 to 30:1 with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), although mannitol did not form our micro-structures so was discounted early in the study. The other formulations showed a variety of crystalline (sorbitol) and amorphous (sucrose, trehalose) structures, when investigated using Fourier transform far infra-red (FT-FIR) with synchrotron radiation. The crystalline structures had a higher elastic modulus than the amorphous formulations (8-12GPa compared to 0.05-11GPa), with sorbitol formulations showing a bimodal distribution of results including both amorphous and crystalline behaviour. In skin, diffusion properties were similar among all formulations with dissolution occurring within 5s for our small projection array structures (~100μm in length). Overall, slight variations in formulation can significantly change the ability of our projections to perform their required function, making the choice of bulking/vaccine stabilising agents of great importance for these devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Raphael
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael L Crichton
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert J Falconer
- University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Sheffield S1 3JD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Meliga
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Germain J P Fernando
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Han Huang
- The University of Queensland, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A F Kendall
- The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D(2)G(2)), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, QLD 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|