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Toriumi T, Ohmori H, Nagasaki Y. Design of Antioxidant Nanoparticle, which Selectively Locates and Scavenges Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Increasing The Running Time of Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301159. [PMID: 37526346 PMCID: PMC10520625 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during strong or unfamiliar exercise cause exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), leading to poor health and decreased exercise performance. The application of conventional antioxidants can neither ameliorate EIGS nor improve exercise performance because of their rapid elimination and severe side effects on the mitochondria. Hence, a self-assembling nanoparticle-type antioxidant (RNPO ) that is selectively located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for an extended time after oral administration is developed. Interestingly, orally administered RNPO significantly enhances the running time until exhaustion in mice with increasing dosage, whereas conventional antioxidants (TEMPOL) tends to reduce the running time with increasing dosage. The running (control) and TEMPOL groups show severe damage in the GI tract and increased plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels after 80 min of running, resulting in fewer red blood cells (RBCs) and severe damage to the skeletal muscles and liver. However, the RNPO group is protected against GI tract damage and elevation of plasma LPS levels, similar to the nonrunning (sedentary) group, which prevents damage to the whole body, unlike in the control and TEMPOL groups. Based on these results, it is concluded that continuous scavenging of excessive intestinal ROS protects against gut damage and further improves exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Toriumi
- Department of Materials ScienceFaculty of Pure and Applied SciencesUniversity of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmori
- University of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Faculty of Business Information SciencesJobu UniversityToyazukamachi 634‐1IsesakiGunma372‐8588Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials ScienceFaculty of Pure and Applied SciencesUniversity of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Master's School of Medical SciencesGraduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTennoudai 1‐1‐1TsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Center for Research in Radiation, Isotope and Earth System Sciences (CRiES)University of TsukubaTennoudai 1‐1‐1TsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoHongo 7‐3‐1Bunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8654Japan
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Tri BD, Shashni B, Matsui H, Nagasaki Y. Designing poly(gamma-aminobutyric acid)-based nanoparticles for the treatment of major depressive disorders. J Control Release 2023; 360:110-121. [PMID: 37336293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a worldwide concern owing to its negative impact on the quality of life. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an essential neurotransmitter in the brain, is important for regulating the enteric nervous system and gut-brain dual communication (gut-brain axis), thus providing gastrointestinal GABA and GABA-related pathways with possible targets for MDD treatment. However, the use of GABA for this disease remains limited due to its poor pharmacokinetic properties, including the low permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and the rapid clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. Since poly(amino acid)s are advantageous for improving the beneficial bioactivities of conventional amino acids, poly(gamma-aminobutyric acid) (poly(GABA)) is a potential candidate for MDD therapy. Nevertheless, the non-water-soluble and non-dispersible characteristics of poly(GABA) render difficulty in administering its conventional forms in vitro/in vivo, thereby hindering its therapeutic applications. Therefore, this study proposes a new design for poly(GABA) in nanoparticle form, which is composed of the amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(GABA) and poly(ethylene glycol), providing a suitable formulation for medication applications. Herein, we report on a new orally deliverable poly(GABA)-based nanoparticles (NanoGABA) in aqueous media and their efficacy on mouse depression models. NanoGABA treatment efficiently attenuated depression-like symptoms as evidenced by behavioral tests (forced swimming tests and tail suspension tests) and stress biomarkers (corticosterone). These findings suggest that the newly designed poly(GABA)-based nanoparticles are a promising candidate for the treatment of depression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This research is the first to report the preparation of poly(GABA)-based nanoparticles in aqueous conditions with beneficial physical properties to open the gate for medical and pharmaceutical applications of poly (GABA). It is also a pioneer in using poly(GABA)-based materials for major depressive disorder therapeutics in vivo. Oral administration of NanoGABA attenuates depressive-like symptoms by targeting the enteric nervous system possibly through modulation of the gut-brain axis pathways with negligible toxicity, suggesting that NanoGABA is a promising therapeutic agent for major depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Duc Tri
- Degree Program in Pure and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Babita Shashni
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Radiation and Earth System Science (CRiES), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
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Shashni B, Nagasaki Y. Short-chain fatty acid-releasing nano-prodrugs for attenuating growth and metastasis of melanoma. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:226-236. [PMID: 36736848 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionic and butyric acids, have been reported to possess anti-neoplastic effects; however, rapid renal clearance and high dose-based side effects limit their clinical translation. Hence, in this study, we have designed a new self-assembling nano-prodrugs that can effectively supply SCFAs: endogenous enzyme-metabolizable block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)block-poly(vinyl ester) possessing several units of SCFAs conjugated as side chains via ester linkages. These amphiphilic polymers spontaneously self-assemble into nanostructures under aqueous conditions to form orally administrable nano-prodrugs (butyric acid: NanoBA and propionic acid: NanoPA). Herein, we show the therapeutic efficacy of SCFA nanoparticles (NanoSCFA) in a mouse model of metastasis (melanoma). Ad libitum intake of our NanoSCFA markedly demonstrated a decrease in the metastatic tumor nodules in the lungs compared with the effect observed after LMW SCFA administration with no discernible toxicity to the GI tract. In contrast, LMW SCFAs, even at a lower concentration than that of the NanoSCFA, facilitated villus atrophy. Taken together, our work suggests that the use of NanoSCFA as a therapeutic intervention for metastatic cancer is preferable over typical LMW SCFAs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Low-molecular-weight (LMW) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have shown versatile therapeutic effects on various diseases, including anti-tumorigenesis effects. However, their clinical translation is limited due to their poor pharmacokinetic profile and adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, we have developed new amphiphilic block copolymer-based SCFA-prodrugs, which self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media (NanoSCFA). SCFAs are covalently conjugated to the hydrophobic polymer segment via ester linkage, which can be enzymatically metabolized after oral administration. In the present study, we confirmed that ad libitum intake of NanoSCFAs retarded the growth and metastatic potential of B16-F10 tumors compared to the LMW SCFAs with negligible discernible toxicity, reflecting NanoSCFA as a preferable therapeutic intervention to LMW SCFA counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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Enhanced macrophage polarization induced by COX-2 inhibitor-loaded Pd octahedral nanozymes for treatment of atherosclerosis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tran HT, Vong LB, Nishikawa Y, Nagasaki Y. Sorafenib-loaded silica-containing redox nanoparticles for oral anti-liver fibrosis therapy. J Control Release 2022; 345:880-891. [PMID: 35395328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease resulting from repetitive or prolonged liver injury with limited treatment options. Sorafenib has been reported to be a potential antifibrotic agent; however, its therapeutic effect is restricted because of its low bioavailability and severe adverse effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, we developed sorafenib-loaded silica-containing redox nanoparticles (sora@siRNP) as an oral nanomedicine to treat liver fibrosis. The designed siRNP were prepared by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, which possess antioxidant nitroxide radicals as a side chain of the hydrophobic segment and porous silica particles in the nanoparticle core. The silica moieties in the core formed a crosslink between the self-assembling block copolymers to afford stable drug absorption, which could be useful in harsh GI conditions after oral drug administration. Based on in vitro evaluation, sora@siRNP exerted antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects against hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and low toxicity against normal endothelial cells. A pharmacokinetic study showed that siRNP significantly improved the bioavailability and distribution of sorafenib in the liver. In an in vivo study using a mouse model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, oral administration of sora@siRNP significantly suppressed the fibrotic area in comparison to free sorafenib administration. In mice with CCl4-induced fibrosis, free sorafenib administration did not suppress the expression of α-smooth muscle actin; however, mice treated with sora@siRNP showed significantly suppressed expression of α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the inhibition of HSC activation, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Moreover, oral administration of free sorafenib induced severe intestinal damage and increased leakage into the gut, which can be attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our antioxidant nanocarriers, siRNP, reduced the adverse effects of local ROS scavenging in the GI tract. Our results suggest that sora@siRNP could serve as a promising oral nanomedicine for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Thi Tran
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 703000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 703000, Viet Nam
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 079-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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Basak S, Khare HA, Kempen PJ, Kamaly N, Almdal K. Nanoconfined anti-oxidizing RAFT nitroxide radical polymer for reduction of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and foam cell formation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:742-753. [PMID: 36131819 PMCID: PMC9418007 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Antioxidant therapy has been considered a promising treatment modality for atherosclerosis, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We developed ROS-scavenging antioxidant nanoparticles (NPs) that can serve as an effective therapy for atherosclerosis. The newly developed novel antioxidant ROS-eliminating NPs were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and act as a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic agent. SOD is an anti-ROS enzyme which is difficult to use for passive delivery due to its low half-life and stability. Copolymers were synthesized using different feed ratios of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate (PMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers and an anti-ROS nitroxyl radical polymer was prepared via oxidation. The copolymer was further conjugated with a 6-aminofluorescein via a oxirane ring opening reaction for intracellular delivery in RAW 264.7 cells. The synthesized copolymers were blended to create NPs (∼150 nm size) in aqueous medium and highly stable up to three weeks. The NPs were shown to be taken up by macrophages and to be cytocompatible even at high dose levels (500 μg mL-1). Finally, the nitroxide NPs has been shown to inhibit foam cell formation in macrophages by decreasing internalization of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Basak
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Harshvardhan Ajay Khare
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 2200 Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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Abstract
Significance: Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major component of severe damage in vascular occlusion during stroke, myocardial infarction, surgery, and organ transplantation, and is exacerbated by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which occurs particularly during reperfusion. With the aging of the population, IR injury is becoming a serious problem in various organs, such as the kidney, brain, and heart, as well as in the mesenteric capillaries. Recent Advances: To prevent reperfusion injuries, natural and synthetic low-molecular-weight (LMW) antioxidants have been well studied. Critical Issues: However, these LMW antioxidants have various problems, including adverse effects due to excessive cellular uptake and their rapid clearance by the kidney, and cannot fully exert their potent antioxidant capacity in vivo. Future Directions: To overcome these problems, we designed and developed redox polymers with antioxidants covalently conjugated with them. These polymers self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media, referred to as redox nanoparticles (RNPs). RNPs suppress their uptake into normal cells, accumulate at inflammation sites, and effectively scavenge ROS in damaged tissues. We had developed two types of RNPs: RNPN, which disintegrates in response to acidic pH; and RNPO, which does not collapse, regardless of the environmental pH. Utilizing the pH-sensitive and -insensitive characteristics of RNPN and RNPO, respectively, RNPs were found to exhibit remarkable therapeutic effects on various oxidative stress disorders, including IR injuries. Thus, RNPs are promising nanomedicines for use as next-generation antioxidants. This review summarizes the therapeutic impacts of RNPs in the treatment of kidney, cerebral, myocardial, and intestinal IR injuries. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 70-80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Poláková L, Raus V, Cuchalová L, Poręba R, Hrubý M, Kučka J, Větvička D, Trhlíková O, Sedláková Z. SHARP hydrogel for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121392. [PMID: 34933083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relapsing and remitting inflammatory disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The active phase of IBD is characterized by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal mucosa, which further accelerates the inflammatory process. A feasible strategy for the IBD treatment is thus breaking the oxidation-inflammation vicious circle by scavenging excessive ROS with the use of a suitable antioxidant. Herein, we have developed a novel hydrogel system for oral administration utilizing sterically hindered amine-based redox polymer (SHARP) incorporating covalently bound antioxidant SHA groups. SHARP was prepared via free-radical polymerization by covalent crosslinking of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and a SHA-based monomer, N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-methacrylamide. The SHARP hydrogel was resistant to hydrolysis and swelled considerably (∼90% water content) under the simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions, and exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant properties in vitro against different ROS. Further, the SHARP hydrogel was found to be non-genotoxic, non-cytotoxic, non-irritating, and non-absorbable from the gastrointestinal tract. Most importantly, SHARP hydrogel exhibited a statistically significant, dose-dependent therapeutic effect in the mice model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis. Altogether, the obtained results suggest that the SHARP hydrogel strategy holds a great promise with respect to IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Poláková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Raus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cuchalová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Větvička
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Sedláková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Promoting effect of the Maillard reaction products produced during the stir-frying process of Hordei Fructus Germinatus on the intestinal absorption of active ingredients in Hordei Fructus Germinatus. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:631-642. [PMID: 34123460 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the absorption promoting capacity of Maillard Reaction Products (MRPs) produced during the stir-frying process of Hordei Fructus Germinatus on catechin, ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol by the ex vivo rat everted gut sac model, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model and the whole animal model. Moreover, verapamil, EDTA and mannitol were used for determining the transport mechanism of catechin, ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol. The tight junction (TJ) proteins including zonula occudens-1(ZO-1) and claudin-1 were chosen to investigate the promoting mechanism of MRPs by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses. The results showed that the MRPs produced during the stir-frying process of Hordei Fructus Germinatus could improve the intestinal absorption of catechin, ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol. And the absorption-promoting effect of MRPs was related to chelating effect and the reduced expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1. Our results suggested that MRPs could be promising oral absorption promoters, which might be another processing mechanism of Hordei Fructus Germinatus.
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Shashni B, Tajika Y, Nagasaki Y. Design of enzyme-responsive short-chain fatty acid-based self-assembling drug for alleviation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120877. [PMID: 34062420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as propionic and butyric acids have been touted as potential therapeutic interventions that can ameliorate diabetic pathogenesis. However, SCFAs are low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds that have limited clinical use due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, off-target effects, poor palatability and unpleasant odor. Hence, to improve the therapeutic utilization of SCFAs, the enzyme metabolizable block copolymers, [poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl ester)s], possessing propionate and butyrate esters were synthesized, which formed stable nanoparticles by self-assembling under physiological conditions. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of propionic acid- and butyric acid-based self-assembling nanoparticles (PNP/BNP) was evaluated in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus through ad libitum drinking. The conventional antidiabetic drug, exenatide- and BNP-treated mice showed the highest glucose tolerance, whereas LMW SCFAs remained ineffective in normalizing glucose homeostasis. The better efficacy of BNP over the LMW SCFAs was attributable to (i) higher consumption of BNP than the LMW SCFAs by the mice (good palatability and odorless), (ii) prolonged residence time of BNP (48 h) in the gastro-intestinal tract (muco-adhesion) contributing to intestinal enzyme-mediated sustained release of butyric acid, and (iii) negligible off-target effects (no abrupt rise in the bloodstream). The aforementioned data suggest that SCFA-based nanoparticles are more potential therapeutic interventions than LMW SCFAs for metabolic diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuya Tajika
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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11
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Shashni B, Nagasaki Y. Newly Developed Self-Assembling Antioxidants as Potential Therapeutics for the Cancers. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020092. [PMID: 33540693 PMCID: PMC7912983 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as significant for cancer survival by functioning as oncogene activators and secondary messengers. Hence, the attenuation of ROS-signaling pathways in cancer by antioxidants seems a suitable therapeutic regime for targeting cancers. Low molecular weight (LMW) antioxidants such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), although they are catalytically effective in vitro, exerts off-target effects in vivo due to their size, thus, limiting their clinical use. Here, we discuss the superior impacts of our TEMPO radical-conjugated self-assembling antioxidant nanoparticle (RNP) compared to the LMW counterpart in terms of pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effect, and adverse effects in various cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan;
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan;
- Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +81-(0)29-853-5750
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Li C, Hu Y, Nie Q, Chen S, Li G, Li L, Chen S, Tang B, Zhang J. A reactive oxygen species-responsive antioxidant nanotherapy for the treatment of drug-induced tissue and organ injury. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:7117-7131. [PMID: 33211787 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced tissue injury has become a growing public health problem. Gastrointestinal injury and liver dysfunction are the most common side effects related to drug therapies, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in recent years. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critically involved in the pathogenesis of drug-induced tissue injury. Consequently, antioxidant therapy represents a very promising strategy for the treatment of drug-induced tissue injury. Herein, a multifunctional antioxidant nanotherapy (TON) is engineered from a cyclodextrin-derived ROS-responsive material and a radical scavenger tempol, and is capable of eliminating a broad spectrum of ROS. After oral administration, TON can passively accumulate in the inflamed gastrointestinal tissues in mice with indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal injury. Correspondingly, TON shows superior efficacy in two representative murine models of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal injury and acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury via attenuating oxidative stress and mitigating inflammatory responses. Additionally, preliminary in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the good safety profile of TON. Consequently, the ROS-responsive antioxidant nanotherapy TON is promising for the treatment of drug-induced tissue and organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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13
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Nguyen THT, Trinh NT, Tran HN, Tran HT, Le PQ, Ngo DN, Tran-Van H, Van Vo T, Vong LB, Nagasaki Y. Improving silymarin oral bioavailability using silica-installed redox nanoparticle to suppress inflammatory bowel disease. J Control Release 2020; 331:515-524. [PMID: 33616078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are strongly related to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), have become more threatening to health. Silymarin is an active compound with the effect of expressing anti-inflammatory activity; however, it exhibits poor bioavailability due to the rapid metabolism and secretion, low permeability across the intestinal epithelial cells, and poor water solubility. In this study, we developed silica-containing redox nanoparticles (siRNP) with 50-60 nm in diameter to improve the bioavailability of silymarin by improving its uptake into the bloodstream and delivery to the targeted tissues of the colon. Silymarin-loaded siRNP (SM@siRNP) significantly increased the antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical and suppressing nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to the other treatments such as free silymarin, siRNP, and silymarin-loaded si-nRNP (the control nanoparticle without ROS scavenging property). Orally administered SM@siRNP significantly improved the bioavailability of silymarin and its retention in the colonic mucosa. The anti-inflammatory effects of SM@siRNP were also investigated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and it was observed that SM@siRNP treatment significantly improved the damage in the colonic mucosa of DSS colitis mice as compared to the other treatments. The results in this study indicate that SM@siRNP is a promising nanomedicine for enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of silymarin and has a high potential for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Ha Thi Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhu-Thuy Trinh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Han Ngoc Tran
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh 703000, Vietnam
| | - Hao Thi Tran
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Phong Quoc Le
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dai-Nghiep Ngo
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh 703000, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran-Van
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh 703000, Vietnam
| | - Toi Van Vo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Long Binh Vong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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14
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Wang H, He Y, Hou Y, Geng Y, Wu X. Novel self-nanomicellizing formulation based on Rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for oral delivery of naringenin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110926. [PMID: 32409076 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the study described here, we strove to develop an orally administered novel self-nanomicellizing formulation based on Rebaudioside A (RA) for delivering naringenin (NAR) with improved bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Our research found that RA and naringenin (NAR) could be formulated into self-assembling nanomicelles (RA-NAR) using a simple ethanol dissolution-evaporation method. We found that the RA-NAR self-assemblies comprised ultra-small micelles (5.234 ± 0.311 nm) in a uniform dispersion state (the polydispersity index was 0.243 ± 0.039) with a near-neutral surface charge (-[2.268 ± 0.729] mV). We also found that RA-NAR had a well-storage stability at 4 °C with light protection. In addition, we observed that RA-NAR exhibited enhanced apparent solubility, in-vitro permeability, and antioxidant activity. After we administered RA-NAR to rats orally, we observed an increase in area under the curve (AUC0→t) to 19,500.82 ng/mL/h versus 9324.47 ng/mL/h observed with free NAR and an increase of maximum concentration (Cmax) to 27,326.10 ng/mL from the free-NAR Cmax level of 2549.04 ng/mL. The tissue distribution assessments further demonstrated that RA-NAR could effectively increase the NAR concentration in all tested intestinal segments. Our mouse model results showed as well that oral administration of RA-NAR could efficiently protect against small intestine injuries induced by indomethacin, and the mechanisms by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were involved in its therapeutic effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that a self-nanomicellizing formulation based on RA has great potential as a novel oral nano-drug delivery system for NAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yuanlong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao municipal hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Yuzhen Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yiwan Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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15
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Nagai N, Sakamoto R, Yamamoto S, Deguchi S, Otake H, Tanino T. Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204990. [PMID: 31600995 PMCID: PMC6834168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indomethacin (IMC)-induced gastrointestinal (GI) injuries are more common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients than in other IMC users, and the overexpression of nitric oxide (NO) via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is related to the seriousness of IMC-induced GI injuries. However, sufficient strategies to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries have not yet been established. In this study, we designed dispersions of rebamipide (RBM) solid nanocrystals (particle size: 30–190 nm) by a bead mill method (RBM-NDs), and investigated whether the oral administration of RBM-NDs is useful to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries. The RBM nanocrystals were spherical and had a solubility 4.71-fold greater than dispersions of traditional RBM powder (RBM-TDs). In addition, the RBM-NDs were stable for 1 month after preparation. The RBM contents in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum of rats orally administered RBM-NDs were significantly higher than in rats administered RBM-TDs. Moreover, the oral administration of RBM-NDs decreased the NO levels via iNOS and area of the GI lesions in IMC-stimulated RA (adjuvant-induced arthritis rat) rats in comparison with the oral administration of RBM-TDs. Thus, we show that the oral administration of RBM-NDs provides a high drug supply to the GI mucosa, resulting in a therapeutic effect on IMC-induced GI injuries. Solid nanocrystalline RBM preparations may offer effective therapy for RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Saori Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-Cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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16
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Chen W, Zhang J, Li C, Pan Q, Wu J, Fan L, Chen C, Huang X, Teng F, Zhu J. Is dextran sulfate sodium a good inducer of acute experimental enteritis? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419843367. [PMID: 30968717 PMCID: PMC6458654 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419843367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models play critical roles in exploring the pathogenesis of human diseases and designing novel therapeutic schemes. Acute experimental colitis (AEC) models have been reported to be established in mice principally by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). However, little knowledge is known about whether DSS can be used to induce the acute experimental enteritis (AEE). In this study, different concentrations of DSS (0%, 2%, 3%, and 5%) were used to induce AEC and AEE models in two cohorts. After the establishment of these two models, the symptoms of the mice induced by DSS were noted, the length and average weight of each colon and small intestine were measured, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted for assessing the inflammatory infiltration in these models. Generally, the comparison of the inflammatory scoring between AEC and AEE models was analyzed. As a consequence, we found that, the mice with 2%-5% DSS administration in a week could develop into AEC models in two cohorts and AEE models in one cohort, followed by the signs of diarrhea, gross rectal bleeding, weight loss of the body, and shortened colon and intestine length, as compared with the control group. HE staining showed that the inflammatory scoring was dramatically increased by 3%-5% DSS in AEC models in two cohorts but slightly elevated in AEE models in one cohort. Meanwhile, as compared with the severe AEC models, the extent of inflammatory infiltration induced by 3%-5% DSS in AEE models was much milder. In conclusion, oral administration of 3%-5% DSS is a good inducer of AEC models, but not AEE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Pan
- 3 Department of Ultrasound, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Jingtong Wu
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lina Fan
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- 6 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- 7 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Teng
- 8 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshui Zhu
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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17
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Duan B, Li M, Sun Y, Zou S, Xu X. Orally Delivered Antisense Oligodeoxyribonucleotides of TNF-α via Polysaccharide-Based Nanocomposites Targeting Intestinal Inflammation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801389. [PMID: 30714345 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is usually regarded as a potential target for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Herein, a promising strategy for effective delivery of phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide of TNF-α (PS-ATNF-α), targeting the intestinal inflammation based on the interaction of the single chain of triple helical β-glucan (s-LNT) with poly-deoxyadenylic acid [poly(dA)], and the colon-specific degradation of chitosan-alginate (CA) hydrogel, is reported. The target gene of PS-ATNF-α, with a poly(dA) tail through a disulfide bond (-SS-), interacts with s-LNT to form a rod-like nanocomposite of s-LNT/poly(dA)-SS-PS-ATNF-α, which significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α at the protein level by 38.2% and mRNA level by 48.9% in RAW264.7 macrophages. The nanocomposites carried by the CA hydrogel with the loading amount of 83.5% are then orally administered and specifically released to the inflamed intestine, followed by internalization into intestinal cells such as macrophages, to reduce TNF-α production by 36.4% and dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammation by decreasing myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. This study defines a new strategy for the oral delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to attenuate inflammatory response, demonstrating a notable potential for clinical applications in intestine-inflammation-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchao Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Siwei Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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18
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Yao Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ding J, Wang S, Huang B, Ke S, Gao C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive biomaterials mediate tissue microenvironments and tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5019-5037. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00847k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ROS-responsive biomaterials alleviate the oxidative stress in tissue microenvironments, promoting tissue regeneration and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Haolan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shifeng Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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19
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Kermanizadeh A, Powell LG, Stone V, Møller P. Nanodelivery systems and stabilized solid-drug nanoparticles for orally administered medicine: current landscape. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7575-7605. [PMID: 30510419 PMCID: PMC6248225 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s177418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles as a means of targeted delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents could greatly enhance the transport of biologically active contents to specific target tissues, while avoiding or reducing potentially undesired side effects. Generally speaking, the oral route of administration is associated with good patient compliance, as it is convenient, economical, noninvasive, and does not require special training. Here, we review the progress of the utilization of nanodelivery-system carriers or stabilized solid-drug nanoparticles following oral administration, with particular attention on toxicological data. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity are discussed and the problem of extrapolating knowledge to human scenarios highlighted. Additionally, issues associated with administration of drugs via the oral route are underlined, while strategies utilized to overcome these are highlighted. This review aims to offer a balanced overview of strategies currently being used in the application of nanosize constructs for oral medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- NanoSafety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, .,Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Leagh G Powell
- NanoSafety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK,
| | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK,
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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20
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Li L, Guo J, Wang Y, Xiong X, Tao H, Li J, Jia Y, Hu H, Zhang J. A Broad-Spectrum ROS-Eliminating Material for Prevention of Inflammation and Drug-Induced Organ Toxicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800781. [PMID: 30356945 PMCID: PMC6193162 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great potential of numerous antioxidants for pharmacotherapy of diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, many challenges remain for their clinical translation. Herein, a superoxidase dismutase/catalase-mimetic material based on Tempol and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester simultaneously conjugated β-cyclodextrin (abbreviated as TPCD), which is capable of eliminating a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is reported. TPCD can be easily synthesized by sequentially conjugating two functional moieties onto a β-cyclodextrin scaffold. The thus developed pharmacologically active material may be easily produced into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nanoparticles, with tunable size. TPCD nanoparticles (TPCD NP) effectively protect macrophages from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vitro. Consistently, TPCD NP shows superior efficacies in three murine models of inflammatory diseases, with respect to attenuating inflammatory responses and mitigating oxidative stress. TPCD NP can also protect mice from drug-induced organ toxicity. Besides the passive targeting effect, the broad spectrum ROS-scavenging capability contributes to the therapeutic benefits of TPCD NP. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo preliminary experiments demonstrate the good safety profile of TPCD NP. Consequently, TPCD in its native and nanoparticle forms can be further developed as efficacious and safe therapies for treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Department of CardiologySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchong637000Sichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of NeurosurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430060China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yi Jia
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Houyuan Hu
- Department of CardiologySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
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21
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Wang Y, Li L, Zhao W, Dou Y, An H, Tao H, Xu X, Jia Y, Lu S, Zhang J, Hu H. Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis by a Broad-Spectrum Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Nanoparticle with Intrinsic Anti-inflammatory Activity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8943-8960. [PMID: 30114351 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of vascular diseases worldwide. Whereas antioxidative therapy has been considered promising for the treatment of atherosclerosis in view of a critical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, currently available antioxidants showed considerably limited clinical outcomes. Herein, we hypothesize that a broad-spectrum ROS-scavenging nanoparticle can serve as an effective therapy for atherosclerosis, taking advantage of its antioxidative stress activity and targeting effects. As a proof of concept, a broad-spectrum ROS-eliminating material was synthesized by covalently conjugating a superoxide dismutase mimetic agent Tempol and a hydrogen-peroxide-eliminating compound of phenylboronic acid pinacol ester onto a cyclic polysaccharide β-cyclodextrin (abbreviated as TPCD). TPCD could be easily processed into a nanoparticle (TPCD NP). The obtained nanotherapy TPCD NP could be efficiently and rapidly internalized by macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TPCD NPs significantly attenuated ROS-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis in macrophages, by eliminating overproduced intracellular ROS. Also, TPCD NPs effectively inhibited foam cell formation in macrophages and VSMCs by decreasing internalization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. After intravenous (i.v.) administration, TPCD NPs accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice by passive targeting through the dysfunctional endothelium and translocation via inflammatory cells. TPCD NPs significantly inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice after i.v. delivery. More importantly, therapy with TPCD NPs afforded stabilized plaques with less cholesterol crystals, a smaller necrotic core, thicker fibrous cap, and lower macrophages and matrix metalloproteinase-9, compared with those treated with control drugs previously developed for antiatherosclerosis. The therapeutic benefits of TPCD NPs mainly resulted from reduced systemic and local oxidative stress and inflammation as well as decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. Preliminary in vivo tests implied that TPCD NPs were safe after long-term treatment via i.v. injection. Consequently, TPCD NPs can be developed as a potential antiatherosclerotic nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong 637000 , China
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22
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Nagasaki Y. [Design of New Cancer Nanotherapeutics Which Controls Active Gaseous Molecules in Vivo]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:911-918. [PMID: 29962468 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to play a variety of roles in many important events in vivo. However, the overproduction of ROS causes serious adverse effects to living beings. Numerous drugs have been developed and applied to reduce overproduced ROS, but these have failed to be clinically approved. Since most of these antioxidants are low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, they not only eliminate ROS related to diseases, but also destroy the essential redox reactions necessary for basic energy production in living bodies. In the mitochondria of normal cells, ATP production by electron transport chain is carried out, and a large amount of ROS is thus generated; however, LMW antioxidants also nonspecifically enter normal cells and affect essential oxidation. To improve selective antioxidant properties without damage to these normal redox reactions, we designed new polymer antioxidants. These polymers have self-assembling properties and form nanoparticles (RNPs) in which nitroxide radicals covalently attach as a side chain of the hydrophobic segment in the amphiphilic block copolymers, which are then compartmentalized into the solid core of the nanoparticles. Unlike LMW antioxidants, RNPs have extremely poor in vivo toxicity, as they are less likely to be taken up by healthy cells. Since one of RNPs, RNPN has pH-sensitive disintegration properties, it disintegrates at pH lower than 7.0 such as solid tumors and inflammation. It can therefore be used in pH responsive bioimaging and therapy. We have used RNPs experimentally in the treatment of several diseases and confirmed their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nagasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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23
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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The protective effect of orally administered redox nanoparticle on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2044-2049. [PMID: 29198710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yoshioka C, Ito Y, Nagai N. An oral formulation of cilostazol nanoparticles enhances intestinal drug absorption in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:454-460. [PMID: 29375698 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilostazol (CLZ) is an anti-platelet agent that is generally used after the onset of cerebral infarction. However, CLZ is a poorly water-soluble drug and a strategy for increasing its bioavailability is required. In the present study, novel oral formulations were designed containing CLZ solid nanoparticles to improve bioavailability. The present study investigated the therapeutic effect of the oral formulations containing CLZ nanoparticles on ischemic stroke using a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury model (MCAO/reperfusion mice). The oral formulation containing CLZ nanoparticles (CLZ/Rnano tablet) was prepared using a combination of recrystallization and ball milling with the following ingredients: CLZ, docusate sodium, methylcellulose, 2-hydoxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and mannitol. The particle size after re-dispersion of the CLZ/Rnano tablet was 64±47 nm (mean ± standard deviation). The CLZ areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) in rats that were administered CLZ/Rnano tablets were significantly greater compared with those in rats that were administered CLZ/Rmicro tablets. Results indicated, the AUC after administration of CLZ/Rnano tablets was 3.1-fold higher compared with that after administration of the commercially available CLZ OD tablet. In addition, oral administration with CLZ/Rnano tablets ameliorated neurological deficits caused by ischemic stroke in MCAO/reperfusion mice. It is possible that the oral formulation containing CLZ nanoparticles will be useful for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke and that these findings will provide significant information that can be used to improve the drug with low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yoshioka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ito
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Li J, Zhang J, Chen Y, Kawazoe N, Chen G. TEMPO-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35683-35692. [PMID: 28944661 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) shows a great potential in regenerative medicine. Because overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an obvious inhibitory effect on the differentiation and functions of hMSCs, it is highly desirable to develop an effective strategy for ROS scavenging and stem cell differentiation controlling. In this study, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with an average size of 40 nm were conjugated with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) to endow them with ROS-scavenging capacity while holding the beneficial effect of Au NPs. The TEMPO-conjugated Au NPs (Au-PEG-TEMPO NPs) were used for the culture of hMSCs to investigate their effect on ROS scavenging, proliferation, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The Au-PEG-TEMPO NPs had a negligible influence on cell viability and proliferation of hMSCs and could effectively reduce the ROS level of hMSCs under H2O2-exposed conditions because of their excellent cellular uptake. Similar to the counterparts without surface TEMPO modification (Au-mPEG NPs), the Au-PEG-TEMPO NPs could promote the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, whereas they could inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The results indicated that the TEMPO-conjugated Au NPs had high scavenging capacity for overproduced ROS and maintained the promotive effect of Au NPs on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs without the inhibitory effect of free TEMPO. This study offers a promising strategy for ROS scavenging to control stem cell differentiation in stem cell transplantation and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Li
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ying Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Citrate functionalized Mn 3O 4 in nanotherapy of hepatic fibrosis by oral administration. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO146. [PMID: 28116129 PMCID: PMC5242211 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To test the potential of orally administered citrate functionalized Mn3O4 nanoparticles (C-Mn3O4 NPs) as a therapeutic agent against hepatic fibrosis and associated chronic liver diseases. Materials & methods: C-Mn3O4 NPs were synthesized and the pH dependent antioxidant mechanism was characterized by in vitro studies. CCl4 intoxicated mice were orally treated with C-Mn3O4 NPs to test its in vivo antioxidant and antifibrotic ability. Results: We demonstrated ultrahigh efficacy of the C-Mn3O4 NPs in treatment of chronic liver diseases such as hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in mice compared with conventional medicine silymarin without any toxicological implications. Conclusion: These findings may pave the way for practical clinical use of the NPs as safe medication of chronic liver diseases associated with fibrosis and cirrhosis in human subjects. Hepatic fibrosis is a common response to chronic liver injury from a number of causes including alcohol, toxin, and persistent viral and helminthic infections, which may ultimately lead to hepatic carcinoma. Although billions of people are affected throughout the world, there is no drug available for treatment of this chronic disease. Here, in a preclinical study, we have shown that oral administration of citrate functionalized Mn3O4 nanoparticles can effectively reduce the extent of liver fibrosis in mice. We have also predicted the underlying therapeutic mechanism that involves mitochondria and antioxidant systems of the body.
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Synthesis and self-assembly of amphiphilic and biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol)-block-poly(l-lactide) copolymer. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Singh DP, Borse SP, Nivsarkar M. Clinical importance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy: the relevance of tumor necrosis factor as a promising target. Transl Res 2016; 175:76-91. [PMID: 27083387 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy is still unclear, and consequently, there is no approved therapeutic strategy for ameliorating such damage. On the other hand, molecular treatment strategies targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts beneficial effects on NSAID-induced intestinal lesions in rodents and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thus, TNF appears to be a potential therapeutic target for both the prevention and treatment of NSAID enteropathy. However, the causative relationship between TNF and NSAID enteropathy is largely unknown. Currently approved anti-TNF agents are highly expensive and exhibit numerous side effects. Hence, in this review, the pivotal role of TNF in NSAID enteropathy has been summarized and plant-derived polyphenols have been suggested as useful alternative anti-TNF agents because of their ability to suppress TNF activated inflammatory pathways both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Swapnil P Borse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Registered Ph.D Scholar (External) at Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Vong LB, Kobayashi M, Nagasaki Y. Evaluation of the Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Redox Nanoparticles in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3091-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Binh Vong
- Department
of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department
of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department
of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Master’s
School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human
Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Satellite
Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
(WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Eguchi A, Yoshitomi T, Lazic M, Johnson CD, Vong LB, Wree A, Povero D, Papouchado BG, Nagasaki Y, Feldstein AE. Redox nanoparticles as a novel treatment approach for inflammation and fibrosis associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2697-708. [PMID: 26020857 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress (OS) is largely thought to be a central mechanism responsible for liver damage, inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our aim was to investigate whether suppression of OS in the liver via redox nanoparticles (RNPs) reduces liver damage in a mouse model of NASH. MATERIALS & METHODS RNPs were prepared by self-assembly of redox polymers possessing antioxidant nitroxide radicals and were orally administered by daily gavage for 4 weeks. RESULTS The redox polymer was delivered to the liver after disintegration of nanoparticle in the stomach. RNP treatment in NASH mice via gavage led to a reduction of liver OS, improvement of fibrosis, and significant reduction of inflammation. CONCLUSION These findings uncover RNP as a novel potential NASH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Milos Lazic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bettina G Papouchado
- Department of Pathology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Master's School of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.,Satellite Laboratory of International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Chonpathompikunlert P, Yoshitomi T, Vong LB, Imaizumi N, Ozaki Y, Nagasaki Y. Recovery of Cognitive Dysfunction via Orally Administered Redox-Polymer Nanotherapeutics in SAMP8 Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126013. [PMID: 25955022 PMCID: PMC4425673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessively generated reactive oxygen species are associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether scavenging of reactive oxygen species in the brain by orally administered redox nanoparticles, prepared by self-assembly of redox polymers possessing antioxidant nitroxide radicals, facilitates the recovery of cognition in 17-week-old senescence-accelerated prone (SAMP8) mice. The redox polymer was delivered to the brain after oral administration of redox nanoparticles via a disintegration of the nanoparticles in the stomach and absorption of the redox polymer at small intestine to the blood. After treatment for one month, levels of oxidative stress in the brain of SAMP8 mice were remarkably reduced by treatment with redox nanoparticles, compared to that observed with low-molecular-weight nitroxide radicals, resulting in the amelioration of cognitive impairment with increased numbers of surviving neurons. Additionally, treatment by redox nanoparticles did not show any detectable toxicity. These findings indicate the potential of redox polymer nanotherapeutics for treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennapa Chonpathompikunlert
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Natsuka Imaizumi
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Sciences (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Vong LB, Yoshitomi T, Matsui H, Nagasaki Y. Development of an oral nanotherapeutics using redox nanoparticles for treatment of colitis-associated colon cancer. Biomaterials 2015; 55:54-63. [PMID: 25934452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for colon cancer. However, this strategy faces many challenges, including instability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, insufficient bioavailability, low tumor targeting, and severe adverse effects. In this study, we designed a novel redox nanoparticle (RNP(O)) that is an ideal oral therapeutics for colitis-associated colon cancer treatment. RNP(O) possesses nitroxide radicals in the core, which act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Orally administered RNP(O) highly accumulated in colonic mucosa, and specifically internalized in cancer tissues, but less in normal tissues. Despite of long-term oral administration of RNP(O), no noticeable toxicities were observed in major organs of mice. Because RNP(O) effectively scavenged ROS, it significantly suppressed tumor growth after accumulation at tumor sites. Combination of RNP(O) with the conventional chemotherapy, irinotecan, led to remarkably improved therapeutic efficacy and effectively suppressed its adverse effects on GI tract. Therefore, RNP(O) is promising oral nanotherapeutics for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Binh Vong
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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Nagai N, Ito Y. Effect of solid nanoparticle of indomethacin on therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in adjuvant-induced arthritis rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1109-18. [PMID: 24989003 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We designed new oral formulations containing indomethacin (IMC) solid nanoparticles, and investigate their usefulness by evaluating bioavailability and gastrointestinal lesions. The IMC solid nanoparticles were prepared using methylcellulose (MC), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and the bead mill method, and high quality dispersions containing 1.0% IMC nanoparticles were prepared (IMC(nano), particle size: 76 ± 58 nm, means ± S.D.). The fate of serum IMC and the induction of paw edema in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats receiving low-doses IMC(nano) (0.4 mg/kg) were similar to those following the administration of a therapeutic dose of conventional IMC prepared with MC and HPβCD (conventional IMC, 2 mg/kg), and the bioavailability in 0.4 mg/kg IMC(nano) was 5.3-fold higher in comparison with that in 2 mg/kg conventional IMC. IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions in AA rats administered IMC(nano) (8 mg/kg), in consideration of bioavailability, were significantly less than for conventional IMC (40 mg/kg). On the other hand, the toxicity caused by conventional IMC and IMC(nano) was similar in Caco-2 cells. It is possible that the oral administration of IMC solid nanoparticles will show increased effectiveness in treating RA without causing IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions, since the bioavailability is higher than that of conventional IMC. An oral drug delivery system using drug nanoparticles may expand the usage of NSAIDs for therapy in the inflammatory field.
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Yoshitomi T, Nagasaki Y. Development of silica-containing redox nanoparticles for medical applications. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silica-containing redox nanoparticles act as adsorbents for peritoneal dialysis and orally administrable drug carriers for the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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Simões SMN, Figueiras AR, Veiga F, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Polymeric micelles for oral drug administration enabling locoregional and systemic treatments. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:297-318. [PMID: 25227130 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.960841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amphiphilic block copolymers are recognized components of parenteral drug nanocarriers. However, their performance in oral administration has barely been evaluated to any great extent. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the methods used to prepare drug-loaded polymeric micelles and to evaluate their stability in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, and then analyzes in detail recent in vitro and in vivo results about their performance in oral drug delivery. Oral administration of polymeric micelles has been tested for a variety of therapeutic purposes, namely, to increase apparent drug solubility in the GI fluids and facilitate absorption, to penetrate in pathological regions of the GI tract for locoregional treatment, to carry the drug directly toward the blood stream minimizing presystemic loses, and to target the drug after oral absorption to specific tissue or cells in the body. EXPERT OPINION Each therapeutic purpose demands micelles with different performance regarding stability in the GI tract, ability to overcome physiological barriers and drug release patterns. Depending on the block copolymer composition and structure, a wealth of self-assembled micelles with different morphologies and stability can be prepared. Moreover, copolymer unimers can play a role in improving drug absorption through the GI mucosa, either by increasing membrane permeability to the drug and/or the carrier or by inhibiting drug efflux transporters or first-pass metabolism. Therefore, polymeric micelles can be pointed out as versatile vehicles to increase oral bioavailability of drugs that exhibit poor solubility or permeability and may even be an alternative to parenteral carriers when targeting is pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M N Simões
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy , Coimbra , Portugal +351 239 855099 ;
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Yoshitomi T, Nagasaki Y. Reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1149-61. [PMID: 24482427 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This Progress Report describes a development of two types of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries, referred to as pH-sensitive redox nanoparticle (RNP(N) ) and pH-insensitive redox nanoparticle (RNP(O) ), which are prepared by self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers possessing nitroxide radicals as a side chain of hydrophobic segment via amine and ether linkages, respectively. Due to a protonation of amino groups in hydrophobic core, RNP(N) disintegrates in low pH environments such as ischemic, inflamed, and tumor tissues, resulting in increased ROS-scavenging activity because of the exposed nitroxide radicals from the core. Utilizing pH-responsiveness of RNP(N) , it shows remarkable therapeutic effects on oxidative stress injuries such as renal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries after intravenous administration. Moreover, RNP(N) shows an enhancement of the activity of anticancer drugs by suppression of activation of transcription factors in tumor due to the ROS scavenging. On the other hand, orally administered RNP(O) has notable characteristics such as preferential accumulation in mucosa and inflamed area of gastrointestinal tract and no uptake into blood stream. Based on these characters, RNP(O) shows a remarkable therapeutic effect for the gastrointestinal inflammation without any adverse effects. Thus, ROS-scavenging nanomedicines have therapeutic efficacy in numerous oxidative stress diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku 7-3-1 Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
- Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
- Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
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Hossain MA, Yamashita M, Vong LB, Ikeda Y, Nagasaki Y. Silica-installed redox nanoparticles for novel oral nanotherapeutics – improvement in intestinal delivery with anti-inflammatory effects. J Drug Target 2014; 22:638-47. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.928716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yoshitomi T, Kuramochi K, Binh Vong L, Nagasaki Y. Development of nitroxide radicals-containing polymer for scavenging reactive oxygen species from cigarette smoke. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:035002. [PMID: 27877678 PMCID: PMC5090523 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a nitroxide radicals-containing polymer (NRP), which is composed of poly(4-methylstyrene) possessing nitroxide radicals as a side chain via amine linkage, to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) from cigarette smoke. In this study, the NRP was coated onto cigarette filters and its ROS-scavenging activity from streaming cigarette smoke was evaluated. The intensity of electron spin resonance signals of the NRP in the filter decreased after exposure to cigarette smoke, indicating consumption of nitroxide radicals. To evaluate the ROS-scavenging activity of the NRP-coated filter, the amount of peroxy radicals in an extract of cigarette smoke was measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The absorbance of DPPH at 517 nm decreased with exposure to cigarette smoke. When NRP-coated filters were used, the decrease in the absorbance of DPPH was prevented. In contrast, both poly[4-(cyclohexylamino)methylstyrene]- and poly(acrylic acid)-coated filters, which have no nitroxide radical, did not show any effect, indicating that the nitroxide radicals in the NRP scavenge the ROS in cigarette smoke. As a result, the extract of cigarette smoke passed through the NRP-coated filter has a lower cellular toxicity than smoke passed through poly[4-(cyclohexylamino)methylstyrene]- and poly(acrylic acid)-coated filters. Accordingly, NRP is a promising material for ROS scavenging from cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Materials Sciences Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kuramochi
- Department of Materials Sciences Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Department of Materials Sciences Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Nagasaki Y, Yaguchi T, Matsumura T, Yoshitomi T, Ikeda Y, Ueda A, Hirayama A. Design and use of silica-containing redox nanoparticles, siRNPs, for high-performance peritoneal dialysis. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:522-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Indomethacin-loaded redox nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of indomethacin and suppress its small intestinal inflammation. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:29-38. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Continuous administration of low-dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin (IND) is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal damage. In this study, the authors developed IND-loaded redox nanoparticles (IND@RNPO) with core–shell-type polymeric micelles possessing nitroxide radicals as reactive oxygen species scavengers. Results: Orally administered IND@RNPO significantly accumulated in the intestinal mucosa and improved blood uptake of IND. Because of the reactive oxygen species-scavenging effect, IND@RNPO did not cause severe inflammation in the small intestine; this effect sharply contrasted with those of orally administered free-IND and IND-loaded polymeric micelles that do not possess reactive oxygen species scavengers. Conclusion: Oral IND@RNPO administration is a useful approach for improving the oral bioavailability of IND and suppressing its adverse effects.
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