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Llorente JJ, Junquera L, Gallego L, Pérez-Basterrechea M, Suárez LI, Llorente S. Design, In Vitro Evaluation and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Additive Manufacturing Three-Dimensional Printing of β beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1049. [PMID: 38791011 PMCID: PMC11118782 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of bone deficiencies remains a challenge due to the limitations of autologous bone grafting. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bone regeneration efficacy of additive manufacturing of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) implants using lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM). LCM uses LithaBone TCP 300 slurry for 3D printing, producing cylindrical scaffolds. Four models of internal scaffold geometry were developed and compared. The in vitro studies included cell culture, differentiation, seeding, morphological studies and detection of early osteogenesis. The in vivo studies involved 42 Wistar rats divided into four groups (control, membrane, scaffold (TCP) and membrane with TCP). In each animal, unilateral right mandibular defects with a total thickness of 5 mm were surgically performed. The animals were sacrificed 3 and 6 months after surgery. Bone neoformation was evaluated by conventional histology, radiology, and micro-CT. Model A (spheres with intersecting and aligned arrays) showed higher penetration and interconnection. Histological and radiological analysis by micro-CT revealed increased bone formation in the grafted groups, especially when combined with a membrane. Our innovative 3D printing technology, combined with precise scaffold design and efficient cleaning, shows potential for bone regeneration. However, further refinement of the technique and long-term clinical studies are crucial to establish the safety and efficacy of these advanced 3D printed scaffolds in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Junquera
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central University Hospital, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena Gallego
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes University Hospital, 33394 Gijón, Spain
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Takaoka Y, Fujibayashi S, Onoe H, Goto K, Otsuki B, Kawai T, Okuzu Y, Shimizu T, Ikeda N, Orita K, Honda S, Ikezaki T, Yabutsuka T, Matsuda S. Bone ingrowth into a porous structure is achieved by preceding fibrogenesis and vascularization. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:243-252. [PMID: 38367656 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Porous structures are frequently used in surgical implants to strengthen the interlocking power produced by bone ingrowth. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying bone ingrowth into a porous structure accompanied by vascularization. A nonbioactive polyetheretherketone implant with a 3D-printed porous structure was prepared and implanted in a bone hole created in the tibias of rabbits. We observed bone ingrowth in the same individual specimens immediately and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation using in-vivo computed tomography (CT). Furthermore, a detailed evaluation with blood vessels of each specimen at 2, 4, and 12 weeks was performed with ex-vivo CT and histological specimen. Additional histological evaluation was performed using thin sections of an implant made with thermoplastic polyurethane having the same structure. As a result, the bone invasion began after four weeks, when the construction of fibrous tissue and the spread of new blood vessels within the voids matured. As the bone matured in the load-bearing area, new blood vessels outside the bone matrix regressed. This longitudinal evaluation study suggests that preceding fibrogenesis and vascularization may be key in developing bone ingrowth. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A porous structure is an essential structure for dental and orthopedic implants because it provides strong fixation through bone invasion. Although it was known that vascularization was involved in this, the details were not known. This in vivo study revealed that in order for bone ingrowth to begin, a preparatory period of approximately 4 weeks was required to establish blood flow inside and outside the implant. Furthermore, it was confirmed that by spreading the fibrous structure in advance, it has an advantageous effect on the migration of cells involved in the formation of bones and blood vessels. We pointed out that it is necessary to consider fibrogenesis and vascularization when creating future implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takaoka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bungo Otsuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Okuzu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norimasa Ikeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuki Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shintaro Honda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Ikezaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabutsuka
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Liu H, Li K, Guo B, Yuan Y, Ruan Z, Long H, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Chen C. Engineering an injectable gellan gum-based hydrogel with osteogenesis and angiogenesis for bone regeneration. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102279. [PMID: 38007880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels are currently a topic of great interest in bone tissue engineering, which could fill irregular bone defects in a short time and avoid traditional major surgery. Herein, we developed an injectable gellan gum (GG)-based hydrogel for bone defect repair by blending nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). In order to acquire an injectable GG-based hydrogel with superior osteogenesis, nHA were blended into GG solution with an optimized proportion. For the aim of endowing this hydrogel capable of angiogenesis, MgSO4 was also incorporated. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that GG-based hydrogel containing 5% nHA (w/v) and 2.5 mM MgSO4 (GG/5%nHA/MgSO4) had appropriate sol-gel transition time, showed a porosity-like structure, and could release magnesium ions for at least 14 days. Rheological studies showed that the GG/5%nHA/MgSO4 hydrogel had a stable structure and repeatable self-healing properties. In-vitro results determined that GG/5%nHA/MgSO4 hydrogel presented superior ability on stimulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into osteogenic linage and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to generate vascularization. In-vivo, GG/5%nHA/MgSO4 hydrogel was evaluated via a rat cranial defect model, as shown by better new bone formation and more neovascularization invasion. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the new injectable hydrogel, is a favorable bioactive GG-based hydrogel, and provides potential strategies for robust therapeutic interventions to improve the repair of bone defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Kaihu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Long
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China.
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Lu Y, Chen X, Lu X, Sun C, Li M, Chen G, Long Z, Gao Y, Zhang H, Huang M, Ji C, Fan H, Liu D, Hao Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lu J, Wang Z, Li J. Reconstructing avascular necrotic femoral head through a bioactive β-TCP system: From design to application. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:495-510. [PMID: 37408798 PMCID: PMC10318430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of techniques have been used for treating avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH), but have frequently failed. In this study, we proposed a β-TCP system for the treatment of ANFH by boosting revascularization and bone regeneration. The angio-conductive properties and concurrent osteogenesis of the highly interconnected porous β-TCP scaffold were revealed and quantified through an in vivo model that simulated the ischemic environment of ANFH. Mechanical test and finite element analysis showed that the mechanical loss caused by tissue necrosis and surgery was immediately partially compensated after implantation, and the strength of the operated femoral head was adaptively increased and eventually returned to normal bone, along with continuous material degradation and bone regeneration. For translational application, we further conducted a multi-center open-label clinical trial to assess the efficacy of the β-TCP system in treating ANFH. Two hundred fourteen patients with 246 hips were enrolled for evaluation, and 82.1% of the operated hips survived at a 42.79-month median follow-up. The imaging results, hip function, and pain scores were dramatically improved compared to preoperative levels. ARCO stage Ⅱ disease outperformed stage Ⅲ in terms of clinical effectiveness. Thus, bio-adaptive reconstruction using the β-TCP system is a promising hip-preserving strategy for the treatment of ANFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiantao Chen
- Department of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471002, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Shanghai Bio-lu Biomaterials Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, China
- Shanghai Technology Innovation Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Changning Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Guojing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zuoyao Long
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mengquan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chuanlei Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuewen Hao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, 471002, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianxi Lu
- Shanghai Bio-lu Biomaterials Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, China
- Shanghai Technology Innovation Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Knabe C, Stiller M, Kampschulte M, Wilbig J, Peleska B, Günster J, Gildenhaar R, Berger G, Rack A, Linow U, Heiland M, Rendenbach C, Koerdt S, Steffen C, Houshmand A, Xiang-Tischhauser L, Adel-Khattab D. A tissue engineered 3D printed calcium alkali phosphate bioceramic bone graft enables vascularization and regeneration of critical-size discontinuity bony defects in vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1221314. [PMID: 37397960 PMCID: PMC10311449 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1221314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, efforts towards the development of patient-specific 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering from bioactive ceramics have continuously intensified. For reconstruction of segmental defects after subtotal mandibulectomy a suitable tissue engineered bioceramic bone graft needs to be endowed with homogenously distributed osteoblasts in order to mimic the advantageous features of vascularized autologous fibula grafts, which represent the standard of care, contain osteogenic cells and are transplanted with the respective blood vessel. Consequently, inducing vascularization early on is pivotal for bone tissue engineering. The current study explored an advanced bone tissue engineering approach combining an advanced 3D printing technique for bioactive resorbable ceramic scaffolds with a perfusion cell culture technique for pre-colonization with mesenchymal stem cells, and with an intrinsic angiogenesis technique for regenerating critical size, segmental discontinuity defects in vivo applying a rat model. To this end, the effect of differing Si-CAOP (silica containing calcium alkali orthophosphate) scaffold microarchitecture arising from 3D powder bed printing (RP) or the Schwarzwalder Somers (SSM) replica fabrication technique on vascularization and bone regeneration was analyzed in vivo. In 80 rats 6-mm segmental discontinuity defects were created in the left femur. Methods: Embryonic mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on RP and SSM scaffolds for 7d under perfusion to create Si-CAOP grafts with terminally differentiated osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix. These scaffolds were implanted into the segmental defects in combination with an arteriovenous bundle (AVB). Native scaffolds without cells or AVB served as controls. After 3 and 6 months, femurs were processed for angio-µCT or hard tissue histology, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of angiogenic and osteogenic marker expression. Results: At 3 and 6 months, defects reconstructed with RP scaffolds, cells and AVB displayed a statistically significant higher bone area fraction, blood vessel volume%, blood vessel surface/volume, blood vessel thickness, density and linear density than defects treated with the other scaffold configurations. Discussion: Taken together, this study demonstrated that the AVB technique is well suited for inducing adequate vascularization of the tissue engineered scaffold graft in segmental defects after 3 and 6 months, and that our tissue engineering approach employing 3D powder bed printed scaffolds facilitated segmental defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Knabe
- Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stiller
- Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Prosthodontics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Radiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janka Wilbig
- Department of Biomaterials and Multimodal Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Peleska
- Department of Prosthodontics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Günster
- Department of Biomaterials and Multimodal Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Gildenhaar
- Department of Biomaterials and Multimodal Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Berger
- Department of Biomaterials and Multimodal Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rack
- Structure of Materials Group, ESRF (European Synchroton Radiation Facility), Grenoble, France
| | - Ulf Linow
- Department of Biomaterials and Multimodal Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité University Medical Center Berlin (Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rendenbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité University Medical Center Berlin (Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Koerdt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité University Medical Center Berlin (Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudius Steffen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité University Medical Center Berlin (Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alireza Houshmand
- Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Li Xiang-Tischhauser
- Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Doaa Adel-Khattab
- Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Liu W, Huang Y, Liu D, Zeng T, Wang J, Li A, Wang D, Wang X. The Combination of Platelet Rich Plasma Gel, Human Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 Promotes Angiogenesis and Bone Regeneration in Large Bone Defect. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1321-1336. [PMID: 36074328 PMCID: PMC9679130 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, a novel tissue engineering bone graft including platelet rich plasma gel (PRP gel), human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) and nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (nHA-PA66) was constructed. We explored whether the composite scaffolds could enhance the angiogenesis and bone repair capacity in rat femoral large bone defect (LBD). This study aimed to provide evidence for the clinical application of the composite scaffold in LBD treatment. METHODS PRP was prepared, the platelets and growth factors were measured. HUMSCs were isolated and identified. the osteogenic capacity of PRP in vitro was measured. Then HUMSCs-PRP-gel/nHA-PA66 composite scaffolds were synthesized and observed. The proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of HUMSCs on the composite scaffold was measured. The angiogenic capacity of PRP in vitro was measured by capillary-like tube formation assay. Finally, the angiogenesis and bone repair capacity of the composite scaffolds was measured in rat LBD. RESULTS PRP contained high level of platelets and growth factors after activation, and promoted osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation in vitro. The HUMSCs-PRP-gel/nHA-PA66 composite scaffold was porosity and promoted the proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of HUMSCs. At 12th weeks, more micro-vessels and new bone were formed around the composite scaffolds compared with other groups, the defect was almost repaired. CONCLUSION Our study for the first time identified that the combination of PRP gel, HUMSCs and nHA-PA66 scaffold could significantly promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration in rat LBD, which may have implications for its further application in clinical LBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Daqian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingzhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Xu J, Shen J, Sun Y, Wu T, Sun Y, Chai Y, Kang Q, Rui B, Li G. In vivo prevascularization strategy enhances neovascularization of β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds in bone regeneration. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:143-151. [PMID: 36313532 PMCID: PMC9582585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neovascularization is critical for bone regeneration. Numerous studies have explored prevascularization preimplant strategies, ranging from calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds to co-culturing CPCs with stem cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate an alternative in vivo prevascularization approach, using preimplant-prepared macroporous beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds and subsequent transplantation in bone defect model. Methods The morphology of β-TCPs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. After 3 weeks of prevascularization within a muscle pouch at the lateral size of rat tibia, we transplanted prevascularized macroporous β-TCPs in segmental tibia defects, using blank β-TCPs as a control. Extent of neovascularization was determined by angiography and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations. Tibia samples were collected at different time points for biomechanical, radiological, and histological analyses. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate angio- and osteo-specific markers. Results With macroporous β-TCPs, we documented more vascular and supporting tissue invasion in the macroporous β-TCPs with prior in vivo prevascularization. Radiography, biomechanical, IHC, and histological analyses revealed considerably more vascularity and bone consolidation in β-TCP scaffolds that had undergone the prevascularization step compared to the blank β-TCP scaffolds. Moreover, the prevascularization treatment remarkably upregulated mRNA and protein expression of BMP2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during bone regeneration. Conclusion This novel in vivo prevascularization strategy successfully accelerated vascular formation to bone regeneration. Our findings indicate that prevascularized tissue-engineered bone grafts have promising potential in clinical applications. The translational potential of this article This study indicates a novel in vivo prevascularization strategy for growing vasculature on β-TCP scaffolds to be used for repair of large segmental bone defects, might serve as a promising tissue-engineered bone grafts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - YunChu Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bao-An District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biyu Rui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Tsiklin IL, Shabunin AV, Kolsanov AV, Volova LT. In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153222. [PMID: 35956735 PMCID: PMC9370883 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects remains a tremendous challenge for surgeons worldwide. Despite the variety of surgical techniques, current clinical strategies for bone defect repair demonstrate significant limitations and drawbacks, including donor-site morbidity, poor anatomical match, insufficient bone volume, bone graft resorption, and rejection. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical translation of BTE requires overcoming a number of significant challenges. Currently, insufficient vascularization is the critical limitation for viability of the bone tissue-engineered construct. Furthermore, efficacy and safety of the scaffolds cell-seeding and exogenous growth factors administration are still controversial. The in vivo bioreactor principle (IVB) is an exceptionally promising concept for the in vivo bone tissue regeneration in a predictable patient-specific manner. This concept is based on the self-regenerative capacity of the human body, and combines flap prefabrication and axial vascularization strategies. Multiple experimental studies on in vivo BTE strategies presented in this review demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. Routine clinical application of the in vivo bioreactor principle is the future direction of BTE; however, it requires further investigation for overcoming some significant limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya L. Tsiklin
- Biotechnology Center “Biotech”, Samara State Medical University, 443079 Samara, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Botkin, Moscow Healthcare Department, 125284 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-903-621-81-88
| | - Aleksey V. Shabunin
- City Clinical Hospital Botkin, Moscow Healthcare Department, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Kolsanov
- Biotechnology Center “Biotech”, Samara State Medical University, 443079 Samara, Russia
| | - Larisa T. Volova
- Biotechnology Center “Biotech”, Samara State Medical University, 443079 Samara, Russia
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9
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Panja N, Maji S, Choudhuri S, Ali KA, Hossain CM. 3D Bioprinting of Human Hollow Organs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:139. [PMID: 35536418 PMCID: PMC9088731 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technique that has been found to have extensive applications in disease research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting might be a solution to global organ shortages and the growing aversion to testing cell patterning for novel tissue fabrication and building superior disease models. It has the unrivaled capability of layer-by-layer deposition using different types of biomaterials, stem cells, and biomolecules with a perfectly regulated spatial distribution. The tissue regeneration of hollow organs has always been a challenge for medical science because of the complexities of their cell structures. In this mini review, we will address the status of the science behind tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting of epithelialized tubular hollow organs. This review will also cover the current challenges and prospects, as well as the application of these complicated 3D-printed organs.
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10
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Zhang H, Fu X, Zhang S, Li Q, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhou W, Wei S. Strategy of Stem Cell Transplantation for Bone Regeneration with Functionalized Biomaterials and Vascularized Tissues in Immunocompetent Mice. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1656-1666. [PMID: 35341241 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to regenerate and repair bone tissue defects is a complex research field of bone tissue engineering; nevertheless, it is a hot topic. One of the biggest problems is the limited survival and osteogenic capacity of the transplanted cells within the host tissue. Even for hBMSCs with their low immunogenicity, the body will still cause a local immune-inflammatory response directed against the allogeneic cells and thereby reduce the activity of the transplanted cells. Even in the case of successful transplantation, the lack of vascularization at the transplantation site makes it difficult for the transplanted cells to exchange nutrients and metabolic wastes that ultimately affects bone regeneration. In this study, we covalently modified alginate with RGD and QK peptides that were injected subcutaneously into immunocompetent mice. Histological analysis, as well as ELISA techniques, proved that this method is able to provide bioactive stem cell transplant beds containing functionalized biomaterials and vascularized surrounding tissues. Inflammation-related factors, such as IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, around the cell graft beds decreased with time and were lowest at the second week. Then, the hBMSCs were injected into the cell transplantation beds intended to form vascularized bonelike tissues that were evaluated by micro-computed tomography (Micro CT), histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. The results showed that the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins RUNX2, COL1A1, and OPN, as well as the expression of angiogenic factor vWF and cartilage-related protein COL2A1 were significantly upregulated in the hBMSC-derived osteogenic tissue. These results suggest that the stem cell transplantation strategy by constructing bioactive cell transplant beds is effective to enhance the bone regeneration capacity of hBMSCs and holds great potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Central Laboratory, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Central Laboratory, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Central Laboratory, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Central Laboratory, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Central Laboratory, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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11
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Yuan Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhong W, He H, Luo W. Comparative Analysis of Two Surgical Treatment Options for Giant Cell Tumor of the Proximal Femur: Extended Curettage and Segmental Resection. Front Oncol 2021; 11:771863. [PMID: 34988016 PMCID: PMC8720996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimAs a locally destructive intermediate bone tumor with low incidence, high recurrence rate, and difficulty in reconstruction, giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) in the proximal femur has no unified surgical treatment standard. This study aimed to compare the differences in local recurrence, reconstruction durability, and postoperative function after treatment with either extended curettage (EC) or segmental resection (SR) for GCTB in the proximal femur so as to provide constructive suggestions for the rational selection of EC or SR operation scheme.Patients and Methods29 patients (15 men and 14 women) were included in this retrospective study, with a mean age of 32.1 years. According to the division method of proximal femur of International Society Of Limb Salvage (ISOLS), there was 1 case in the H1 area, 17 cases in the H2 area, 10 cases in the H1+H2 area, and 1 case in the H1+H2+H3 area. Among them were 11 cases of Campanacci grade II GCTB, 18 cases of Campanacci grade III GCTB, and 7 cases with pathological fractures. All patients underwent either EC or SR surgery. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score was used for patient evaluation. The operation effectiveness was analyzed according to the Mankin evaluation standard. Regular follow-up was performed to evaluate the recurrence rate, limb function, and long-term complications of the two surgical methods.ResultsAll patients were followed up for a mean of 60.4 months. Local recurrence occurred in one of 19 patients treated with EC (5.3%) and one of 10 patients treated with SR (10%). The MSTS score of lower limb function in patients in the EC group was better compared to patients in the SR group (P = 0.002). Complications occurred in 2 cases (10.5%) and 5 cases (50%) in the EC group (osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis) and SR group (joint stiffness, infection, prosthesis loosening), respectively, with significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.03). The operation effectiveness was analyzed according to the Mankin evaluation standard. The EC group showed an optimal rate of 94.7% (18/19) as opposed to 80% (8/10) in the SR group.ConclusionsFor GCTB in the proximal femur, when the tumor does not extensively involves the surrounding soft tissues, the articular surface was not damaged, and there is no pathological fracture with apparent displacement, EC surgery should be fully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Luo,
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12
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Cao SS, Li SY, Geng YM, Kapat K, Liu SB, Perera FH, Li Q, Terheyden H, Wu G, Che YJ, Miranda P, Zhou M. Prefabricated 3D-Printed Tissue-Engineered Bone for Mandibular Reconstruction: A Preclinical Translational Study in Primate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5727-5738. [PMID: 34808042 PMCID: PMC8672350 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
advent of three dimensionally (3D) printed customized bone
grafts using different biomaterials has enabled repairs of complex
bone defects in various in vivo models. However, studies related to
their clinical translations are truly limited. Herein, 3D printed
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium
phosphate (PLGA/TCP) and TCP scaffolds with or without recombinant
bone morphogenetic protein −2 (rhBMP-2) coating were utilized
to repair primate’s large-volume mandibular defects and compared
efficacy of prefabricated tissue-engineered bone (PTEB) over direct
implantation (without prefabrication). 18F-FDG PET/CT was
explored for real-time monitoring of bone regeneration and vascularization.
After 3-month’s prefabrication, the original 3D-architecture
of the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold was found to be completely lost, while
it was properly maintained in TCP-BMP scaffolds. Besides, there was
a remarkable decrease in the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold density and increase
in TCP-BMP scaffolds density during ectopic (within latissimus dorsi
muscle) and orthotopic (within mandibular defect) implantation, indicating
regular bone formation with TCP-BMP scaffolds. Notably, PTEB based
on TCP-BMP scaffold was successfully fabricated with pronounced effects
on bone regeneration and vascularization based on radiographic, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and histological evaluation, suggesting a promising
approach toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shu-Yi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Science, de Boelelaan, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuan-Ming Geng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Kausik Kapat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shang-Bin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Fidel Hugo Perera
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Extremadura, Industrial Engineering School, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Qian Li
- Hangzhou Jiuyuan Gene Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 3100018, China
| | - Hendrik Terheyden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel 34117, Germany
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1117, The Netherlands
| | - Yue-Juan Che
- Department of Anesthesia, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Pedro Miranda
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Extremadura, Industrial Engineering School, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
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13
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Clinical Applications of Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Bone Regeneration Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102687. [PMID: 34685667 PMCID: PMC8534498 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a process of combining live osteoblast progenitors with a biocompatible scaffold to produce a biological substitute that can integrate into host bone tissue and recover its function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most researched post-natal stem cells because they have self-renewal properties and a multi-differentiation capacity that can give rise to various cell lineages, including osteoblasts. BTE technology utilizes a combination of MSCs and biodegradable scaffold material, which provides a suitable environment for functional bone recovery and has been developed as a therapeutic approach to bone regeneration. Although prior clinical trials of BTE approaches have shown promising results, the regeneration of large bone defects is still an unmet medical need in patients that have suffered a significant loss of bone function. In this present review, we discuss the osteogenic potential of MSCs in bone tissue engineering and propose the use of immature osteoblasts, which can differentiate into osteoblasts upon transplantation, as an alternative cell source for regeneration in large bone defects.
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14
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Redenski I, Guo S, Machour M, Szklanny A, Landau S, Kaplan B, Lock RI, Gabet Y, Egozi D, Vunjak‐Novakovic G, Levenberg S. Engineered Vascularized Flaps, Composed of Polymeric Soft Tissue and Live Bone, Repair Complex Tibial Defects. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2008687. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idan Redenski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shaowei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
- The First Affiliated Hospital Shantou University Medical College Shantou 515000 China
| | - Majd Machour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ariel Szklanny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shira Landau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ben Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Roberta I. Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel‐Aviv University Tel‐Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Dana Egozi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Kaplan Hospital Rehovot and the Hebrew University Jerusalem 7661041 Israel
| | | | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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15
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Li J, Cao F, Wu B, Yang J, Xu W, Wang W, Wei X, Liu G, Zhao D. Immobilization of bioactive vascular endothelial growth factor onto Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite-coated Mg by covalent bonding using polydopamine. J Orthop Translat 2021; 30:82-92. [PMID: 34660198 PMCID: PMC8487887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is considered a promising technology for repairing bone defects. Mg2+ promotes osteogenesis, which makes Mg-based scaffolds popular for research on orthopedic implant materials. Angiogenesis plays an important role in the process of bone tissue repair and regeneration, and it is one of the important problems in BTE urgently needs to be solved. METHODS Mg was firstly coated with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) via hydrothermal treatment, and polydopamine (DOPA) was then used as the connecting medium to immobilize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the CDHA coating. The physicochemical properties of the coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR and immersion experiment in SBF. The ahesion, proliferation, and angiogenesis potential of the coatings were determined in vitro. RESULTS The composite coating significantly improved the corrosion resistance of Mg and prohibited excessively high local alkalinity. VEGF could be firmly immobilized on Mg via polydopamine. The CCK-8, live/dead staining and adhesion test results showed that the VEGF-DOPA-CDHA coating exhibited excellent biocompatibility and could significantly improve the adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on Mg. Microtubule formation, immunofluorescence and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments showed that VEGF immobilized on Mg still possessed bioactivity in promoting the differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells. CONCLUSION In this study, we enabled the angiogenic biological activity of Mg by immobilizing VEGF on Mg. Mg was successfully coated with a functional VEGF-DOPA-CDHA composite coating. The CDHA coating significantly increased the corrosion resistance of Mg and prohibited the negative effect of excessively high local alkalinity on the biological activity of VEGF. As an intermediate layer, the DOPA coating protects Mg, and DOPA provides a binding site for VEGF so that VEGF can be firmly immobilized on Mg and give Mg angiogenic bioactivity during the initial period of implantation. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE The treatment of large bone defect is still one of the orthopedic trauma diseases that are difficult to be completely treated in clinic. The development of tissue engineering technology provides a new option for the treatment of large bone defects. The regeneration of blood vessels is of great significance for the repair of bone defects. In this study, VEGF was connected on the surface of degradable magnesium by covalent bonding. Vascular biofunctionalized magnesium scaffolds are expected to regenerate bone tissue with blood transport and be used in the clinical treatment of large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electronical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Weidan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
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16
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Wang J, Wang X, Zhen P, Fan B. [Research progress of in vivo bioreactor for bone tissue engineering]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:627-635. [PMID: 33998218 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202012083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress of in vivo bioreactor (IVB) for bone tissue engineering in order to provide reference for its future research direction. Methods The literature related to IVB used in bone tissue engineering in recent years was reviewed, and the principles of IVB construction, tissue types, sites, and methods of IVB construction, as well as the advantages of IVB used in bone tissue engineering were summarized. Results IVB takes advantage of the body's ability to regenerate itself, using the body as a bioreactor to regenerate new tissues or organs at injured sites or at ectopic sites that can support the regeneration of new tissues. IVB can be constructed by tissue flap (subcutaneous pocket, muscle flap/pocket, fascia flap, periosteum flap, omentum flap/abdominal cavity) and axial vascular pedicle (axial vascular bundle, arteriovenous loop) alone or jointly. IVB is used to prefabricate vascularized tissue engineered bone that matched the shape and size of the defect. The prefabricated vascularized tissue engineered bone can be used as bone graft, pedicled bone flap, or free bone flap to repair bone defect. IVB solves the problem of insufficient vascularization in traditional bone tissue engineering to a certain extent. Conclusion IVB is a promising method for vascularized tissue engineered bone prefabrication and subsequent bone defect reconstruction, with unique advantages in the repair of large complex bone defects. However, the complexity of IVB construction and surgical complications hinder the clinical application of IVB. Researchers should aim to develop a simple, safe, and efficient IVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China.,Orthopaedic Center, the 940th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Design and Art, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China
| | - Ping Zhen
- Orthopaedic Center, the 940th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China
| | - Bo Fan
- Orthopaedic Center, the 940th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China
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17
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Subbiah R, Thrivikraman G, Parthiban SP, Jones JM, Athirasala A, Xie H, Bertassoni LE. Prevascularized hydrogels with mature vascular networks promote the regeneration of critical-size calvarial bone defects in vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:219-231. [PMID: 33434398 DOI: 10.1002/term.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adequate vascularization of scaffolds is a prerequisite for successful repair and regeneration of lost and damaged tissues. It has been suggested that the maturity of engineered vascular capillaries, which is largely determined by the presence of functional perivascular mural cells (or pericytes), plays a vital role in maintaining vessel integrity during tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we investigated the role of pericyte-supported-engineered capillaries in regenerating bone in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Prior to implantation, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were cocultured in a collagen hydrogel to induce endothelial cell morphogenesis into microcapillaries and hBMSC differentiation into pericytes. Upon implantation into the calvarial bone defects (8 mm), the prevascularized hydrogels showed better bone formation than either untreated controls or defects treated with autologous bone grafts (positive control). Bone formation parameters such as bone volume, coverage area, and vascularity were significantly better in the prevascularized hydrogel group than in the autologous bone group. Our results demonstrate that tissue constructs engineered with pericyte-supported vascular capillaries may approximate the regenerative capacity of autologous bone, despite the absence of osteoinductive or vasculogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Jones
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hua Xie
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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18
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Ou M, Huang X. Influence of bone formation by composite scaffolds with different proportions of hydroxyapatite and collagen. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e231-e244. [PMID: 33509634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Composite scaffolds with different proportions of hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen (COL) produced different bone induction results. OBJECTIVE To examine the composite scaffolds with optimal proportion of HA and COL to achieve earlier bone induction and maximum bone formation. METHODS Composite scaffolds with the HA/COL weight ratio of 7:3, 3:7, 5:5 and 9:1 were prepared, as HA powder was added to collagen solution at 130℃ for 48 h. Then, the composites with different proportions of HA/COL were implanted into the extraction socket of right upper central incisor of C57BL/6 J mice. The bone formation of the extraction socket was observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson-trichrome (Masson) staining at 1 and 2 weeks after operation. Five weeks later, the bone formation of extraction socket was observed by micro computed tomography (micro-CT). After MC3T3-E1 cells were co-cultured with materials of different proportions for 3 days, the number of cells attached on the surface of the materials and entering the materials were counted, and the expression of osteogenic related genes (Runx2, Ocn. Osx and Alp) was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The composite scaffolds with different proportion of HA/COL with and without mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were implanted into the back of adult mice and cultured subcutaneously for 30 days, and observed histologically by HE and Masson staining. RESULTS After one week implantation with the composite HA/COL scaffolds with the weight ratio of 7:3, 3:7, 5:5 and 9:1, there was no new bone formation in the extraction socket in mouse. However, two weeks later, new bone was firstly observed in the tooth socket with the composite HA/COL scaffolds of 7:3. 5 weeks later, micro-CT scanning showed that the total amount of newly formed bone, trabecular width and bone mineral density of the HA/COL scaffolds of 7:3 were higher than the other HA/COL scaffolds (P < 0.05). After MC3T3-E1 cells were co-cultured with different composite HA/COL scaffolds for 3 days. The number of cells on the surface and inside of the HA/COL scaffolds of 7:3 was more than the other materials, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Ocn and Osx of MC3T3-E1 cells were also the highest in the HA/COL scaffolds of 7:3 (P < 0.01). Bone formation was observed in the composite HA/COL scaffold of 7:3 with BMMSCs subcutaneously in mouse for 30 days, while only osteoid formation was observed in the same scaffold without BMMSCs. but bone formation was not detected in the other proportions of the HA/COL scaffolds. SIGNIFICANCE Compared with other proportions of HA/COL, the composite HA/COL scaffolds of 7:3 has stronger ability to promote bone formation, recruit osteoblasts to attach and enter into the scaffolds, and promote the osteogenesis of BMMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Cheng L, Cai Z, Zhao J, Wang F, Lu M, Deng L, Cui W. Black phosphorus-based 2D materials for bone therapy. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:1026-1043. [PMID: 32695934 PMCID: PMC7355388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Black Phosphorus (BP)-based nanomaterials have received extensive attentions in the fields of electromechanics, optics and biomedicine, due to their remarkable properties and excellent biocompatibility. The most essential feature of BP is that it is composed of a single phosphorus element, which has a high degree of homology with the inorganic components of natural bone, therefore it has a full advantage in the treatment of bone defects. This review will first introduce the source, physicochemical properties, and degradation products of BP, then introduce the remodeling process of bone, and comprehensively summarize the progress of BP-based materials for bone therapy in the form of hydrogels, polymer membranes, microspheres, and three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of BP-based implant materials in bone immune regulation and outlook the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, PR China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Min Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, PR China
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20
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Dai K, Shen T, Yu Y, Deng S, Mao L, Wang J, Liu C. Generation of rhBMP-2-induced juvenile ossicles in aged mice. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Zhang J, Pan J, Jing W. Motivating role of type H vessels in bone regeneration. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12874. [PMID: 33448495 PMCID: PMC7507571 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling between angiogenesis and osteogenesis has an important role in both normal bone injury repair and successful application of tissue‐engineered bone for bone defect repair. Type H blood vessels are specialized microvascular components that are closely related to the speed of bone healing. Interactions between type H endothelial cells and osteoblasts, and high expression of CD31 and EMCN render the environment surrounding these blood vessels rich in factors conducive to osteogenesis and promote the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Type H vessels are mainly distributed in the metaphysis of bone and densely surrounded by Runx2+ and Osterix+ osteoprogenitors. Several other factors, including hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, Notch, platelet‐derived growth factor type BB, and slit guidance ligand 3 are involved in the coupling of type H vessel formation and osteogenesis. In this review, we summarize the identification and distribution of type H vessels and describe the mechanism for type H vessel‐mediated modulation of osteogenesis. Type H vessels provide new insights for detection of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the crosstalk between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. As a result, more feasible therapeutic approaches for treatment of bone defects by targeting type H vessels may be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Sparks DS, Savi FM, Saifzadeh S, Schuetz MA, Wagels M, Hutmacher DW. Convergence of Scaffold-Guided Bone Reconstruction and Surgical Vascularization Strategies-A Quest for Regenerative Matching Axial Vascularization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:448. [PMID: 31998712 PMCID: PMC6967032 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalent challenge facing tissue engineering today is the lack of adequate vascularization to support the growth, function, and viability of tissue engineered constructs (TECs) that require blood vessel supply. The research and clinical community rely on the increasing knowledge of angiogenic and vasculogenic processes to stimulate a clinically-relevant vascular network formation within TECs. The regenerative matching axial vascularization approach presented in this manuscript incorporates the advantages of flap-based techniques for neo-vascularization yet also harnesses the in vivo bioreactor principle in a more directed "like for like" approach to further assist regeneration of the specific tissue type that is lost, such as a corticoperiosteal flap in critical sized bone defect reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Sparks
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Southside Clinical Division, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Medeiros Savi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Siamak Saifzadeh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Chermside, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael A Schuetz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Wagels
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Southside Clinical Division, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Complex Integrated Surgical Solutions, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,ARC Centre for Additive Bio-Manufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
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23
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Wang D, Gilbert JR, Zhang X, Zhao B, Ker DFE, Cooper GM. Calvarial Versus Long Bone: Implications for Tailoring Skeletal Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 26:46-63. [PMID: 31588853 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered graft substitutes have shown great potential to treat large bone defects. While we usually assume that therapeutic approaches developed for appendicular bone healing could be similarly translated for application in craniofacial reconstruction and vice versa, this is not necessarily accurate. In addition to those more well-known healing-associated factors, such as age, lifestyle (e.g., nutrition and smoking), preexisting disease (e.g., diabetes), medication, and poor blood supply, the developmental origins and surrounding tissue of the wound sites can largely affect the fracture healing outcome as well as designed treatments. Therefore, the strategies developed for long bone fracture repair might not be suitable or directly applicable to skull bone repair. In this review, we discuss aspects of development, healing process, structure, and tissue engineering considerations between calvarial and long bones to assist in designing the tailored bone repair strategies. Impact Statement We summarized, in this review, the existing body of knowledge between long bone and calvarial bone with regard to their development and healing, tissue structure, and consideration of current tissue engineering strategies. By highlighting their similarities and differences, we propose that tailored tissue engineering strategies, such as scaffold features, growth factor usage, and the source of cells for tissue or region-specific bone repair, are necessary to ensure an optimized healing outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James R Gilbert
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingkun Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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24
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Tao C, Lina X, Changxuan W, Cong L, Xiaolan Y, Tao H, Hong A. Orthogonal test design for the optimization of superparamagnetic chitosan plasmid gelatin microspheres that promote vascularization of artificial bone. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1439-1449. [PMID: 31605570 PMCID: PMC7187448 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The optimal conditions for the preparation of superparamagnetic chitosan plasmid (pReceiver‐M29‐VEGF165/DH5a) gelatin microspheres (SPCPGMs) were determined. Then, the performance of the SPCPGMs during neovascularization was evaluated in vivo. The SPCPGMs were prepared through a cross‐linking curing method and then filled into the hollow scaffold of an artificial bone. Neovascularization at the bone defect position was histologically examined in samples collected 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the operation. The cellular magnetofection rate of superparamagnetic chitosan nanoparticles/plasmid (pReceiver‐M29‐VEGF165/DH5a) complexes reached 1–3% under static magnetic field (SMF). Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for SPCPGM fabrication were 20% Fe3O4 (w/v), 4 mg of plasmid, 5.3 mg of glutaraldehyde, and 500 rpm of emulsification rotate speed. Under oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs), 4–6 μg of plasmids was released daily for 21 days. Under the combined application of SMF and OMF, evident neovascularization occurred at the bone defect position 6 weeks after the operation. This result is expected to provide a new type of angiogenesis strategy for the research of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy
| | - Xie Lina
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy
| | - Wang Changxuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy
| | - Luo Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy
| | - Yang Xiaolan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Yixueyuan Road1#, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Huang Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy
| | - An Hong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Youyi Road 1#, Chongqing, 400016, China
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25
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Noor N, Shapira A, Edri R, Gal I, Wertheim L, Dvir T. 3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900344. [PMID: 31179230 PMCID: PMC6548966 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Generation of thick vascularized tissues that fully match the patient still remains an unmet challenge in cardiac tissue engineering. Here, a simple approach to 3D-print thick, vascularized, and perfusable cardiac patches that completely match the immunological, cellular, biochemical, and anatomical properties of the patient is reported. To this end, a biopsy of an omental tissue is taken from patients. While the cells are reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells, and differentiated to cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix is processed into a personalized hydrogel. Following, the two cell types are separately combined with hydrogels to form bioinks for the parenchymal cardiac tissue and blood vessels. The ability to print functional vascularized patches according to the patient's anatomy is demonstrated. Blood vessel architecture is further improved by mathematical modeling of oxygen transfer. The structure and function of the patches are studied in vitro, and cardiac cell morphology is assessed after transplantation, revealing elongated cardiomyocytes with massive actinin striation. Finally, as a proof of concept, cellularized human hearts with a natural architecture are printed. These results demonstrate the potential of the approach for engineering personalized tissues and organs, or for drug screening in an appropriate anatomical structure and patient-specific biochemical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Noor
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Assaf Shapira
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Reuven Edri
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Idan Gal
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Lior Wertheim
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Tal Dvir
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and BiotechnologyFaculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative BiotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
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26
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Past, Present, and Future of Regeneration Therapy in Oral and Periodontal Tissue: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is the most common disease which induces oral tissue destruction. The goal of periodontal treatment is to reduce inflammation and regenerate the defects. As the structure of periodontium is composed of four types of different tissue (cementum, alveolar bone periodontal ligament, and gingiva), the regeneration should allow different cell proliferation in the separated spaces. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) were introduced to prevent epithelial growth into the alveolar bone space. In the past, non-absorbable membranes with basic functions such as space maintenance were used with bone graft materials. Due to several limitations of the non-absorbable membranes, membranes of the second and third generation equipped with controlled absorbability, and a functional layer releasing growth factors or antimicrobials were introduced. Moreover, tissue engineering using biomaterials enabled faster and more stable tissue regeneration. The scaffold with three-dimensional structures manufactured by computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) showed high biocompatibility, and promoted cell infiltration and revascularization. In the future, using the cell sheath, pre-vascularizing and bioprinting techniques will be applied to the membrane to mimic the original tissue itself. The aim of the review was not only to understand the past and the present trends of GTR and GBR, but also to be used as a guide for a proper future of regeneration therapy in the oral region.
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27
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Zhang L, Yang G, Johnson BN, Jia X. Three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffold and material selection for bone repair. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:16-33. [PMID: 30481607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defect repair remains a substantial challenge in clinical settings and requires bone grafts or bone substitute materials. However, existing biomaterials often do not meet the clinical requirements of structural support, osteoinductive property, and controllable biodegradability. To treat large-scale bone defects, the development of three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds has received considerable focus within bone engineering. A variety of biomaterials and manufacturing methods, including 3D printing, have emerged to fabricate patient-specific bioactive scaffolds that possess controlled micro-architectures for bridging bone defects in complex configurations. During the last decade, with the development of the 3D printing industry, a large number of tissue-engineered scaffolds have been created for preclinical and clinical applications using novel materials and innovative technologies. Thus, this review provides a brief overview of current progress in existing biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by 3D printing technologies, with an emphasis on the material selection, scaffold design optimization, and their preclinical and clinical applications in the repair of critical-sized bone defects. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the current limitations and potential future prospects of 3D printing technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D printing has emerged as a critical fabrication process for bone engineering due to its ability to control bulk geometry and internal structure of tissue scaffolds. The advancement of bioprinting methods and compatible ink materials for bone engineering have been a major focus to develop optimal 3D scaffolds for bone defect repair. Achieving a successful balance of cellular function, cellular viability, and mechanical integrity under load-bearing conditions is critical. Hybridization of natural and synthetic polymer-based materials is a promising approach to create novel tissue engineered scaffolds that combines the advantages of both materials and meets various requirements, including biological activity, mechanical strength, easy fabrication and controllable degradation. 3D printing is linked to the future of bone grafts to create on-demand patient-specific scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, China
| | - Guojing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, China
| | - Blake N Johnson
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Vascularization converts the lineage fate of bone mesenchymal stem cells to endothelial cells in tissue-engineered bone grafts by modulating FGF2-RhoA/ROCK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:959. [PMID: 30237398 PMCID: PMC6147920 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevascularization of tissue-engineered bone grafts (TEBGs) has been shown to accelerate capillary vessel ingrowth in bone defect remodeling and to enhance new bone formation. However, the exact mechanisms behind this positive effect remain unknown. Here, we report that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)-Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling functions as a molecular switch to regulate the lineage fate of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and that prevascularization promotes the cell fate switch, which contributes to increased bone regeneration with the use of prevascularized TEBGs compared with control TEBGs. Prevascularized TEBGs enhanced the in vivo endothelial differentiation of BMSCs by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling. In vitro data more clearly showed that BMSCs differentiated into von Willebrand factor (vWF)-positive endothelial cells, and FGF2-induced inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling played a key role. Our novel findings uncovered a new mechanism that stimulates the increased vascularization of engineered bone and enhanced regeneration by promoting the endothelial differentiation of BMSCs implanted in TEBGs. These results offer a new molecular target to regulate TEBG-induced bone regeneration.
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29
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Perez JR, Kouroupis D, Li DJ, Best TM, Kaplan L, Correa D. Tissue Engineering and Cell-Based Therapies for Fractures and Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30109228 PMCID: PMC6079270 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and segmental bone defects are a significant source of patient morbidity and place a staggering economic burden on the healthcare system. The annual cost of treating bone defects in the US has been estimated to be $5 billion, while enormous costs are spent on bone grafts for bone injuries, tumors, and other pathologies associated with defective fracture healing. Autologous bone grafts represent the gold standard for the treatment of bone defects. However, they are associated with variable clinical outcomes, postsurgical morbidity, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to circumvent these limitations, tissue engineering and cell-based therapies have been proposed as alternatives to induce and promote bone repair. This review focuses on the recent advances in bone tissue engineering (BTE), specifically looking at its role in treating delayed fracture healing (non-unions) and the resulting segmental bone defects. Herein we discuss: (1) the processes of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation; (2) the role of stem cells, looking specifically at mesenchymal (MSC), embryonic (ESC), and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells as viable building blocks to engineer bone implants; (3) the biomaterials used to direct tissue growth, with a focus on ceramic, biodegradable polymers, and composite materials; (4) the growth factors and molecular signals used to induce differentiation of stem cells into the osteoblastic lineage, which ultimately leads to active bone formation; and (5) the mechanical stimulation protocols used to maintain the integrity of the bone repair and their role in successful cell engraftment. Finally, a couple clinical scenarios are presented (non-unions and avascular necrosis—AVN), to illustrate how novel cell-based therapy approaches can be used. A thorough understanding of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies may allow for better incorporation of these potential therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for proper bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Perez
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Deborah J Li
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas M Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lee Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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30
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Nyberg E, Grayson W. Assessing the Minimum Time-Period of Normoxic Preincubation for Stable Adipose Stromal Cell-Derived Vascular Networks. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:471-481. [PMID: 31719894 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pre-vascularization of tissue engineered grafts is a promising strategy to facilitate their improved viability following in vivo implantation. In this process, endothelial cells (ECs) form capillary-like networks that can anastomose with host vasculature. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a commonly used cell population for tissue engineering and contain a subpopulation of ECs capable of assembling into robust vascular networks and anastomosing with the host. However, their initial vascular assembly is significantly impaired in hypoxic conditions (2% O2). In this study, we explored the minimum period of normoxic (20% O2) pre-treatment required to enable the formation of stable vascular networks. Methods ASC-derived vascular structures were allowed to preassemble in fibrin hydrogels in normoxia for 0, 2, 4, or 6 days and then transplanted into hypoxic environments for 6 days. Total vascular length, pericyte coverage, cell proliferation, apoptosis rates, and ECM production was assessed. Results Vascular assembly increased with time over the 6 days of culture. We found that 4 days was the minimum period of time required for stable vascular assembly. We compared the major differences in cell behavior and network structure at Days 2 and 4. Neither proliferation nor apoptosis differed, however, the Day 4 time-point was associated with a significant increase in pericyte coverage (46.1 ± 2.6%) compared to Day 2 (24.3 ± 5.3%). Conclusions These data suggest oxygen tension may be a mediator of EC-pericyte interactions during vascular assembly. Pre-vascularization strategies should incorporate a normoxic period of to enable successful vascular formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Nyberg
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Building 5023, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Warren Grayson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Building 5023, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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31
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Cheng P, Li D, Gao Y, Cao T, Jiang H, Wang J, Li J, Zhang S, Song Y, Liu B, Wang C, Yang L, Pei G. Prevascularization promotes endogenous cell-mediated angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of fibrinogen and connective tissue growth factor in tissue-engineered bone grafts. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:176. [PMID: 29973254 PMCID: PMC6030739 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascularization is one of the most important processes in tissue-engineered bone graft (TEBG)-mediated regeneration of large segmental bone defects. We previously showed that prevascularization of TEBGs promoted capillary vessel formation within the defected site and accelerated new bone formation. However, the precise mechanisms and contribution of endogenous cells were not explored. METHODS We established a large defect (5 mm) model in the femur of EGFP+ transgenic rats and implanted a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold seeded with exogenous EGFP- cells; the femoral vascular bundle was inserted into the scaffold before implantation in the prevascularized TEBG group. Histopathology and scanning electron microscopy were performed and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibrin expression, exogenous cell survival, endogenous cell migration and behavior, and collagen type I and III deposition were assessed at 1 and 4 weeks post implantation. RESULTS We found that the fibrinogen content can be increased at the early stage of vascular bundle transplantation, forming a fibrin reticulate structure and tubular connections between pores of β-TCP material, which provides a support for cell attachment and migration. Meanwhile, CTGF expression is increased, and more endogenous cells can be recruited and promote collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. By 4 weeks post implantation, the tubular connections transformed into von Willebrand factor-positive capillary-like structures with deposition of type III collagen, and accelerated angiogenesis of endogenous cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that prevascularization promotes the recruitment of endogenous cells and collagen deposition by upregulating fibrinogen and CTGF, directly resulting in new blood vessel formation. In addition, this molecular mechanism can be used to establish fast-acting angiogenesis materials in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglin Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Hospital 463 of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqing Cao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimeng Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The 251st Hospital of PLA, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Junqin Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Song
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoxian Pei
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Zhu LX, Wang Z, Lou AJ, Yang YX, Guo Y, Liu S, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Hu HS, Yang B, Zhang P, Ouyang HW, Zhang ZY. Development of a centrally vascularized tissue engineering bone graft with the unique core-shell composite structure for large femoral bone defect treatment. Biomaterials 2018; 175:44-60. [PMID: 29800757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Great effort has been spent to promote the vascularization of tissue engineering bone grafts (TEBG) for improved therapeutic outcome. However, the thorough vascularization especially in the central region still remained as a major challenge for the clinical translation of TEBG. Here, we developed a new strategy to construct a centrally vascularized TEBG (CV-TEBG) with unique core-shell composite structure, which is consisted of an angiogenic core and an osteogenic shell. The in vivo evaluation in rabbit critical sized femoral defect was conducted to meticulously compare CV-TEBG to other TEBG designs (TEBG with osteogenic shell alone, or angiogenic core alone or angiogenic core+shell). Microfil-enhanced micro-CT analysis has been shown that CV-TEBG could outperform TEBG with pure osteogenic or angiogenic component for neo-vascularization. CV-TEBG achieved a much higher and more homogenous vascularization throughout the whole scaffold (1.52-38.91 folds, p < 0.01), and generated a unique burrito-like vascular network structure to perfuse both the central and peripheral regions of TEBG, indicating a potential synergistic effect between the osteogenic shell and angiogenic core in CV-TEBG to enhance neo-vascularization. Moreover, CV-TEBG has generated more new bone tissue than other groups (1.99-83.50 folds, p < 0.01), achieved successful bridging defect with the formation of both cortical bone like tissue externally and cancellous bone like tissue internally, and restored approximately 80% of the stiffness of the defected femur (benchmarked to the intact femur). It has been further observed that different bone regeneration patterns occurred in different TEBG implants and closely related to their vascularization patterns, revealing the potential profound influence of vascularization patterns on the osteogenesis pattern during defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China.
| | - Li-Xin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Ai-Ju Lou
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Yi-Xi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Han-Sheng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Hong-Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Cui Y, Zhu T, Li A, Liu B, Cui Z, Qiao Y, Tian Y, Qiu D. Porous Particle-Reinforced Bioactive Gelatin Scaffold for Large Segmental Bone Defect Repairing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6956-6964. [PMID: 29411600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large segmental bone defect repairing remains a big challenge in clinics, and synthetic bone grafts suitable for this purpose are still highly demanded. In this article, hydrophilic composite scaffolds (bioactive hollow particle (BHP)-gel scaffold) composed of bioactive hollow nanoparticles and cross-linked gelatin have been developed. The bioactive nanoparticles have a porous structure as well as high specific surface area; thus, they interact strongly with gelatin to overcome the swelling problem that a hydrophilic polymer scaffold will usually face. With this combination, these BHP-gel scaffolds showed porous structure and mechanical properties similar to those of the cancellous bone. They also showed excellent bioactivity and cell growth promotion performance in vitro. The best of them, namely, 10BHP-gel scaffold, was evaluated in vivo on a rat femur model, where it was found that the 5 mm segmental bone defect almost healed with new bone tissue formed in 12 weeks and the scaffold itself degraded at the same time. Thus, 10BHP-gel scaffold may become a potential bone graft for large segmental bone defect healing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University International Hospital , Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyong Cui
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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34
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Jia Z, Yang C, Jiao J, Li X, Yang Y, Yang J, Geng X, Lu Y, Zou J, Feng X. In vitro
and
in vivo
investigation of the effects of polydimethylsiloxane and paeonol modification on the biocompatibility of carbon/carbon composites. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa8e0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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The Role of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds in Treating Long Bone Defects: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Literature-A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8074178. [PMID: 28852649 PMCID: PMC5567443 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8074178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long bone defects represent a clinical challenge. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been developed to overcome problems associated with conventional methods. The aim of this study was to assess the BTE strategies available in preclinical and clinical settings and the current evidence supporting this approach. A systematic literature screening was performed on PubMed database, searching for both preclinical (only on large animals) and clinical studies. The following string was used: "(Scaffold OR Implant) AND (Long bone defect OR segmental bone defect OR large bone defect OR bone loss defect)." The search retrieved a total of 1573 articles: 51 preclinical and 4 clinical studies were included. The great amount of preclinical papers published over the past few years showed promising findings in terms of radiological and histological evidence. Unfortunately, this in vivo situation is not reflected by a corresponding clinical impact, with few published papers, highly heterogeneous and with small patient populations. Several aspects should be further investigated to translate positive preclinical findings into clinical protocols: the identification of the best biomaterial, with both biological and biomechanical suitable properties, and the selection of the best choice between cells, GFs, or their combination through standardized models to be validated by randomized trials.
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36
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Um Min Allah N, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP. Biological Interaction Between Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells for Angiogenesis: A Co-culture Perspective. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:495-505. [PMID: 30603504 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in cell culture protocols, multidisciplinary research approach, and the need of clinical implication to reconstruct damaged or diseased tissues has led to the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) test systems for regeneration and repair. Regenerative therapies, including dental tissue engineering, have been pursued as a new prospect to repair and rebuild the diseased/lost oral tissues. Interactions between the different cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are vital in the mechanisms of new vessel formation for tissue regeneration. In vitro pre-vascularization is one of the leading scopes in the tissue-engineering field. Vascularization strategies that are associated with co-culture systems have proved that there is communication between different cell types with mutual beneficial effects in vascularization and tissue regeneration in two-dimensional or 3D cultures. Endothelial cells with different cell populations, including osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in a co-culture have shown their ability to advocate pre-vascularization. In this review, a co-culture perspective of human gingival fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells is discussed with the main focus on vascularization and future perspective of this model in regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Um Min Allah
- 1School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Zurairah Berahim
- 1School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Azlina Ahmad
- 1School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- 1School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
- 2Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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37
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Deng Y, Jiang C, Li C, Li T, Peng M, Wang J, Dai K. 3D printed scaffolds of calcium silicate-doped β-TCP synergize with co-cultured endothelial and stromal cells to promote vascularization and bone formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5588. [PMID: 28717129 PMCID: PMC5514115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bone scaffolds have potential application in repairing large bone defects, however, inefficient vascularization after implantation remains the major issue of graft failure. Herein, porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds with calcium silicate (CS) were 3D printed, and pre-seeded with co-cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) to construct tissue engineering scaffolds with accelerated vascularization and better bone formation. Results showed that in vitro β-TCP scaffolds doped with 5% CS (5%CS/β-TCP) were biocompatible, and stimulated angiogenesis and osteogenesis. The results also showed that 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds not only stimulated co-cultured cells angiogenesis on Matrigel, but also stimulated co-cultured cells to form microcapillary-like structures on scaffolds, and promoted migration of BMSCs by stimulating co-cultured cells to secrete PDGF-BB and CXCL12 into the surrounding environment. Moreover, 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds enhanced vascularization and osteoinduction in comparison with β-TCP, and synergized with co-cultured cells to further increase early vessel formation, which was accompanied by earlier and better ectopic bone formation when implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Thus, our findings suggest that porous 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds seeded with co-cultured cells provide new strategy for accelerating tissue engineering scaffolds vascularization and osteogenesis, and show potential as treatment for large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Cuidi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tao Li
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Mingzheng Peng
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Kerong Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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38
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Zhang J, Jia J, Kim JP, Shen H, Yang F, Zhang Q, Xu M, Bi W, Wang X, Yang J, Wu D. Ionic Colloidal Molding as a Biomimetic Scaffolding Strategy for Uniform Bone Tissue Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605546. [PMID: 28221007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly ordered nanostructure of bone, nanodopant composite biomaterials are gaining special attention for their ability to guide bone tissue regeneration through structural and biological cues. However, bone malformation in orthopedic surgery is a lingering issue, partly due to the high surface energy of traditional nanoparticles contributing to aggregation and inhomogeneity. Recently, carboxyl-functionalized synthetic polymers have been shown to mimic the carboxyl-rich surface motifs of non-collagenous proteins in stabilizing hydroxyapatite and directing intrafibrillar mineralization in-vitro. Based on this biomimetic approach, it is herein demonstrated that carboxyl functionalization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) can achieve great material homogeneity in nanocomposites. This ionic colloidal molding method stabilizes hydroxyapatite precursors to confer even nanodopant packing, improving therapeutic outcomes in bone repair by remarkably improving mechanical properties of nanocomposites and optimizing controlled drug release, resulting in better cell in-growth and osteogenic differentiation. Lastly, better controlled biomaterial degradation significantly improved osteointegration, translating to highly regular bone formation with minimal fibrous tissue and increased bone density in rabbit radial defect models. Ionic colloidal molding is a simple yet effective approach of achieving materials homogeneity and modulating crystal nucleation, serving as an excellent biomimetic scaffolding strategy to rebuild natural bone integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinpeng Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jimin P Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenzhi Bi
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Decheng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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39
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Li B, Wang H, Zhou G, Zhang J, Su X, Huang Z, Li Q, Wu Z, Qiu G. VEGF-loaded biomimetic scaffolds: a promising approach to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an ischemic environment. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a promising approach to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an ischemic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xinlin Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730
- China
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40
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Li S, Kuddannaya S, Chuah YJ, Bao J, Zhang Y, Wang D. Combined effects of multi-scale topographical cues on stable cell sheet formation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2056-2067. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To decipher specific cell responses to diverse and complex in vivo signals, it is essential to emulate specific surface chemicals, extra cellular matrix (ECM) components and topographical signals through reliable and easily reproducible in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Shreyas Kuddannaya
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Yon Jin Chuah
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Jingnan Bao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Dongan Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
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41
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Huang G, Liu G, Zhang F, Gao J, Wang J, Chen Q, Wu B, Ding Z, Cai T. Combination of Heel-strike like Mechanical Loading with Deproteinized Cancellous Bone Scaffold Implantation to Repair Segmental Bone Defects in Rabbits. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:871-879. [PMID: 28824324 PMCID: PMC5562194 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.19613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions bone defects often occur at mechanical load bearing sites and bone substitutes used for regeneration should be similarly subjected to mechanical loading stress. In this study, we investigated whether a novel heel-strike like mechanical loading method can be used as a complementary therapy to promote bone regeneration following bone substitute grafting. To test this, three groups of rabbits with segmental bone defects in the tibia were implanted with bovine deproteinized cancellous bone scaffold (DCBS), with one group also receiving heel-strike like mechanical loading generated by a rap stress stimulator. From weeks 4-12 post-operation X-ray and micro-CT scanning showed that rabbits receiving combination therapy had significantly more callus at the bone defect. Moreover, bone defects in the combination group were completely replaced with new bone at week 12, while the DCBS implantation alone group healed only partially and rabbits receiving neither DCBS nor mechanical loading developed only small calluses throughout the observation period. Analysis of micro-CT scanning results demonstrated that new bone density in the combination group was significantly higher than the DCBS only group at weeks 4 and 12 (p<0.05). H&E staining results also indicated a significantly higher percentage of new bone in the bone defect area and a lower percentage of residual scaffold in the combination group compared to the DCBS only group (p<0.05). Thus, this heel-strike like mechanical loading method appears to accelerate bone regeneration following substitute implantation by restoring a local mechanical loading environment in segmental bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Huang
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Guojun Liu
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Jianting Gao
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Jiangze Wang
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Benwen Wu
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Zhenqi Ding
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
| | - Taoyi Cai
- Center for Orthopedics, Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University/175th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, P. R. China, 363000
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42
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Zhou X, Luo X, Liu F, Gu C, Wang X, Yang Q, Qian Y, Yang J. A novel animal model for skin flap prelamination with biomaterials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34144. [PMID: 27659066 PMCID: PMC5034225 DOI: 10.1038/srep34144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several animal models of skin flap construction were reported using biomaterials in a way similar to prefabrication. However, there are few animal model using biomaterials similar to prelamination, another main way of clinical skin flap construction that has been proved to be reliable. Can biomaterials be added in skin flap prelamination to reduce the use of autogenous tissues? Beside individual clinical attempts, animal model is needed for randomized controlled trial to objectively evaluate the feasibility and further investigation. Combining human Acellular Dermal Matrix (hADM) and autologous skin graft, we prelaminated flaps based on inguinal fascia. One, two, three and four weeks later, hADM exhibited a sound revascularization and host cell infiltration. Prelaminated skin flaps were then raised and microsurgically transplanted back to groin region. Except for flaps after one week of prelamination, flaps from other subgroups successfully reconstructed defects. After six to sixteen weeks of transplantation, hADM was proved to being able to maintain its original structure, having a wealth of host tissue cells and achieving full revascularization.To our knowledge, this is the first animal model of prelaminating skin flap with biomaterials. Success of this animal model indicates that novel flap prelamination with biomaterials is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xusong Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chuan Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yunliang Qian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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43
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Calcium Phosphates and Angiogenesis: Implications and Advances for Bone Regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:983-992. [PMID: 27481474 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are among the most utilized synthetic biomaterials for bone regeneration, largely owing to their established osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. While angiogenesis is a crucial prerequisite to bone formation, research and applications for CaPs have not appreciated its crucial role. This review discusses how CaPs influence angiogenesis, and highlights promising strategies that address this topic. The objective is to draw attention to the gap in the literature and to highlight the importance of angiogenesis in CaP research, development, and use.
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44
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Roohani-Esfahani SI, No YJ, Lu Z, Ng PY, Chen Y, Shi J, Pavlos NJ, Zreiqat H. A bioceramic with enhanced osteogenic properties to regulate the function of osteoblastic and osteocalastic cells for bone tissue regeneration. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:035018. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/3/035018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Yousefi AM, James PF, Akbarzadeh R, Subramanian A, Flavin C, Oudadesse H. Prospect of Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6180487. [PMID: 26880976 PMCID: PMC4736569 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6180487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the subject of many studies in recent years, ranging from basic science that looks into MSCs properties to studies that aim for developing bioengineered tissues and organs. Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been the focus of most studies due to the inherent potential of these cells to differentiate into various cell types. Although, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of cellular differentiation. These cells are another attractive stem cell source because of their ability to be reprogramed, allowing the generation of multiple cell types from a single cell. This paper briefly covers various types of stem cell sources that have been used for tissue engineering applications, with a focus on bone regeneration. Then, an overview of some recent studies making use of MSC-seeded 3D scaffold systems for bone tissue engineering has been presented. The emphasis has been placed on the reported scaffold properties that tend to improve MSCs adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizeh-Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Paul F. James
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Rosa Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Aswati Subramanian
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Conor Flavin
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hassane Oudadesse
- Sciences Chimiques, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226, 35042 Rennes, France
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46
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Hung KC, Hsu SH. Polymer surface interacts with calcium in aqueous media to induce stem cell assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2186-94. [PMID: 26332827 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired surface with functional group rearrangement abilities are highly desirable for designing functional materials. Calcium ion (Ca(2+) ) is a pivotal life element and the ion transport is tightly regulated through calcium channels. It is demonstrated here that Ca(2+) can be transported by polymer surface to induce cell assembly. A series of polyurethane materials is synthesized with different abilities to rearrange the surface functional groups in response to aqueous environment. It is observed that surface recruitment of carboxyl and amino groups from the bulk material can interact with Ca(2+) and facilitate its translocation from aqueous media into cells. The surface rearrangement of functional group triggers the calcium trafficking and turns on signals involving cell merging and assembly. This observation provides an insight on adjusting material-calcium interaction to design nature-inspired smart interfaces to induce cell organization and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Hung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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47
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Bersini S, Gilardi M, Arrigoni C, Talò G, Zamai M, Zagra L, Caiolfa V, Moretti M. Human in vitro 3D co-culture model to engineer vascularized bone-mimicking tissues combining computational tools and statistical experimental approach. Biomaterials 2015; 76:157-72. [PMID: 26524536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of functional, vascularized tissues is a key challenge for both tissue engineering applications and the development of advanced in vitro models analyzing interactions among circulating cells, endothelium and organ-specific microenvironments. Since vascularization is a complex process guided by multiple synergic factors, it is critical to analyze the specific role that different experimental parameters play in the generation of physiological tissues. Our goals were to design a novel meso-scale model bridging the gap between microfluidic and macro-scale studies, and high-throughput screen the effects of multiple variables on the vascularization of bone-mimicking tissues. We investigated the influence of endothelial cell (EC) density (3-5 Mcells/ml), cell ratio among ECs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteo-differentiated MSCs (1:1:0, 10:1:0, 10:1:1), culture medium (endothelial, endothelial + angiopoietin-1, 1:1 endothelial/osteo), hydrogel type (100%fibrin, 60%fibrin+40%collagen), tissue geometry (2 × 2 × 2, 2 × 2 × 5 mm(3)). We optimized the geometry and oxygen gradient inside hydrogels through computational simulations and we analyzed microvascular network features including total network length/area and vascular branch number/length. Particularly, we employed the "Design of Experiment" statistical approach to identify key differences among experimental conditions. We combined the generation of 3D functional tissue units with the fine control over the local microenvironment (e.g. oxygen gradients), and developed an effective strategy to enable the high-throughput screening of multiple experimental parameters. Our approach allowed to identify synergic correlations among critical parameters driving microvascular network development within a bone-mimicking environment and could be translated to any vascularized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, 20161, Italy
| | - Mara Gilardi
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, 20161, Italy; PhD School in Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Chiara Arrigoni
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation, Milano, 20122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation, Milano, 20122, Italy
| | - Moreno Zamai
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) Melchor Fernandez Almagro, Madrid, 28029-ES, Spain
| | - Luigi Zagra
- Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, 20161, Italy
| | - Valeria Caiolfa
- Unit of Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging, National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) Melchor Fernandez Almagro, Madrid, 28029-ES, Spain
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, 20161, Italy.
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48
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Surgical Fixation Hardware for Regeneration of Long Bone Segmental Defects: Translating Large Animal Model and Human Experiences. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-015-9195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Griffin KS, Davis KM, McKinley TO, Anglen JO, Chu TMG, Boerckel JD, Kacena MA. Evolution of Bone Grafting: Bone Grafts and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Vascularized Bone Regeneration. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-015-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Wang ZX, Chen C, Zhou Q, Wang XS, Zhou G, Liu W, Zhang ZY, Cao Y, Zhang WJ. The Treatment Efficacy of Bone Tissue Engineering Strategy for Repairing Segmental Bone Defects Under Osteoporotic Conditions. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2346-55. [PMID: 26066049 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xing Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Song Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Jie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
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