1
|
Dooley M, Luckett J, Alexander MR, Matousek P, Dehghani H, Ghaemmaghami AM, Notingher I. Optimization of diffuse Raman spectroscopy for in-vivo quantification of foreign body response in a small animal model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6592-6606. [PMID: 38420302 PMCID: PMC10898571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.512118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse Raman spectroscopy (DRS) allows subsurface molecular analysis of optically turbid samples. Numerical modeling of light propagation was used as a method for improving the design of an DRS instrument to maximize the signal to noise ratio (SNR) while ensuring safe laser exposure parameters required for in-vivo measurements. Experimental validation of the model was performed on both phantom samples and disks implanted postmortem to mimic the typical response to foreign bodies (formation of a fibrotic capsule around an implant). A reduction of laser exposure of over 1500-fold was achieved over previous studies whilst maintaining the same Raman collection rates and reaching the safe power density of 3 mW/mm2. The validation of this approach in a subcutaneous implant in a mouse cadaver showed a further improvement of 1.5-fold SNR, with a thickness limit of detection for the fibrotic layer of 23 µm, under the same acquisition times. In the animal body, a thickness limit of detection of 16 µm was achieved. These results demonstrate the feasibility of numerical model-based optimization for DRS, and that the technique can be improved sufficiently to be used for in-vivo measurement of collagenous capsule formation as a result of the foreign body response in murine models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Dooley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jeni Luckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Harwell Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- School of Computer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ioan Notingher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volova LT, Kotelnikov GP, Shishkovsky I, Volov DB, Ossina N, Ryabov NA, Komyagin AV, Kim YH, Alekseev DG. 3D Bioprinting of Hyaline Articular Cartilage: Biopolymers, Hydrogels, and Bioinks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2695. [PMID: 37376340 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, consisting of bones and cartilage of various types, muscles, ligaments, and tendons, is the basis of the human body. However, many pathological conditions caused by aging, lifestyle, disease, or trauma can damage its elements and lead to severe disfunction and significant worsening in the quality of life. Due to its structure and function, articular (hyaline) cartilage is the most susceptible to damage. Articular cartilage is a non-vascular tissue with constrained self-regeneration capabilities. Additionally, treatment methods, which have proven efficacy in stopping its degradation and promoting regeneration, still do not exist. Conservative treatment and physical therapy only relieve the symptoms associated with cartilage destruction, and traditional surgical interventions to repair defects or endoprosthetics are not without serious drawbacks. Thus, articular cartilage damage remains an urgent and actual problem requiring the development of new treatment approaches. The emergence of biofabrication technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, at the end of the 20th century, allowed reconstructive interventions to get a second wind. Three-dimensional bioprinting creates volume constraints that mimic the structure and function of natural tissue due to the combinations of biomaterials, living cells, and signal molecules to create. In our case-hyaline cartilage. Several approaches to articular cartilage biofabrication have been developed to date, including the promising technology of 3D bioprinting. This review represents the main achievements of such research direction and describes the technological processes and the necessary biomaterials, cell cultures, and signal molecules. Special attention is given to the basic materials for 3D bioprinting-hydrogels and bioinks, as well as the biopolymers underlying the indicated products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa T Volova
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Gennadiy P Kotelnikov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Igor Shishkovsky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B Volov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Natalya Ossina
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Ryabov
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Komyagin
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| | - Yeon Ho Kim
- RokitHealth Care Ltd., 9, Digital-ro 10-gil, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08514, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis G Alekseev
- Research and Development Institute of Biotechnologies, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya St. 89, 443099 Samara, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernández-Galiana Á, Bibikova O, Vilms Pedersen S, Stevens MM. Fundamentals and Applications of Raman-Based Techniques for the Design and Development of Active Biomedical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210807. [PMID: 37001970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method based on light-matter interactions that can interrogate the vibrational modes of matter and provide representative molecular fingerprints. Mediated by its label-free, non-invasive nature, and high molecular specificity, Raman-based techniques have become ubiquitous tools for in situ characterization of materials. This review comprehensively describes the theoretical and practical background of Raman spectroscopy and its advanced variants. The numerous facets of material characterization that Raman scattering can reveal, including biomolecular identification, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and spatial mapping of biomolecular species in bioactive materials, are highlighted. The review illustrates the potential of these techniques in the context of active biomedical material design and development by highlighting representative studies from the literature. These studies cover the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, including engineered tissue constructs, biopolymer systems, ceramics, and nanoparticle formulations, among others. To increase the accessibility and adoption of these techniques, the present review also provides the reader with practical recommendations on the integration of Raman techniques into the experimental laboratory toolbox. Finally, perspectives on how recent developments in plasmon- and coherently-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can propel Raman from underutilized to critical for biomaterial development are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Z, Xue Y, Yang C, Li B, Zhang Y. Rapid identification and drug resistance screening of respiratory pathogens based on single-cell Raman spectroscopy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1065173. [PMID: 36778844 PMCID: PMC9909742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections rank fourth in the global economic burden of disease. Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in low-income countries. The rapid identification of pathogens causing lower respiratory tract infections to help guide the use of antibiotics can reduce the mortality of patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Single-cell Raman spectroscopy is a "whole biological fingerprint" technique that can be used to identify microbial samples. It has the advantages of no marking and fast and non-destructive testing. In this study, single-cell Raman spectroscopy was used to collect spectral data of six respiratory tract pathogen isolates. The T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) isolation analysis algorithm was used to compare the differences between the six respiratory tract pathogens. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was used to establish a Raman phenotype database model. The classification accuracy of the isolated samples was 93-100%, and the classification accuracy of the clinical samples was more than 80%. Combined with heavy water labeling technology, the drug resistance of respiratory tract pathogens was determined. The study showed that single-cell Raman spectroscopy-D2O (SCRS-D2O) labeling could rapidly identify the drug resistance of respiratory tract pathogens within 2 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xue
- HOOKE Instruments Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bei Li
- HOOKE Instruments Ltd., Changchun, China,The State Key Lab of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Ying Zhang ✉
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walther AR, Ditzel N, Kassem M, Andersen MØ, Hedegaard MAB. In vivo non-invasive monitoring of tissue development in 3D printed subcutaneous bone scaffolds using fibre-optic Raman spectroscopy. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 7:100059. [PMID: 36824488 PMCID: PMC9934492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel biomaterials for regenerative therapy relies on the ability to assess tissue development, quality, and similarity with native tissue types in in vivo experiments. Non-invasive imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography offer high spatial resolution but limited biochemical information while histology and biochemical assays are destructive. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive, label-free and non-destructive technique widely applied for biochemical characterization. Here we demonstrate the use of fibre-optic Raman spectroscopy for in vivo quantitative monitoring of tissue development in subcutaneous calcium phosphate scaffolds in mice over 16 weeks. Raman spectroscopy was able to quantify the time dependency of different tissue components related to the presence, absence, and quantity of mesenchymal stem cells. Scaffolds seeded with stem cells produced 3-5 times higher amount of collagen-rich extracellular matrix after 16 weeks implantation compared to scaffolds without. These however, showed a 2.5 times higher amount of lipid-rich tissue compared to implants with stem cells. Ex vivo micro-computed tomography and histology showed stem cell mediated collagen and bone development. Histological measures of collagen correlated well with Raman derived quantifications (correlation coefficient in vivo 0.74, ex vivo 0.93). In the absence of stem cells, the scaffolds were largely occupied by adipocytes. The technique developed here could potentially be adapted for a range of small animal experiments for assessing tissue engineering strategies at the biochemical level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Runge Walther
- SDU Biotechnology, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Østergaard Andersen
- SDU Biotechnology, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Aage Barsøe Hedegaard
- SDU Biotechnology, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fujiwara S, Kawasaki D, Sueyoshi K, Hisamoto H, Endo T. Gold Nanocone Array with Extensive Electromagnetic Fields for Highly Reproducible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081182. [PMID: 35893179 PMCID: PMC9332797 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a technique used to distinguish the constitution of disease-related biomarkers in liquid biopsies, such as exosomes and circulating tumor cells, without any recognition elements. Previous studies using metal nanoparticle aggregates and angular nanostructures have achieved the detection of various biomarkers owing to strong hot spots and electromagnetic (EM) fields by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Although these SERS platforms enable significant enhancement of Raman signals, they still have some problems with the fabrication reproducibility of platforms in obtaining reproducible SERS signals. Therefore, highly reproducible fabrication of SERS platforms is required. Here, we propose the application of a polymer-based gold (Au) nanocone array (Au NCA), which extensively generates an enhanced EM field near the Au NCA surface by LSPR. This approach was experimentally demonstrated using a 785 nm laser, typically used for SERS measurements, and showed excellent substrate-to-substrate reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 6%) using an extremely simple fabrication procedure and very low laser energy. These results proved that a Au NCA can be used as a highly reproducible SERS measurement to distinguish the constitution of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Daiki Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Tokyo 102-8666, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hisamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Tatsuro Endo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-254-9284
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kroupa KR, Wu MI, Zhang J, Jensen M, Wong W, Engiles JB, Schaer TP, Grinstaff MW, Snyder BD, Bergholt MS, Albro MB. Raman needle arthroscopy for in vivo molecular assessment of cartilage. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1338-1348. [PMID: 34370873 PMCID: PMC9291802 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) is burdened by the lack of standardized biomarkers of cartilage health that can be applied in clinical trials. We present a novel arthroscopic Raman probe that can "optically biopsy" cartilage and quantify key extracellular matrix (ECM) biomarkers for determining cartilage composition, structure, and material properties in health and disease. Technological and analytical innovations to optimize Raman analysis include (1) multivariate decomposition of cartilage Raman spectra into ECM-constituent-specific biomarkers (glycosaminoglycan [GAG], collagen [COL], water [H2 O] scores), and (2) multiplexed polarized Raman spectroscopy to quantify superficial zone (SZ) COL anisotropy via a partial least squares-discriminant analysis-derived Raman collagen alignment factor (RCAF). Raman measurements were performed on a series of ex vivo cartilage models: (1) chemically GAG-depleted bovine cartilage explants (n = 40), (2) mechanically abraded bovine cartilage explants (n = 30), (3) aging human cartilage explants (n = 14), and (4) anatomical-site-varied ovine osteochondral explants (n = 6). Derived Raman GAG score biomarkers predicted 95%, 66%, and 96% of the variation in GAG content of GAG-depleted bovine explants, human explants, and ovine explants, respectively (p < 0.001). RCAF values were significantly different for explants with abrasion-induced SZ COL loss (p < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression of Raman-derived ECM biomarkers (GAG and H2 O scores) predicted 94% of the variation in elastic modulus of ovine explants (p < 0.001). Finally, we demonstrated the first in vivo Raman arthroscopy assessment of an ovine femoral condyle through intraarticular entry into the synovial capsule. This study advances Raman arthroscopy toward a transformative low-cost, minimally invasive diagnostic platform for objective monitoring of treatment outcomes from emerging OA therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R. Kroupa
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Man I Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Magnus Jensen
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell BiologyKings CollegeLondonUK
| | - Wei Wong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julie B. Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Thomas P. Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA,Division of Materials Science & EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Brian D. Snyder
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell BiologyKings CollegeLondonUK
| | - Michael B. Albro
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA,Division of Materials Science & EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Standardised quantitative ultrasound imaging (SQUI) approach for the contact-less three-dimensional analysis of neocartilage formation in hydrogel-based bioscaffolds. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:129-146. [PMID: 35643197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a standardised quantitative ultrasound imaging (SQUI) approach for the non-destructive three-dimensional imaging and quantification of cartilage formation in hydrogel based bioscaffolds. The standardised concept involves the processing of ultrasound backscatter data with respect to an acellular phantom in combination with the compensation of sound speed mismatch diffraction effects between the bioscaffold and the phantom. As a proof-of-concept, the SQUI approach was tested on a variety of bioscaffolds with varying degree of neocartilage formation. These were composed of Gelatine Methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels laden with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). These were cultured under chondrogenic stimulation following a previously established protocol, where the degree of the neocartilage formation was modulated using different GelMA network densities (6, 8, 10 % w/v) and culture time (0, 14, 28 days). Using the SQUI approach we were able to detect marked acoustic and morphological changes occurring in the bioscaffolds a result of their different chondrogenic outcome. We defined an acoustic neocartilage indicator, the sonomarker, for the selective imaging and quantification of neocartilage formation. The sonomarker, of backscatter intensity logIBC -2.4, was found to correlate with data obtained via standard destructive bioassays. The ultrasonic evaluation of human specimens confirmed the sonomarker as a relevant intensity, although it was found to shift to higher intensity values in proportion to the cartilage condition as inferred from sound speed measurements. This study demonstrates the potential of the SQUI approach for the realization of non-destructive analysis of cartilage regeneration over-time. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As tissue engineering strategies for neocartilage regeneration evolve towards clinical implementation, alternative characterisation approaches that allow the non-destructive monitoring of extracellular matrix formation in implantable hydrogel based bioscaffolds are needed. In this work we present an innovative standardized quantitative ultrasound imaging (SQUI) approach that allows the non-destructive, volumetric, and quantitative evaluation of neocartilage formation in hydrogel based bioscaffolds. The standardised concept aims to provide a robust approach that accounts for the dynamic changes occurring during the conversion from a cellular bioscaffold towards the formation of a neocartilage construct. We believe that the SQUI approach will be of great benefit for the evaluation of constructs developing neocartilage, not only for in-vitro applications but also potentially applicable to in-vivo applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Castro NJ, Babakhanova G, Hu J, Athanasiou K. Nondestructive testing of native and tissue-engineered medical products: adding numbers to pictures. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:194-209. [PMID: 34315621 PMCID: PMC8772387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional destructive tests are used for quality assurance and control within manufacturing workflows. Their applicability to biomanufacturing is limited due to inherent constraints of the biomanufacturing process. To address this, photo- and acoustic-based nondestructive testing has risen in prominence to interrogate not only structure and function, but also to integrate quantitative measurements of biochemical composition to cross-correlate structural, compositional, and functional variances. We survey relevant literature related to single-mode and multimodal nondestructive testing of soft tissues, which adds numbers (quantitative measurements) to pictures (qualitative data). Native and tissue-engineered articular cartilage is highlighted because active biomanufacturing processes are being developed. Included are recent efforts and prominent trends focused on technologies for clinical and in-process biomanufacturing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Greta Babakhanova
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jerry Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - K.A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA,Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sherlock B, Chen J, Mansfield J, Green E, Winlove C. Biophotonic tools for probing extracellular matrix mechanics. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100093. [PMID: 34934939 PMCID: PMC8661043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex, hierarchical and heterogeneous biomechanics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are central to the health of multicellular organisms. Characterising the distribution, dynamics and above all else origins of ECM biomechanics are challenges that have captivated researchers for decades. Recently, a suite of biophotonics techniques have emerged as powerful new tools to investigate ECM biomechanics. In this mini-review, we discuss how the non-destructive, sub-micron resolution imaging capabilities of Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear microscopy are being used to interrogate the biomechanics of thick, living tissues. These high speed, label-free techniques are implemented during mechanical testing, providing unprecedented insight into the compositional and structural response of the ECM to changes in the mechanical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.E. Sherlock
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - J. Chen
- College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - J.C. Mansfield
- College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - E. Green
- College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - C.P. Winlove
- College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao T, Boys AJ, Zhao C, Chan K, Estroff LA, Bonassar LJ. Non-Destructive Spatial Mapping of Glycosaminoglycan Loss in Native and Degraded Articular Cartilage Using Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:744197. [PMID: 34778225 PMCID: PMC8581176 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a collagen-rich tissue that provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joints and is also responsible for load bearing during movements. The major components of cartilage are water, collagen, and proteoglycans. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage, in which an early-stage indicator is the loss of proteoglycans from the collagen matrix. In this study, confocal Raman microspectroscopy was applied to study the degradation of articular cartilage, specifically focused on spatially mapping the loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Trypsin digestion was used as a model for cartilage degradation. Two different scanning geometries for confocal Raman mapping, cross-sectional and depth scans, were applied. The chondroitin sulfate coefficient maps derived from Raman spectra provide spatial distributions similar to histological staining for glycosaminoglycans. The depth scans, during which subsurface data were collected without sectioning the samples, can also generate spectra and GAG distributions consistent with Raman scans of the surface-to-bone cross sections. In native tissue, both scanning geometries demonstrated higher GAG content at the deeper zone beneath the articular surface and negligible GAG content after trypsin degradation. On partially digested samples, both scanning geometries detected an ∼100 μm layer of GAG depletion. Overall, this research provides a technique with high spatial resolution (25 μm pixel size) to measure cartilage degradation without tissue sections using confocal Raman microspectroscopy, laying a foundation for potential in vivo measurements and osteoarthritis diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Crystal Zhao
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kiara Chan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fosca M, Basoli V, Della Bella E, Russo F, Vadala G, Alini M, Rau JV, Verrier S. Raman spectroscopy in skeletal tissue disorders and tissue engineering: present and prospective. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:949-965. [PMID: 34579558 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common reason of chronic pain and disability representing worldwide an enormous socio-economic burden. In this review, new biomedical application fields for Raman spectroscopy (RS) technique related to skeletal tissues are discussed showing that it can provide a comprehensive profile of tissue composition in situ, in a rapid, label-free, and non-destructive manner. RS can be used as a tool to study tissue alterations associated to aging, pathologies, and disease treatments. The main advantage with respect to currently applied methods in clinics is its ability to provide specific information on molecular composition, which goes beyond other diagnostic tools. Being compatible with water, RS can be performed without pre-treatment on unfixed, hydrated tissue samples, without any labelling and chemical fixation used in histochemical methods. This review provides first the description of basic principles of RS as a biotechnology tool and introduces into the field of currently available RS based techniques, developed to enhance Raman signal. The main spectral processing statistical tools, fingerprint identification and available databases are mentioned. The recent literature has been analysed for such applications of RS as tendon and ligaments, cartilage, bone, and tissue engineered constructs for regenerative medicine. Several cases of proof-of-concept preclinical studies have been described. Finally, advantages, limitations, future perspectives, and challenges for translation of RS into clinical practice have been also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fosca
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 204549, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Valentina Basoli
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Fabrizio Russo
- Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 220431, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Vadala
- Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 220431, Roma, Lazio, Italy;
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 204549, Roma, Lazio, Italy.,I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 68477, Moskva, Moskva, Russian Federation;
| | - Sophie Verrier
- AO Research Institute Davos, 161930, Regenerative Orthopaedics, Davos, Graubünden, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vibrational Spectroscopy in Assessment of Early Osteoarthritis-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105235. [PMID: 34063436 PMCID: PMC8155859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease, and there is currently no effective medicine to cure it. Early prevention and treatment can effectively reduce the pain of OA patients and save costs. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose OA at an early stage. There are various diagnostic methods for OA, but the methods applied to early diagnosis are limited. Ordinary optical diagnosis is confined to the surface, while laboratory tests, such as rheumatoid factor inspection and physical arthritis checks, are too trivial or time-consuming. Evidently, there is an urgent need to develop a rapid nondestructive detection method for the early diagnosis of OA. Vibrational spectroscopy is a rapid and nondestructive technique that has attracted much attention. In this review, near-infrared (NIR), infrared, (IR) and Raman spectroscopy were introduced to show their potential in early OA diagnosis. The basic principles were discussed first, and then the research progress to date was discussed, as well as its limitations and the direction of development. Finally, all methods were compared, and vibrational spectroscopy was demonstrated that it could be used as a promising tool for early OA diagnosis. This review provides theoretical support for the application and development of vibrational spectroscopy technology in OA diagnosis, providing a new strategy for the nondestructive and rapid diagnosis of arthritis and promoting the development and clinical application of a component-based molecular spectrum detection technology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hall GN, Tam WL, Andrikopoulos KS, Casas-Fraile L, Voyiatzis GA, Geris L, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I. Patterned, organoid-based cartilaginous implants exhibit zone specific functionality forming osteochondral-like tissues in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120820. [PMID: 33872857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to respond to the unmet medical need of treating deep osteochondral defects. However, current tissue engineering strategies struggle in the attempt to create patterned constructs with biologically distinct functionality. In this work, a developmentally-inspired modular approach is proposed, whereby distinct cartilaginous organoids are used as living building blocks. First, a hierarchical construct was created, composed of three layers of cartilaginous tissue intermediates derived from human periosteum-derived cells: (i) early (SOX9), (ii) mature (COL2) and (iii) (pre)hypertrophic (IHH, COLX) phenotype. Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice generated a hybrid tissue containing one mineralized and one non-mineralized part. However, the non-mineralized part was represented by a collagen type I positive fibrocartilage-like tissue. To engineer a more stable articular cartilage part, iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues (SOX9, COL2; IHH neg) were generated. Subcutaneous implantation of assembled iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues resulted in a homogenous cartilaginous tissue positive for collagen type II but negative for osteocalcin. Finally, iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues in combination with the pre-hypertrophic cartilage organoids (IHH, COLX) could form dual tissues consisting of i) a cartilaginous safranin O positive and ii) a bony osteocalcin positive region upon subcutaneous implantation, corresponding to the pre-engineered zonal pattern. The assembly of functional building blocks, as presented in this work, opens possibilities for the production of complex tissue engineered implants by embedding zone-specific functionality through the use of pre-programmed living building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wai Long Tam
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos S Andrikopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Patras, GR-265 00, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Leire Casas-Fraile
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - George A Voyiatzis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de L'Hôpital 11 - BAT 34, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, PB 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raman, near-infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy for determination of collagen content in ground meat and poultry by-products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
17
|
Querido W, Kandel S, Pleshko N. Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy for Analysis of Connective Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:922. [PMID: 33572384 PMCID: PMC7916244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in vibrational spectroscopy have propelled new insights into the molecular composition and structure of biological tissues. In this review, we discuss common modalities and techniques of vibrational spectroscopy, and present key examples to illustrate how they have been applied to enrich the assessment of connective tissues. In particular, we focus on applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy to assess cartilage and bone properties. We present strengths and limitations of each approach and discuss how the combination of spectrometers with microscopes (hyperspectral imaging) and fiber optic probes have greatly advanced their biomedical applications. We show how these modalities may be used to evaluate virtually any type of sample (ex vivo, in situ or in vivo) and how "spectral fingerprints" can be interpreted to quantify outcomes related to tissue composition and quality. We highlight the unparalleled advantage of vibrational spectroscopy as a label-free and often nondestructive approach to assess properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with normal, developing, aging, pathological and treated tissues. We believe this review will assist readers not only in better understanding applications of FTIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy, but also in implementing these approaches for their own research projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; (W.Q.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Høgset H, Horgan CC, Armstrong JPK, Bergholt MS, Torraca V, Chen Q, Keane TJ, Bugeon L, Dallman MJ, Mostowy S, Stevens MM. In vivo biomolecular imaging of zebrafish embryos using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6172. [PMID: 33268772 PMCID: PMC7710741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos provide a unique opportunity to visualize complex biological processes, yet conventional imaging modalities are unable to access intricate biomolecular information without compromising the integrity of the embryos. Here, we report the use of confocal Raman spectroscopic imaging for the visualization and multivariate analysis of biomolecular information extracted from unlabeled zebrafish embryos. We outline broad applications of this method in: (i) visualizing the biomolecular distribution of whole embryos in three dimensions, (ii) resolving anatomical features at subcellular spatial resolution, (iii) biomolecular profiling and discrimination of wild type and ΔRD1 mutant Mycobacterium marinum strains in a zebrafish embryo model of tuberculosis and (iv) in vivo temporal monitoring of the wound response in living zebrafish embryos. Overall, this study demonstrates the application of confocal Raman spectroscopic imaging for the comparative bimolecular analysis of fully intact and living zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Høgset
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Conor C Horgan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James P K Armstrong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mads S Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, Kings College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Qu Chen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy J Keane
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Margaret J Dallman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Template Stripping Method-Based Au Nanoarray for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Antiepileptic Drug. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100936. [PMID: 33066672 PMCID: PMC7602448 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a potential candidate for highly sensitive detection of target molecules. A SERS active substrate with a noble metal nanostructure is required for this. However, a SERS active substrate requires complicated fabrication procedures. This in turn makes it difficult to fabricate highly sensitive SERS active substrates with high reproducibility. To overcome this difficulty, a plasmonic crystal (PC) with periodic noble metal nanostructures was fabricated via the template-stripping method using a polymer-based template. Using SERS active substrates, SERS was successfully achieved using the PC by detecting low concentrations of phenobarbital which is an antiepileptic drug using a commercially available portable Raman module. The PC can be fabricated by demolding the deposited gold layer from a polymer-based template. This method is rapid, economic, and has high reproducibility. SERS can be achieved easily using this PC for a wide variety of applications such as medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental protection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Power LJ, Fasolato C, Barbero A, Wendt DJ, Wixmerten A, Martin I, Asnaghi MA. Sensing tissue engineered cartilage quality with Raman spectroscopy and statistical learning for the development of advanced characterization assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
21
|
Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Collagen: quantification, biomechanics, and role of minor subtypes in cartilage. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:730-747. [PMID: 33996147 PMCID: PMC8114887 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a ubiquitous biomaterial in vertebrate animals. Although each of its 28 subtypes contributes to the functions of many different tissues in the body, most studies on collagen or collagenous tissues have focussed on only one or two subtypes. With recent developments in analytical chemistry, especially mass spectrometry, significant advances have been made toward quantifying the different collagen subtypes in various tissues; however, high-throughput and low-cost methods for collagen subtype quantification do not yet exist. In this Review, we introduce the roles of collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and describe modern assays that enable a deep understanding of tissue physiology and disease states. Using cartilage as a model tissue, we describe the roles of major and minor collagen subtypes in detail; discuss known and unknown structure-function relationships; and show how tissue engineers may harness the functional characteristics of collagen to engineer robust neotissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kandel S, Querido W, Falcon JM, Reiners DJ, Pleshko N. Approaches for In Situ Monitoring of Matrix Development in Hydrogel-Based Engineered Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:225-238. [PMID: 32131710 PMCID: PMC7187967 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using a fiber optic probe shows great promise for the nondestructive in situ monitoring of tissue engineered construct development; however, the NIR evaluation of matrix components in samples with high water content is challenging, as water absorbances overwhelm the spectra. In this study, we established approaches by which NIR spectroscopy can be used to select optimal individual engineered hydrogel constructs based on matrix content and mechanical properties. NIR spectroscopy of dry standard compounds allowed identification of several absorbances related to collagen and/or proteoglycan (PG), of which only two could be identified in spectra obtained from hydrated constructs, at ∼5940 and 5800 cm-1. In dry sample mixtures, the ratio of these peaks correlated positively to collagen and negatively to PG. In NIR spectra from engineered cartilage hydrogels, these peaks reflected higher collagen and PG content and dynamic modulus values, permitting the differentiation of constructs with poor and good matrix development. Similarly, the increasing baseline offset in raw NIR spectra also reflected matrix development in hydrated constructs. However, weekly monitoring of NIR spectra and the peaks at ∼5940 and 5800 cm-1 was not adequate to differentiate individual constructs based on matrix composition. Interestingly, changes in the baseline offset of raw spectra could be used to evaluate the growth trajectory of individual constructs. These results demonstrate an optimal approach for the use of fiber optic NIR spectroscopy for in situ monitoring of the development of engineered cartilage, which will aid in identifying individual constructs for implantation. Impact statement A current demand in tissue engineering is the establishment of nondestructive approaches to evaluate construct development during growth in vitro. In this article, we demonstrate original nondestructive approaches by which fiber optic NIR spectroscopy can be used to assess matrix (PG and collagen) formation and mechanical properties in hydrogel-based constructs. Our data provide a cohesive molecular-based approach for in situ longitudinal evaluation of construct development during growth in vitro. The establishment of these approaches is a valuable step toward the real-time identification and selection of constructs with optimal properties, which may lead to successful tissue integration upon in vivo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shital Kandel
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Querido
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M. Falcon
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J. Reiners
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Tissue Imaging and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Middendorf JM, Dugopolski C, Kennedy S, Blahut E, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Heterogeneous matrix deposition in human tissue engineered cartilage changes the local shear modulus and resistance to local construct buckling. J Biomech 2020; 105:109760. [PMID: 32276782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue engineered cartilage is a promising solution for focal cartilage defects, but these constructs do not have the same local mechanical properties as native tissue. Most clinically relevant engineered cartilage constructs seed human chondrocytes onto a collagen scaffold, which buckles at low loads and strains. This buckling creates local regions of high strain that could cause cell death and damage the engineered tissue. Since human tissue engineered cartilage is commonly grown in-vivo prior to implantation, new matrix deposition could improve the local implant mechanics and prevent local tissue buckling. However, the relationship between local biochemical composition and the local mechanics or local buckling probability has never been quantified. Therefore, this study correlated the local biochemical composition of human tissue engineered cartilage constructs using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with the local shear modulus and local buckling probability. The local shear modulus and local buckling probability were obtained using a confocal elastography technique. The local shear modulus increased with increases in local aggrecan content in the interior region (inside the scaffold). A minimum amount of aggrecan was required to prevent local construct buckling at physiologic strains. Since the original scaffold was primarily composed of collagen, increases in collagen content due to new matrix deposition was minimal and had little effect on the mechanical properties. Thus, we concluded that aggrecan deposition inside the scaffold pores is the most effective way to improve the mechanical function and prevent local tissue damage in human tissue engineered cartilage constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Middendorf
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Itai Cohen
- Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Higgins SG, Becce M, Belessiotis-Richards A, Seong H, Sero JE, Stevens MM. High-Aspect-Ratio Nanostructured Surfaces as Biological Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903862. [PMID: 31944430 PMCID: PMC7610849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials patterned with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have features on similar length scales to cellular components. These surfaces are an extreme topography on the cellular level and have become useful tools for perturbing and sensing the cellular environment. Motivation comes from the ability of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures to deliver cargoes into cells and tissues, access the intracellular environment, and control cell behavior. These structures directly perturb cells' ability to sense and respond to external forces, influencing cell fate, and enabling new mechanistic studies. Through careful design of their nanoscale structure, these systems act as biological metamaterials, eliciting unusual biological responses. While predominantly used to interface eukaryotic cells, there is growing interest in nonanimal and prokaryotic cell interfacing. Both experimental and theoretical studies have attempted to develop a mechanistic understanding for the observed behaviors, predominantly focusing on the cell-nanostructure interface. This review considers how high-aspect-ratio nanostructured surfaces are used to both stimulate and sense biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julia E. Sero
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park S, Ahn JW, Jo Y, Kang HY, Kim HJ, Cheon Y, Kim JW, Park Y, Lee S, Park K. Label-Free Tomographic Imaging of Lipid Droplets in Foam Cells for Machine-Learning-Assisted Therapeutic Evaluation of Targeted Nanodrugs. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1856-1865. [PMID: 31909985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, a key feature of foam cells, constitutes an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerosis. However, despite advances in cellular imaging techniques, current noninvasive and quantitative methods have limited application in living foam cells. Here, using optical diffraction tomography (ODT), we performed quantitative morphological and biophysical analysis of living foam cells in a label-free manner. We identified LDs in foam cells by verifying the specific refractive index using correlative imaging comprising ODT integrated with three-dimensional fluorescence imaging. Through time-lapse monitoring of three-dimensional dynamics of label-free living foam cells, we precisely and quantitatively evaluated the therapeutic effects of a nanodrug (mannose-polyethylene glycol-glycol chitosan-fluorescein isothiocyanate-lobeglitazone; MMR-Lobe) designed to affect the targeted delivery of lobeglitazone to foam cells based on high mannose receptor specificity. Furthermore, by exploiting machine-learning-based image analysis, we further demonstrated therapeutic evaluation at the single-cell level. These findings suggest that refractive index measurement is a promising tool to explore new drugs against LD-related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Gwangju Center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Gwangju , 61186 , Korea
| | - Jae Won Ahn
- Department of Systems Biotechnology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Gyeonggi 17546 , Korea
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Physics , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kang
- Gwangju Center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Gwangju , 61186 , Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Cardiovascular Center , Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul , 08308 , Korea
| | - Yeongmi Cheon
- Gwangju Center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Gwangju , 61186 , Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Cardiovascular Center , Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul , 08308 , Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
- Tomocube Inc. , Daejeon , 34051 , Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Gwangju , 61186 , Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Gyeonggi 17546 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Armstrong JPK, Stevens MM. Emerging Technologies for Tissue Engineering: From Gene Editing to Personalized Medicine. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:688-692. [PMID: 30794069 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT History has shown us how tissue engineering can be advanced by embracing technological innovation. In this perspective, we highlight some of the most promising emerging technologies and discuss how they can be integrated into existing tissue engineering protocols. The proposed technologies offer the opportunity to reshape how we currently design, engineer, and characterize tissue grafts for improved in vivo regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P K Armstrong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim M, Kino‐oka M. Designing a blueprint for next‐generation stem cell bioprocessing development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:832-843. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee‐Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita Osaka Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino‐oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita Osaka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bergholt MS, Serio A, Albro MB. Raman Spectroscopy: Guiding Light for the Extracellular Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:303. [PMID: 31737621 PMCID: PMC6839578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mesh of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, and is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of biological tissues. Imaging and biomolecular characterization of the ECM is critical for understanding disease onset and for the development of novel, disease-modifying therapeutics. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the ECM. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free vibrational technique that offers unique insights into the structure and composition of tissues and cells at the molecular level. This technique can be applied across a broad range of ECM imaging applications, which encompass in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analysis. State-of-the-art confocal Raman microscopy imaging now enables label-free assessments of the ECM structure and composition in tissue sections with a remarkably high degree of biomolecular specificity. Further, novel fiber-optic instrumentation has opened up for clinical in vivo ECM diagnostic measurements across a range of tissue systems. A palette of advanced computational methods based on multivariate statistics, spectral unmixing, and machine learning can be applied to Raman data, allowing for the extraction of specific biochemical information of the ECM. Here, we review Raman spectroscopy techniques for ECM characterizations over a variety of exciting applications and tissue systems, including native tissue assessments (bone, cartilage, cardiovascular), regenerative medicine quality assessments, and diagnostics of disease states. We further discuss the challenges in the widespread adoption of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine. The results of the latest discovery-driven Raman studies are summarized, illustrating the current and potential future applications of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Choi JS, Ilin Y, Kraft ML, Harley BAC. Tracing Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Neutrophilic Differentiation via Raman Spectroscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3121-3128. [PMID: 30148625 PMCID: PMC6346746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to experimental studies and therapeutic uses of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is the limited options for analytical tools that can reliably resolve functional differences in heterogeneous HSC subpopulations at the single cell level. Currently available methods require the use of external labels and/or separate clonogenic and transplantation assays to identify bona fide stem cells, necessitating the harvest of bulk cell populations and long incubation times that obscure how individual HSCs dynamically respond to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. In this study, we employ Raman spectroscopy to noninvasively resolve the dynamics of individual differentiating hematopoietic progenitor cells during the course of neutrophilic differentiation. We collected Raman peaks of individual cells daily over the course of 14-day neutrophilic differentiation. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman peaks revealed spectral differences between individual cells during differentiation that were strongly correlated with changes in the nucleus shape and surface antigen expression, the primary traditional means of monitoring neutrophilic differentiation. Additionally, our results were consistently reproducible in independent rounds of neutrophilic differentiation, as demonstrated by our partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the Raman spectral information that predicted the degree of neutrophilic differentiation with high sensitivity and specificity. Our findings highlight the utility and reliability of Raman spectroscopy as a robust molecular imaging tool to monitor the kinetics of HSC differentiation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Choi
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yelena Ilin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mary L. Kraft
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nanobiosensing Platforms for Real-Time and Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18092755. [PMID: 30134637 PMCID: PMC6163950 DOI: 10.3390/s18092755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in the biomedical and regenerative therapy fields have led to the influential ability of stem cells to differentiate into specific types of cells that enable the replacement of injured tissues/organs in the human body. Non-destructive identification of stem cell differentiation is highly necessary to avoid losses of differentiated cells, because most of the techniques generally used as confirmation tools for the successful differentiation of stem cells can result in valuable cells becoming irrecoverable. Regarding this issue, recent studies reported that both Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing possess excellent characteristics for monitoring the behavior of stem cells, including differentiation. In this review, we focus on numerous studies that have investigated the detection of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation in non-invasive and non-destructive manner, mainly by using the Raman and electrochemical methods. Through this review, we present information that could provide scientific or technical motivation to employ or further develop these two techniques for stem cell research and its application.
Collapse
|
31
|
Albro MB, Bergholt MS, St-Pierre JP, Vinals Guitart A, Zlotnick HM, Evita EG, Stevens MM. Raman spectroscopic imaging for quantification of depth-dependent and local heterogeneities in native and engineered cartilage. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29449966 PMCID: PMC5807411 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage possesses a remarkable, mechanically-robust extracellular matrix (ECM) that is organized and distributed throughout the tissue to resist physiologic strains and provide low friction during articulation. The ability to characterize the make-up and distribution of the cartilage ECM is critical to both understand the process by which articular cartilage undergoes disease-related degeneration and to develop novel tissue repair strategies to restore tissue functionality. However, the ability to quantitatively measure the spatial distribution of cartilage ECM constituents throughout the tissue has remained a major challenge. In this experimental investigation, we assessed the analytical ability of Raman micro-spectroscopic imaging to semi-quantitatively measure the distribution of the major ECM constituents in cartilage tissues. Raman spectroscopic images were acquired of two distinct cartilage tissue types that possess large spatial ECM gradients throughout their depth: native articular cartilage explants and large engineered cartilage tissue constructs. Spectral acquisitions were processed via multivariate curve resolution to decompose the "fingerprint" range spectra (800-1800 cm-1) to the component spectra of GAG, collagen, and water, giving rise to the depth dependent concentration profile of each constituent throughout the tissues. These Raman spectroscopic acquired-profiles exhibited strong agreement with profiles independently acquired via direct biochemical assaying of spatial tissue sections. Further, we harness this spectroscopic technique to evaluate local heterogeneities through the depth of cartilage. This work represents a powerful analytical validation of the accuracy of Raman spectroscopic imaging measurements of the spatial distribution of biochemical components in a biological tissue and shows that it can be used as a valuable tool for quantitatively measuring the distribution and organization of ECM constituents in native and engineered cartilage tissue specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Albro
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. S. Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - J. P. St-Pierre
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - A. Vinals Guitart
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - H. M. Zlotnick
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - E. G. Evita
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suhito IR, Han Y, Min J, Son H, Kim TH. In situ label-free monitoring of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into multiple lineages. Biomaterials 2018; 154:223-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|