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Feng J, Zhang Y. The potential benefits of polyphenols for corneal diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115862. [PMID: 37979379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea functions as the primary barrier of the ocular surface, regulating temperature and humidity while providing protection against oxidative stress, harmful stimuli and pathogenic microorganisms. Corneal diseases can affect the biomechanical and optical properties of the eye, resulting in visual impairment or even blindness. Due to their diverse origins and potent biological activities, plant secondary metabolites known as polyphenols offer potential advantages for treating corneal diseases owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Various polyphenols and their derivatives have demonstrated diverse mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting efficacy against a range of corneal diseases including repair of tissue damage, treatment of keratitis, inhibition of neovascularization, alleviation of dry eye syndrome, among others. Therefore, this article presents a concise overview of corneal and related diseases, along with an update on the research progress of natural polyphenols in safeguarding corneal health. A more comprehensive understanding of natural polyphenols provides a novel perspective for secure treatment of corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China.
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M Y T, Tellakula SS, Suryavanshi SV, G S K, Vasudev S C, Ranganath SH. Fusogenic liposome-coated nanoparticles for rapid internalization into donor corneal endothelial tissue to enable prophylaxis before transplantation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6410-6422. [PMID: 38024318 PMCID: PMC10662038 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress (hypothermia) during storage and cytokine stress due to acute allograft rejection adversely affect the donor corneal endothelium in the short term. Pharmacological pre-treatment (before transplantation) of the donor corneal endothelium or cells (propagated in vitro for cell injection therapy) with microtubule stabilizers, cold stress protectants, and other molecules is an attractive strategy to tackle damage caused by hypothermia and cytokine stress. These molecules can be delivered intracellularly to the donor corneal endothelium or cells at controlled rates for desired periods and with one-time administration using nanoparticles. However, the death-to-preservation time of donor corneas of more than 4 to 6 h significantly decreases endothelial cell density and increases the risk of microbial contamination. Therefore, we have developed fusogenic liposome-coated nanoparticles for rapid internalization of nanoparticles into cultured corneal endothelial cells and ex vivo corneal endothelial tissue. Here, we have shown that the fusogenic liposome-coated nanoparticles have the intrinsic ability to efficiently and rapidly internalize into cultured corneal endothelial cells and ex vivo corneal tissue within 3 h by possibly fusing with the cell membrane and bypassing the endocytic pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that the internalized fusogenic liposome-coated nanoparticles did not cause cytotoxicity in endothelial cells associated with the ex vivo cornea for at least up to 2 days. Thus, fusogenic liposome-coated nanoparticles have great potential as a platform for engineering cells and endothelial tissue of donor corneas to facilitate prophylactic drug delivery during storage and after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanuja M Y
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
| | - Suraksha S Tellakula
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
| | - Samarth V Suryavanshi
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
| | - Keerthana G S
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
| | - Chandan Vasudev S
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
| | - Sudhir H Ranganath
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology B. H. Road Tumakuru 572103 India +91 816 2214038
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Guile MD, Jain A, Anderson KA, Clarke CF. New Insights on the Uptake and Trafficking of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1391. [PMID: 37507930 PMCID: PMC10376127 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential lipid with many cellular functions, such as electron transport for cellular respiration, antioxidant protection, redox homeostasis, and ferroptosis suppression. Deficiencies in CoQ due to aging, genetic disease, or medication can be ameliorated by high-dose supplementation. As such, an understanding of the uptake and transport of CoQ may inform methods of clinical use and identify how to better treat deficiency. Here, we review what is known about the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of CoQ from yeast, mammalian cell culture, and rodent models, as well as its absorption at the organism level. We discuss the use of these model organisms to probe the mechanisms of uptake and distribution. The literature indicates that CoQ uptake and distribution are multifaceted processes likely to have redundancies in its transport, utilizing the endomembrane system and newly identified proteins that function as lipid transporters. Impairment of the trafficking of either endogenous or exogenous CoQ exerts profound effects on metabolism and stress response. This review also highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of how CoQ is distributed within the cell and suggests future directions of research to better understand this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Guile
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Akash Jain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Kyle A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Guo XX, Pu Q, Hu JJ, Chang XJ, Li AL, Li XY. The role of regulated necrosis in inflammation and ocular surface diseases. Exp Eye Res 2023:109537. [PMID: 37302745 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, numerous types of regulated cell death have been identified, including pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. Regulated necrosis is characterized by a series of amplified inflammatory responses that result in cell death. Therefore, it has been suggested to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. The cell morphological features and molecular mechanisms of regulated necrosis are discussed in this review. Furthermore, it summarizes the role of ocular surface diseases, such as dry eye, keratitis, and cornea alkali burn, as potential disease prevention and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qi Pu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jing-Jie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ao-Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Kingsbury KD, Skeie JM, Cosert K, Schmidt GA, Aldrich BT, Sales CS, Weller J, Kruse F, Thomasy SM, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Greiner MA. Type II Diabetes Mellitus Causes Extracellular Matrix Alterations in the Posterior Cornea That Increase Graft Thickness and Rigidity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:26. [PMID: 37326594 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is a pressing need to investigate the impact of type II diabetes mellitus on the posterior cornea in donor tissues given its increasing prevalence and potential impact on endothelial keratoplasty surgical outcomes. Methods Immortalized human cultured corneal endothelial cells (CECs; HCEC-B4G12) were grown in hyperglycemic media for 2 weeks. Extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesive glycoprotein expression and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in cultured cells and corneoscleral donor tissues, as well as the elastic modulus for the Descemet membrane (DMs) and CECs of diabetic and nondiabetic donor corneas, were measured. Results In CEC cultures, increasing hyperglycemia resulted in increased transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) protein expression and colocalization with AGEs in the ECM. In donor corneas, the thicknesses of the DM and the interfacial matrix (IFM) between the DM and stroma both increased from 8.42 ± 1.35 µm and 0.504 ± 0.13 µm in normal corneas, respectively, to 11.13 ± 2.91 µm (DM) and 0.681 ± 0.24 µm (IFM) in non-advanced diabetes (P = 0.013 and P = 0.075, respectively) and 11.31 ± 1.76 µm (DM) and 0.744 ± 0.18 µm (IFM) in advanced diabetes (AD; P = 0.0002 and P = 0.003, respectively). Immunofluorescence in AD tissues versus controls showed increased AGEs (P < 0.001) and markedly increased labeling intensity for adhesive glycoproteins, including TGFBI, that colocalized with AGEs. The elastic modulus significantly increased between AD and control tissues for the DMs (P < 0.0001) and CECs (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Diabetes and hyperglycemia alter human CEC ECM structure and composition, likely contributing to previously documented complications of endothelial keratoplasty using diabetic donor tissue, including tearing during graft preparation and reduced graft survival. AGE accumulation in the DM and IFM may be a useful biomarker for determining diabetic impact on posterior corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenten D Kingsbury
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa, United States
| | - Jessica M Skeie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa, United States
| | - Krista Cosert
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | | | - Benjamin T Aldrich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa, United States
| | - Christopher S Sales
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa, United States
| | - Julia Weller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | | | - Mark A Greiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa, United States
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Effect of Low-Temperature Preservation in Optisol-GS on Preloaded, Endothelium-Out DMEK Grafts. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031026. [PMID: 36769674 PMCID: PMC9917566 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess different temperature ranges for the preservation of pre-loaded Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) grafts in the DMEK RAPID Mini device. METHODS Three groups of 15 DMEK grafts (five per group) were pre-loaded in the DMEK RAPID Mini and preserved in Optisol-GS for 72 h at different temperatures: group A at >8 °C, group B between 2-8 °C and group C at <2 °C. After stripping and preservation, the viability of the endothelium, cell loss and morphology were assessed through light microscopy following trypan blue and alizarin red staining. RESULTS Overall mortality was 4.07%, 3.97% and 7.66%, in groups A, B and C, respectively, with percentages of uncovered areas of 0.31%, 1.36% and 0.20% (all p > 0.05). Endothelial cell density variation was 5.51%, 3.06% and 2.82% in groups A, B and C, respectively (p = 0.19). Total Endothelial Cell Loss (ECL) was 4.37%, 5.32% and 7.84% in groups A, B and C, respectively (p = 0.39). Endothelial cell morphology was comparable in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS In the DMEK RAPID Mini, low temperatures (<2 °C) may affect the quality of pre-loaded grafts, inducing a higher ECL after 72 h of preservation, although no significant differences among groups could be proved. Our data would suggest maintaining grafts loaded in the DMEK RAPID Mini at temperatures between 2-8 °C for appropriate preservation.
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González Cela Casamayor MA, López Cano JJ, Andrés Guerrero V, Herrero Vanrell R, Benítez Del Castillo JM, Molina Martínez IT. A novel osmoprotective liposomal formulation from synthetic phospholipids to reduce in vitro hyperosmolar stress in dry eye treatments. J Liposome Res 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35706400 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2087083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a worldwide, multifactorial disease mainly caused by a deficit in tear production or increased tear evaporation with an increase in tear osmolarity and inflammation. This causes discomfort and there is a therapeutic need to restore the homeostasis of the ocular surface. The aim of the present work was to develop a biodegradable and biocompatible liposomal formulation from the synthetic phospholipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) that is able to reduce the effects of hypertonic stress by helping to restore the lipid layer of the tear film. Liposomes were made using the lipid film hydration method with synthetic phospholipids (10 mg/mL) with and without 0.2% HPMC. They were characterised in terms of size, osmolarity, pH, surface tension, and viscosity. Additionally, the in vitro toxicity of the formulation at 1 and 4 h in human corneal epithelial cells (hTERT-HCECs) and human conjunctival cells (IM-HConEpiC) was determined. Furthermore, osmoprotective activity was tested in a corneal model of hyperosmolar stress. In vivo acute tolerance testing was also carried out in albino New Zealand rabbits by topical application of the ophthalmic formulations every 30 min for 6 h. All the assayed formulations showed suitable physicochemical characteristics for ocular surface administration. The liposomal formulations were well-tolerated in cell cultures and showed osmoprotective activity in a hyperosmolar model. No alterations or discomfort were reported when they were topically administered in rabbits. According to the results, the osmoprotective liposomal formulations developed in this work are promising candidates for the treatment of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ana González Cela Casamayor
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier López Cano
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Andrés Guerrero
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero Vanrell
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Benítez Del Castillo
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Ocular Surface and Inflammation Unit (USIO), Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y OLR, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Teresa Molina Martínez
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Roles and Mechanisms of Regulated Necrosis in Corneal Diseases: Progress and Perspectives. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:2695212. [PMID: 35655803 PMCID: PMC9152437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2695212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated necrosis is defined as cell death characterized by loss of the cell membrane integrity and release of the cytoplasmic content. It contributes to the development and progression of some diseases, including ischemic stroke injury, liver diseases, hypertension, and cancer. Various forms of regulated necrosis, particularly pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of corneal disease. Regulated necrosis of corneal cells enhances inflammatory reactions in the adjacent corneal tissues, leading to recurrence and aggravation of corneal disease. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis in corneal diseases and discuss the roles of regulated necrosis in inflammation regulation, tissue repair, and corneal disease outcomes.
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Fan L, Ling J, Yang LY, Wang N, Ouyang XK. Delivery of curcumin by fucoidan-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro release performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:368-379. [PMID: 35577185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are effective drug delivery carriers because of their adjustable large pore size and high porosity. In this study, complex nanoparticles containing disulfide bonds (SS) were designed and prepared as curcumin (Cur) carriers by using fucoidan (FUC) and MSN as the polymer matrix. The product was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and an N2 adsorption and desorption test. When the mass ratio of MSN to FUC was 2:1, the nanospheres particle size was the smallest (295.6 ± 0.98 nm, -35.2 ± 0.8 mV). Furthermore, the curcumin encapsulation rate by MSN-Cur-SS-FUC was over 90%, and the cumulative release rate in 24 h was over 80% due to the combined effect of weak acidity and high glutathione concentration in the tumor site microenvironment. When the Cur concentration was 50 μg/mL, the cell viability of free Cur was 63.8%, the cell viability of MSN-Cur-SS-FUC was 14.5%, and the cell viability of MSN-SS-FUC at the same concentration remained above 74.6%. MSN-SS-FUC composite nanoparticles showed a good delivery of Cur, a lipid-soluble active compound, and provides a new delivery route for other lipid-soluble and poorly bioavailable active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Lihong Fan
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Junhong Ling
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Li-Ye Yang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Kun Ouyang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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