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Liu J, Liang P. Complexation and evolution of cis-prenyltransferase homologues in Cinnamomum kanehirae deduced from kinetic and functional characterizations. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4828. [PMID: 37916302 PMCID: PMC10661081 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthases (DHDDSs), cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) synthesizing precursors of dolichols to mediate glycoprotein biosynthesis require partners, for eample Nus1 in yeast and NgBR in animals, which are cis-PTs homologues without activity but to boost the DHDDSs activity. Unlike animals, plants have multiple cis-PT homologues to pair or stand alone to produce various chain-length products with less known physiological roles. We chose Cinnamomum kanehirae, a tree that contains two DHDDS-like and three NgBR-like proteins from genome analysis, and found that one DHDDS-like protein acted as a homodimeric cis-PT to make a medium-chain C55 product, while the other formed heterodimeric complexes with either one of two NgBR homologues to produce longer-chain products. Both complexes were functional to complement the growth defect of the yeast rer2 deficient strain at a higher temperature. From the roles for the polyprenol and dolichol biosynthesis and sequence motifs, their homologues in various species were compared to reveal their possible evolutionary paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Jin Liu
- Institute of Biochemical SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Po‐Huang Liang
- Institute of Biochemical SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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2
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Sanyal SK, Pukala T, Mittal P, Reith F, Brugger J, Etschmann B, Shuster J. From biomolecules to biogeochemistry: Exploring the interaction of an indigenous bacterium with gold. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139657. [PMID: 37543229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Specialised microbial communities colonise the surface of gold particles in soils/sediments, and catalyse gold dissolution and re-precipitation, thereby contributing to the environmental mobility and toxicity of this 'inert' precious metal. We assessed the proteomic and physiological response of Serratia proteamaculans, the first metabolically active bacterium enriched and isolated directly from natural gold particles, when exposed to toxic levels of soluble Au3+ (10 μM). The results were compared to a metal-free blank, and to cultures exposed to similarly toxic levels of soluble Cu2+ (0.1 mM); Cu was chosen for comparison because it is closely associated with Au in nature due to similar geochemical properties. A total of 273 proteins were detected from the cells that experienced the oxidative effects of soluble Au, of which 139 (51%) were upregulated with either sole expression (31%) or had synthesis levels greater than the Au-free control (20%). The majority (54%) of upregulated proteins were functionally different from up-regulated proteins in the bacteria-copper treatment. These proteins were related to broad functions involving metabolism and biogenesis, followed by cellular process and signalling, indicating significant specificity for Au. This proteomic study revealed that the bacterium upregulates the synthesis of various proteins related to oxidative stress response (e.g., Monothiol-Glutaredoxin, Thiol Peroxidase, etc.) and cellular damage repair, which leads to the formation of metallic gold nanoparticles less toxic than ionic gold. Therefore, indigenous bacteria may mediate the toxicity of Au through two different yet simultaneous processes: i) repairing cellular components by replenishing damaged proteins and ii) neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS) by up-regulating the synthesis of antioxidants. By connecting the fields of molecular bacteriology and environmental biogeochemistry, this study is the first step towards the development of biotechnologies based on indigenous bacteria applied to gold bio-recovery and bioremediation of contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santonu K Sanyal
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Tara Pukala
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Parul Mittal
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Joël Brugger
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Barbara Etschmann
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Shuster
- Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
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3
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Li M, Chen Y, Wang L, Lu C, Chen P, Jin Y, Li J, Gao F, Shang Z, Lin W. Investigations into the antibacterial effects and potential mechanism of gambogic acid and neogambogic acid. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1045291. [PMID: 36578570 PMCID: PMC9791066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1045291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections to public health necessitates the development of novel antibacterial agents. Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis has remained a key focus for antibiotic development. Our search for inhibitors of undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), an essential enzyme required for bacterial cell wall formation, revealed that two primary components of gamboge, gambogic acid (GA) and neogambogic acid (NGA), significantly inhibited the activity of Enterococcus faecalis UPPS (EfaUPPS) with the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 3.08 μM and 3.07 μM, respectively. In the in vitro antibacterial assay, both GA and NGA also exhibited inhibitory activities against E. faecalis with the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 μg/mL. Using microscale thermophoresis, molecular docking, and enzymatic assays, we further confirmed that GA and NGA occupy the substrate binding pocket of EfaUPPS with micro-molar binding affinity, preventing the natural substrates farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from entering. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that L91 and L146 are two key residues in the binding between GA/NGA and UPPS. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that GA and NGA can improve E. faecalis-induced undesirable inflammation in a mouse infection model. Taken together, our findings provide a basis for structural optimization of GA/NGA to develop improved antibiotic leads and enhance treatment success rates in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Chen,
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chujie Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiying Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanling Jin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiacong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Shang
- School of Pharmaeutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Zhuo Shang,
| | - Wei Lin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China,Wei Lin,
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4
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Okada M, Unno H, Emi KI, Matsumoto M, Hemmi H. A versatile cis-prenyltransferase from Methanosarcina mazei catalyzes both C- and O-prenylations. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100679. [PMID: 33872599 PMCID: PMC8131916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyprenyl groups, products of isoprenoid metabolism, are utilized in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, and other processes. These groups are formed by cis-prenyltransferases, which use allylic prenyl pyrophosphates as prenyl-donors to catalyze the C-prenylation of the general acceptor substrate, isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Repetition of this reaction forms (Z,E-mixed)-polyprenyl pyrophosphates, which are converted later into glycosyl carrier lipids, such as undecaprenyl phosphate and dolichyl phosphate. MM_0014 from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei is known as a versatile cis-prenyltransferase that accepts both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate as acceptor substrates. To learn more about this enzyme’s catalytic activity, we determined the X-ray crystal structures of MM_0014 in the presence or absence of these substrates. Surprisingly, one structure revealed a complex with O-prenylglycerol, suggesting that the enzyme catalyzed the prenylation of glycerol contained in the crystallization buffer. Further analyses confirmed that the enzyme could catalyze the O-prenylation of small alcohols, such as 2-propanol, expanding our understanding of the catalytic ability of cis-prenyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Okada
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Unno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Emi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hemmi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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6
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Edani BH, Grabińska KA, Zhang R, Park EJ, Siciliano B, Surmacz L, Ha Y, Sessa WC. Structural elucidation of the cis-prenyltransferase NgBR/DHDDS complex reveals insights in regulation of protein glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20794-20802. [PMID: 32817466 PMCID: PMC7456142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008381117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cis-prenyltransferase (cis-PTase) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of glycosyl carrier lipids required for protein glycosylation in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human NgBR/DHDDS complex, which represents an atomic resolution structure for any heterodimeric cis-PTase. The crystal structure sheds light on how NgBR stabilizes DHDDS through dimerization, participates in the enzyme's active site through its C-terminal -RXG- motif, and how phospholipids markedly stimulate cis-PTase activity. Comparison of NgBR/DHDDS with homodimeric cis-PTase structures leads to a model where the elongating isoprene chain extends beyond the enzyme's active site tunnel, and an insert within the α3 helix helps to stabilize this energetically unfavorable state to enable long-chain synthesis to occur. These data provide unique insights into how heterodimeric cis-PTases have evolved from their ancestral, homodimeric forms to fulfill their function in long-chain polyprenol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban H Edani
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kariona A Grabińska
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Rong Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Benjamin Siciliano
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ya Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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7
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Li W, Li L, Zhang C, Cai Y, Gao Q, Wang F, Cao Y, Lin J, Li J, Shang Z, Lin W. Investigations into the Antibacterial Mechanism of Action of Viridicatumtoxins. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1759-1769. [PMID: 32437130 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Viridicatumtoxins are a rare class of tetracycline-like antibiotics that strongly inhibit drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Although reported to exhibit in vitro inhibition activity to undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPS), an essential enzyme in bacterial cell wall synthesis, the biological targets and mechanism of action of viridicatumtoxins, especially the drug-target interactions, remain largely unknown. In this study, the structure of Enterococcus faecalis UPPS (EfaUPPS) was first determined, uncovering that EfaUPPS can form not only a typical functional dimer but also an unexpected atypical dimer. We then observed that viridicatumtoxins A (VirA) and B (VirB) are able to bind to UPPSs of E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli in a direct and high-affinity manner as evidenced by in vitro enzyme inhibition assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding analysis, and in vivo growth inhibition assay, demonstrating that viridicatumtoxins exert antibacterial effects through UPPS binding. The key amino acid residues involved in the interactions with VirA and VirB in EfaUPPS binding pocket were revealed by molecular docking studies, and further validated by site-directed mutagenesis. A single mutation of EfaUPPS at D29A, N31A, and R42A can obviously increase their affinities to VirA, while a single mutation at W228A conferred significant resistance to VirA. Moreover, translation inhibition assay showed that VirA and VirB can weakly inhibit E. coli 70S ribosome. The weak inhibition of ribosome was proposed to be attributed to steric hindrance between viridicatumtoxin ring F and 70S ribosome helix 34 by molecular docking study. Our structural, biochemical, and computational investigations on the interactions of viridicatumtoxins with UPPS and 70S ribosome not only disclosed the potential biological targets of viridicatumtoxins, but also provided a theoretical basis for structural optimization to make new viridicatumtoxin derivatives with improved antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Qiyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jinzhong Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Zhuo Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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Rudolf JD, Chang CY. Terpene synthases in disguise: enzymology, structure, and opportunities of non-canonical terpene synthases. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:425-463. [PMID: 31650156 PMCID: PMC7101268 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2019 Terpene synthases (TSs) are responsible for generating much of the structural diversity found in the superfamily of terpenoid natural products. These elegant enzymes mediate complex carbocation-based cyclization and rearrangement cascades with a variety of electron-rich linear and cyclic substrates. For decades, two main classes of TSs, divided by how they generate the reaction-triggering initial carbocation, have dominated the field of terpene enzymology. Recently, several novel and unconventional TSs that perform TS-like reactions but do not resemble canonical TSs in sequence or structure have been discovered. In this review, we identify 12 families of non-canonical TSs and examine their sequences, structures, functions, and proposed mechanisms. Nature provides a wide diversity of enzymes, including prenyltransferases, methyltransferases, P450s, and NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases, as well as completely new enzymes, that utilize distinctive reaction mechanisms for TS chemistry. These unique non-canonical TSs provide immense opportunities to understand how nature evolved different tools for terpene biosynthesis by structural and mechanistic characterization while affording new probes for the discovery of novel terpenoid natural products and gene clusters via genome mining. With every new discovery, the dualistic paradigm of TSs is contradicted and the field of terpene chemistry and enzymology continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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9
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Chen CC, Zhang L, Yu X, Ma L, Ko TP, Guo RT. Versatile cis-isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Superfamily Members in Catalyzing Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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10
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Cherian S, Ryu SB, Cornish K. Natural rubber biosynthesis in plants, the rubber transferase complex, and metabolic engineering progress and prospects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2041-2061. [PMID: 31150158 PMCID: PMC6790360 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is a nonfungible and valuable biopolymer, used to manufacture ~50 000 rubber products, including tires and medical gloves. Current production of NR is derived entirely from the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The increasing demand for NR, coupled with limitations and vulnerability of H. brasiliensis production systems, has induced increasing interest among scientists and companies in potential alternative NR crops. Genetic/metabolic pathway engineering approaches, to generate NR-enriched genotypes of alternative NR plants, are of great importance. However, although our knowledge of rubber biochemistry has significantly advanced, our current understanding of NR biosynthesis, the biosynthetic machinery and the molecular mechanisms involved remains incomplete. Two spatially separated metabolic pathways provide precursors for NR biosynthesis in plants and their genes and enzymes/complexes are quite well understood. In contrast, understanding of the proteins and genes involved in the final step(s)-the synthesis of the high molecular weight rubber polymer itself-is only now beginning to emerge. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of recent research developments in NR biosynthesis, in vitro reconstitution, and the genetic and metabolic pathway engineering advances intended to improve NR content in plants, including H. brasiliensis, two other prospective alternative rubber crops, namely the rubber dandelion and guayule, and model species, such as lettuce. We describe a new model of the rubber transferase complex, which integrates these developments. In addition, we highlight the current challenges in NR biosynthesis research and future perspectives on metabolic pathway engineering of NR to speed alternative rubber crop commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Research & Development CenterDRB Holding Co. LTDBusanKorea
| | - Stephen Beungtae Ryu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringKRIBB School of BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
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11
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Ma J, Ko TP, Yu X, Zhang L, Ma L, Zhai C, Guo RT, Liu W, Li H, Chen CC. Structural insights to heterodimeric cis-prenyltransferases through yeast dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase subunit Nus1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:621-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Lakusta AM, Kwon M, Kwon EJG, Stonebloom S, Scheller HV, Ro DK. Molecular Studies of the Protein Complexes Involving Cis-Prenyltransferase in Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum), an Alternative Rubber-Producing Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:165. [PMID: 30858856 PMCID: PMC6397875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) is a perennial shrub in the Asteraceae family and synthesizes a high quality, hypoallergenic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (or natural rubber; NR). Despite its potential to be an alternative NR supplier, the enzymes for cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis have not been comprehensively studied in guayule. Recently, implications of the protein complex involving cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) and CPT-Binding Proteins (CBPs) in NR biosynthesis were shown in lettuce and dandelion, but such protein complexes have yet to be examined in guayule. Here, we identified four guayule genes - three PaCPTs (PaCPT1-3) and one PaCBP, whose protein products organize PaCPT/PaCBP complexes. Co-expression of both PaCBP and each of the PaCPTs could complemented the dolichol (a short cis-polyisoprene)-deficient yeast, whereas the individual expressions could not. Microsomes from the PaCPT/PaCBP-expressing yeast efficiently incorporated 14C-isopentenyl diphosphate into dehydrodolichyl diphosphates; however, NR with high molecular weight could not be synthesized in in vitro assays. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and split-ubiquitin yeast 2-hybrid assays using PaCPTs and PaCBP confirmed the formation of protein complexes. Of the three PaCPTs, guayule transcriptomics analysis indicated that the PaCPT3 is predominantly expressed in stem and induced by cold-stress, suggesting its involvement in NR biosynthesis. The comprehensive analyses of these PaCPTs and PaCBP here provide the foundational knowledge to generate a high NR-yielding guayule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Lakusta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo G. Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Jukič M, Rožman K, Sova M, Barreteau H, Gobec S. Anthranilic Acid Inhibitors of Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (UppS), an Essential Enzyme for Bacterial Cell Wall Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3322. [PMID: 30692977 PMCID: PMC6339874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the successful implementation of virtual screening in the discovery of new inhibitors of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) from Escherichia coli. UppS is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall. It catalyzes the condensation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) with eight consecutive isopentenyl pyrophosphate units (IPP), in which new cis-double bonds are formed, to generate undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. The latter serves as a lipid carrier for peptidoglycan synthesis, thus representing an important target in the antibacterial drug design. A pharmacophore model was designed on a known bisphosphonate BPH-629 and used to prepare an enriched compound library that was further docked into UppS conformational ensemble generated by molecular dynamics experiment. The docking resulted in three anthranilic acid derivatives with promising inhibitory activity against UppS. Compound 2 displayed high inhibitory potency (IC50 = 25 μM) and good antibacterial activity against E. coli BW25113 ΔtolC strain (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jukič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kaja Rožman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hélène Barreteau
- Bacterial Cell Envelopes and Antibiotics Group, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Burda-Grabowska M, Macegoniuk K, Flick R, Nocek BP, Joachimiak A, Yakunin AF, Mucha A, Berlicki Ł. Bisphosphonic acids and related compounds as inhibitors of nucleotide- and polyphosphate-processing enzymes: A PPK1 and PPK2 case study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:1197-1206. [PMID: 30484959 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonic acids, which are structural analogs of pyrophosphate, constitute a class of compounds with very high potential for the construction of effective inhibitors of enzymes operating on oligo- and polyphosphates. The bisphosphonate-based methodology was applied for the discovery of inhibitors of two families of polyphosphate kinases (PPK1 and PPK2). Screening of thirty-two structurally diverse bisphosphonic acids and related compounds revealed several micromolar inhibitors of both enzymes. Importantly, selectivity of bisphosphonates could be achieved by application of the appropriate side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Burda-Grabowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Macegoniuk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boguslaw P Nocek
- Department of Biosciences, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Department of Biosciences, Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Lin MH, Li CC, Shu JC, Chu HW, Liu CC, Wu CC. Exoproteome Profiling Reveals the Involvement of the Foldase PrsA in the Cell Surface Properties and Pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus aureus. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700195. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Ching Shu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Chu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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17
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Grabińska KA, Edani BH, Park EJ, Kraehling JR, Sessa WC. A conserved C-terminal R XG motif in the NgBR subunit of cis-prenyltransferase is critical for prenyltransferase activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17351-17361. [PMID: 28842490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. In eukaryotes and archaea, cis-PT is the first enzyme committed to the synthesis of dolichyl phosphate, an obligate lipid carrier in protein glycosylation reactions. The homodimeric bacterial enzyme, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, generates 11 isoprene units and has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail. Recently, we discovered that unlike undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, mammalian cis-PT is a heteromer consisting of NgBR (Nus1) and hCIT (dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase) subunits, and this composition has been confirmed in plants and fungal cis-PTs. Here, we establish the first purification system for heteromeric cis-PT and show that both NgBR and hCIT subunits function in catalysis and substrate binding. Finally, we identified a critical RXG sequence in the C-terminal tail of NgBR that is conserved and essential for enzyme activity across phyla. In summary, our findings show that eukaryotic cis-PT is composed of the NgBR and hCIT subunits. The strong conservation of the RXG motif among NgBR orthologs indicates that this subunit is critical for the synthesis of polyprenol diphosphates and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariona A Grabińska
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ban H Edani
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jan R Kraehling
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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18
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Grabińska KA, Park EJ, Sessa WC. cis-Prenyltransferase: New Insights into Protein Glycosylation, Rubber Synthesis, and Human Diseases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18582-90. [PMID: 27402831 PMCID: PMC5000101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.739490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. cis-PTs catalyze consecutive condensation reactions of allylic diphosphate acceptor with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) in the cis (Z) configuration to generate linear polyprenyl diphosphate. The chain lengths of isoprenoid carbon skeletons vary widely from neryl pyrophosphate (C10) to natural rubber (C>10,000). The homo-dimeric bacterial enzyme, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail and serves as a model for understanding the mode of action of eukaryotic cis-PTs. However, recent experiments have revealed that mammals, fungal, and long-chain plant cis-PTs are heteromeric enzymes composed of two distantly related subunits. In this review, the classification, function, and evolution of cis-PTs will be discussed with a special emphasis on the role of the newly described NgBR/Nus1 subunit and its plants' orthologs as essential, structural components of the cis-PTs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariona A Grabińska
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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19
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Abstract
Background:
Bisphosphonates are drugs commonly used for the medication and prevention of diseases caused by decreased mineral density. Despite such important medicinal use, they display a variety of physiologic activities, which make them promising anti-cancer, anti-protozoal, antibacterial and antiviral agents.
Objective:
To review physiological activity of bisphosphonates with special emphasis on their ongoing and potential applications in medicine and agriculture.
Method:
Critical review of recent literature data.
Results:
Comprehensive review of activities revealed by bisphosphonates.
Conclusion:
although bisphosphonates are mostly recognized by their profound effects on bone physiology their medicinal potential has not been fully evaluated yet. Literature data considering enzyme inhibition suggest possibilities of far more wide application of these compounds. These applications are, however, limited by their low bioavailability and therefore intensive search for new chemical entities overcoming this shortage are carried out.
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20
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Kwon M, Kwon EJ, Ro D. cis-Prenyltransferase and Polymer Analysis from a Natural Rubber Perspective. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:121-45. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Troutman JM, Erickson KM, Scott PM, Hazel JM, Martinez CD, Dodbele S. Tuning the production of variable length, fluorescent polyisoprenoids using surfactant-controlled enzymatic synthesis. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2817-27. [PMID: 25897619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bactoprenyl diphosphate (BPP), a two-E eight-Z configuration C55 isoprenoid, serves as a critical anchor for the biosynthesis of complex glycans central to bacterial survival and pathogenesis. BPP is formed by the polymerase undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS), which catalyzes the elongation of a single farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with eight Z-configuration isoprene units from eight isopentenyl diphosphates. In vitro analysis of UppS and other polyprenyl diphosphate synthases requires the addition of a surfactant such as Triton X-100 to stimulate the release of the hydrophobic product from the enzyme for effective and efficient turnover. Here using a fluorescent 2-nitrileanilinogeranyl diphosphate analogue of FPP, we have found that a wide range of surfactants can stimulate release of product from UppS and that the structure of the surfactant has a major impact on the lengths of products produced by the protein. Of particular importance, shorter chain surfactants promote the release of isoprenoids with four to six Z-configuration isoprene additions, while larger chain surfactants promote the formation of natural isoprenoid lengths (8Z) and larger. We have found that the product chain lengths can be readily controlled and coarsely tuned by adjusting surfactant identity, concentration, and reaction time. We have also found that binary mixtures of just two surfactants can be used to fine-tune isoprenoid lengths. The surfactant effects discovered do not appear to be significantly altered with an alternative isoprenoid substrate. However, the surfactant effects do appear to be dependent on differences in UppS between bacterial species. This work provides new insights into surfactant effects in enzymology and highlights how these effects can be leveraged for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of otherwise difficult to obtain glycan biosynthesis probes. This work also provides key reagents for the systematic analysis of structure-activity relationships between glycan biosynthesis enzymes and isoprenoid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Katelyn M Erickson
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Phillip M Scott
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Joseph M Hazel
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Christina D Martinez
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Samantha Dodbele
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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23
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Nakano C, Oshima M, Kurashima N, Hoshino T. Identification of a New Diterpene Biosynthetic Gene Cluster that ProducesO-Methylkolavelool inHerpetosiphon aurantiacus. Chembiochem 2015; 16:772-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Qu Y, Chakrabarty R, Tran HT, Kwon EJG, Kwon M, Nguyen TD, Ro DK. A lettuce (Lactuca sativa) homolog of human Nogo-B receptor interacts with cis-prenyltransferase and is necessary for natural rubber biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1898-914. [PMID: 25477521 PMCID: PMC4303647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is an indispensable biopolymer used to manufacture diverse consumer products. Although a major source of natural rubber is the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is also known to synthesize natural rubber. Here, we report that an unusual cis-prenyltransferase-like 2 (CPTL2) that lacks the conserved motifs of conventional cis-prenyltransferase is required for natural rubber biosynthesis in lettuce. CPTL2, identified from the lettuce rubber particle proteome, displays homology to a human NogoB receptor and is predominantly expressed in latex. Multiple transgenic lettuces expressing CPTL2-RNAi constructs showed that a decrease of CPTL2 transcripts (3-15% CPTL2 expression relative to controls) coincided with the reduction of natural rubber as low as 5%. We also identified a conventional cis-prenyltransferase 3 (CPT3), exclusively expressed in latex. In subcellular localization studies using fluorescent proteins, cytosolic CPT3 was relocalized to endoplasmic reticulum by co-occurrence of CPTL2 in tobacco and yeast at the log phase. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid data showed that CPTL2 and CPT3 interact. Yeast microsomes containing CPTL2/CPT3 showed enhanced synthesis of short cis-polyisoprenes, but natural rubber could not be synthesized in vitro. Intriguingly, a homologous pair CPTL1/CPT1, which displays ubiquitous expressions in lettuce, showed a potent dolichol biosynthetic activity in vitro. Taken together, our data suggest that CPTL2 is a scaffolding protein that tethers CPT3 on endoplasmic reticulum and is necessary for natural rubber biosynthesis in planta, but yeast-expressed CPTL2 and CPT3 alone could not synthesize high molecular weight natural rubber in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Romit Chakrabarty
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hue T Tran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Eun-Joo G Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Trinh-Don Nguyen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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25
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Kim MO, Feng X, Feixas F, Zhu W, Lindert S, Bogue S, Sinko W, de Oliveira C, Rao G, Oldfield E, McCammon JA. A Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Prenyl Synthases: Conformational Flexibility and Implications for Computer-aided Drug Discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:756-69. [PMID: 25352216 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rise in antibiotic resistance, there is interest in discovering new drugs active against new targets. Here, we investigate the dynamic structures of three isoprenoid synthases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis using molecular dynamics (MD) methods with a view to discovering new drug leads. Two of the enzymes, cis-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (cis-FPPS) and cis-decaprenyl diphosphate synthase (cis-DPPS), are involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, while the third, tuberculosinyl adenosine synthase (Rv3378c), is involved in virulence factor formation. The MD results for these three enzymes were then compared with previous results on undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS) by means of active site volume fluctuation and principal component analyses. In addition, an analysis of the binding of prenyl diphosphates to cis-FPPS, cis-DPPS, and UPPS utilizing the new MD results is reported. We also screened libraries of inhibitors against cis-DPPS, finding ~1 μm inhibitors, and used the receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) method to test the predictive power of X-ray and MD-derived cis-DPPS receptors. We found that one compound with potent M. tuberculosis cell growth inhibition activity was an IC(50) ~0.5- to 20-μm inhibitor (depending on substrate) of cis-DPPS, a ~660-nm inhibitor of Rv3378c as well as a 4.8-μm inhibitor of cis-FPPS, opening up the possibility of multitarget inhibition involving both cell wall biosynthesis and virulence factor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meekyum Olivia Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ferran Feixas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shannon Bogue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - William Sinko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - César de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - James Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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26
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Dodbele S, Martinez CD, Troutman JM. Species differences in alternative substrate utilization by the antibacterial target undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5042-50. [PMID: 25020247 PMCID: PMC4341984 DOI: 10.1021/bi500545g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase
(UPPS) is a critical enzyme
required for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides essential for bacterial
survival. In this report, we have tested the substrate selectivity
of UPPS derived from the mammalian symbiont Bacteroides fragilis, the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, and the
typically benign but opportunistic pathogen Escherichia coli. An anthranilamide-containing substrate, 2-amideanilinogeranyl diphosphate
(2AA-GPP), was an effective substrate for only the B. fragilis UPPS protein, yet replacing the amide with a nitrile [2-nitrileanilinogeranyl
diphosphate (2CNA-GPP)] led to a compound that was fully functional
for UPPS from all three target organisms. These fluorescent substrate
analogues were also found to undergo increases in fluorescence upon
isoprenoid chain elongation, and this increase in fluorescence can
be utilized to monitor the activity and inhibition of UPPS in 96-well
plate assays. The fluorescence of 2CNA-GPP increased by a factor of
2.5-fold upon chain elongation, while that of 2AA-GPP increased only
1.2-fold. The 2CNA-GPP compound was therefore more versatile for screening
the activity of UPPS from multiple species of bacteria and underwent
a larger increase in fluorescence that improved its ability to detect
increases in chain length. Overall, this work describes the development
of new assay methods for UPPS and demonstrates the difference in substrate
utilization between forms of UPPS from different species, which has
major implications for UPPS inhibitor development, assay construction,
and the development of polysaccharide biosynthesis probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dodbele
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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27
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Manat G, Roure S, Auger R, Bouhss A, Barreteau H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Touzé T. Deciphering the metabolism of undecaprenyl-phosphate: the bacterial cell-wall unit carrier at the membrane frontier. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:199-214. [PMID: 24799078 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the biogenesis of bacterial cell-wall polysaccharides, such as peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic synthesized precursors should be trafficked across the plasma membrane. This essential process requires a dedicated lipid, undecaprenyl-phosphate that is used as a glycan lipid carrier. The sugar is linked to the lipid carrier at the inner face of the membrane and is translocated toward the periplasm, where the glycan moiety is transferred to the growing polymer. Undecaprenyl-phosphate originates from the dephosphorylation of its precursor undecaprenyl-diphosphate, with itself generated by de novo synthesis or by recycling after the final glycan transfer. Undecaprenyl-diphosphate is de novo synthesized by the cytosolic cis-prenyltransferase undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, which has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail highlighting the condensation process. In contrast, the next step toward the formation of the lipid carrier, the dephosphorylation step, which has been overlooked for many years, has only started revealing surprising features. In contrast to the previous step, two unrelated families of integral membrane proteins exhibit undecaprenyl-diphosphate phosphatase activity: BacA and members of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 super-family, raising the question of the significance of this multiplicity. Moreover, these enzymes establish an unexpected link between the synthesis of bacterial cell-wall polymers and other biological processes. In the present review, the current knowledge in the field of the bacterial lipid carrier, its mechanism of action, biogenesis, recycling, regulation, and future perspective works are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Manat
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris Sud , Orsay Cedex, France
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Ozaki T, Zhao P, Shinada T, Nishiyama M, Kuzuyama T. Cyclolavandulyl Skeleton Biosynthesis via Both Condensation and Cyclization Catalyzed by an Unprecedented Member of the cis-Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4837-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500270m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ozaki
- Biotechnology
Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biotechnology
Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Department
of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology
Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology
Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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29
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Unwrapping bacteria. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004054. [PMID: 24391518 PMCID: PMC3879164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Bickford JS, Nick HS. Conservation of the PTEN catalytic motif in the bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2444-2455. [PMID: 24068241 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid lipid carriers are essential in protein glycosylation and bacterial cell envelope biosynthesis. The enzymes involved in their metabolism (synthases, kinases and phosphatases) are therefore critical to cell viability. In this review, we focus on two broad groups of isoprenoid pyrophosphate phosphatases. One group, containing phosphatidic acid phosphatase motifs, includes the eukaryotic dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatases and proposed recycling bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatases, PgpB, YbjB and YeiU/LpxT. The second group comprises the bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP, responsible for initial formation of undecaprenyl phosphate, which we predict contains a tyrosine phosphate phosphatase motif resembling that of the tumour suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Based on protein sequence alignments across species and 2D structure predictions, we propose catalytic and lipid recognition motifs unique to BacA/UppP enzymes. The verification of our proposed active-site residues would provide new strategies for the development of substrate-specific inhibitors which mimic both the lipid and pyrophosphate moieties, leading to the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bickford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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31
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Mostafavi AZ, Lujan DK, Erickson KM, Martinez CD, Troutman JM. Fluorescent probes for investigation of isoprenoid configuration and size discrimination by bactoprenol-utilizing enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5428-35. [PMID: 23816045 PMCID: PMC3758898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (UPPS) is an enzyme critical to the production of complex polysaccharides in bacteria, as it produces the crucial bactoprenol scaffold on which these materials are assembled. Methods to characterize the systems associated with polysaccharide production are non-trivial, in part due to the lack of chemical tools to investigate their assembly. In this report, we develop a new fluorescent tool using UPPS to incorporate a powerful fluorescent anthranilamide moiety into bactoprenol. The activity of this analogue in polysaccharide biosynthesis is then tested with the initiating hexose-1-phosphate transferases involved in Capsular Polysaccharide A biosynthesis in the symbiont Bacteroides fragilis and the asparagine-linked glycosylation system of the pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni. In addition, it is shown that the UPPS used to make this probe is not specific for E-configured isoprenoid substrates and that elongation by UPPS is required for activity with the downstream enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Z. Mostafavi
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Chemistry, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
| | - Donovan K. Lujan
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Chemistry, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
| | - Katelyn M. Erickson
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Chemistry, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
| | - Christina D. Martinez
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Chemistry, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Chemistry, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001
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32
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Reducing the Level of Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Has Complex Effects on Susceptibility to Cell Wall Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4267-4275. [PMID: 23796923 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00794-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) catalyzes the formation of the C55 lipid carrier (UPP) that is essential for bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. We selected here a vancomycin (VAN)-resistant derivative of Bacillus subtilis W168 that contains a single-point mutation in the ribosome-binding site of the uppS gene designated uppS1 Genetic reconstruction experiments demonstrate that the uppS1 allele is sufficient to confer low-level VAN resistance and causes reduced UppS translation. The decreased level of UppS renders B. subtilis slightly more susceptible to many late-acting cell wall antibiotics, including β-lactams, but significantly more resistant to fosfomycin and d-cycloserine, antibiotics that interfere with the very early steps of cell wall synthesis. We further show that the uppS1 allele leads to slightly elevated expression of the σM regulon, possibly helping to compensate for the stress caused by a decrease in UPP levels. Notably, the uppS1 mutation increases resistance to VAN, fosfomycin, and d-cycloserine in wild-type cells, but this effect is greatly reduced or eliminated in a sigM mutant background. Our findings suggest that, although UppS is an attractive antibacterial target, incomplete inhibition of UppS function may lead to increased resistance to some cell wall-active antibiotics.
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33
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Abstract
With the rise in resistance to antibiotics such as methicillin, there is a need for new drugs. We report here the discovery and X-ray crystallographic structures of 10 chemically diverse compounds (benzoic, diketo, and phosphonic acids, as well as a bisamidine and a bisamine) that inhibit bacterial undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, an essential enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The inhibitors bind to one or more of the four undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor binding sites identified previously, with the most active leads binding to site 4, outside the catalytic center. The most potent leads are active against Staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)(90) ∼0.25 µg/mL], and one potently synergizes with methicillin (fractional inhibitory concentration index = 0.25) and is protective in a mouse infection model. These results provide numerous leads for antibacterial development and open up the possibility of restoring sensitivity to drugs such as methicillin, using combination therapies.
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Hesek D, Lee M, Zajíček J, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Synthesis and NMR characterization of (Z,Z,Z,Z,E,E,ω)-heptaprenol. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13881-8. [PMID: 22861066 DOI: 10.1021/ja306184m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a practical, multigram synthesis of (2Z,6Z,10Z,14Z,18E,22E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27-heptamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22,26-octacosaheptaen-1-ol [(Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol, 4] using the nerol-derived sulfone 8 as the key intermediate. Sulfone 8 is prepared by the literature route and is converted in five additional steps (18% yield from 8) to (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4. The use of Eu(hfc)(3) as an NMR shift reagent not only enabled confirmation of the structure and stereochemistry of 4, but further enabled the structural assignment to a major side product from a failed synthetic connection. The availability by this synthesis of (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4 in gram quantities will enable preparative access to key reagents for the study of the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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35
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Eberhardt A, Hoyland CN, Vollmer D, Bisle S, Cleverley RM, Johnsborg O, Håvarstein LS, Lewis RJ, Vollmer W. Attachment of capsular polysaccharide to the cell wall in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:240-55. [PMID: 22432711 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae protects itself from components of the human immune defense system by a thick polysaccharide capsule, which in most serotypes is covalently attached to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Members of the LytR-Cps2A-Psr (LCP) protein family have recently been implicated in the attachment of anionic polymers to peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria, based on genetic evidence from Bacillus subtilis mutant strains and on the crystal structure of S. pneumoniae Cps2A containing a tightly bound polyprenol (pyro)phosphate lipid. Here, we provide evidence that Cps2A and its two pneumococcal homologs, LytR and Psr, contribute to the maintenance of normal capsule levels and to the retention of the capsular polysaccharide at the cell wall in the capsular type 2 S. pneumoniae strain D39. GFP fusions of all three LCP proteins showed enhanced localization at mid-cell, indicating a role in cell wall growth. Single cps2A or psr mutants produced a reduced amount of capsule. A cps2A lytR double mutant showed greatly impaired growth and cell morphology and lost approximately half of the total capsule material into the culture supernatant. We also present the crystal structure of the B. subtilis LCP protein YwtF and provide crystallographic evidence for the phosphotransferase activity of Cps2A, supporting an enzymatic function in the attachment of capsular polysaccharides to cell wall peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Eberhardt
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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