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Kumar R, Wang T, Veedu RN, Kumar S. Novel 3'-[4-fluoroaryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine analogues: Design, synthesis, characterization and their potential as anticancer agents. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:343-360. [PMID: 35094645 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2029883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel 3'-[4-fluoroaryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine analogues (7a-l) were developed by the Cu alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The obtained lead compounds were confirmed by using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2 D NMR, HRMS and their anticancer activities were screened against Huh-7 liver cancer cells and U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Among the synthesized fluorinated 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleosides, three compounds (7i, 7a-b) demonstrated promising anti-proliferative against Huh-7 and U87MG cell lines. Significantly, compound 7i has displayed remarkable promising anticancer activity with IC50 value in the micromole range (22.41-24.92 µM) and (18.12-21.36 µM) against Huh-7 cancer cells and U87MG glioblastoma cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana, India
| | - Tao Wang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
| | - Surender Kumar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Integrated & Honors Studies (IIHS), Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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2
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Debreczeni N, Bege M, Borbás A. Synthesis of Potential Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors by Thio‐Click Reactions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Debreczeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98 Hungary
| | - Miklós Bege
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98 Hungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Debrecen 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
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3
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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4
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Brzuska G, Pastuch-Gawolek G, Krawczyk M, Szewczyk B, Krol E. Anti-Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Activity of Novel Uridine Glycoconjugates Containing Amide or/and 1,2,3-Triazole Moiety in the Linker Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120460. [PMID: 33322151 PMCID: PMC7764612 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) transmitted by ticks is a pathogen of great medical importance. As still no effective antiviral treatment is available, in the present study, a series of uridine glycoconjugates containing amide or/and 1,2,3-triazole moiety in the linker structure was synthesized and evaluated for the antiviral activity against two strains of TBEV: a highly virulent Hypr strain and less virulent Neudoerfl strain, using standardized previously in vitro assays. Our data have shown that four compounds from the series (18–21) possess strong activity against both TBEV strains. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compounds 18–21 were between 15.1 and 3.7 μM depending on the virus strain, which along with low cytotoxicity resulted in high values of the selectivity index (SI). The obtained results suggest that these compounds may be promising candidates for further development of new therapies against flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawolek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (M.K.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (G.B.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-63-83
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5
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Sarkar B, Jayaraman N. Glycoconjugations of Biomolecules by Chemical Methods. Front Chem 2020; 8:570185. [PMID: 33330359 PMCID: PMC7672192 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.570185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugations under benign aqueous conditions have the most promise to covalently link carbohydrates onto chosen molecular and macromolecular scaffolds. Chemical methodologies relying on C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations are the methods of choice, coupled with the reaction conditions being under aqueous milieu. A number of methods, including metal-mediated, as well as metal-free azide-alkyne cyclo-addition, photocatalyzed thiol-ene reaction, amidation, reductive amination, disulfide bond formation, conjugate addition, nucleophilic addition to vinyl sulfones and vinyl sulfoxides, native chemical ligation, Staudinger ligation, olefin metathesis, and Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions have been developed, in efforts to conduct glycoconjugation of chosen molecular and biomolecular structures. Within these, many methods require pre-functionalization of the scaffolds, whereas methods that do not require such pre-functionalization continue to be few and far between. The compilation covers synthetic methodology development for carbohydrate conjugation onto biomolecular and biomacromolecular scaffolds. The importance of such glycoconjugations on the functional properties is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Krawczyk M, Pastuch-Gawołek G, Pluta A, Erfurt K, Domiński A, Kurcok P. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Glycoconjugates: Modifications in the Linker Structure and Their Effect on the Cytotoxicity of the Obtained Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:E4181. [PMID: 31752188 PMCID: PMC6891455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule nitrogen heterocycles are very important structures, widely used in the design of potential pharmaceuticals. Particularly, derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) are successfully used to design promising anti-cancer agents. Conjugating 8-HQ derivatives with sugar derivatives, molecules with better bioavailability, selectivity, and solubility are obtained. In this study, 8-HQ derivatives were functionalized at the 8-OH position and connected with sugar derivatives (D-glucose or D-galactose) substituted with different groups at the anomeric position, using copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Glycoconjugates were tested for inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cell lines (HCT 116 and MCF-7) and inhibition of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity, which overexpression is associated with cancer progression. All glycoconjugates in protected form have a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells in the tested concentration range. The presence of additional amide groups in the linker structure improves the activity of glycoconjugates, probably due to the ability to chelate metal ions present in many types of cancers. The study of metal complexing properties confirmed that the obtained glycoconjugates are capable of chelating copper ions, which increases their anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (A.P.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (A.P.)
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (G.P.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Adrian Domiński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kurcok
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.D.); (P.K.)
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Michalska L, Wawrzyniak D, Szymańska-Michalak A, Barciszewski J, Boryski J, Baraniak D. Synthesis and biological assay of new 2'-deoxyuridine dimers containing a 1,2,3-triazole linker. Part I. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 38:218-235. [PMID: 30588866 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1514122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple method for the synthesis of modified dinucleosides containing pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (2'-deoxyuridine, thymidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine). Six different dimers with a 1,2,3-triazole linkage were obtained by azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click reaction), starting from propargylated 2'-deoxyuridine and 5'-azido-nucleoside derivatives. Their cytotoxic activity was tested in five human cancer cell lines: cervical (HeLa), high grade gliomas (U-118 MG, U-87 MG, T98G), liver (HepG2), and normal human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The experiment showed that the obtained dimers with a 1,2,3-triazole moiety were very stable compounds, also in the physiological-like media, and had no anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Michalska
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dariusz Wawrzyniak
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | | | - Jan Barciszewski
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dagmara Baraniak
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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8
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Komor R, Pastuch-Gawolek G, Krol E, Szeja W. Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Biological Activity of Glycoconjugates Analogues of Acyclic Uridine Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082017. [PMID: 30104510 PMCID: PMC6222857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we present the methodology for obtaining glycosyltransferase inhibitors, analogues of natural enzyme substrates of donor-type: UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. The synthesis concerned glycoconjugates, nucleoside analogues containing an acyclic ribose mimetic linked to a uracil moiety in their structure. The biological activity of the synthesised compounds was determined on the basis of their ability to inhibit the model enzyme action of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase from bovine milk. The obtained results allowed to expand and supplement the existing library of synthetic compounds that are able to regulate the biological activity of enzymes from the GT class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Komor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawolek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wieslaw Szeja
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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9
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Krol E, Pastuch-Gawolek G, Chaubey B, Brzuska G, Erfurt K, Szewczyk B. Novel Uridine Glycoconjugates, Derivatives of 4-Aminophenyl 1-Thioglycosides, as Potential Antiviral Compounds. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061435. [PMID: 29899276 PMCID: PMC6100568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of uridine glycoconjugates, derivatives of 4-aminophenyl 1-thioglycosides, was designed and synthesized. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV), two important human and animal viral pathogens for which new or improved therapeutic options are needed. The antiviral activity of all synthesized compounds was confirmed using pseudo-plaque reduction assays in which a significant arrest of CSFV and HCV growth was observed in the presence of these compounds. Two of the synthesized compounds, 9 and 12, displayed a significant inhibitory effect on HCV and CSFV propagation with IC50 values of 4.9 and 13.5 µM for HCV and 4.2 and 4 µM for CSFV, respectively, with low cytotoxicity. Using various infection and replication models, we have shown that both compounds were able to significantly reduce viral genome replication by up to 90% with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. A structure activity analysis of the synthesized compounds showed that the high antiviral activity was attributed to the hydrophobicity of glycoconjugates and the introduction of elements capable to coordinate metal ions into the spacer connecting the sugar and uridine moiety, which can be useful in the development of new antiviral compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawolek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
- Functional Genomics Lab., Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, 700019 Kolkata, India.
| | - Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
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Malkowski SN, Dishuck CF, Lamanilao GG, Embry CP, Grubb CS, Cafiero M, Peterson LW. Design, Modeling and Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Nucleoside-Amino Acid Conjugates as Potential Antibacterial Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101682. [PMID: 28994722 PMCID: PMC6151744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC or click chemistry) are convenient methods to easily couple various pharmacophores or bioactive molecules. A new series of 1,2,3-triazole-linked nucleoside-amino acid conjugates have been designed and synthesized in 57–76% yields using CuAAC. The azido group was introduced on the 5′-position of uridine or the acyclic analogue using the tosyl-azide exchange method and alkylated serine or proparylglycine was the alkyne. Modeling studies of the conjugates in the active site of LpxC indicate they have promise as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Malkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Carolyn F Dishuck
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Gene G Lamanilao
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Carter P Embry
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Christopher S Grubb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Mauricio Cafiero
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Larryn W Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
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