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Rojas-Jiménez S, Valladares-Cisneros MG, Salinas-Sánchez DO, Pérez-Ramos J, Sánchez-Pérez L, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Campos-Xolalpa N. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Compounds Isolated from Plants of Euphorbia Genus. Molecules 2024; 29:1083. [PMID: 38474596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia is a large genus of the Euphorbiaceae family. Around 250 species of the Euphorbia genus have been studied chemically and pharmacologically; different compounds have been isolated from these species, especially diterpenes and triterpenes. Several reports show that several species have anti-inflammatory activity, which can be attributed to the presence of diterpenes, such as abietanes, ingenanes, and lathyranes. In addition, it was found that some diterpenes isolated from different Euphorbia species have anti-cancer activity. In this review, we included compounds isolated from species of the Euphorbia genus with anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic effects published from 2018 to September 2023. The databases used for this review were Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer, and Google Scholar, using the keywords Euphorbia with anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic activity. In this review, 68 studies were collected and analyzed regarding the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of 264 compounds obtained from 36 species of the Euphorbia genus. The compounds included in this review are terpenes (95%), of which 68% are diterpenes, especially of the types ingenanes, abietanes, and triterpenes (approximately 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Rojas-Jiménez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Valladares-Cisneros
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Julia Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Leonor Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
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Li X, Chen J, Luo K, Guo Y, Deng Y, Li X, Chen W, Huang Z, Liu J, Wu Z, Tao C. Asymmetric total synthesis and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma profile of enantiopure euphopilolide and jolkinolide E. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106688. [PMID: 37423053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A flexible asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of euphopilolide (1) and jolkinolide E (2) [(+)-and (-)-1, (+)-and (-)-2] has been accomplished. This synthesis features an intramolecular oxa-Pauson-Khand reaction (o-PKR) to expeditiously construct the challenging tetracyclic [6.6.6.5] abietane-type diterpene framework, elegantly showcasing the complexity-generating features of o-PKR synthetic methodology leveraging on a judiciously chosen suitable chiral pool scaffold. Furthermore, the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity of synthetic (-)-euphopilolide (1), (-)-jolkinolide E (2) and their analogues was evaluated. We found that (-)-euphopilolide (1) and (-)-jolkinolide E (2) inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells. These findings lay a good foundation for further pharmacology studies of abietane lactone derivatives and provide valuable insight for the development of anti-HCC small molecule drug of natural product origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen 518036, PR China
| | - Kaixuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Yishan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Yongxing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Xianli Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Cheng Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Bailly C. Yuexiandajisu diterpenoids from Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata (Langdu roots): An overview. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 213:113784. [PMID: 37419377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The roots of the plant Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata (Yue Xian Da Ji) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat multiple diseases such as chronic liver diseases, oedema, pulmonary diseases and cancer. It is the main ingredient of the TCM called Langdu which can be prepared also from roots of E. fischeriana Steud. and occasionally from Stellera chamaejasme species. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from E. ebracteolata including a large diversity of diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. One little series of compounds has been named yuexiandajisu (A, B, C, D, D1, E, F) which comprises two casbane-, one isopimarane-, two abietane-, and two rosane-type diterpenes including a dimeric molecule. The origin, structural diversity and properties of these little-known natural products is discussed here. Several of these compounds have been identified in the roots of other Euphorbia species, notably the potent phytotoxic agent yuexiandajisu C. The abietane diterpenes yuexiandajisu D-E exhibit marked anticancer properties but their mechanism of action remains unresolved. The dimeric compound, renamed yuexiandajisu D1, also exhibit anti-proliferative properties against cancer cell lines, unlike the rosane diterpene yuexiandajisu F. The structural or functional analogy with other diterpenoids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Lille, Wasquehal, 59290, France; University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000, Lille, France; University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000, Lille, France.
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Ding K, Zhang YY, Yang T, Lian WW, Xia CY, Wang WP, Zhang WK, He J, Xu JK. New Rosane Diterpenoids and Their Analogs from Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300013. [PMID: 36752551 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata resulted in the isolation of three new rosane diterpenoids, euphebracteolatins C-E (1-3), along with fourteen known analogs (4-17). Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Euphebracteolatin C (1) contains a C-1/C-10 double bond and a keto group at C-7, and euphebracteolatins D and E (2-3) possess an aromatic ring-A in their skeleton. The plausible biogenetic pathways of all the isolates were also proposed. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 9 showed selective cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 14.29 and 12.33 μM, respectively, and 2-3 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against three human cancer lines, with IC50 values ranging from 23.69 to 39.25 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Yao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Zhang YY, Yan Y, Zhang J, Xia CY, Lian WW, Wang WP, He J, Zhang WK, Xu JK. Jolkinolide B: A comprehensive review of its physicochemical properties, analytical methods, synthesis and pharmacological activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113448. [PMID: 36154827 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Jolkinolide B is a typical ent-abietane-type diterpenoid, which is first found in Euphorbia jolkini. It is one of the most important active components in many toxic Euphorbia plants. In recent years, jolkinolide B has garnered increasing attention due to its high potent and multiple pharmacological activities. In order to better understand the research status of jolkinolide B, relevant information about jolkinolide B was collected from scientific databases (SciFinder Scholar, PubMed, ACS website, Elsevier, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and CNKI). There are few studies on chemical synthesis and biosynthesis of jolkinolide B. In addition, researchers on the activities of jolkinolide B are mostly concentrated at the cellular level, and there is a lack of research on the mechanism. In this review, the possible applications of jolkinolide B were systematically illustrated for the first time, from plant sources, physicochemical properties, analytical methods, synthesis and pharmacological activities. Jolkinolide B exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporosis, and anti-tuberculosis activities. Pharmacological activities of jolkinolide B were mainly focused on anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, and the mechanism of action may be related with inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway, NF-κB pathway and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In addition, the extraction methods and analytical methods discussed in this review, will facilitate the development of novel herbal products for better healthcare solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhu M, Liang J, Zhang N, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Diterpenoids from the whole plant of Euphorbia wallichii and their protective effects on H2O2-induced BV-2 microglial cells injury. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhan ZJ, Li S, Chu W, Yin S. Euphorbia diterpenoids: isolation, structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and synthesis (2013-2021). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2132-2174. [PMID: 36111621 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2021As the characteristic metabolites of Euphorbia plants, Euphorbia diterpenoids have always been a hot topic in related science communities due to their intriguing structures and broad bioactivities. In this review, we intent to provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of Euphorbia diterpenoids reported from 2013 to the end of 2021, including 997 new Euphorbia diterpenoids and 78 known ones with latest progress. Multiple aspects will be summarized, including their occurrences, chemical structures, bioactivities, and syntheses, in which the structure-activity relationship and biosynthesis of this class will be discussed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wang Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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8
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Yu ZL, Zhou MR, Wang WY, Chang YB, Sun CP, Lv X, Wang C, Zhao WY, Ma XC. Cytotoxic diterpenoid dimer containing an intricately caged core from Euphorbia fischeriana. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fang L, Zhang J, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Huang S, Deng S, Zhang H, Yu Z, Gao B, Wang C, Ma X. A strategy for rapid discovery and validation of active diterpenoids as quality markers in different habitats of Langdu using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2118-2127. [PMID: 35384334 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langdu known as a Traditional Chinese Medicine was identified as the roots of species of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, displaying anti-tuberculosis activity. In order to clarify the potent quality markers of Langdu, this research firstly developed a fast and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of thirteen diterpenoids existed in Langdu. The developed method was further applied in the analyses of 12 authentic E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana samples collected in the North and Southeast of China. Then, the anti-tuberculosis evaluation of 12 batches of Langdu samples was performed in vitro. Finally, Partial least squares discrimination analysis was used in the discrimination of E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana from different origins and processing methods. Jolkinolide A (1), jolkinolide E (3), yuexiandajisu D (6), Ebractenone A (11) were identified as the key, potent diterpenoids for quality control of E. ebracteolata Hayata and E. fischeriana Steud. The present study established a qualitative chemical analysis method for Langdu (E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana), and suggested the key bioactive components which will improve qualitative control methodology for this important medicine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Affliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, P. R. China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Sa Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Houli Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Bihu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Affliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian, 116044, P. R. China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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Xu Y, Tang P, Zhu M, Wang Y, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Diterpenoids from the genus Euphorbia: Structure and biological activity (2013-2019). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112846. [PMID: 34229224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbiaceae is one of the largest families of higher plants, including 7500 species, and many of them are used as medicines in China. From 2013 to 2019, a total of 455 previously undescribed diterpenoids were isolated from 53 species of Euphorbia, and some skeleton types were first discovered from the genus Euphorbia. Most of the diterpenoids isolated from Euphorbia spp. have been tested for their biological activity, and some of them were first reported for Euphorbia diterpenoids in recent years, such as neuroprotection, antimalarial activity and inhibition of osteoclast formation. In this review, we summarize all the isolated diterpenoids from the genus Euphorbia according to their skeleton types, classify all these diterpenoids into 26 normal classes and 37 novel skeleton types, and summarize their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Tang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Li H, Yang P, Zhang EH, Kong LM, Meng CY. Antimicrobial ent-abietane-type diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia wallichii. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2021; 23:652-659. [PMID: 32406751 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1758931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three previously undescribed ent-abietane-type diterpenoids, designated as 11β-hydroxy-14-oxo-17-al-ent-abieta-8(9),13(15)-dien-16,12β-olide (1), 11β,17-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-ent-abieta-8(14),13(15)-dien-16,12ɑ-olide (2), and 14ɑ-hydroxy-17-al-ent-abieta-7(8),11(12),13(15)-trien-16,12-olide (3), were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Euphorbia wallichii. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (NMR, IR, UV, and MS). The isolated diterpenoids were tested in vitro for antimicrobial potentials against 6 pathogenic microorganisms. As a result, compounds 1-3 exhibited some antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration values less than 60 μg/ml.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Maolin, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Shengli, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian 116011, China
| | - En-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Maolin, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Ling-Man Kong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Division of Shengli, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Maolin, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian 116041, China
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12
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Xiao Y, Wang N, Wan LX, Zhou XL, Li X, Gao F. Iron-Catalyzed Skeletal Conversion of Lathyrane to Premyrsinane Euphorbia Diterpenes and Their Cytotoxic Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1838-1842. [PMID: 34018743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new premyrsinane-type diterpenes (2 and 3) as diastereomers were synthesized from lathyrane-type diterpene euphorbia factor L3 (1) for the first time via an efficient Fe(acac)3-catalyzed skeleton conversion process. This conversion features a biogenetically inspired strategy that relies on a concise reductive olefin coupling involving intramolecular Michael addition with free radicals. The structures of 2 and 3 were elucidated by a combination of the interpretation of their spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The premyrsinane diterpenes 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxic activity against the 4T1 breast cancer cell line, while the parent compound euphorbia factor L3 (1) was inactive. The current results not only confirmed the biogenetic relationship between lathyranes and premyrsinanes for the first time but also suggested a novel method for the preparation of naturally rare premyrsinane diterpenes with high bioactivity from the more abundant natural lathyrane diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Xi Wan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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Wiemann J, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. Cytotoxic Dehydroabietylamine Derived Compounds. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1756-1767. [PMID: 32183684 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200317110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Chemotherapy remains one of the most important methods for the treatment of cancer. More recently in this context, some products derived from natural products have raised scientific interest which especially include many terpenes. Thereby, diterpenoids represent a special class, and within this class of important secondary natural products, especially compounds derived from Dehydroabietylamine (DA), are of particular interest. RESULTS This review not only gives a summary of the most important findings on the cytotoxic behavior of DAderived compounds but also shows some drawbacks of these compounds, such low bioavailability and/or poor solubility of several derivatives of DA. It focusses on the chemical aspects and summarizes the DA related biological effects without deep discussion of underlying biochemical pathways. CONCLUSION Dehydroabietylamine-derived cytotoxic compounds hold a high potential to be developed into efficient antitumor active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wiemann
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- University of Nizwa, Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Yang T, He J, Yan Y, Lian WW, Xia CY, Xu JK, Zhang WK. Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata (Euphorbiaceae): A systematic review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112736. [PMID: 33799193 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata, as a traditional medicine, is widely distributed in China, Korea and Japan. In China, the dried root of this plant is named 'langdu'. It is traditionally used to treat oedema, skin ulcers, abdominal distension, cough, asthma, tuberculosis swelling and other diseases. Previous studies have found that the chemical constituents of E. ebracteolata are mainly concentrated in terpenoids, acetophenones, and flavonoids. Both extracts and pure compounds from E. ebracteolata were found to possess many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects. In addition, it was reported that E. ebracteolata shows toxicity. To provide inspiration for further in-depth studies on this plant, this review will provide a timely and systematic summary of E. ebracteolata in traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology toxicology, and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China; School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Liu D, Xue F, Yu H, Wu H, Cui X, Zhang X, Wang H. Anti-Malignant Ascites Effect of Total Diterpenoids from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix Is Attributable to Alterations of Aquaporins via Inhibiting PKC Activity in the Kidney. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040942. [PMID: 33578967 PMCID: PMC7916655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the anti-ascites effect of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbiae ebracteolatae Radix (TDEE) on malignant ascitic mice and elucidated its underlying mechanism. TDEE was extracted by dichloromethane and subjected to column chromatography. The purity of six diterpenoids isolated from TDEE was determined to be 77.18% by HPLC. TDEE (3 and 0.6 g raw herbs/kg, p.o.) reduced ascites and increased urine output. Meanwhile, analysis of tumor cell viability, cycle and apoptosis indicated that TDEE had no antitumor activity. In addition, the expression levels of aquaporins (AQPs) and the membrane translocation levels of protein kinase C (PKC) α and PKCβ in kidney and cells were measured. TDEE reduced the levels of AQP1–4, and inhibited PKCβ expression in membrane fraction. Four main diterpenoids, except compound 2, reduced AQP1 level in human kidney-2 cells. Compounds 4 and 5 inhibited AQP2–4 expression in murine inner medullary collecting duct cells. The diterpenoid-induced inhibition of AQP1–4 expression was blocked by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; agonist of PKC). The diterpenoids from TDEE are the main anti-ascites components. The anti-ascites effect of diterpenoids may be associated with alterations in AQPs in the kidneys to promote diuresis. The inhibition of AQP1–4 expression by TDEE is related to the inhibition of PKCβ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Dongfang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Fan Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongli Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: or (H.Y.); or (H.W.); Tel.: +86-025-8679-8281 (H.Y.); +86-025-8581-1206 (H.W.)
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: or (H.Y.); or (H.W.); Tel.: +86-025-8679-8281 (H.Y.); +86-025-8581-1206 (H.W.)
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xingde Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hepeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (F.X.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (H.W.)
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Li DW, Zhang M, Feng L, Huang SS, Zhang BJ, Liu SS, Deng S, Wang C, Ma XC, Leng AJ. Alkaloids from the nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa and their bioactivities. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Yu Y, Liu Y, Shi R, Zhang D, Li C, Shi J. New thymol and isothymol derivatives from Eupatorium fortunei and their cytotoxic effects. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103644. [PMID: 32033791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new thymol derivatives (1-4), one new isothymol derivative (5), together with one known analogue (6) were isolated from the overground parts of Eupatorium fortunei. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including UV, IR, HR-ESIMS, 1D-, and 2D-NMR data. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against four human cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed cytotoxicities with IC50 values 6.24-11.96 μM against MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and Hep G-2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Ranran Shi
- Animal Products Quality and Safe Monitoring Center of Jinan, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chuangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China.
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Li L, Li D, Wang C, Feng L, Yu Z, Ning J, Zhang B, Zhang H, Wang C, Ma X. Aromatic rosane diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata and their inhibitory effects against lipase. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xu H, Qiu Y, Chen J, Shi Y, Zhang X, Song Q, Huang M, Wu Z, Ni L. Chemical Constituents and Their Activities From the Seeds of Ormosia hosiei. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19859977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cytisine-like alkaloid, hosimonoal (1), with a fused monoterpene group, and 6 known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the seeds of Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils. The structure of the new compound was confirmed by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism, and the others by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and comparison with the literature data. In addition, compounds 1, 2, 3, and 6 showed moderate cytotoxic effects against A2780, A-549, HepG2, and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 36.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyou Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yatie Qiu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Song
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zujian Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ni
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Ni L, Li L, Zang Y, Li CJ, Ma J, Zhang T, Zhang DM. The isolation, absolute configuration and activities of 18(4 → 3)-abeo-abietane lactones from Tripterygium wilfordii. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Wang C, Yan Q, Wang Y, Huang S, Ning J, Feng L, Sun C, Zhang B, Li D, Ma X. Ebracpenes A and B, Unusual Ring C-seco and Ring D-aromatic Nor-Triterpenoids, from Euphorbia ebracteolata and Lipase Inhibitory Evaluation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1624-1629. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, and National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People’s Republic of China
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