Tailoring the substitution pattern of Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione for discovery of new structural template for dual COX/LOX inhibition

Darwish H, Daglia M, A. Elhenawy A. In vitro 5-LOX inhibitory and antioxidant potential of isoxazole derivatives

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, leading to asthma. Developing potent 5-LOX inhibitors are highly attractive. In this research the previously synthesized isoxazole derivatives has been investigated against 5-LOX inhibitory and antioxidant in vitro assay. The compound 3 caused concentration dependent inhibition of 5-LOX with overall IC50 value of 8.47 μM. The investigated compounds C5 also exhibited good 5-LOX inhibitory effect. The IC50 demonstrated for C5 was 10.48. Among the 10 synthesized compounds, the potential 5-LOX inhibitory effect was reported for C6. The most potent compound which showed excellent free radical scavenging effect was C3 having IC50 value of 10.96 μM. The next most potent antioxidant activity was reported for C5 which non-significantly showed free radical scavenging effect. The IC50 value observed for C5 was 13.12 μM. Compound C6 also showed potent dose dependent antioxidant effect with IC50 value of 18.87 μM having percent inhibition of 91.63±0.55, 88.45±0.49, 83.53±0.45, 78.42±0.66 and 73.72±0.64 at concentration 1000-62.5 μg/mL respectively. Among the tested compounds, C6 was found most potent which showed significant 5-LOX percent inhibition assay and also reported the minimum IC50 value comparable to the reference drug. The in vitro 5-LOX enzymes inhibition assays of C5 and C3 also showed excellent percent inhibition and good potency next to C6. We concluded that amongst the investigated designed molecules the C3 was found best potent and showed significant dose dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH screening. The IC50 value reported for C3 was found good as compared to standard drug. Moreover, C5 and C6 also showed excellent free radical scavenging effect against DPPH assay. Computational methods have also been employed to explore the probable interaction model of inhibitors and enzyme active sites, and also to correlate the results of in silico and in vitro studies.

Structural analysis, anti-inflammatory activity of the main water-soluble acidic polysaccharides (AGBP-A3) from Panax quinquefolius L berry

Background

Panax quinquefolius L, widely recognized for its valuable contributions to medicine, has aroused considerable attention globally. Different from the extensive research has been dedicated to the root of P. quinquefolius, its berry has received relatively scant focus. Given its promising medicinal properties, this study was focused on the structural characterizations and anti-inflammatory potential of acidic polysaccharides from the P. quinquefolius berry.

Materials and methods

P. quinquefolius berry was extracted with hot water, precipitated by alcohol, separated by DEAE-52-cellulose column to give a series of fractions. One of these fractions was further purified via Sephadex G-200 column to give three fractions. Then, the main fraction named as AGBP-A3 was characterized by methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by RAW 264.7 cell model, zebrafish model and molecular docking.

Results

The main chain comprised of α-L-Rhap, α-D-GalAp and β-D-Galp, while the branch consisted mainly of α-L-Araf, β-D-Glcp, α-D-GalAp, β-D-Galp. The RAW264.7 cell assay results showed that the inhibition rates against IL-6 and IL-1β secretion at the concentration of 625 ng/mL were 24.83 %, 11.84 %, while the inhibition rate against IL-10 secretion was 70.17 % at the concentration of 312 ng/mL. In the zebrafish assay, the migrating neutrophils were significantly reduced in number, and their migration to inflammatory tissues was inhibited. Molecular docking predictions correlated well with the results of the anti-inflammatory assay.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated the structure of acidic polysaccharides of P. quinquefolius berry and their effect on inflammation, providing a reference for screening anti-inflammatory drugs.

Characterization of the structure, anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking of a neutral polysaccharide separated from American ginseng berries

AIM

American ginseng berries, grown in the aerial parts and harvested in August, are a potentially valuable material. The aim of the study was to analyze the specific polysaccharides in American ginseng berries, and to demonstrate the anti-inflammation effect through in vitro and in vivo experiments and molecular docking.

METHODS

After deproteinization and dialysis, the extracted crude polysaccharide was separated and purified. The structure of the specific isolated polysaccharide was investigated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models (Raw 264.7 cells and zebrafish). Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding capacity and interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

RESULTS

A novel neutral polysaccharide fraction (AGBP-A) was isolated from American ginseng berries. The structural analysis demonstrated that AGBP-A had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 122,988 Da with a dispersity index (Mw/Mn) value of 1.59 and was composed of arabinose and galactose with a core structure containing →6)-Gal-(1→ residues as the backbone and a branching substitution at the C3 position. The side-chains comprised of α-L-Ara-(1→, α-L-Ara-(1→, →5)-α-L-Ara-(1→, β-D-Gal-(1→. The results showed that it significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cell model. In a zebrafish model, AGBP-A reduced the massive recruitment of neutrophils to the caudal lateral line neuromast, suggesting the relief of inflammation. Molecular docking was used to analyze the combined capacity and interaction with COX-2.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicated the potential efficacy of AGBP-A as a safe and valid natural anti-inflammatory component.

Isolation, invitro, invivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant potential of Habenaria plantegania Lindl

Habenaira plantaginea belong to orchid family which is native to Asia. Members of this family are commonly famous for the cure of pain and inflammation. To date, no research was found on isolation of compounds from this plant for the treatment of inflammation and analgesia nor has been published to our knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the isolated compound from the most potent chloroform sub-fraction and the isolated compounds form the habenaria plantaginea. Anti-inflammatory analgesic and antioxidant potential of the various chloroform sub-fractions and isolated compounds from the most potent sub-fraction (HP-1 & HP-1) were screened for their in vitro enzymatic assays. Furthermore, prior to in-vivo investigation, the isolated compounds were subjected for their toxicity study. The potent compound was then examined for acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, carrageenan-induced inflammation assays. Further various phlogistic agents were used for the evaluation of mechanism. In the COX-2 inhibitory assay the chloroform sub fraction Cf-4 demonstrated excellent activity as compared to the other sub-fraction with 92.15% inhibition. The COX-2 enzyme make prostaglandins which are directly involved in inflammation. Likewise against 5-LOX the Cf-4 was the most potent sub-fraction with IC50 3.77 µg/mL. The 5-LOX catalyzes the biosynthesis of leukotrienes which is a group of lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. Free radicals can induce inflammation through cellular damage while chronic inflammation generates a large number of free radicals, whose eventually lead to inflammation. In antioxidant assays the Cf-4 fraction was displayed excellent results against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical with 88.88, 77.44, and 65.52% inhibition at highest concentration. Likewise, the compound HP-1 demonstrated 88.81, 89.34 and 80.43% inhibition while compound HP-2 displayed 84.34, 91.52 and 82.34% inhibition against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical which were comparable to the standard drug ascorbic acid respectively. This study's findings validate the use of this species as traditional use.

Evaluation of Habenaria aitchisonii Reichb. for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive effects with in vivo and in silico approaches

Habenaria aitchisonii Reichb was analyzed in this research, including its chemical composition and its in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were found to be the most powerful based on in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic assays. The acute oral toxicity of the crude methanolic extract was determined before in vivo studies. The acetic acid and formalin tests were used to measure the antinociceptive effect, and the potential mechanisms involved in antinociception were explored. The carrageenan-induced paw edema test was used to examine the immediate anti-inflammatory effect, and many phlogistic agents were used to determine the specific mechanism. Furthermore, for ex vivo activities, the mice were sacrificed, the forebrain was isolated, and the antioxidant levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) were estimated using a UV spectrophotometer. No toxicity was seen at oral dosages up to 3,000 mg/kg. The antinociceptive impact was much higher than the standard drug. Both the inflammatory and neurogenic phases of the formalin experiment revealed an analgesic effect in the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. In carrageenan anti-inflammatory assays, the chloroform fraction (Ha.Chf) was the most potent fraction. We further studied the GC-MS of crude plant extract and found a total of 18 compounds. In the anti-inflammatory mechanism, it was observed that the Ha.Chf inhibits the COX-2 as well as 5-LOX pathways. The results exhibited that this species is a good source of phytocomponents like germacrone, which can be employed as a sustainable and natural therapeutic agent, supporting its traditional use in folk medicine for inflammatory conditions and pain.

Phenolic phytochemistry, in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and mechanistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant evaluations of Habenaria digitata

Excessive and imbalance of free radicals within the body lead to inflammation. The objective of the current research work was to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the isolated compounds from Habenaria digitata. In this study, the isolated phenolic compounds were investigated for in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential along with the antioxidant enzyme. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the phenolic compounds was assayed via various enzymes like COX-1/2, 5-LOX and ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2 free radical enzyme inhibitory assay. These compounds were also explored for their in vivo antioxidant activity like examining SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA levels in the brain, heart, and liver. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model in mice. On the basis of initial screening of isolated compounds, the most potent compound was further evaluated for the anti-inflammatory mechanism. Furthermore, the molecular docking study was also performed for the potent compound. The phenolic compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS/NMR analysis by comparing its spectra to the library spectra. The isolated phenolic compounds from H. digitata were 5-methylpyrimidine-24,4-diol (1), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one (2), 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (3), 3-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4), and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol (5). In in vitro antioxidant assay, the most potent compound was compound 1 having IC50 values of 0.98, 0.90, and 5 μg/mL against ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2, respectively. Similarly, against COX1/2 and 5-LOX ,compound 1 was again the potent compound with IC50 values of 42.76, 10.70, and 7.40 μg/mL. Based on the in vitro results, compound 1 was further evaluated for in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Findings of the study suggest that H. digitata contains active compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds could be screened as drug candidates for pharmaceutical research, targeting conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in medicinal chemistry and support their ethnomedicinal use for inflammation and oxidative stress.

Modification of 4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine derivatives for the treatment of analgesia and inflammation: synthesis and in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

Inflammation is a protective response to a variety of infectious agents. To develop a new anti-inflammatory drug, we explored a pharmacologically important thiazole scaffold in this study. In a multi-step synthetic approach, we synthesized seven new thiazole derivatives (5a-5g). Initially, we examined the in vitro anti-inflammatory potentials of our compounds using COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzyme assays. After in vitro confirmation, the potential compounds were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. The hot plate method was used for analgesia, and carrageenan-induced inflammation was also assayed. Overall, all our compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of COX-2 compared to celecoxib (IC50 0.05 μM), exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 0.76-9.01 μM .Compounds 5b, 5d, and 5e were dominant and selective COX-2 inhibitors with the lowest IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) values of 42, 112, and 124, respectively. Similarly, in the COX-1 assay, our compounds were relatively less potent but still encouraging. Standard aspirin exhibited an IC50 value of 15.32 μM. In the 5-LOX results, once again, compounds 5d and 5e were dominant with IC50 values of 23.08 and 38.46 μM, respectively. Standard zileuton exhibited an IC50 value of 11.00 μM. Based on the COX/LOX and SI potencies, the compounds 5d and 5e were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. Compounds 5d and 5e at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight were significant in animal models. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of compounds 5d and 5e in various phlogistic agents. Similarly, both compounds 5d and 5e were also significantly potent in the anti-nociceptive assay. The molecular docking interactions of these two compounds with the target proteins of COX and LOX further strengthened their potential for use in COX/LOX pathway inhibitions.

Investigation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory potential and ADMET studies of pure compounds isolated from Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth

The strong ethnopharmacological utilization of Isodon rugosus Wall. Ex. Benth is evident in the treatment of several types of pain and inflammation, including toothache, earache, abdominal pain, gastric pain, and generalized body pain and inflammation. Based on this background, the antinociceptive effects of the crude extract, various fractions, and essential oil have been reported previously. In this research work, we isolate and characterize pure bioactive compounds from I. rugosus and evaluate possible mechanisms using various in vivo and in vitro models. The pure compounds were analyzed for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities through various assays. The column chromatography of the chloroform fraction of I. rugosus led to the identification of two pure compounds, i.e., 1 and 2. Compound 1 demonstrated notable inhibition (62% writhing inhibition, 72.77% COX-2 inhibition, and 76.97% 5-LOX inhibition) and anti-inflammatory potential (>50% paw edema inhibition at various intervals). The possible mechanism involved in antinociception was considered primarily, a concept that has already been elucidated through the application of naloxone (an antagonist of opioid receptors). The involvement of adrenergic receptors was investigated using a hot plate model (an adrenergic receptor antagonist). The strong ethnomedicinal analgesic background of I. rugosus, supported by previous reports and current observations, leads to the conclusion that I. rugosus is a potential source of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds. It may be concluded from the results that the isolated analgesic compounds of I. rugosus may be a possible alternative remedy for pain and inflammation management with admirable efficacy and safety profiles.

In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, muscle relaxant activities, and docking studies of 3',4',7,8-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone isolated from Pistacia chinensis

Background

Pistacia chinensis is extensively employed in traditional medicine. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the therapeutic effects of 3'4'78-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone from P. chinensis crude extract.

Materials and Methods

The study utilized column chromatography for isolation. The plant extract and its isolated compound were assessed for in vivo analgesic (hot plate model), anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema), sedative (open field model), and muscle relaxing properties (inclined plane and traction test).

Results

In the thermal-induced analgesic model, a significant analgesic effect was observed for the extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the isolated compound (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) at higher doses. The extract (100 mg/kg) significantly prolonged latency time (21.98 seconds) after 120 minutes of administration. The isolated compound elevated the latency time (20.03 seconds) after 30 minutes, remaining significant up to 120 minutes with a latency time of 24.11 seconds. The anti-inflammatory effect showed a reduction in inflammatory reactions by 50.23% (extract) and 67.09% (compound) after the fifth hour of treatment. Both samples demonstrated significant sedative effects, with the extract hindering movement by 54.11 lines crossed compared to the negative control (180.99 lines). The isolated compound reduced the number of lines crossed to 15.23±SEM compared to the negative control. Both samples were also significant muscle relaxants. Docking studies indicated that the compound's therapeutic effect is due to inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways.

Conclusion

The isolated compound from Pistacia chinensis exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and muscle relaxing properties, with potential therapeutic applications by inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and in silico studies of Ferruginan A isolated from Olea ferruginea Royle (Oleaceae)

Objective

Traditionally, Olea ferruginea Royle (Oleaceae) has been used as a painkiller and antidiabetic in various ailments. To provide a scientific background to this folklore the current study was designed to anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of one of the isolated compound from this plant.

Methods

Ferruginan A was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Olea ferruginea bark. This isolated molecule was subjected to in-vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects using HRBCs and glucose uptake tests. The compound was also tested for molecular docking and ADMET study.

Results

Regarding the anti-inflammatory effect, the tested compound demonstrated a 69.82 % inhibition at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, while the Ferruginan A (100 µl/mL) increased the uptake of glucose (3.79-71.86 %) in the yeast cell. Similarly, the zone of inhibition values of Ferruginan A (24.98 mm) against Escherichia coli were found to be comparable to standard (Imipenem: 31.09 mm). The mechanism of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects was explored by using docking simulations performed on four molecular targets related to diabetes and inflammation. The results showed that the isolated compound may act as an antidiabetic agent by inhibiting the 5' Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). While it also showed inhibition of anti-inflammatory targets COX-1, COX-2, and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The ADMET prediction study revealed that isolated compound possesses favorable ADMET profile.

Conclusion

It was concluded that Ferruginan A might be a significant anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic molecule.

Density functional theory, molecular docking, In vitro and In vivo anti-inflammatory investigation of lapachol isolated from Fernandoaadenophylla

Medicinal plants are the main source of active chemical constituents responsible for curing or mitigating various ailments. To discover new, safe, and effective drug candidates the isolation and screening of natural products are essential. In the current research work, lapachol was isolated from Fernandoa adenophylla, which was evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect followed by molecular docking. The isolated compound was tested for anti-inflammatory effects using in vitro (HRBC assay) and in vivo (xylene-induced ear edema) experimental models. Various concentrations of lapachol demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects with a percent potential of 77.96 at 100 μM. Different concentrations of Lapachol demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-edematous effect with a maximum percent effect of 77.9 % at a higher dose. The histopathological study revealed that the application of xylene led to a significant increase in ear thickness, along with clear signs of ear edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as epidermal hyperplasia of the dermis when compared to the control group. However, treatment with the investigated compound showed a significant reduction in ear thickness and pathological differences comparable to those observed in the group treated with diclofenac. Density functional theory calculations are accomplished to gain insight into structural and spectroscopic properties. Geometry optimization, FMO, and MEP analyses are performed. Overall, the molecular docking results indicate that lapachol has potential as a COX inhibitor by binding to the active sites of both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

Blocking the major inflammatory pathways by newly synthesized thiadiazine derivatives via in-vivo, in-vitro and in-silico mechanism

A series of new thiadiazine derivatives including 2-(5-alkyl/aryl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-yl) propanoic acids (a) and 4-methyl-2-(5-alkyl/aryl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-yl) pentanoic acids (b) were synthesized by reacting primary alkyl/aryl amines with CS2, followed by reaction with formaldehyde and amino acids. The chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 13C- NMR and 1H- NMR techniques. The inhibitory potential of major inflammatory enzymes, COX-2 and 5-LOX was examined. Moreover, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in the in vivo thermally induced nociceptive, and carrageenan induced paw edema models in mice. The in-vitro results reflect that these compounds exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX. The tested compounds at 50 mg/kg showed significant effect on thermally induced pain, and reduced latency time (seconds) as compared to the vehicle treated animals. Moreover, tested compounds exhibited percent inhibition of paw edema in the carrageenan induced paw edema model in mice. Furthermore, the binding modes of the most active COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors were determined through computational methods. The computational study reflects that the docked compounds have high binding affinities for COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, which leads to inhibition of these enzymes.

Molecular docking, DFT studies, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of peshawaraquinone isolated from Fernandoa adenophylla

In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring natural compounds with anti-inflammatory properties for potential therapeutic applications. This study focuses on investigating the anti-inflammatory potential of peshawaraquinone (PAQ), a compound isolated from Fernandoa adenophylla, which is known for its local use in pain relief. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of peshawaraquinone in both in vitro and in vivo models and gain insights into its mode of action. In the in vitro Human red blood cell (HRBC) assay, various concentrations of peshawaraquinone were tested for their ability to inhibit the hemolysis of red blood cells, a well-established indicator of anti-inflammatory activity. The results demonstrated a maximum percent inhibition of 79.69 at a concentration of 100 µM, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, the in vivo xylene-induced ear edema model was employed to assess the compound's efficacy in reducing inflammation. Xylene was topically applied to the ear to induce edema, and peshawaraquinone was administered to evaluate its inhibitory effects. The findings revealed a substantial 74.19% reduction in ear edema, accompanied by decreased ear thickness and histopathological improvements, such as inhibited cell infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia. To gain further insights into the compound's mechanism of action, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate its spectroscopic characteristics and geometric properties. Additionally, docking studies were conducted on key targets involved in inflammation, including COX-1 and COX-2. In conclusion, this study showcases the significant anti-inflammatory potential of peshawaraquinone, offering promising prospects for its use as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. The results from both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as the mechanistic insights gained from computational analyses, provide a solid basis for further exploration of peshawaraquinone's therapeutic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Study of 4,6-Dimethyl-5-aryl/alkyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)propyl]pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3(2H,5H)-diones as Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Dual Inhibition of COX and LOX

In the present study, we characterize the biological activity of a newly designed and synthesized series of 15 compounds 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)propyl] derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole 3a-3o. The compounds were obtained with good yields of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole scaffold 2a-2c with secondary amines in C₂H₅OH. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, and MS. All the new compounds were investigated for their potencies to inhibit the activity of three enzymes, i.e., COX-1, COX-2, and LOX, by a colorimetric inhibitor screening assay. In order to analyze the structural basis of interactions between the ligands and cyclooxygenase/lipooxygenase, experimental data were supported by the results of molecular docking simulations. The data indicate that all of the tested compounds influence the activity of COX-1, COX-2, and LOX.

New NSAID Conjugates as Potent and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Biological Investigation

New sets of ibuprofen and indomethacin conjugates comprising triazolyl heterocycle were synthesized via click chemistry, adopting an optimized protocol through the molecular hybridization approach affording the targeted agents in good yields. The new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) conjugates were designed and synthesized and could be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of pain and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties were investigated for all the synthesized conjugates. Among 14 synthesized conjugates, four (5a, 5b, 5d, and 5e) were found to have significant anti-inflammatory properties potency 117.6%, 116.5%, 93.8%, and 109.1% in comparison to reference drugs ibuprofen (97.2%) and indomethacin (100%) in the rat paw edema carrageenan test without any ulcerogenic liability. The suppression effect of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in addition to NO in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells supports the promising anti-inflammatory properties observed in the ibuprofen conjugates. In addition, several conjugates showed promising peripheral and central analgesic activity. The selectivity index (SI) of compound 5a (23.096) indicates the significant efficacy and selectivity for COX-2 over COX-1. Molecular modeling (docking and QSAR) studies described the observed biological properties.

Exploration of Succinimide Derivative as a Multi-Target, Anti-Diabetic Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is counted among one of the leading challenges in the recent era, and it is a life-threatening disorder. Compound 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy phenylacetone (compound 1) was previously isolated from Polygonum aviculare. This compound was reacted with N-benzylmaleimide to synthesize the targeted compound 3. The purpose of this research is to exhibit our developed compound 3's ability to concurrently inhibit many targets that are responsible for hyperglycemia. Compound 3 was capable of inhibiting α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B. Even so, outstanding in vitro inhibition was shown by the compound against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with an IC₅₀ value of 0.07 µM. Additionally, by using DPPH in the antioxidant activity, it exhibited good antioxidant potential. Similarly, in the in vivo activity, the experimental mice proved to be safe by treatment with compound 3. After 21 days of examination, the compound 3 activity pattern was found to be effective in experimental mice. Compound 3 decreased the excess peak of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, LDL, BUN, and creatinine in the STZ-induced diabetic mice. Likewise, the histopathology of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas of the treated animals was also evaluated. Overall, the succinimde moiety, such as compound 3, can affect several targets simultaneously, and, finally, we were successful in synthesizing a multi-targeted preclinical therapy.

New Succinimide-Thiazolidinedione Hybrids as Multitarget Antidiabetic Agents: Design, Synthesis, Bioevaluation, and Molecular Modelling Studies

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder majorly arising from the pathophysiology of the pancreas manifested as a decline in the insulin production or the tissue's resistance to the insulin. In this research, we have rationally designed and synthesized new succinimide-thiazolidinedione hybrids for the management of DM. In a multistep reaction, we were able to synthesize five new derivatives (10a-e). All the compounds were new containing a different substitution pattern on the N-atom of the succinimide ring. Initially, all the compounds were tested against the in vitro α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPP4 targets. In all of these targets, the compound 10d was observed to be the most potential antidiabetic agent. Based on this, the antidiabetic activity of the compound 10d was further investigated in experimental animals, which overall gave us encouraging results. The molecular docking studies of the compound 10d was also performed against the target enzymes α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPP4 using MOE. Overall, we observed that we have explored a new class of compounds as potential antidiabetic agents.

Phytochemistry, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potentials of Allium consanguineum Kunth

Aim

The study was planned to investigate the phytochemicals, antidiabetic and antioxidant studies of A. consanguineum.

Methods

The preliminary studies were performed on crude extract and different solvent fractions. Based on the potency, the chloroform fraction was semi-purified to phyto-fractions CHF-1 – 5. Furthermore, CHF-3 was subjected to isolation of pure compounds using column chromatography. The α-glucosidase, α-amylase and antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂) were performed on all samples. The in-vivo experiments on compounds 1 and 2 were also performed using oral glucose tolerance test. Docking studies were performed on α-glucosidase and α-amylase targets.

Results

Among all fractions, the chloroform fraction exhibited excellent activities profile giving IC₅₀ values of 824, 55, 117, 58 and 85 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPPH, ABTS and H₂O₂ targets respectively. Among the five semi-purified chloroform phyto-fractions (CHF-1-5), CHF-3 was the leading fraction in activities giving IC₅₀ values of 85.54, 61.19 and 26.58 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Based on the overall potency and physical amount of CHF-3, it was subjected to purification to get compounds 1 and 2. The two compounds were also found potent in in-vitro activities. The observed IC₅₀ values for compound 1 were 7.93, 28.01 and 6.19 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Similarly, the compound 2 exhibited IC₅₀ of 14.63, 24.82 and 7.654 μg/ml against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were potent in decreasing the blood glucose levels in experimental animals. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed interactions with the respective enzymes with molecular docking.

Conclusions

We can conclude that A. Consanguineum is a rich source of natural antidiabetic agents. Bioguided isolation of compound 1 and 2 showed potential inhibitions in all tested in-vitro antidiabetic targets. Further, both the compounds were also able to decrease the blood glucose levels in experimental animals.

In-Vitro, In-Vivo, Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies of 2-Substituted 3,7-Dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one for Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Alzheimer's Disease

Plants' bioactives are well-known safe drugs for vital diseases. Flavones and Flavonoid-rich dietary supplements are known to exhibit neuroprotective potential. In this study, we isolated a flavone 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one from Notholirion thomsonianum and it was evaluated against various targets of the oxidative stress-related neurological disorders. The compound showed excellent acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions in its profile, giving IC50 values of 1.37 and 0.95 μM, respectively. Similarly, in in-vitro MAO-B assay, our flavone exhibited an IC50 value of 0.14 μM in comparison to the standard safinamide (IC50 0.025 μM). In in-vitro anti-inflammatory assay, our isolated compound exhibited IC50 values of 7.09, 0.38 and 0.84 μM against COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, respectively. The COX-2 selectivity (SI) of the compound was 18.70. The compound was found safe in animals and was very effective in carrageenan-induced inflammation. Due to the polar groups in the structure, a very excellent antioxidant profile was observed in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The compound was docked into the target proteins of the respective activities and the binding energies confirmed the potency of our compound. Furthermore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) results showed that the isolated flavone has a good GIT absorption ability and comes with no hepatic and cardiotoxicity. In addition, the skin sensitization test, in-vitro human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) and KeratinoSens have revealed that isolated flavone is not skin sensitive with a confidence score of 59.6% and 91.6%. Herein, we have isolated a natural flavone with an effective profile against Alzheimer's, inflammation and oxidative stress. The exploration of this natural flavone will provide a baseline for future research in the field of drug development.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Preclinical Evaluation of a New Succinimide Derivative for Cardioprotective, Hepatoprotective and Lipid-Lowering Effects

Cardiac and hepatotoxicities are major concerns in the development of new drugs. Better alternatives to other treatments are being sought to protect these vital organs from the toxicities of these pharmaceuticals. In this regard, a preclinical study is designed to investigate the histopathological effects of a new succinimide derivative (Comp-1) on myocardial and liver tissues, and the biochemical effects on selected cardiac biomarkers, hepatic enzymes, and lipid profiles. For this, an initially lethal/toxic dose was determined, followed by a grouping of selected albino rats into five groups (each group had n = 6). The control group received daily oral saline for 8 days. The 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) group received oral saline daily for 8 days, added with the administration of a single dose of 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5 of the study. The atenolol group received oral atenolol (20 mg/kg) for 8 days and 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5 of the protocol. Similarly, two groups of rats treated with test compound (Comp-1) were administered with 5 mg/kg I.P. and 10 mg/kg I.P. for 8 days, followed by 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5. Toxicity induced by 5-FU was manifested by increases in the serum creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), troponin I (cTnI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid profile, and selected liver enzymes, including ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), BT (bilirubin total), and BD (direct bilirubin). These biomarkers were highly significantly decreased after the administration of the mentioned doses of the test compound (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). Similarly, histological examination revealed cardiac and hepatic tissue toxicity by 5-FU. However, those toxic effects were also significantly recovered/improved after the administration of Comp-1 at the said doses. This derivative showed dose-dependent effects and was most effective at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Binding energy data computed via docking simulations revealed that our compound interacts toward the human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor (S = −7.89 kcal/mol) with a slight stronger affinity than the calcium channel T-type (S = −7.07 kcal/mol). In conclusion, the histological and biochemical results showed that the test compound (Comp-1) had prominent cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipolytic effects against 5-FU-induced toxicity in the subjected animal model.

Design, synthesis, antiproliferative activity, estrogen receptors binding affinity of C-3 pregnenolone-dihydropyrimidine derivatives for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BCa) is very common malignancy and globally, has become the second leading cause of cancer death among women. For the treatment of BCa, estrogen receptors-alpha (ERα) has proven to be a therapeutic target. In continuation of our previous reported dihydropyrimidine-based pregnenolone derivatives, we modified at C-3 hydroxyl group. Structural architecture of estrogen receptors (ER) with excellent ER binding affinity was used for modification. MTT assay was used to evaluate the synthesized steroidal analogs for their antiproliferative activities against ER-positive MCF-7, ER-negative MDA-MB-231 (ER^-) breast cancer cells and non-cancerous HEK-293 cells. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that diethanolamine containing pregnenolone derivatives showed significant cytotoxicity against ER + MCF-7 and also showed good binding affinity with ERα and are relatively safe against HEK-293 cell model. Docking studies demonstrated that high binding affinity of diethanolamine analogs is due to their binding interaction with key amino acid residues present in the binding site of Erα.

Succinimide Derivatives as Antioxidant Anticholinesterases, Anti-α-Amylase, and Anti-α-Glucosidase: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Based on the diverse pharmacological potency and the structural features of succinimide, this research considered to synthesize succinimide derivatives. Moreover, these compounds were estimated for their biological potential in terms of anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-oxidant capacities. The compounds were synthesized through Michael addition of various ketones to N-aryl maleimides. Similarly, the MOE software was used for the molecular docking study to explore the binding mode of the potent compounds against different enzymes. In the anti-cholinesterase activity, the compounds MSJ2 and MSJ10 exhibited outstanding activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), i.e., 91.90, 93.20%, and against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), i.e., 97.30, 91.36% inhibitory potentials, respectively. The compounds MSJ9 and MSJ10 exhibited prominent α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials, i.e., 87.63 and 89.37 with IC₅₀ value of 32 and 28.04 μM, respectively. Moreover, the compounds MSJ2 and MSJ10 revealed significant scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals with IC₅₀ values of 2.59 and 2.52, while against ABTS displayed excellent scavenging potential with IC₅₀ values 7.32 and 3.29 μM, respectively. The tentative results are added with molecular docking studies in the active sites of enzymes to predict the theoretical protein-ligand binding modes. Further detailed mechanism-based studies in animal models are essential for the in vivo evaluation of the potent compound.

Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of β-Ketoester Derivatives of N-Ary Succinimides: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Molecular Docking Studies

Inflammation, being a well-known and complex pathological condition, is always a challenge to the human health. This research work was designed for a rationale-based anti-inflammatory study on β-ketoester derivatives of N-ary succinimides. The compounds (A–D) were synthesized by organocatalytic Michael addition. The compounds were initially screened for in vitro 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) assays. For the in vivo activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema and arachidonic acid-induced ear edema tests were used. Furthermore, different in vivo pathways such as prostaglandins E2, histamine, leukotriene, and bradykinin were studied. The results were supported with molecular docking studies. Among the compounds, D (ethyl 1-(1-benzyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate) at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml showed significant inhibitory effects of 83.67% and 78.12% against COX-2 and 5-LOX in comparison to celecoxib and zileuton, respectively. Similarly, compound D also showed excellent in vivo anti-inflammatory potential. Amongst all the compounds, D demonstrated excellent (55.92 ± 2.95%) anti-inflammatory potential at maximum tested dose (100 mg/kg) which accomplished the highest significance at 4 h following the carrageenan insertion and stayed considerable ( ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }P<0.001$ ) till the 5th hour of test sample injection. Compound D also exhibited excellent percent inhibition (63.81 ± 2.24%) at the highest dose in arachidonic acid-induced ear inflammation. On the basis of in vivo and in vitro results, compound D was subjected to various inflammation-causing agents such as histamine, prostaglandins E2, bradykinin, and leukotriene via the mouse paw edema test. Compound D revealed moderate effect (28.10 ± 1.64%) against histamine-induced paw edema while nonsignificant result (9.72 ± 3.125%) was marked for the bradykinin pathway. Compound D showed significance against edematogenic consequence of prostaglandin E2 (56.28–72.03%) and leukotriene (55.13 ± 2.25%) induced inflammation. In summary, our findings recommended that compound D possesses double acting anti-inflammatory properties inhibiting both COX and LOX pathways. Binding orientations and energy values computed via docking simulations support the results of the experimental in vitro evaluation.

Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant and In-Silico Approach of Cornus macrophylla Bioss (Bark)

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of the Cornus macrophylla. C. macrophylla belongs to the family Cornaceae. It is locally known as khadang and is used for the treatment of different diseases such as analgesic, tonic, diuretic, malaria, inflammation, allergy, infections, cancer, diabetes, and lipid peroxidative. The crude extract and different fractions of C. macrophyll were evaluated by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), which identified the most potent bioactive phytochemicals. The antioxidant ability of C. macrophylla was studied by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The crude and subsequent fractions of the C. macrophylla were also tested against anti-inflammatory enzymes using COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) and 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) assays. The molecular docking was carried out using molecular operating environment (MOE) software. The GC-MS study of C. macrophylla confirmed forty-eight compounds in ethyl acetate (Et.AC) fraction and revealed that the Et.AC fraction was the most active fraction. The antioxidant ability of the Et.AC fraction showed an IC₅₀ values of 09.54 μg/mL and 7.8 μg/mL against ABTS and DPPH assay respectively. Among all the fractions of C. macrophylla, Et.AC showed excellent activity against COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme. The observed IC₅₀ values were 93.35 μg/mL against COX-2 and 75.64 μg/mL for 5-LOX respectively. Molecular docking studies supported these in vitro results and confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of C. macrophylla. C. macrophylla has promising potential as a source for the development of new drugs against inflammation in the future.

Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant Potential of New (2S,3S)-2-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-2-methyl-4-nitro-3-phenylbutanals and Their Corresponding Carboxylic Acids through In Vitro, In Silico and In Vivo Studies

In the current study, a series of new (2S,3S)-2-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-2-methyl-4-nitro-3-phenylbutanals (FM1-6) with their corresponding carboxylic acid analogues (FM7-12) has been synthesized. Initially, the aldehydic derivatives were isolated in the diastereomeric form, and the structures were confirmed with NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Based on the encouraging results in in vitro COX 1/2, 5-LOX and antioxidant assays, we oxidized the compounds and obtained the pure single (major) diastereomer for activities. Among all the compounds, FM4, FM10 and FM12 were the leading compounds based on their potent IC₅₀ values. The IC₅₀ values of compounds FM4, FM10 and FM12 were 0.74, 0.69 and 0.18 µM, respectively, in COX-2 assay. Similarly, the IC₅₀ values of these three compounds were also dominant in COX-1 assay. In 5-LOX assay, the majority of our compounds were potent inhibitors of the enzyme. Based on the potency and safety profiles, FM10 and FM12 were subjected to the in vivo experiments. The compounds FM10 and FM12 were observed with encouraging results in in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory models. The molecular docking studies of the selected compounds show binding interactions in the minimized pocked of the target proteins. It is obvious from the overall results that FM10 and FM12 are potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, Sedative, Muscle Relaxant Activities and Molecular Docking Analysis of Phytochemicals from Euphorbia pulcherrima

Euphorbia pulcherrima is an important medicinal plant that is used in a traditional system for its curative properties such as analgesic potency, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, sedation potential, and antidepressant and cure of diseases such as skin diseases. This study deals with the isolation of two flavonoids namely spinacetin (1) and patuletin (2) from chloroform fraction of Euphorbia pulcherrima. The isolated compound spinacetin (1) and patuletin (2) were screened for in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects. Compounds 1 and 2 were assessed against hot plate-induced noxious stimuli at various doses which showed excellent (p < 0.05) analgesic effect in a dose-dependent manner. The muscle relaxant activity was determined by traction and inclined screening model, both compounds showed significant muscle relaxant activity with time. The sedative potential of isolated compounds 1 and 2 was determined by the open field model, both compounds showed good sedation (p < 0.05) at 20 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory potential of compound 1 was recorded by histamine-induced paw edema and carrageen paw edema model, and in both models, compounds 1 and 2 showed strong effect at 20 mg/kg. Binding orientations, binding energy values, and computed inhibition constants (Ki) values revealed that the studied compounds have a good to excellent inhibition potential against μ-opioid receptors and COX-2.

Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of new vanillin hybrid as multitarget inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP-1B and DPP4 for the treatment of type-II diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a real challenge to the recent era and is one of the major diseases for initiating life-threatening disorders. In current research, a compound was designed by combining vanillin, thiazolidinedione and morpholine. The goal of our designed work is to demonstrate the ability of our design compound (9) to modulate more than one target responsible for hyperglycemia at the same time. The synthesized compound was able to show good to moderate inhibition potential against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. However, it exhibited excellent in-vitro inhibition of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with IC₅₀ value of 0.09 µM. Antioxidant activity by using DPPH assay also showed its good antioxidant potential. In in-vivo experiments, the compound 9 was proved to be safe in experimental mice. The activity profile of the compound was observed for 21 days which showed that the compound was also effective in experimental mice. Binding orientations and Interactions with key amino acid residues of the selected targets were also studied by using docking studies. Overall, we were successful in synthesizing multitarget preclinical therapeutic by combining three pharmacophoric moieties into a single chemical entity that can modulate more than one target at the same time.

α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase and Antioxidant Evaluations of Isolated Bioactives from Wild Strawberry

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder and is a global challenge to the current medicinal chemists and pharmacologists. This research has been designed to isolate and evaluate antidiabetic bioactives from Fragaria indica. The crude extracts, semi-purified and pure bioactives have been used in all in vitro assays. The in vitro α-glucosidase, α-amylase and DPPH free radical activities have been performed on all plant samples. The initial activities showed that ethyl acetate (Fi.EtAc) was the potent fraction in all the assays. This fraction was initially semi-purified to obtain Fi.EtAc 1–3. Among the semi-purified fractions, Fi.EtAc 2 was dominant, exhibiting potent IC₅₀ values in all the in vitro assays. Based on the potency and availability of materials, Fi.EtAc 2 was subjected to further purification to obtain compounds 1 (2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxytoluene) and 2 (2-methyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-hepten-4-one). The two isolated compounds were characterized by mass and NMR analyses. The compounds 1 and 2 showed excellent inhibitions against α-glucosidase (21.45 for 1 and 15.03 for 2 μg/mL), α-amylase (17.65 and 16.56 μg/mL) and DPPH free radicals (7.62 and 14.30 μg/mL). Our study provides baseline research for the antidiabetic bioactives exploration from Fragaria indica. The bioactive compounds can be evaluated in animals-based antidiabetic activity in future.

In Vivo and In Vitro Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Compounds Isolated from Micromeria biflora (Buch. Ham. ex D.Don) Benth

Micromeria biflora, a traditional medicinal plant, is extensively used for treating various painful conditions, such as nose bleeds, wounds, and sinusitis. A phytochemical investigation of the chloroform fraction of Micromeria biflora led to the isolation of salicylalazine. Salicylalazine was assessed in vivo for analgesia, muscle relaxation, sedative, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as in vitro for COX-1/2 inhibition activities. It was assessed against a hot plate-induced model at different doses. The muscle relaxant potential of salicylalazine was evaluated in traction and inclined screening models, while sedative properties were determined using an open-field model. The anti-inflammatory potential of salicylalazine was assessed in histamine and carrageenan-induced paw edema screening models. Salicylalazine exhibited significant analgesic potential in a dose-dependent manner. In both screening models, an excellent time-dependent muscle-relaxation effect was observed. Salicylalazine demonstrated excellent sedation at high doses. Its anti-inflammatory activity was determined through the initial and late phases of edema. It exhibited anticancer potential against NCI-H226, HepG2, A498, and MDR2780AD cell lines. In vitro, salicylalazine showed preferential COX-2 inhibition (over COX-1) with an SI value of 4.85. It was less effective in the initial phase, while, in the later phase, it demonstrated significant effects at 15 and 20 mg/kg doses compared with the negative control. Salicylalazine did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the MTT assay, preliminarily indicating its safety.

3-(((1S,3S)-3-((R)-Hydroxy(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-4-oxocyclohexyl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione: Design and Synthesis of New Stereopure Multi-Target Antidiabetic Agent

The chiral drug candidates have more effective binding affinities for their specific protein or receptor site for the onset of pharmacological action. Achieving all carbon stereopure compounds is not trivial in chemical synthesis. However, with the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, the synthesis of certain vital chiral drug candidates is now possible. In this research, we have synthesized 3-(((1S,3S)-3-((R)-hydroxy(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-4-oxocyclohexyl)methyl)pentane-2,4-dione (S,S,R-5) and have evaluated it potential as multi-target antidiabetic agent. The stereopure compound S,S,R-5 was synthesized with a 99:1 enantiomeric ratio. The synthesized compound gave encouraging results against all in vitro antidiabetic targets, exhibiting IC₅₀ values of 6.28, 4.58, 0.91, and 2.36 in α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPPH targets, respectively. The molecular docking shows the binding of the compound in homology models of the respective enzymes. In conclusion, we have synthesized a new chiral molecule (S,S,R-5). The compound proved to be a potential inhibitor of the tested antidiabetic targets. With the observed results and molecular docking, it is evident that S,S,R-5 is a potential multitarget antidiabetic agent. Our study laid the baseline for the animal-based studies of this compound in antidiabetic confirmation.

Synthesis and Structural Study of Amidrazone Derived Pyrrole-2,5-Dione Derivatives: Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents

1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives are known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to synthesize new 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives 2a–2f in the reaction of N³-substituted amidrazones with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride and evaluate their structural and biological properties. Compounds 2a–2f were studied by the ¹H-¹³C NMR two-dimensional techniques (HMQC, HMBC) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (derivatives 2a and 2d). The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 2a–2f was examined by both an anti-proliferative study and a production study on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in anti-CD3 antibody- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. The antibacterial activity of compounds 2a–2f against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Nocardia corralina strains was determined using the broth microdilution method. Structural studies of 2a–2f revealed the presence of distinct Z and E stereoisomers in the solid state and the solution. All compounds significantly inhibited the proliferation of PBMCs in anti-CD3-stimulated cultures. The strongest effect was observed for derivatives 2a–2d. The strongest inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed for the most promising anti-inflammatory compound 2a.

Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Activities of Ketone Derivatives of Succinimide

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is persistently increasing globally creating a serious public health affliction. Diabetes mellitus is categorized into two major types designated as type I and Type II. Type I diabetes mellitus is characterized by complete lack of secretion of insulin, while Type II diabetes mellitus is the resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin and inadequate compensatory secretion of insulin. Chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes causes failure of cardiovascular system, nervous system, kidneys, and eyes. At present, different types of drugs are used for the management of diabetes, but each of them is associated with more or less serious side effects. Therefore, we need to develop new therapeutic agents that have better efficacy and safety profile. In this study, three ketone derivatives of succinimides were synthesized based on Michael addition and characterized using NMR. All the synthesized compounds were checked for their in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Further the synthesized compounds were also explored for their antioxidant activities, i.e, DPPH and ABTS assays. Based on the in vitro results, the synthesized compounds were further evaluated for in vivo antidiabetic activity. The synthesized compounds were (2-oxocyclohexyl)-1-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW1), benzyl-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW2), and (4-bromophenyl)-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (BW3). BW1 showed the highest inhibitory activity for DPPH causing 83.03 ± 0.48 at 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 10.84 μg/ml and highest inhibitory activity for ABTS causing 78.35 ± 0.23 at 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 9.40 μg/ml against ascorbic acid used as standard. BW1 also exhibited the highest activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition causing 81.60 ± 0.00 at concentrations of 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 13.90 μg/ml and 89.08 ± 1.04 at concentrations of 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 10.49 μg/ml, respectively, against the standard drug acarbose.

Antioxidant Molecules Isolated from Edible Prostrate Knotweed: Rational Derivatization to Produce More Potent Molecules

Prostrate knotweed also called Polygonum aviculare is an important edible plant. The polygonum is majorly known for the phenolics and antioxidants. The antioxidants combat the excessive free radicals within the body. The excessive free radicals are implicated in various other diseases like diabetes, Alzheimer's, and inflammation. This study was aimed at exploring the antioxidant bioactives and their derivatizations to produce new molecules with advanced pharmacological features. We have isolated six compounds (1–6) from Polygonum aviculare. Furthermore, rational-based chemical derivatives for compound 5 have been formed for the management of diabetes, Alzheimer's, and inflammation. In preliminary antioxidant studies, all the isolated compounds (1–6) showed potential results against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Based on the IC₅₀ and chemical nature of the compounds, compound 5 was subjected to derivatization. Keeping the phenolic part of compound 5 unaffected, hydroxy succinimide (5A) and thiazolidinedione (5B) were synthesized. The compound 5A was found to be a potent inhibitor of AChE, BChE, COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and DPPH giving IC₅₀ values of 10.60, 15.10, 13.91, 1.08, 0.71, and 1.05 μM, respectively. The COX-2 selectivity of compound 5A was found at 12.9. The compound 5B was found to be a potent multitarget antidiabetic agent giving IC₅₀ values of 15.34, 21.83, 53.28, and 1.94 μM against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and DPPH. Docking studies were performed to manipulate the binding interactions. The docking pose of all the tested compounds was found to have increased binding affinity against all tested targets that supported the in vitro results. Our results showed that Polygonum aviculare is a rich source of antioxidant compounds. The two new derivatives have enhanced pharmacological features to treat diabetes, inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of a New Ferruginan A from Olea ferruginea: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Studies of the ethyl acetate extract bark extract of Olea ferruginea led to the isolation of one new compound Ferruginan A (1) in addition to two known compounds, Ferruginan (2) and cycloolivil (3). Structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR spectral data. The ethyl acetate fraction and compounds (1–3) were evaluated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and as antioxidants using the free radical scavenging assay. Results revealed that compound 2 exhibits significant antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 21.74 μg/mL. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction showed good cytotoxic activity (79.31% inhibition at 250 μg/mL), whereas compounds 1–3 exerted mild cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ = 8.03–12.01 μg/mL) as compared to the standard (IC₅₀ = 4.41 μg/mL) against MCF-7. Docking studies suggested that antioxidant activity is due to the chelation of compounds with copper present in the active site of tyrosinase. These results suggest that the extract exhibits considerable antioxidant activity, and the isolated compounds exert moderate anticancer activity.

Structural Modification, In Vitro, In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Silico Exploration of Pyrimidine and Pyrrolidine Cores for Targeting Enzymes Associated with Neuroinflammation and Cholinergic Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease

To obtain a multipotent framework that can target simultaneously COX-2, 5-LOX, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to treat neuroinflammation, a series of derivatives containing pyrimidine and pyrrolidine cores were rationally synthesized and evaluated. Pyrazoline-pyrimidine hybrid (23g), (3-acetylcoumarin derivative of pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (27), and tacrine derivatives of (pyrrolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (31, 38) displayed excellent in vitro COX-2 inhibition having IC₅₀ value in the nanomolar range. Tacrine-pyrrolidine hybrids 36 and 38, and tacrine-pyrimidine hybrid (46) emerged as the most potent eeAChE inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 23, 16, and 2 nM, respectively. However, compounds 27, 31, and 38 possessed excellent simultaneous and balanced inhibitory activity against all of the four tested targets and thus emerged as optimal multipotent hybrid compounds among all of the synthesized series of the compounds. In the ex vivo, transgenic animal models treated with compounds 36 and 46 displayed a significant decline in both AChE and BChE potentials in the hippocampus and cortical tissues. In anti-inflammatory activities, animals treated with compounds 36 and 46 displayed a significant % inhibition of edema induced by carrageenan and arachidonic acid. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination of mice liver indicate that tacrine derivatives are devoid of hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. In vivo acute toxicity study showed the safety of synthesized compounds up to 1000 mg/kg dose. The inhibitory manner of interaction of these potent drugs on all of the studied in vitro targets was confirmed by molecular docking investigations.

Crude extract and isolated bioactive compounds from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royale) Stapf as multitargets antidiabetic agents: in-vitro and molecular docking approaches

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease effecting the lifestyles of majority world population. In this research work, we have embarked the potential role of crude extracts and isolated compounds of Notholirion thomsonianum for the management diabetes mellitus.

Methods

The crude extracts of N. thomsonianum were initially evaluated for α-glucosidase, α-amylase and antioxidant activities. The compounds were isolated from the activity based potent solvent fraction. The structures of isolated compounds were confirmed with NMR and MS analyses. The isolated compounds were tested for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and DPPH activities. The molecular docking studies were carried out to find the binding interactions of isolated compounds for α-glucosidase, α-amylase and PTP1B.

Results

Initially, we screened out crude extracts and subfractions of N. thomsonianum against different in-vitro targets. Among all, Nt.EtAc was observed a potent fraction among all giving IC₅₀ values of 67, 70, < 0.1, 89 and 16 μg/mL against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, DPPH, ABTS and H₂O₂ respectively. Three compounds (Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03) were isolated from Nt.EtAc of N. thomsonianum. The isolated compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 exhibited IC₅₀ values of 58.93, 114.93 and 19.54 μM against α-glucosidase, while 56.25, 96.54 and 24.39 μM against α-amylase respectively. Comparatively, the standard acarbose observed IC₅₀ values were 10.60 and 12.71 μM against α-glucosidase, α-amylase respectively. In PTP1B assay, the compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 12.96, 36.22 and 3.57 μM in comparison to the standard ursolic acid (IC₅₀ of 3.63 μM). The isolated compounds also gave overwhelming results in DPPH assay. Molecular docking based binding interactions for α-glucosidase, α-amylase and PTP1B were also encouraging.

Conclusions

In the light of current results, it is obvious that N. thomsonianum is potential medicinal plant for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Overall, Nt.EtAc was dominant fraction in all in-vitro activities. Three compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction. The Nt03 specifically was most potent in all in-vitro assays. The molecular docking studies supported our in-vitro results. It is concluded that N. thomsonianum is a rich source of bioactive antidiabetic compounds which can be further extended to in-vivo based experiments.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03443-7.