Multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole-thiazolidine-4-one molecular hybrids as promising antidiabetic agents through α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition

Discovery of Novel and Selective Schiff Base Inhibitors as a Key for Drug Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Pharmacological Evaluation

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder and still a challenge throughout the world, and therefore the search for safe and effective inhibitors for α-amylase and α-glucosidase is increasing day by day. In this work, we try to carry out the synthesis, modification, and computer-aided results of and biological research on thiadiazole-based Schiff base derivatives and evaluate their in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential (1-15). In the current series, all of the synthesized analogues were shown to have potential inhibitory effects on targeted enzymes. The IC50 values for α-amylase values ranged from 20.10 ± 0.40 to 0.80 ± 0.05 μM, compared with the standard drug acarbose having an IC50 value of 10.30 ± 0.20 μM, while for α-glucosidase, the IC50 values ranged from 20.10 ± 0.50 to 1.20 ± 0.10 μM, compared to acarbose with an IC50 value of 9.80 ± 0.20 μM. For better understanding, a SAR investigation was undertaken. In this series, nine scaffolds (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15) were more active than the reference drug and the docking parameter RMSD values for α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 1.766, 2.7746, 1.6025, 2.2112, 3.5860, 2.3360, 1.6178, 2.0254, and 2.0797 and 2.6020, 1.9509, 3.1642, 1.7547, 2.2130, 1.4221, and 1.1087, respectively. The toxicity of the selected analogues was calculated by using the OSIRIS tool, and the TPSA values were found to be lower than 140 to represent the drug-like properties; those from Molinspiration were studied as well. The following properties were studied and found to have better biological properties. The remaining analogues (4, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 14) were also identified as potential inhibitors of both enzymes, but they were less active than the reference due to the substituents attached to the aromatic parts. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed through different spectroscopic analyses.

Development and assessment of novel pyrazole-thiadiazol hybrid derivatives as VEGFR-2 inhibitors: design, synthesis, anticancer activity evaluation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation

Cancer remains a significant health challenge globally, requiring the development of targeted chemotherapeutics capable of specifically inhibiting cancer cell growth. Angiogenesis is one of the key features of tumor growth and metastasis and is, therefore, an important target for the treatment of many tumors. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway has proven to be a promising lead in anticancer therapy due to the central role it plays in tumor angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is a key mediator in the signaling pathway regulating angiogenesis. Targeting VEGFR-2 may disrupt angiogenesis, leading to a reduction in tumor blood supply and tumor progression. The design, synthesis, and assessment of novel VEGFR-2 inhibitor derivatives are the focus of this study, with particular emphasis on incorporating the pyrazole-thiadiazol pharmacophore into the molecular structure. Taking advantage of the pharmacophoric properties of pyrazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazol, compounds with different substituents in the main structure were designed and synthesized. The compounds were also evaluated for antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. Compound 4e demonstrated the highest activity among all compounds, with an IC50 of 9.673 ± 0.399 μM against HT-29 cells and 23.081 ± 0.400 μM against NIH3T3 cells. To further support the inhibitory activity of compound 4e, an in silico study was performed. Compound 4e demonstrated strong binding to the active site of VEGFR-2 in molecular docking studies, forming hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues. The stability of the compound in the enzyme's active site was demonstrated through molecular dynamics simulations.

Effective α-glycosidase inhibitors based on polyphenolic benzothiazole heterocycles

α-Glycosidase inhibition is one of the main approaches to treat Diabetes mellitus. Polyphenolic moieties are known to be responsible for yielding exhibit potent α-glycosidase inhibitory effects. In addition, compounds containing benzothiazole and Schiff base functionalities were previously reported to show α-glycosidase inhibition. In this paper, the synthesis of seven new phloroglucinol-containing benzothiazole Schiff base derivatives through the reaction of 6-substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole compounds with 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde using acetic acid as a catalyst was reported. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on α-glycosidase, compounds 3f and 3g were found to show significant inhibitory properties when compared to the positive control. The IC50 values of 3f and 3g were calculated as 24.05 ± 2.28 and 18.51 ± 1.19 µM, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that compounds 3f and 3g exhibited uncompetitive mode of inhibition against α-glycosidase. Molecular modeling predicted druglikeness for the title compounds and underpinned the importance of phloroglucinol hydroxyls for interacting with the key residues of α-glycosidase.

Novel molecular hybrids of EGCG and quinoxaline: Potent multi-targeting antidiabetic agents that inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and oxidative stress

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease and its effective therapy often demands several drugs with different modes of action. Herein, we report a rational design and synthesis of multi-targeting novel molecular hybrids comprised of EGCG and quinoxaline derivatives that can effectively inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase as well as control oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. The hybrids showed superior inhibition of α-glucosidase along with similar α-amylase inhibition as compared to standard drug, acarbose. Most potent compound, 15c showed an IC50 of 0.50 μM (IC50 of acarbose 190 μM) against α-glucosidase. Kinetics studies with 15c revealed a competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase. Binding affinity of 15c (-9.5 kcal/mol) towards α-glucosidase was significantly higher than acarbose (-7.7 kcal/mol). 15c exhibited remarkably high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 18.84 μM), much better than vitamin C (IC50 = 33.04 μM). Of note, acarbose shows no antioxidant activity. Furthermore, α-amylase activity was effectively inhibited by 15c with an IC50 value of 16.35 μM. No cytotoxicity was observed for 15c (up to 40 μM) in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, we report a series of multi-targeting molecular hybrids capable of inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes as well as reducing oxidative stress, thus representing an advancement towards effective and novel therapeutic approaches for diabetes.

New 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, DFT, ADME, and In Vitro Enzymatic Studies

Diabetes is an emerging disorder in the world and is caused due to the imbalance of insulin production as well as serious effects on the body. In search of a better treatment for diabetes, we designed a novel class of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-bearing Schiff base analogues and assessed them for the α-glucosidase enzyme. In the series (1-12), compounds are synthesized and 3 analogues showed excellent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzymes in the range of IC50 values of 18.10 ± 0.20 to 1.10 ± 0.10 μM. In this series, analogues 4, 8, and 9 show remarkable inhibition profile IC50 2.20 ± 0.10, 1.10 ± 0.10, and 1.30 ± 0.10 μM by using acarbose as a standard, whose IC50 is 11.50 ± 0.30 μM. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed through various spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR and HREI-MS. Additionally, molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, cytotoxic evaluation, and density functional theory study were performed to investigate their behavior.

Recent Studies of Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Heterocyclic Analogues as Novel Antidiabetic Agents: A Review

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is on the rise, which demands the identification of novel antidiabetic drugs. There is a need for safer and more effective alternatives because the therapy methods now available to manage diabetes have limits. Due to their diverse pharmacological characteristics, heterocyclic molecules with nitrogen and Sulfur atoms have become intriguing candidates in medicinal chemistry. These substances have a wide variety of structures that can be customized to target different pathways associated with diabetes and can affect important biological targets involved in glucose homeostasis. This review provides a thorough summary of the most recent studies on heterocyclic analogues of nitrogen and Sulfur as prospective antidiabetic agents. This review examines the variety of their structural forms, their methods of action, and assesses the results of preclinical and clinical investigations on their effectiveness and safety. Additionally, further optimization and development of innovative antidiabetic medications are highlighted, as well as the difficulties and prospects for the future in utilizing the therapeutic potential of these analogues. This study seeks to stimulate additional investigation and cooperation between researchers and medicinal chemists, promoting improvements in the creation of efficient and secure antidiabetic medicines to fulfill the needs in the management of diabetes.

Antidiabetic potential of thiazolidinedione derivatives with efficient design, molecular docking, structural activity relationship, and biological activity: an update review (2021-2023)

Thiazolidinedione has been used successfully by medicinal chemists all over the world in the development of potent antidiabetic derivatives. The few compounds with excellent antidiabetic potency that we have identified in this review could be used as a lead for further research into additional antidiabetic mechanisms. The information provided in this review regarding the design, biological activity, structure-activity relationships, and docking studies may be useful for scientists who wish to further explore this scaffold in order to fully utilize its biological potential and develop antidiabetic agents that would overcome the limitations of currently available medications for the treatment of diabetes. This review outlines the antidiabetic potential of Thiazolidinedione-based derivatives that have been published in the year 2021- till date.

In silico and in vitro prediction of new synthesized N-heterocyclic compounds as anti-SARS-CoV-2

Computer-aided drug design has been employed to get the medicinal effects against Corona virus from different pyridine derivatives after synthesizing the new compounds. Additionally, various computational studies are also employed between the newly prepared pyridine derivatives and three controls against three proteins (6Y2E, 6M71 and 6M3M). Different methods were employed to synthesize new pyridine derivatives according to the literature using different reaction mediums. MTT was performed for cytotoxicity study and IC50 for inhibitory concentration. Additionally, in-silico studies including DFT, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MMPBSA, ADME, pharmacokinetics and Lipinski rules were evaluated. The chemical structures of all new compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic investigation. A molecular docking study demonstrated that compounds 5, 11, and 12 have the best binders of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme, with energy scores of - 7.5 kcal/mol, - 7.2 kcal/mol, and - 7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The net binding energy values of the 11-Mpro, 12-Mpro, and 5-Mpro complexes revealed their highly stable nature in terms of both intermolecular interactions and docked conformation across the simulation time. ADME properties, besides the pharmacokinetics and Lipinski rules, showed that all seven newly synthesized compounds follow Lipinski rules with high GI absorption. The In Vitro antiviral study against SARS-CoV-2 using MTT methods confirms that compound 5 has more potential and is safer than other tested compounds. The study shows that the newly synthesized pyridine derivatives have medicinal properties against SARS-CoV-2 without violating Lipinski rules. Compounds 5, 11, and 12, particularly compound 5, may serve as promising potential candidate for COVID-19.

Unveiling the chemistry of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and thiadiazols: A comprehensive review

Oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles are malleable heterocycles that have recently generated major interest in the field of medicinal chemistry. Compounds based on these moieties have versatile biological applications such as anticonvulsant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant agents. Due to the versatile nature and stability of the oxadiazole and thiadiazole nucleus, medicinal chemists have changed the structural elements of the ring in numerous ways. These compounds have shown significant anticonvulsant effects, demonstrating their potential in the management of epileptic disorders. In this review, we have covered numerous biological pathways and in silico targeted proteins of oxadiazole and thiadiazole derivatives for treating various biological disorders. The data compiled in this article will be helpful for researchers, research scientists, and research chemists who work in the field of drug discovery and drug development.

Vetting of New 2,5-Bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) Phenyl-Linked 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-one Derivatives as AURKA and VEGFR-2 Inhibitor Antiglioma Agents Assisted with In Vitro and In Silico Studies

The bioactivity of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives with a 2,5-bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl moiety was computationally developed and evaluated. All of the synthesized thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have their chemical structures characterized using a variety of methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H and 13C), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation. A human glioblastoma cancer cell line (LN229) was used to investigate the purified derivatives' antiglioma cancer efficacy. By using the MTT, colony formation, and tunnel tests, respectively, the in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of these compounds were assessed. Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 5b, 5c, and 5e were discovered to have the best efficacy against glioblastoma cells out of all of these compounds. The derivatives 5b, 5c, and 5e were determined to have respective IC50 values of 9.48, 12.16, and 6.43 g/mL. Computation results showed that the bioactivity evaluations of the compounds were quite significant. The bridging -NH group forms a hydrogen bond with Glu 260 of synthesized derivatives 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, and 5h. The vast majority of freshly developed compounds obeyed Lipinski's rule of five, which is in line with the results that the ADMET model predicted. Additionally, molecular docking evaluation and molecular dynamics simulation investigations against the proteins AURKA and VEGFR-2 were conducted for the synthesized compounds to incorporate both in silico and in vitro data. The findings revealed that almost all of the compounds had considerable binding to AURKA and VEGFR-2 residues, with binding affinities ranging from -9.8 to -7.9 kcal/mol. Consequently, the results of the biological investigations and the docking scores demonstrated that thiazolidinone molecule 5e containing 4-chlorophenyl substituent may be considered as a potential moiety for glioblastoma cancer treatments.

Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors by in situ azidation/click assembly

α-Glucosidase inhibition is widely used in the oral management of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. In this respect, a series of 1,2,3-triazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids 7a-j were synthesized, inspired by a copper-catalyzed one-pot azidation/click assembly approach. All the synthesized hybrids were screened for inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme, displaying IC₅₀ values ranging from 63.35 ± 0.72 to 613.57 ± 1.98 μM, as compared to acarbose (reference) with IC₅₀ of 844.81 ± 0.53 μM. The hybrids 7h and 7e with 3-nitro and 4-methoxy substituents at the phenyl ring of the thiadiazole moiety were the best active hybrids of this series with IC₅₀ values of 63.35 ± 0.72 μM, and 67.61 ± 0.64 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics analysis of these compounds revealed a mixed mode of inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking studies were also performed to gain insights into the structure-activity-relationships of the potent compounds and their corresponding analogs.

A comprehensive review on the antidiabetic attributes of thiazolidine-4-ones: Synthetic strategies and structure-activity relationships

The thiazolidine-4-one scaffold has recently emerged as a potential pharmacophore having clinical significance for medicinal chemists. This heterocyclic ring has been reported to possess a plethora of biological activities, including antidiabetic activity that has inspired researchers to integrate this core with different pharmacophoric fragments to design novel and effective antidiabetic leads. The antidiabetic activity has been observed due to the ability of the thiazolidine-4-one nucleus to interact with different biological targets, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, aldose reductase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase. The present review discusses the mode of action of thiazolidine-4-ones through these antidiabetic drug targets. This review attempts to summarize and analyze the recent developments with regard to the antidiabetic potential of thiazolidine-4-ones covering different synthetic strategies, structure-activity relationships, and docking studies reported in the literature. The significance of various structural modifications at C-2, N-3, and C-5 of the thiazolidine-4-one ring has also been discussed in this manuscript. This comprehensive compilation will provide an inevitable scope for the design and development of potential antidiabetic drug candidates having a thiazolidine-4-one core.

The α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Capacity of Grape Pomace: A Review

The concept of functional foods is gaining more importance due to its role in maintaining a healthy status and preventing some metabolic diseases. The control of diabetes, in particular type-2 (T2DM), could be considered a big challenge since it involves other factors such as eating habits. From the pharmacological point of view, inhibiting digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, is one of the mechanisms mainly used by synthetic drugs to control this disease; however, several side effects are described. For that reason, using bioactive compounds may appear as an alternative without presenting the complications synthetic drugs available on the market have. The winemaking industry generates tons of waste annually, and grape pomace (GP) is the most important. GP is recognized for its nutritional value and as a source of bioactive compounds that are helpful for human health. This review highlights the importance of GP as a possible source of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Also, it is emphasized the components involved in this bioactivity and the possible interactions among them. Especially, some phenolic compounds and fiber of GP are the main ones responsible for interfering with the human digestive enzymes. Preliminary studies in vitro confirmed this bioactivity; however, further information is required to allow the specific use of GP as a functional ingredient inside the market of products recommended for people with diabetes.

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Towards Covid-19 TMPRSS2 enzyme inhibitors and antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, antimicrobial potency, molecular docking, and drug-likeness prediction of thiadiazole-triazole hybrids

1,3,4-Thiadiazole analogues 3 and 4 were synthesised via the reaction of 1-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1one 2 with vanillin or thiophene-2-carboxaldhyde, respectively through chalcone reaction. Compounds 3 and 4 were submitted to react with thiosemicarbazide affording 5-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5) give 3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4,5 dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (6), respectively. The letters were reacted with N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride to give compounds 7 and 8. The chemical compositions of the novel compounds were affirmed by spectral and microanalytical data. Meanwhile, all the newly synthesized compounds have been screened for their ability to prevent the proliferation of different pathogens named Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in vitro. Additionally, the potency of the newly synthesized compounds to be anti-COVID-19 candidates was studied through a molecular docking study. The newly prepared molecules 2-8 were studied in silico against transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to identify their potential therapeutic activity against Coronavirus. Moreover, the drug-likeness of the compounds was tested theoretically by ADMET studies. Compound 8 exhibited a better binding affinity (-9.1 kcal/mol) against the target enzyme TMPRSS2. Additionally, it respects Lipinski's rule of five and has acceptable ADMET properties, indicating that compound 8 could be interesting for the treatment of Covid-19.

Synthesis of Novel 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-Benzothiazepines as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro, In Vivo, Kinetic, SAR, Molecular Docking, and QSAR Studies

In the present study, a series of 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives 1B-14B has been synthesized sand characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the target analogues were assessed using in vitro and in vivo mechanism-based assays. The tested compounds 1B-14B exhibited in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ = 2.62 ± 0.16 to 10.11 ± 0.32 μM as compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 37.38 ± 1.37 μM). Kinetic studies of the most active derivatives 2B and 3B illustrated competitive inhibitions. Based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, the compounds 2B, 3B, 6B, 7B, 12B, 13B, and 14B were chosen in vivo for further evaluation of antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. All these evaluated compounds demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity and were found to be nontoxic in nature. Moreover, the molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding interactions of most active analogues with the various sites of the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID 3AJ7). Additionally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The value of correlation coefficient (r) 0.9553 shows that there was a good correlation between the 1B-14B structures and selected properties. There is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical results. Thus, these novel compounds could serve as potential candidates to become leads for the development of new drugs provoking an anti-hyperglycemic effect.

Synthesis and application of novel urea-benzoic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-ones and hexahydroquinolines

In this work, we reported the synthesis and application of a new urea-benzoic acid containing ligand [(OEt)3Si(CH2)3-urea-benzoic acid] for the functionalization of silica coated magnetic nanoparticles. The resulting structure, namely Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-urea-benzoic acid, was characterized through different techniques including FT-IR, SEM, EDX-Mapping, VSM and TGA/DTG analysis. Then, Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-urea-benzoic acid was applied as a heterogeneous dual acidic and hydrogen bonding catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-ones and hexahydroquinolines under mild and green reaction conditions. More importantly, all of the desired products were obtained with relatively good yields. Also, the catalyst was recovered and reused for four successive runs without significant reduction in yield of the model reaction.

Improving Regulation of Polymeric Proanthocyanidins and Tea Polyphenols against Postprandial Hyperglycemia via Acid-Catalyzed Transformation

A novel protocol was established to synthesize novel α-glucosidase inhibitors (prodelphinidin B gallates) from proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry leaves (BLPs) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) via acid-catalyzed transformation, which had improved regulation against postprandial hyperglycemia. Their structural-activity relationship was clarified by enzymatic kinetics, multispectroscopic method, molecular docking analysis, and sucrose loading test. ProDB MG and DG were noncompetitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values of 7.82 and 7.52 μg/mL, respectively. They bound with α-glucosidase spontaneously through van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding interaction, inducing the change of spatial conformation and secondary structure of α-glucosidase. Molecular docking studies suggested that proDB MG and DG attached to another one nonactive pocket with strong affinity. ProDB DG exerted significant improvement of postprandial hyperglycemia in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, proDB MG and DG, potential antidiabetic compounds, alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting α-glucosidase.

Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, computational analysis, and in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase evaluation of 3-aminopyridin-2(1H)-one based novel monothiooxamides and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles

On the basis of biologically active 3-aminopyridin-2(1H)-ones, chemical modification of derivatives of the corresponding monothiooxamides, thiohydrazides, and conjugated 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives has been carried out for the first time.