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Al-Hayali MZ, Nge CE, Lim KH, Collins HM, Kam TS, Bradshaw TD. Conofolidine: A Natural Plant Alkaloid That Causes Apoptosis and Senescence in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2654. [PMID: 38893527 PMCID: PMC11173856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products contribute substantially to anticancer therapy; the plant kingdom provides an important source of molecules. Conofolidine is a novel Aspidosperma-Aspidosperma bisindole alkaloid isolated from the Malayan plant Tabernaemontana corymbosa. Herein, we report conofolidine's broad-spectrum anticancer activity together with that of three other bisindoles-conophylline, leucophyllidine, and bipleiophylline-against human-derived breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung carcinoma cell lines. Remarkably, conofolidine was able to induce apoptosis (e.g., in MDA-MB-468 breast) or senescence (e.g., in HT-29 colorectal) in cancer cells. Annexin V-FITC/PI, caspase activation, and PARP cleavage confirmed the former while positive β-gal staining corroborated the latter. Cell cycle perturbations were evident, comprising S-phase depletion, accompanied by downregulated CDK2, and cyclins (A2, D1) with p21 upregulation. Confocal imaging of HCT-116 cells revealed an induction of aberrant mitotic phenotypes-membrane blebbing, DNA-fragmentation with occasional multi-nucleation. DNA integrity assessment in HCT-116, MDA-MB-468, MIAPaCa-2, and HT-29 cells showed increased fluorescent γ-H2AX during the G1 cell cycle phase; γ-H2AX foci were validated in HCT-116 and MDA-MB-468 cells by confocal microscopy. Conofolidine increased oxidative stress, preceding apoptosis- and senescence-induction in most carcinoma cell lines as seen by enhanced ROS levels accompanied by increased NQO1 expression. Collectively, we present conofolidine as a putative potent anticancer agent capable of inducing heterogeneous modes of cancerous cell death in vitro, encouraging further preclinical evaluations of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zuhair Al-Hayali
- School of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk 36015, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Choy-Eng Nge
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.-E.N.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Kuan Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia;
| | - Hilary M. Collins
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Toh-Seok Kam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.-E.N.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Tracey D. Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
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Kimani CN, Reuter H, Kotzé SH, Muller CJF. Regeneration of Pancreatic Beta Cells by Modulation of Molecular Targets Using Plant-Derived Compounds: Pharmacological Mechanisms and Clinical Potential. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6216-6245. [PMID: 37623211 PMCID: PMC10453321 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, increased cell death and loss of beta-cell mass despite chronic treatment. Consequently, there has been growing interest in developing beta cell-centered therapies. Beta-cell regeneration is mediated by augmented beta-cell proliferation, transdifferentiation of other islet cell types to functional beta-like cells or the reprograming of beta-cell progenitors into fully differentiated beta cells. This mediation is orchestrated by beta-cell differentiation transcription factors and the regulation of the cell cycle machinery. This review investigates the beta-cell regenerative potential of antidiabetic plant extracts and phytochemicals. Various preclinical studies, including in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, are highlighted. Further, the potential regenerative mechanisms and the intra and extracellular mediators that are of significance are discussed. Also, the potential of phytochemicals to translate into regenerative therapies for T2D patients is highlighted, and some suggestions regarding future perspectives are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Njoki Kimani
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Helmuth Reuter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sanet Henriët Kotzé
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Christo John Fredrick Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Hu W, Yan G, Ding Q, Cai J, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Lei H, Zhu YZ. Update of Indoles: Promising molecules for ameliorating metabolic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112957. [PMID: 35462330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders have gradually become public health-threatening problems. The metabolic disorder is a cluster of complex metabolic abnormalities which are featured by dysfunction in glucose and lipid metabolism, and results from the increasing prevalence of visceral obesity. With the core driving factor of insulin resistance, metabolic disorder mainly includes type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), micro and macro-vascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), dyslipidemia, and the dysfunction of gut microbiota. Strategies and therapeutic attention are demanded to decrease the high risk of metabolic diseases, from lifestyle changes to drug treatment, especially herbal medicines. Indole is a parent substance of numerous bioactive compounds, and itself can be produced by tryptophan catabolism to stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and inhibit the development of obesity. In addition, in heterocycles drug discovery, the indole scaffold is primarily found in natural compounds with versatile biological activity and plays a prominent role in drug molecules synthesis. In recent decades, plenty of natural or synthesized indole deriviatives have been investigated and elucidated to exert effects on regulating glucose hemeostasis and lipd metabolism. The aim of this review is to trace and emphasize the compounds containing indole scaffold that possess immense potency on preventing metabolic disorders, particularly T2DM, obesity and NAFLD, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms, therefore facilitate a better comprehension of their druggability and application in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Guanyu Yan
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jianghong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Heping Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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The Multifunctional Role of Herbal Products in the Management of Diabetes and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051713. [PMID: 35268815 PMCID: PMC8911649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most demanding health problems today, and their prevalence, as well as comorbidities, is on the rise all over the world. As time goes on, both are becoming big issues that have a big impact on people’s lives. Diabetes is a metabolic and endocrine illness set apart by hyperglycemia and glucose narrow-mindedness because of insulin opposition. Heftiness is a typical, complex, and developing overall wellbeing worry that has for quite some time been connected to significant medical issues in individuals, all things considered. Because of the wide variety and low adverse effects, herbal products are an important hotspot for drug development. Synthetic compounds are not structurally diverse and lack drug-likeness properties. Thus, it is basic to keep on exploring herbal products as possible wellsprings of novel drugs. We conducted this review of the literature by searching Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. From 1990 until October 2021, research reports, review articles, and original research articles in English are presented. It provides top to bottom data and an examination of plant-inferred compounds that might be utilized against heftiness or potentially hostile to diabetes treatments. Our expanded comprehension of the systems of activity of phytogenic compounds, as an extra examination, could prompt the advancement of remedial methodologies for metabolic diseases. In clinical trials, a huge number of these food kinds or restorative plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of obesity.
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Smoak P, Burke SJ, Collier JJ. Botanical Interventions to Improve Glucose Control and Options for Diabetes Therapy. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 3:2465-2491. [PMID: 35098034 PMCID: PMC8796700 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-01034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. This endocrine disease is clustered into distinct subtypes based on the route of development, with the most common forms associated with either autoimmunity (T1DM) or obesity (T2DM). A shared hallmark of both major forms of diabetes is a reduction in function (insulin secretion) or mass (cell number) of the pancreatic islet beta-cell. Diminutions in both mass and function are often present. A wide assortment of plants have been used historically to reduce the pathological features associated with diabetes. In this review, we provide an organized viewpoint focused around the phytochemicals and herbal extracts investigated using various preclinical and clinical study designs. In some cases, crude extracts were examined directly, and in others, purified compounds were explored for their possible therapeutic efficacy. A subset of these studies compared the botanical product with standard of care prescribed drugs. Finally, we note that botanical formulations are likely suspects for future drug discovery and refinement into class(es) of compounds that have either direct or adjuvant therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smoak
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, LA 70808 Baton Rouge, USA
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Plants Secondary Metabolites as Blood Glucose-Lowering Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144333. [PMID: 34299610 PMCID: PMC8307461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, significant advances in modern medicine and therapeutic agents have been achieved. However, the search for effective antidiabetic drugs is continuous and challenging. Over the past decades, there has been an increasing body of literature related to the effects of secondary metabolites from botanical sources on diabetes. Plants-derived metabolites including alkaloids, phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, stilbenoids, saponins, tannins, polysaccharides, coumarins, and terpenes can target cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, they can grant protection to pancreatic beta cells from damage, repairing abnormal insulin signaling, minimizing oxidative stress and inflammation, activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Studies have highlighted many bioactive naturally occurring plants' secondary metabolites as candidates against diabetes. This review summarizes the current knowledge compiled from the latest studies published during the past decade on the mechanism-based action of plants-derived secondary metabolites that can target various metabolic pathways in humans against diabetes. It is worth mentioning that the compiled data in this review will provide a guide for researchers in the field, to develop candidates into environment-friendly effective, yet safe antidiabetics.
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Conophylline inhibits high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210068. [PMID: 30689650 PMCID: PMC6349312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conophylline (CnP), a vinca alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the tropical plant Tabernaemontana divaricate, attenuates hepatic fibrosis in mice. We have previously shown that CnP inhibits non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) using a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed mouse model. However, little is known about the CnP mediated inhibition of hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse models. CnP (0.5 and 1 μg/g/body weight) was co-administered along with a high-fat diet to male BALB/c mice. After nine weeks of administering the high-fat diet, hepatic steatosis, triglyceride, and hepatic fat metabolism-related markers were examined. Administration of a high-fat diet for 9 weeks was found to induce hepatic steatosis. CnP dose-dependently attenuated the high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. The diet also attenuated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) mRNA levels. PPARA is known to be involved in β-oxidation. CnP upregulated the mRNA levels of hepatic PPARA and its target genes, such as carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and CPT2, in a dose-dependent manner in the liver. Furthermore, levels of hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate, which is a type of ketone body, were increased by CnP in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CnP increased the expression of the autophagosomal marker LC3-II and decreased the expression of p62, which are known to be selectively degraded during autophagy. These results indicate that CnP inhibits hepatic steatosis through the stimulation of β-oxidation and autophagy in the liver. Therefore, CnP might prove to be a suitable therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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8
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Therapeutic activity of plant-derived alkaloid conophylline on metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative disease models. Hum Cell 2017; 31:95-101. [PMID: 29249016 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing metabolic syndromes including type-2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and steatohepatitis are serious problems in most countries in the world. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are increasing in many countries. However, therapy for these diseases is not sufficient yet. Thus, effective chemotherapy for these diseases is being expected. Conophylline is an alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Ervatamia microphylla and related plants. It was found to induce beta-cell differentiation in the precursor pancreatic cells. Oral administration of this compound ameliorated type-2 diabetes mellitus model in mice and rats. Later, fibrosis of the pancreatic islets was found to be greatly reduced by conophylline in the pancreatic islets. It also inhibited chemically induced liver cirrhosis. Further study indicated that conophylline inhibited non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the model mice. On the one hand, loss of autophagy often causes protein aggregation to give neural cell death. Conophylline was found to activate autophagy in cultured neural cells. Activation of autophagy ameliorated cellular models of Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Thus, conophylline is likely to be useful for the development of chemotherapy for metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mu C, Wang T, Wang X, Tian H, Liu Y. Identification of microRNAs regulating Hlxb9 gene expression during the induction of insulin-producing cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:515-23. [PMID: 26801823 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) with the capacity of self- renewal and multilineage differentiation are promising sources for cell replacement therapy in diabetes. Here, we developed an effective method with activin A, conophylline, and nicotinamide to induce mouse bMSCs to differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). The homeobox gene Hlxb9 (encoding HB9) is prominently expressed in adult human pancreas, which can also play a key role during the induction of IPCs. To find the microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating Hlxb9 gene expression, we respectively used miRanda and TargetScan to predict and got the intersection, miR-200a and miR-141, further identified by the Dual-Luciferase assay. The results illustrated miR-200a and miR-141 could inhibit the expression of Hlxb9 by binding to its mRNA 3'UTR. Furthermore, the expression of miR-200a and miR-141 was almost reciprocal to that of Hlxb9. Overexpression of miR-200a and miR-141 downregulated the expression of pancreatic progenitor cell markers Hlxb9 and Pdx1. Therefore, miR-200a and miR-141 may directly or indirectly regulate the expression of pancreatic islet transcription factors to control the differentiation of IPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Mu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Medical Treatment College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Oh YS. Plant-Derived Compounds Targeting Pancreatic Beta Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:629863. [PMID: 26587047 PMCID: PMC4637477 DOI: 10.1155/2015/629863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem and a national economic burden. Although several antidiabetic drugs are available, the need for novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and few side effects remains. Drugs derived from natural compounds are more attractive than synthetic drugs because of their diversity and minimal side effects. This review summarizes the most relevant effects of various plant-derived natural compounds on the functionality of pancreatic beta cells. Published data suggest that natural compounds directly enhance insulin secretion, prevent pancreatic beta cell apoptosis, and modulate pancreatic beta cell differentiation and proliferation. It is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of novel pharmaceuticals. Therefore, more studies into these compounds' mechanisms of action are warranted for their development as potential anti-diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 405-760, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Hai T, Liu L, Liu Z, Zhou Q. Cell therapy in diabetes: current progress and future prospects. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jung HS, Lim Y, Kim EK. Therapeutic phytogenic compounds for obesity and diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21505-37. [PMID: 25421245 PMCID: PMC4264239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds have been used to develop drugs for many decades. Vast diversities and minimum side effects make natural compounds a good source for drug development. However, the composition and concentrations of natural compounds can vary. Despite this inconsistency, half of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceuticals are natural compounds or their derivatives. Therefore, it is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals. This review provides comprehensive information and analysis on natural compounds from plants (phytogenic compounds) that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics. Our growing understanding and further exploration of the mechanisms of action of the phytogenic compounds may afford opportunities for development of therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soong Jung
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
| | - Yun Lim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea.
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Chang CLT, Lin Y, Bartolome AP, Chen YC, Chiu SC, Yang WC. Herbal therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: chemistry, biology, and potential application of selected plants and compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:378657. [PMID: 23662132 PMCID: PMC3638592 DOI: 10.1155/2013/378657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been recognized since antiquity. It currently affects as many as 285 million people worldwide and results in heavy personal and national economic burdens. Considerable progress has been made in orthodox antidiabetic drugs. However, new remedies are still in great demand because of the limited efficacy and undesirable side effects of current orthodox drugs. Nature is an extraordinary source of antidiabetic medicines. To date, more than 1200 flowering plants have been claimed to have antidiabetic properties. Among them, one-third have been scientifically studied and documented in around 460 publications. In this review, we select and discuss blood glucose-lowering medicinal herbs that have the ability to modulate one or more of the pathways that regulate insulin resistance, β-cell function, GLP-1 homeostasis, and glucose (re)absorption. Emphasis is placed on phytochemistry, anti-diabetic bioactivities, and likely mechanism(s). Recent progress in the understanding of the biological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of compounds and extracts of plant origin in type 2 diabetes is summarized. This review provides a source of up-to-date information for further basic and clinical research into herbal therapy for type 2 diabetes. Emerging views on therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicero L. T. Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yenshou Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Arlene P. Bartolome
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1100, Philippines
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chih Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Sinica Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Chang CLT, Lin Y, Bartolome AP, Chen YC, Chiu SC, Yang WC. Herbal therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: chemistry, biology, and potential application of selected plants and compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 5:22-9. [PMID: 23598921 PMCID: PMC3579016 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus, becoming the third killer of mankind after cancer and cardiovascular diseases, is one of the most challenging diseases facing health care professionals today. That is why; there has been a growing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for diabetes, especially those derived from plants. Aim: To evaluate the anti-diabetic activity together with the accompanying biological effects of the fractions and the new natural compounds of Hyphaene thebaica (HT) epicarp. Materials and Methods: 500 g of coarsely powdered of (HT) fruits epicarp were extracted by acetone. The acetone crude extract was fractionated with methanol and ethyl acetate leaving a residual water-soluble fraction WF. The anti-diabetic effects of the WF and one of its compounds of the acetone extract of the (HT) epicarp were investigated in this study using 40 adult male rats. Results: Phytochemical investigation of active WF revealed the presence of ten different flavonoids, among which two new natural compounds luteolin 7-O-[6”-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside 3 and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinofuranoside 5 were isolated. Supplementation of the WF improved glucose and insulin tolerance and significantly lowered blood glycosylated hemoglobin levels. On the other hand, compound 5 significantly reduced AST and ALT levels of liver, respectively. Likewise, the kidney functions were improved for both WF and compound 5, whereby both urea and creatinine levels in serum were highly significant Conclusion: The results justify the use of WF and compound 5 of the (HT) epicarp as anti-diabetic agent, taking into consideration that the contents of WF were mainly flavonoids
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicero L T Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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A small molecule differentiation inducer increases insulin production by pancreatic β cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20713-8. [PMID: 22143803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118526109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
New drugs for preserving and restoring pancreatic β-cell function are critically needed for the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes and the cure for type 1 diabetes. We previously identified a family of neurogenic 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles (Isx) that increased expression of neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1, also known as BETA2); this transcription factor functions in neuronal and pancreatic β-cell differentiation and is essential for insulin gene transcription. Here, we probed effects of Isx on human cadaveric islets and MIN6 pancreatic β cells. Isx increased the expression and secretion of insulin in islets that made little insulin after prolonged ex vivo culture and increased expression of neurogenic differentiation 1 and other regulators of islet differentiation and insulin gene transcription. Within the first few hours of exposure, Isx caused biphasic activation of ERK1/2 and increased bulk histone acetylation. Although there was little effect on histone deacetylase activity, Isx increased histone acetyl transferase activity in nuclear extracts. Reconstitution assays indicated that Isx increased the activity of the histone acetyl transferase p300 through an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. In summary, we have identified a small molecule with antidiabetic activity, providing a tool for exploring islet function and a possible lead for therapeutic intervention in diabetes.
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Huang YN, Guo X. Alkaloid conophylline in combination with betacellulin-δ4 promotes the differentiation of fetal porcine pancreatic duct stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2109-2115. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i20.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of alkaloid conophylline (CnP) in combination with betacellulin-δ4 (BTCδ4) on the differentiation of porcine fetal pancreatic duct stem cells in vitro.
METHODS: For inducing cell differentiation, porcine fetal pancreatic duct stem cells were cultured in Medium 199 (M199) with CnP and BTCδ4, alone or in combination. Then cell viability was assessed by the trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the content of insulin released by islet-like cell clusters (ICCs). The expression of PDX-1, Neuro D/Beta2 and insulin mRNAs was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Insulin release in response to glucose was assessed by glucose load test.
RESULTS: Conophylline at concentrations below 0.1 g/L showed no marked toxicity toward the ICCs. Either CnP or BTCδ4 weakly enhanced the content of insulin, while CnP in combination with BTCδ4 synergistically increased cellular insulin content. The expression of PDX-1, insulin and Neuro D/Beta2 mRNAs could be detected in untreated ICCs. After treatment with CnP in combination with BTCδ4, the ICCs exhibited a prompt response to 25.0 mmol/L glucose by increasing insulin secretion.
CONCLUSION: CnP in combination with BTCδ4 potentiated the differentiation of porcine pancreatic duct stem cells in cluster cultures towards β-cells.
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Han-ya Y, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Conophylline and (−)-Conophyllidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4884-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Han-ya Y, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Conophylline and (−)-Conophyllidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:231-3. [PMID: 21522003 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283457c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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