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Iwakura H, Ensho T, Ueda Y. Desacyl-ghrelin, not just an inactive form of ghrelin?-A review of current knowledge on the biological actions of desacyl-ghrelin. Peptides 2023:171050. [PMID: 37392995 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Desacyl-ghrelin is a form of ghrelin which lacks acyl-modification of the third serine residue of ghrelin. Originally, desacyl-ghrelin was considered to be just an inactive form of ghrelin. More recently, however, it has been suggested to have various biological activities, including control of food intake, growth hormone, glucose metabolism, and gastric movement, and is involved in cell survival. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biological actions of desacyl-ghrelin and the proposed mechanisms by which it exerts the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwakura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ensho
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Yoko Ueda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
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2
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Sahin M, Erdogan KE, Tekingündüz E. Correlation between the tissue ghrelin presence, disease activity and laboratory parameters in ulcerative colitis patients; immunohistochemical study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276065. [PMID: 36350879 PMCID: PMC9645640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to determine the differences in terms of ghrelin presence in the colon between the patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and control patients. Methods Sixty-one UC and 15 control patients were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for ghrelin was investigated in colonic biopsy samples of UC and control patients. UC patients were subdivided into Group A (absence of ghrelin staining) and Group B (presence of staining for ghrelin in biopsy samples). Disease activity scores, laboratory parameters and quantitative ghrelin staining were compared in both groups of UC patients, as well as with the observations in control patients. Results Cells in colonic mucosa stained for ghrelin were identified in twenty-three (37.7%) UC patients, while this proportion in control patients was 6/15(40%). A significant difference was found between Groups A and B for serum albumin concentration but not for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin concentration or leucocyte count. Mayo score/disease activity index (DAI) for UC were significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.03). Conclusions There were no differences in the amount of colonic ghrelin staining between healthy individuals and UC patients. Colonic ghrelin staining in UC patients seems to be associated with the increased activity of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memduh Sahin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saglik Bilimleri University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Villarreal D, Pradhan G, Zhou Y, Xue B, Sun Y. Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040517. [PMID: 35454106 PMCID: PMC9028691 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Villarreal
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Geetali Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-862-9143
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4
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Asadi A, Farahani H, Mahmoudi T, Tabaeian SP, Rezamand G, Mohammadbeigi A, Dabiri R, Nobakht H, Rezvan S, Mohammadi F. CIRCULATING GHRELIN LEVELS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COLORECTAL CÂNCER. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2021; 58:316-321. [PMID: 34705965 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202100000-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Considering the association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and both insulin resistance and obesity, and the prominent role of ghrelin in these metabolic disorders, we explored whether plasma levels of ghrelin were associated with CRC. Moreover, in the patients with CRC the possible correlations between ghrelin and insulin, insulin resistance, and body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of obesity were examined. METHODS A total of 170 subjects, including 82 cases with CRC and 88 controls were enrolled in this study. Plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and glucose were measured in all the subjects using ELISA and glucose oxidase methods. Furthermore, insulin resistance was assessed by calculating HOMA-IR index. RESULTS The cases with CRC had decreased ghrelin levels (P<0.001) and a higher HOMA-IR index (P<0.001) than controls. Interestingly, when CRC patients were stratified based on tumor site, lower ghrelin levels and a higher HOMA-IR index were observed in the patients with either colon or rectal cancer vs. controls too. Additionally, there were an age and BMI-independent negative correlation between ghrelin levels and HOMA-IR (r=-0.365, P<0.05), and an age-independent negative correlation between ghrelin levels and BMI (r=-0.335, P<0.05) in the rectal subgroup. CONCLUSION Our findings support a role for ghrelin in connection with insulin resistance and obesity in CRC susceptibility; however, it needs to be corroborated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadollah Asadi
- University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamid Farahani
- Qom University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Qom, Iran
| | - Touraj Mahmoudi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Colorectal Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rezamand
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Colorectal Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
- Qom University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, Health Policy and Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, Qom, Iran
| | - Reza Dabiri
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Internal Medicine Department, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Nobakht
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Internal Medicine Department, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sajad Rezvan
- Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Qom University of Medical Sciences, Deputy of Research and Technology, Qom, Iran
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Moodi M, Tavakoli T, Tahergorabi Z. Crossroad between Obesity and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Interventions. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:18. [PMID: 34084315 PMCID: PMC8106288 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_266_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is increasing worldwide, and in the past decade, cancer had entered the list of chronic debilitating diseases whose risk is substantially increased by hypernutrition. Obesity may increase the risk of cancer by the imbalance of various mechanisms including insulin and insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-I) signaling, systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, tumor angiogenesis, adipokines secretion, and intestinal microbiota that usually act interdependently. An increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying obesity-GI cancer link can provide multiple opportunities for cancer prevention. This review discusses various mechanisms involved molecular mechanisms linking obesity with GI cancers including esophagus, stomach, colorectal and hepatocellular. Furthermore, an optional intervention such as diet restriction and exercise is described, which may be preventive or therapeutic in GI cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Moodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Tavakoli
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Gasteroenterology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zoya Tahergorabi
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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6
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Wang XP, Ma CM, Zhao XH. Activity of the peptic-tryptic caseinate digest with caseinate oligochitosan-glycation in rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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McCauley HA. Enteroendocrine Regulation of Nutrient Absorption. J Nutr 2020; 150:10-21. [PMID: 31504661 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestine regulate many aspects of whole-body physiology and metabolism. EECs sense luminal and circulating nutrients and respond by secreting hormones that act on multiple organs and organ systems, such as the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas, to control satiety, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, EECs act locally, on enteric neurons, endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal epithelium, to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Many recent reports raise the possibility that EECs and the enteric nervous system may coordinate to regulate gastrointestinal functions. Loss of all EECs results in chronic malabsorptive diarrhea, placing EECs in a central role regulating nutrient absorption in the gut. Because there is increasing evidence that EECs can directly modulate the efficiency of nutrient absorption, it is possible that EECs are master regulators of a feed-forward loop connecting appetite, digestion, metabolism, and abnormally augmented nutrient absorption that perpetuates metabolic disease. This review focuses on the roles that specific EEC hormones play on glucose, peptide, and lipid absorption within the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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8
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Auclair N, Patey N, Melbouci L, Ou Y, Magri-Tomaz L, Sané A, Garofalo C, Levy E, St-Pierre DH. Acylated Ghrelin and The Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in The Intestine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17975. [PMID: 31784591 PMCID: PMC6884495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylated ghrelin (AG) is a gastrointestinal (GI) peptide mainly secreted by the stomach that promotes cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) hypertrophy in adipose tissues and liver. However, the role of AG in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the intestine remains unexplored. This study aimed at determining whether AG influences CLD production and chylomicron (CM) secretion in the intestine. The effects of AG and oleic acid on CLD accumulation and CM secretion were first investigated in cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes. Intestinal lipid metabolism was also studied in Syrian Golden Hamsters submitted to conventional (CD) or Western (WD) diets for 8 weeks and continuously administered with AG or physiological saline for the ultimate 2 weeks. In cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes, CLD accumulation influenced CM secretion while AG reduced fatty acid uptake. In WD hamsters, continuous AG treatment amplified chylomicron output while reducing postprandial CLD accumulation in the intestine. The present study supports the intimate relationship between CLD accumulation and CM secretion in the intestine and it underlines the importance of further characterizing the mechanisms through which AG exerts its effects on lipid metabolism in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Patey
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Melbouci
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Y Ou
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Magri-Tomaz
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Sané
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Garofalo
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Levy
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1A8, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - D H St-Pierre
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1A8, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada. .,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Interleukin (IL)-22 from IL-20 Subfamily of Cytokines Induces Colonic Epithelial Cell Proliferation Predominantly through ERK1/2 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143468. [PMID: 31311100 PMCID: PMC6678670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-20 subfamily of cytokines consists of IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26, and the expression of IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 is reported to be higher in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis. Although the receptors for these cytokines are highly expressed in the colon epithelium, their effects on epithelial renewal are not clearly understood. This study evaluated the effects of IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 in epithelial renewal using the LS174T human colon cancer epithelial cell line. LS174T cells were treated with IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 (25, 50, and 100 ng/mL) and a live-cell imaging system was used to evaluate the effects on cell proliferation. Following treatment, the signaling pathways contributing to cell proliferation were investigated through Western blotting in LS174T cells and downstream transcriptional changes through qRT-PCR in LS174T cells, and RNA-Seq in primary murine intestinal epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that only IL-22 promoted LS174T cell proliferation, mediated via extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-mediated downstream regulation of p90RSK, c-Jun, and transcriptional changes of TRIM15 and STOM. IL-22 also promoted expression of ERK1/2-independent genes such as DDR2, LCN2, and LRG1, which are known to be involved in cell proliferation and migration. This study suggests that IL-22 induces cell proliferation in highly proliferative cells such as intestinal epithelial cells.
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Li X, Zhao X, Li C, Liu S, Yan F, Teng Y, Feng J, Miao D. Inhibitor of ghrelin receptor reverses gefitinib resistance in lung cancer. Hum Cell 2019; 32:360-366. [PMID: 31020605 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib is the first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), which is used in the treatment of NCSLC patients through interrupting EGFR signaling pathway. Although gefitinib prolongs patients' progression-free survival (PFS), acquired resistance occurs in advanced NSCLC patients. In this study, we mainly investigated the effects of antagonist for ghrelin-R (D-lys-3-GHRP-6) on conquering acquired gefitinib resistance in human lung cancer cells. We found that GHSR was overexpressed in our established HCC827/GR cells compared with parental cells, accompanied with increase of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2. Treatment of D-lys-3-GHRP-6 significantly decreased p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 expression in HCC827/GR cells. H1650 cells and HCC827/GR cells were treated with control, gefitinib, D-lys-3-GHRP-6 and D-lys-3-GHRP-6 + gefitinib, respectively. In H1650 and HCC827/GR cells, combination of D-lys-3-GHRP-6 and gefitinib significantly inhibited cell proliferation and Bcl2 protein level, induced the cell apoptosis and cleaved-caspase3 protein level compared with control group, while there was no significant difference between control and gefitinib group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyou Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, Yancheng, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Yancheng, 224001, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yue Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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11
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Onishi S, Kaji T, Yamada W, Nakame K, Machigashira S, Kawano M, Yano K, Harumatsu T, Yamada K, Masuya R, Kawano T, Mukai M, Hamada T, Souda M, Yoshioka T, Tanimoto A, Ieiri S. Ghrelin stimulates intestinal adaptation following massive small bowel resection in parenterally fed rats. Peptides 2018; 106:59-67. [PMID: 29966680 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients face life-threatening conditions, the development of therapeutic strategies to induce intestinal adaptation has been investigated. Ghrelin, a ligand of growth hormone (GH) secretagogue-receptor that stimulates the release of GH and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), has several pleiotropic effects. We investigated whether ghrelin induces intestinal adaptation in parenterally fed rats with SBS. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent venous catheterization and were divided into 3 groups: those receiving 90% small bowel resection while leaving the proximal jejunum and distal ileum (90% SBR) with TPN (SBS/TPN group), those receiving 90% SBR with TPN + ghrelin (SBS/TPN/ghrelin group), and those receiving sham operation and fed chow (sham group). Ghrelin was administered intravenously at 10 μg/kg/day. On Day 13, the rats were euthanized and the small intestine harvested, and the histology and crypt cell proliferation rates (CCPR), apoptosis, and nutrient transporter protein levels were analyzed and the plasma hormones were measured. RESULTS The villus height and crypt depth of the ileum in the SBS/TPN/ghrelin group were significantly higher than in the SBS/TPN group. The CCPR of the jejunum and the ileum significantly increased by the administration of ghrelin; however, the apoptosis rates did not significantly differ between the SBS/TPN and SBS/TPN/ghrelin groups. Significant differences did not exist in the plasma IGF-1 and nutrient transporter protein levels among three groups. CONCLUSIONS The intravenous administration of ghrelin stimulated the morphological intestinal adaptation of the ileum to a greater degree than the jejunum due to the direct effect of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Onishi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Kaji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Waka Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakame
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Seiro Machigashira
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Masato Kawano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Toshio Harumatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ryuta Masuya
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Motoi Mukai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Taiji Hamada
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Masakazu Souda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan; Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- National Center for Children Health and Development, Pathology, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ieiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Field in Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Japan.
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Zhu J, Yao J, Huang R, Wang Y, Jia M, Huang Y. Ghrelin promotes human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K and ERK signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric acyl-peptide that plays an important role in cell proliferation. In the present study, we explored the role of ghrelin in A549 cell proliferation and the possible molecular mechanisms. We found that ghrelin promotes A549 cell proliferation, knockdown of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) attenuated A549 cell proliferation caused by ghrelin. Ghrelin induced the rapid phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, ERK, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and P70S6K. PI3K inhibitor (LY 294002), ERK inhibitor (PD98059) and mTOR inhibitor (Rapamycin) inhibited ghrelin-induced A549 cell proliferation. Moreover, GHSR siRNA inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, ERK, mTOR and P70S6K induced by ghrelin. Akt and mTOR/P70S6K phosphorylation was inhibited by LY 294002 but not by PD98059. These results indicate that ghrelin promotes A549 cell proliferation via GHSR-dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Jia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Auclair N, Melbouci L, St-Pierre D, Levy E. Gastrointestinal factors regulating lipid droplet formation in the intestine. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:1-14. [PMID: 29305172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD) are considered as neutral lipid reservoirs, which protect cells from lipotoxicity. It became clear that these fascinating dynamic organelles play a role not only in energy storage and metabolism, but also in cellular lipid and protein handling, inter-organelle communication, and signaling among diverse functions. Their dysregulation is associated with multiple disorders, including obesity, liver steatosis and cardiovascular diseases. The central aim of this review is to highlight the link between intra-enterocyte CLD dynamics and the formation of chylomicrons, the main intestinal dietary lipid vehicle, after overviewing the morphology, molecular composition, biogenesis and functions of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - L Melbouci
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - D St-Pierre
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - E Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Blanco AM, Bertucci JI, Valenciano AI, Delgado MJ, Unniappan S. Ghrelin suppresses cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestine, and attenuates the anorectic effects of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Horm Behav 2017; 93:62-71. [PMID: 28506816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important gut-derived hormone with an appetite stimulatory role, while most of the intestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are appetite-inhibitors. Whether these important peptides with opposing roles on food intake interact to regulate energy balance in fish is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the putative crosstalk between ghrelin and CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). We first determined the localization of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in relation to ghrelin and its main receptor GHS-R1a (growth hormone secretagogue 1a) in the goldfish intestine by immunohistochemistry. Colocalization of ghrelin/GHS-R1a and CCK/PYY/GLP-1 was found primarily in the luminal border of the intestinal mucosa. In an intestinal explant culture, a significant decrease in prepro-cck, prepro-pyy and proglucagon transcript levels was observed after 60min of incubation with ghrelin, which was abolished by preincubation with the GHS-R1a ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (except for proglucagon). The protein expression of PYY and GLP-1 was also downregulated by ghrelin. Finally, intraperitoneal co-administration of CCK, PYY or GLP-1 with ghrelin results in no modification of food intake in goldfish. Overall, results of the present study show for the first time in fish that ghrelin exerts repressive effects on enteric anorexigens. It is likely that these interactions mediate the stimulatory effects of ghrelin on feeding and metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Isabel Valenciano
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Ghrelin improves intestinal mucosal atrophy during parenteral nutrition: An experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:2039-2043. [PMID: 27832865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been reported to be associated with mucosal atrophy of the small intestine. Ghrelin has hormonal, orexigenic, and metabolic activities. We investigated whether ghrelin improved intestinal mucosal atrophy using a TPN-supported rat model. METHODS Rats underwent jugular vein catheterization and were divided into four groups: TPN alone (TPN), TPN plus low-dose ghrelin (TPNLG), TPN plus high-dose ghrelin (TPNHG), and oral feeding with normal chow (OF). Ghrelin was administered continuously at dosages of 10 or 50 μg/kg/day. On day 6 rats were euthanized, and the small intestine was harvested and divided into the jejunum and ileum. Then the villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) were evaluated. RESULTS The jejunal and ileal VH and CD in the TPN group were significantly decreased compared with those in the OF group. TPNHG improved only VH of the jejunum. TPNLG improved VH and CD of the jejunum and CD of the ileum. The improvement of TPNLG was significantly stronger than that in CD of the jejunum and ileum. CONCLUSIONS TPN was more strongly associated with mucosal atrophy in the jejunum than in the ileum. Low-dose intravenous administration of ghrelin improved TPN-associated intestinal mucosal atrophy more effectively than high-dose administration.
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Grossini E, Raina G, Farruggio S, Camillo L, Molinari C, Mary D, Walker GE, Bona G, Vacca G, Moia S, Prodam F, Surico D. Intracoronary Des-Acyl Ghrelin Acutely Increases Cardiac Perfusion Through a Nitric Oxide-Related Mechanism in Female Anesthetized Pigs. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2403-15. [PMID: 27100620 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), the most abundant form of ghrelin in humans, has been found to reduce arterial blood pressure and prevent cardiac and endothelial cell apoptosis. Despite this, data regarding its direct effect on cardiac function and coronary blood flow, as well as the related involvement of autonomic nervous system and nitric oxide (NO), are scarce. We therefore examined these issues using both in vivo and in vitro studies. In 20 anesthetized pigs, intracoronary 100 pmol/mL DAG infusion with a constant heart rate and aortic blood pressure, increased coronary blood flow and NO release, whereas reducing coronary vascular resistances (P < .05). Dose responses to DAG were evaluated in five pigs. No effects on cardiac contractility/relaxation or myocardial oxygen consumption were observed. Moreover, whereas the blockade of muscarinic cholinoceptors (n = 5) or α- and β-adrenoceptors (n = 5 each) did not abolish the observed responses, NO synthase inhibition (n = 5) prevented the effects of DAG on coronary blood flow and NO release. In coronary artery endothelial cells, DAG dose dependently increased NO release through cAMP signaling and ERK1/2, Akt, and p38 MAPK involvement as well as the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase. In conclusion, in anesthetized pigs, DAG primarily increased cardiac perfusion through the involvement of NO release. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt appears to play roles in eliciting the observed NO production in coronary artery endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grossini
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Raina
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Serena Farruggio
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Lara Camillo
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Molinari
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - David Mary
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Gillian Elisabeth Walker
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vacca
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Moia
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Surico
- Laboratory Physiology/Experimental Surgery (E.G., G.R., S.F., L.C., C.M., D.M., G.V., D.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, and Pediatric Unit (G.E.W., G.B., S.M., F.P.), Department of Health Sciences, University E Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, I-12800 Novara, Italy
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Lien GS, Lin CH, Yang YL, Wu MS, Chen BC. Ghrelin induces colon cancer cell proliferation through the GHS-R, Ras, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:124-31. [PMID: 26879868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Recently, some interesting associations between ghrelin and cancer were reported, and it may participate in colon cancer development. In the present report, we explored the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the ghrelin-induced proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Ghrelin-caused HT-29 proliferation was reduced by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (a GHS-R inhibitor). We also found that a dominant negative mutant of Ras (Ras DN), a PI3K inhibitor (LY 294002), an Akt DN, and an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) attenuated ghrelin-caused colon cancer cell proliferation. We found that ghrelin induced time-dependent increases in Ras activity. Moreover, ghrelin-mediated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation was attenuated by a Ras DN and LY 294002. Furthermore, a Ras DN, LY 294002, and an Akt DN all inhibited ghrelin-caused mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation. These results indicate that the Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade plays a critical role in ghrelin-induced colon cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Shih Lien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - You-Lan Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Bittar NMVR, Zulian JG, Ogias D, Gama P. Ghrelin and GHS-R in the rat gastric mucosa: Are they involved in regulation of growth during early weaning? Nutrition 2015; 32:101-7. [PMID: 26520918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on previous evidence showing that early weaning disturbs the ontogenesis of rat gastric glands, which are the major site of ghrelin synthesis, we investigated the distribution of ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R) in the rat gastric epithelium during postnatal development and evaluated the effects of early weaning on their levels. Additionally, we studied the contribution of ghrelin to gastric growth during the abrupt nutrient transition. METHODS Wistar rats were submitted to early weaning at 15 d and suckling counterparts were taken as controls. RESULTS By running quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry, we detected a variation of ghrelin levels and an increase of expression and number of immunolabeled cells, 3 d after treatment (P < 0.05). Through confocal microscopy, we identified GHS-R in the neck region of the gland and did not observe changes in protein levels. Growth was evaluated after ghrelin antagonist ([D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6) administration, which reduced DNA synthesis index in early-weaned rats (P < 0.05) as determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that ghrelin and GHS-R are distributed in gastric mucosa during the postnatal development, indicating that they can signal and function in epithelial cells. We concluded that early weaning increased ghrelin levels in the stomach, and it takes part of cell proliferation control that is essential for stomach growth. Therefore, among the many effects previously described for early weaning, this abrupt nutrient transition also changed ghrelin levels, which might represent an additional element in the complex mechanism that coordinates stomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Guimarães Zulian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ogias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wang J, Guo S, Han L, Fang M, Wang L, Bartsch JW, Li J. Correlation of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression with clinical features in human pituitary adenomas. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1909-1914. [PMID: 26136913 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, as a brain-gut peptide, has growth hormone (GH)-releasing and appetite-inducing activities and a widespread tissue distribution. Furthermore, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), and both ghrelin and GHSR are expressed in the pituitary; however, the data regarding the expression of ghrelin and GHSR in pituitary adenomas are divergent and conflicting. In the present study, therefore, the expression of ghrelin and GHSR was examined in the full spectrum of human pituitary adenoma subtypes (n=34) and in normal pituitary tissue (n=3). The mRNA and protein expression levels were quantified using a competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting and the correlation of the results with the clinical parameters was assessed. mRNA and protein expression of ghrelin and GHSR was detected in all samples with the highest mean level in GH adenomas, a moderate level in clinically non-functioning adenomas and the lowest level in adrenocorticotropin adenomas. A significant correlation between the ghrelin and GHSR mRNA expression levels was observed in the GH adenomas (n=12) (r=0.8435, P=0.0006). The ghrelin mRNA expression level in the GH adenomas correlated positively with the basic serum GH level (n=12) (r=0.6488, P=0.0225). Furthermore, the mean level of ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly higher in invasive adenomas than in noninvasive adenomas (P<0.01). Collectively, the results of the study provided evidence that ghrelin and GHSR are expressed in the various subtypes of pituitary adenoma, with specific overexpression in GH adenomas. The study suggests that the binding of ghrelin to GHSR promotes the secretion of GH and plays an important role in the development of GH adenomas via autocrine and/or paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Songbo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Mingbo Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marburg University, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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Shan GS, Zhang LX, Zhao QM, Xiao HB, Zhuo RJ, Xu G, Jiang H, You XM, Jia TZ. Metabolomic study of raw and processed Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz by LC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gahete MD, Rincón-Fernández D, Villa-Osaba A, Hormaechea-Agulla D, Ibáñez-Costa A, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gracia-Navarro F, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin gene products, receptors, and GOAT enzyme: biological and pathophysiological insight. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:R1-24. [PMID: 24194510 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated hormone, highly expressed in the stomach, which binds to its cognate receptor (GHSR1a) to regulate a plethora of relevant biological processes, including food intake, energy balance, hormonal secretions, learning, inflammation, etc. However, ghrelin is, in fact, the most notorious component of a complex, intricate regulatory system comprised of a growing number of alternative peptides (e.g. obestatin, unacylated ghrelin, and In1-ghrelin, etc.), known (GHSRs) and, necessarily unknown receptors, as well as modifying enzymes (e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase), which interact among them as well as with other regulatory systems in order to tightly modulate key (patho)-physiological processes. This multiplicity of functions and versatility of the ghrelin system arise from a dual, genetic and functional, complexity. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation in some of the components of the ghrelin system can lead to or influence the development and/or progression of highly concerning pathologies such as endocrine-related tumors, inflammatory/cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration, wherein these altered components could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. In this context, the aim of this review is to integrate and comprehensively analyze the multiple components and functions of the ghrelin system described to date in order to define and understand its biological and (patho)-physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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