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Singuru G, Pulipaka S, Shaikh A, Sahoo S, Jangam A, Thennati R, Kotamraju S. Mitochondria targeted esculetin administration improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis in db/db mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:927-945. [PMID: 38758435 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The development and progression of hyperglycemia (HG) and HG-associated atherosclerosis are exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction due to dysregulated mitochondria-derived ROS generation. We recently synthesized a novel mitochondria-targeted esculetin (Mito-Esc) and tested its dose-response therapeutic efficacy in mitigating HG-induced atherosclerosis in db/db mice. In comparison to simvastatin and pioglitazone, Mito-Esc administration resulted in a considerable reduction in body weights and improved glucose homeostasis, possibly by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, as indicated by a reduction in glycogen content, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) levels, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activity. Interestingly, Mito-Esc treatment, by regulating phospho-IRS and phospho-AKT levels, greatly improved palmitate-induced insulin resistance, resulting in enhanced glucose uptake in adipocytes and HepG2 cells. Also, and importantly, Mito-Esc administration prevented HG-induced atheromatous plaque formation and lipid accumulation in the descending aorta. In addition, Mito-Esc administration inhibited the HG-mediated increase in VACM, ICAM, and MAC3 levels in the aortic tissue, as well as reduced the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of senescence. In line with this, Mito-Esc significantly inhibited monocyte adherence to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) treated with high glucose and reduced high glucose-induced premature senescence in HAECs by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway. In contrast, Mito-Esc failed to regulate high glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence under AMPK/SIRT1-depleted conditions. Together, the therapeutic efficacy of Mito-Esc in the mitigation of hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance and the associated atherosclerosis is in part mediated by potentiating the AMPK-SIRT1 axis. KEY MESSAGES: Mito-Esc administration significantly mitigates diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. Mito-Esc improves hyperglycemia (HG)-associated insulin resistance. Mito-Esc inhibits HG-induced vascular senescence and inflammation in the aorta. Mito-Esc-mediated activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 axis regulates HG-induced endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajalakshmi Singuru
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sriravali Pulipaka
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Altab Shaikh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Shashikanta Sahoo
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Aruna Jangam
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajamannar Thennati
- High Impact Innovations-Sustainable Health Solutions (HISHS), Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Vadodara, 390012, India
| | - Srigiridhar Kotamraju
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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