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Wang X, Liu L, Zhai L, Palade P, Wang X, Mehta JL. Direct Impact of PCSK9 on SMC Senescence and Apoptosis: A New Focus in Cardiovascular Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1491-1496. [PMID: 38924434 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., L.Z., Xianwei Wang)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., Xianwei Wang), Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., L.Z., Xianwei Wang)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., Xianwei Wang), Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Liyue Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., L.Z., Xianwei Wang)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration (L.Z., Xianwei Wang), Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Philip Palade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (P.P.)
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., L.Z., Xianwei Wang)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology (Xiaoping Wang, L.L., Xianwei Wang), Xinxiang Medical University, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration (L.Z., Xianwei Wang), Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Little Rock (J.L.M.)
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Barrère-Lemaire S, Vincent A, Jorgensen C, Piot C, Nargeot J, Djouad F. Mesenchymal stromal cells for improvement of cardiac function following acute myocardial infarction: a matter of timing. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:659-725. [PMID: 37589393 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death and remains the most common cause of heart failure. Reopening of the occluded artery, i.e., reperfusion, is the only way to save the myocardium. However, the expected benefits of reducing infarct size are disappointing due to the reperfusion paradox, which also induces specific cell death. These ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lesions can account for up to 50% of final infarct size, a major determinant for both mortality and the risk of heart failure (morbidity). In this review, we provide a detailed description of the cell death and inflammation mechanisms as features of I/R injury and cardioprotective strategies such as ischemic postconditioning as well as their underlying mechanisms. Due to their biological properties, the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been considered a potential therapeutic approach in AMI. Despite promising results and evidence of safety in preclinical studies using MSCs, the effects reported in clinical trials are not conclusive and even inconsistent. These discrepancies were attributed to many parameters such as donor age, in vitro culture, and storage time as well as injection time window after AMI, which alter MSC therapeutic properties. In the context of AMI, future directions will be to generate MSCs with enhanced properties to limit cell death in myocardial tissue and thereby reduce infarct size and improve the healing phase to increase postinfarct myocardial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Anne Vincent
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piot
- Département de Cardiologie Interventionnelle, Clinique du Millénaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Nargeot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Farida Djouad
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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3
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Chu H, Qin Y, Qiu T, Zhou S, Na Z, Sun Y, Xu Y, Zhong Y. Phenotype and function of smooth muscle cells derived from the human normal great saphenous vein in response to hypoxia. Phlebology 2024; 39:96-107. [PMID: 37921696 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231211990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of hypoxia to the pathophysiology of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not yet been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the effect of hypoxia on the phenotype and function of SMCs derived from the human normal great saphenous veins (NGSVs). METHODS Fifteen NGSV tissue samples were collected. SMCs were isolated and cultured. Proliferation, migration, adhesion, senescence, and the structure of cytoskeletal filaments in SMCs were observed. mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 was detected by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting in the cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and the control groups. RESULTS A decrease in the number of cytoskeletal filaments was observed. mRNA and protein expression of Bas and caspase-3 was significantly decreased, while the quantity of proliferation, migration, adhesion, senescence, and mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in SMCs in the CoCl2 group were significantly increased compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Under hypoxic conditions, the phenotype and function of SMCs derived from the human NGSVs were dysregulated, suggesting that VSMCs switch from the contractile phenotype to the secretory or synthetic phenotype, and more dedifferentiate, resulting in extracellular matrix deposition and apoptotic decrease through the intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhen Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shunchang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhang Na
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yongbo Xu
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Yuan G, Ning L, Qing X, Lujia W, Kai H, Xiangyang X, Ye Y, Qin L, Xiaohong L, Lin H. BFGF attenuates aortic valvular interstitial cell calcification by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113889. [PMID: 38113969 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential protective effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) on the cardiovascular system has been proposed previously, however, its effect on calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. The valvular interstitial cell (VIC) were isolated from porcine aortic valve leaflets. To investigate the effect of BFGF on osteogenic differentiation of VIC, the osteogenic induced medium (OIM) and BFGF were added. The protein expression level was detected by Western blot, and apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The effect of BFGF on CAVD process in vivo was assessed by a rat CAVD model, which was identified by echocardiography and Alizarin red staining. The expression level of BFGF in the aortic valve and serum were significantly upregulated in CAVD patients compared to control group. In addition, exogenous BFGF injection attenuates CAVD process in vivo. The protein markers of osteogenic differentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis were significantly upregulated by culture with OIM. On the contrary, the aforementioned proteins were suppressed after adding 100 ng/mL of BFGF. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways by specific inhibitors abolished the protective effect of BFGF. In conclusion, BFGF could alleviate the VIC calcification by inhibiting ERS-mediated apoptosis, which is partly regulated by activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. BFGF may provide a potential avenue for CAVD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li Ning
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200052, China.
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wu Lujia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Huang Kai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xu Xiangyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yuan Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Liu Xiaohong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Lener D, Noflatscher M, Kirchmair E, Bauer A, Holfeld J, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Kirchmair R, Theurl M. The angiogenic neuropeptide catestatin exerts beneficial effects on human coronary vascular cells and cardiomyocytes. Peptides 2023; 168:171077. [PMID: 37567254 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial infarction (MI) induces irreversible tissue damage, eventually leading to heart failure. Exogenous induction of angiogenesis positively influences ventricular remodeling after MI. Recently, we could show that therapeutic angiogenesis by the neuropeptide catestatin (CST) restores perfusion in the mouse hind limb ischemia model by the induction of angio-, arterio- and vasculogenesis. Thus, we assumed that CST might exert beneficial effects on cardiac cells. METHODS/RESULTS To test the effect of CST on cardiac angiogenesis in-vitro matrigel assays with human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were performed. CST significantly mediated capillary like tube formation comparable to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was used as positive control. Interestingly, blockade of bFGF resulted in abrogation of observed effects. Moreover, CST induced proliferation of HCAEC and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) as determined by BrdU-incorporation. Similar to the matrigel assay blockade of bFGF attenuated the effect. Consistent with these findings western blot assays revealed a bFGF-dependent phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 by CST in these cell lines. Finally, CST protected human cardiomyocytes in-vitro from apoptosis. CONCLUSION CST might qualify as potential candidate for therapeutic angiogenesis in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lener
- Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Noflatscher
- Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke Kirchmair
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Axel Bauer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Holfeld
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Theurl
- Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Xiong Y, Wang Y, Yang T, Luo Y, Xu S, Li L. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Still an Interesting Target to Inhibit the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:497-518. [PMID: 37524956 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation is a critical event that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling such as hypertension, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Increasing evidences have revealed that VSMCs proliferation is associated with the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by their ligands, including the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Moreover, some receptor tyrosinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been found and can prevent VSMCs proliferation to attenuate vascular remodeling. Therefore, this review will describe recent research progress on the role of RTKs and their inhibitors in controlling VSMCs proliferation, which helps to better understand the function of VSMCs proliferation in cardiovascular events and is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yunmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Lisheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
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Jiang B, Zhou X, Yang T, Wang L, Feng L, Wang Z, Xu J, Jing W, Wang T, Su H, Yang G, Zhang Z. The role of autophagy in cardiovascular disease: Cross-interference of signaling pathways and underlying therapeutic targets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1088575. [PMID: 37063954 PMCID: PMC10090687 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1088575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles, which realizes the metabolic needs of cells and the renewal of organelles. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are the main molecular mechanisms controlling autophagy, and their functions can coordinate the whole autophagic process. Autophagy can also play a role in cardiovascular disease through several key signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, IGF/EGF, AMPK/mTOR, MAPKs, p53, Nrf2/p62, Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. In this paper, we reviewed the signaling pathway of cross-interference between autophagy and cardiovascular diseases, and analyzed the development status of novel cardiovascular disease treatment by targeting the core molecular mechanism of autophagy as well as the critical signaling pathway. Induction or inhibition of autophagy through molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways can provide therapeutic benefits for patients. Meanwhile, we hope to provide a unique insight into cardiovascular treatment strategies by understanding the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway of crosstalk between autophagy and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longfei Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiyao Jing
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Gansu Province Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixiang Su
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Gansu Province Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - GuoWei Yang
- Center for Heart, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Heart, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Popov SV, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Voronkov NS, Derkachev IA, Boshchenko AA, Fu F, Sufianova GZ, Khlestkina MS, Maslov LN. Regulation of autophagy of the heart in ischemia and reperfusion. Apoptosis 2023; 28:55-80. [PMID: 36369366 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the heart leads to increased autophagic flux. Preconditioning stimulates autophagic flux by AMPK and PI3-kinase activation and mTOR inhibition. The cardioprotective effect of postconditioning is associated with activation of autophagy and increased activity of NO-synthase and AMPK. Oxidative stress stimulates autophagy in the heart during I/R. Superoxide radicals generated by NADPH-oxidase acts as a trigger for autophagy, possibly due to AMPK activation. There is reason to believe that AMPK, GSK-3β, PINK1, JNK, hexokinase II, MEK, PKCα, and ERK kinases stimulate autophagy, while mTOR, PKCδ, Akt, and PI3-kinase can inhibit autophagy in the heart during I/R. However, there is evidence that PI3-kinase could stimulate autophagy in ischemic preconditioning of the heart. It was found that transcription factors FoxO1, FoxO3, NF-κB, HIF-1α, TFEB, and Nrf-2 enhance autophagy in the heart in I/R. Transcriptional factors STAT1, STAT3, and p53 inhibit autophagy in I/R. MicroRNAs could stimulate and inhibit autophagy in the heart in I/R. Long noncoding RNAs regulate the viability and autophagy of cardiomyocytes in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Nitric oxide (NO) donors and endogenous NO could activate autophagy of cardiomyocytes. Activation of heme oxygenase-1 promotes cardiomyocyte tolerance to H/R and enhances autophagy. Hydrogen sulfide increases cardiac tolerance to I/R and inhibits apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR and PI3-kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Popov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Alexander V Mukhomedzyanov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Nikita S Voronkov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Ivan A Derkachev
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012
| | - Feng Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No.169, West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | | | | | - Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634012.
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Machine learning and bioinformatics to identify 8 autophagy-related biomarkers and construct gene regulatory networks in dilated cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15030. [PMID: 36056063 PMCID: PMC9440113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition of impaired ventricular remodeling and systolic diastole that is often complicated by arrhythmias and heart failure with a poor prognosis. This study attempted to identify autophagy-related genes (ARGs) with diagnostic biomarkers of DCM using machine learning and bioinformatics approaches. Differential analysis of whole gene microarray data of DCM from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was performed using the NetworkAnalyst 3.0 platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) matching (|log2FoldChange ≥ 0.8, p value < 0.05|) were obtained in the GSE4172 dataset by merging ARGs from the autophagy gene libraries, HADb and HAMdb, to obtain autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (AR-DEGs) in DCM. The correlation analysis of AR-DEGs and their visualization were performed using R language. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and combined multi-database pathway analysis were served by the Enrichr online enrichment analysis platform. We used machine learning to screen the diagnostic biomarkers of DCM. The transcription factors gene regulatory network was constructed by the JASPAR database of the NetworkAnalyst 3.0 platform. We also used the drug Signatures database (DSigDB) drug database of the Enrichr platform to screen the gene target drugs for DCM. Finally, we used the DisGeNET database to analyze the comorbidities associated with DCM. In the present study, we identified 23 AR-DEGs of DCM. Eight (PLEKHF1, HSPG2, HSF1, TRIM65, DICER1, VDAC1, BAD, TFEB) molecular markers of DCM were obtained by two machine learning algorithms. Transcription factors gene regulatory network was established. Finally, 10 gene-targeted drugs and complications for DCM were identified.
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10
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Yang M, Ling X, Xiao J. miR-141 exacerbates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting EGFR/β-catenin axis mediated autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6507-6519. [PMID: 35972910 PMCID: PMC9467402 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) injury. Here, this study aimed to examine whether miR-141 was related to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) via regulating autophagy and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and to explore the underlying signal transduction pathways. To this end, we constructed the LIRI cell model and mouse models, separately. According to RT-qPCR and Western blotting (WB) analysis results, miR-141 up-regulation together with β-catenin and EGFR down-regulation within mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) or lung tissues was related to lung IRI. Besides, we conducted dual-luciferase reporter assay, which suggested the binding of EGFR to miR-141. In addition, we carried out TUNEL staining, HE staining, and flow cytometric analysis to assess the apoptosis of PMVECs and the injury to mouse lung tissues. Furthermore, we performed light-chain immunofluorescence assay to examine autophagosomes within PMVECs. According to our results, miR-141 suppressed β-catenin level through reducing EGFR level. Besides, the miR-141/EGFR/β-catenin axis enhanced autophagy to aggravate LIRI. To sum up, miR-141 suppresses EGFR expression to inhibit β-catenin level, which subsequently aggravates autophagy and complicates LIRI. The above results offer the candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of lung IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Province People’s Hospital, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Wang R, Wang L, Wang L, Cui Z, Cheng F, Wang W, Yang X. FGF2 Is Protective Towards Cisplatin-Induced KGN Cell Toxicity by Promoting FTO Expression and Autophagy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:890623. [PMID: 35784556 PMCID: PMC9243391 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.890623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of granulosa was the main reason for premature ovarian failure (POF). In addition, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that autophagy was involved in it. Studies before have reported that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) could attenuate cell death via regulating autophagy. In our previous study, FGF2 could decrease granulosa cell apoptosis in cisplatin-induced POF mice. Furthermore, obesity-associated protein [fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO)], which decreased significantly in POF mice, could inhibit cell apoptosis via activating autophagy. Moreover, downregulation of FTO could decrease the expression of paracrine factor FGF2. However, the relationship between FTO and FGF2 in granulosa cell autophagy is still unknown. In the present study, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays showed that exogenous addition of FGF2 could promote cisplatin-induced injured granulosa cell proliferation. Western blotting indicated that FGF2 could inhibit apoptosis of injured granulosa cells via autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by chemicals suppressed the effect of FGF2 and promoted injured cell apoptosis. In addition, the expression of FTO was decreased in injured cells, and FGF2 addition could reverse it. Overexpression of FTO reduced injured cell apoptosis via activating the autophagy process. Our findings indicated that FGF2 activates autophagy by regulating the expression of FTO, thereby reducing the apoptosis of the injured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feiyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyuan Yang,
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12
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Qin GW, Lu P, Peng L, Jiang W. Ginsenoside Rb1 Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Reduces Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1913-1927. [PMID: 34775933 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is the major cause of myocardial cell damage in acute myocardial infarction, and its treatment remains a clinical challenge. Ginsenoside Rb1 showed protective effects on the cardiovascular system; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on rat MIRI-induced myocardial infarct size were evaluated through TTC staining. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry analysis were employed to estimate cell apoptosis. Apoptosis, autophagy and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins were estimated via western blot. Expression of Beclin1 in myocardial tissues were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Expression levels of IL-1[Formula: see text], TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-6 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, we found that Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment not only alleviated MIRI in rats but also protected H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced damage. Ginsenoside Rb1 abolished the MIRI-induced activation of autophagy. Meanwhile, we found that treatment of 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) could enhance the protective effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on H9C2 cells during H/R. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment resulted in the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and treatment of LY294002 (PI3K/Akt pathway repressor) abolished the protective effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on myocardial in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that Ginsenoside Rb1 functions as a protector against MIRI by repressing cardiomyocyte autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Qin
- Department of Science and Technology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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13
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Zhu W, Zhang H, Gao J, Xu Y. Silencing of miR-497-5p inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes autophagy in Parkinson's disease by upregulation of FGF2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2302-2312. [PMID: 34459097 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with increasing prevalence in elderly individuals globally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been confirmed to participate in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. MiR-497-5p is previously reported to be upregulated in PD. The present study was designed to further explore the function of miR-497-5p in PD. MiR-497-5p was significantly upregulated in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ )-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Inhibition of miR-497-5p suppressed the cell apoptosis and triggered autophagy of MPP+ -treated SH-SY5Y cells. Further, miR-497-5p targeted fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in MPP+ -treated SH-SY5Y cells. Subsequently, rescue assays revealed that miR-497-5p regulated apoptosis and autophagy of MPP+ -treated SH-SY5Y cells by mediation on FGF2. In addition, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced PD mice models were established. The results exhibited that silencing of miR-497-5p improved mice bradykinesia, reduced cell apoptosis and induced autophagy in PD mice by FGF2. In conclusion, silencing of miR-497-5p alleviates PD by suppressing cell apoptosis and promoting autophagy in a FGF2 dependent manner, which will provide a novel target for Parkinson's disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Zhang W, Miao R, Tang J, Su Q, Li P, Pi H. Low temperature exerts protective effects by inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway following pressure injury to rat muscle. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2021; 55:e20200319. [PMID: 34528993 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2020-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effect of different low-temperature range interventions at different time-points in a rat model of pressure injury (PI) produced by Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to blank control, injury control, and temperature intervention groups. Rats in the injury control and temperature intervention groups (involving exposure to different temperature range at different time-points) were subjected to three cycles of I/R injury with 2-h ischemia and 0.5-h reperfusion to induce PI. RESULTS The muscle tissues exhibited degenerative changes after compression. Low temperature intervention of 16-18°C in the ischemia period resulted in the lowest degree of tissue damage and significantly decreased levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-9, and caspase-3. Moreover, it resulted in the highest expression level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and lowest expression levels of Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in muscle tissues among all intervention groups. CONCLUSION Low-temperature intervention at 16-18°C during the ischemia period showed optimal effects on the expressions of apoptotic factors during the development of PI with I/R-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Nursing, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,College of Social Administration, Department of Senior Citizens Welfare, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Miao
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100853, China
| | | | - Qingqing Su
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongying Pi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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15
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Lv XW, Wang MJ, Qin QY, Lu P, Qin GW. 6-Gingerol relieves myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by regulating lncRNA H19/miR-143/ATG7 signaling axis-mediated autophagy. J Transl Med 2021; 101:865-877. [PMID: 33758383 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) causes severe damage in cardiac tissue, thereby resulting in a high rate of mortality. 6-Gingerol (6-G) is reported to play an essential role in alleviating MIRI. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. This study was intended to explore the potential mechanism by which 6-G functions. Q-PCR was employed to quantify the relative RNA levels of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 (H19), miR-143, and ATG7, an enzyme essential for autophagy, in HL-1 cells. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were employed for protein evaluation in cultured cells or mouse tissues. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis were analysed by CCK-8, LDH, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The binding sites for miR-143 were predicted using starBase software and experimentally validated through a dual-luciferase reporter system. Here, we found that 6-G elevated cellular H19 expression in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated HL-1 cells. Moreover, 6-G increased Bcl-2 expression but reduced cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9 protein levels. Mechanistically, H19 directly interacted with miR-143 and lowered its cellular abundance by acting as a molecular sponge. Importantly, ATG7 was validated as a regulated gene of miR-143, and the depletion of miR-143 by H19 caused an increased in ATG7 expression, which in turn promoted the autophagy process. Last, mouse experiments highly supported our in vitro findings that 6-G relieves MIRI by enhancing autophagy. The H19/miR-143/ATG7 axis was shown to be critical for the function of 6-G in relieving MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Wei Qin
- Department of Science and Technology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
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16
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Dang X, Qin Y, Gu C, Sun J, Zhang R, Peng Z. Knockdown of Tripartite Motif 8 Protects H9C2 Cells Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury Through the Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720949247. [PMID: 32841049 PMCID: PMC7563926 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720949247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) is a member of the TRIM protein family that has been
found to be implicated in cardiovascular disease. However, the role of TRIM8 in
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has not been investigated. We aimed to
explore the effect of TRIM8 on cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells exposed to
hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). We found that TRIM8 expression was markedly
upregulated in H9c2 cells after stimulation with H/R. Gain- and loss-of-function
assays proved that TRIM8 knockdown improved cell viability of H/R-stimulated
H9c2 cells. In addition, TRIM8 knockdown suppressed reactive oxygen species
production and elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione
peroxidase. Knockdown of TRIM8 suppressed the caspase-3 activity, as well as
caused significant increase in bcl-2 expression and decrease in bax expression.
Furthermore, TRIM8 overexpression exhibited apposite effects with knockdown of
TRIM8. Finally, knockdown of TRIM8 enhanced the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling
pathway in H/R-stimulated H9c2 cells. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY294002
reversed the effects of TRIM8 knockdown on cell viability, oxidative stress, and
apoptosis of H9c2 cells. These present findings defined TRIM8 as a therapeutic
target for attenuating and preventing myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Dang
- Department of Emergency, 12480The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Changwei Gu
- Department of Emergency, 12480The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangli Sun
- Department of Emergency, 12480The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Emergency, 12480The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuo Peng
- Department of Emergency, 12480The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Li F, Zhan Z, Qian J, Cao C, Yao W, Wang N. Naringin attenuates rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via PI3K/Akt pathway-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:811. [PMID: 34131434 PMCID: PMC8193209 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin (NRG) has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects against multiple cardiovascular diseases, including lipopolysaccharide-induced and hyperglycemia-induced myocardial injury. However, the role of NRG in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. In the present study, the PI3K/Akt pathway was investigated to evaluate the possible mechanisms underlying the roles of NRG in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The levels of cardiac enzymes were measured by ELISA to evaluate the optimal dosage of NRG that could protect against myocardial I/R injury. Rats were administered 100 mg/kg of NRG and activities of myocardial enzymes, the level of cardiac apoptosis and inflammation, oxidant response, autophagy indicators and echocardiography were evaluated. The level of corresponding proteins was measured using western blotting. The results indicated that NRG elicited the best cardioprotective effects at a dose of 100 mg/kg by significantly reducing the levels of myocardial enzymes, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative response and infarct size. Furthermore, NRG alleviated contractile dysfunction by increasing the left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, NRG markedly promoted the phosphorylation of Akt, while decreasing the level of autophagy indicator beclin-1 and the microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 (LC3B) II/ LC3BI ratio. However, PI3K/Akt inhibitor (LY294002) partially reduced the NRG induced phosphorylation of Akt and the reduction in beclin-1, along with the LC3BII/LC3BI ratio. The results of the present study demonstrated that NRG could attenuate myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjian Zhan
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Chuanbin Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Neng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
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18
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Wendt TS, Li YJ, Gonzales RJ. Ozanimod, an S1PR 1 ligand, attenuates hypoxia plus glucose deprivation-induced autophagic flux and phenotypic switching in human brain VSM cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C1055-C1073. [PMID: 33788630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell phenotypic expression and autophagic state are dynamic responses to stress. Vascular pathologies, such as hypoxemia and ischemic injury, induce a synthetic VSM phenotype and autophagic flux resulting in a loss of vascular integrity and VSM cell death respectfully. Both clinical pilot and experimental stroke studies demonstrate that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulation improves stroke outcome; however, specific mechanisms associated with a beneficial outcome at the level of the cerebrovasculature have not been clearly elucidated. We hypothesized that ozanimod, a selective S1PR type 1 ligand, will attenuate VSM synthetic phenotypic expression and autophagic flux in primary human brain VSM cells following acute hypoxia plus glucose deprivation (HGD; in vitro ischemic-like injury) exposure. Cells were treated with ozanimod and exposed to normoxia or HGD. Crystal violet staining, standard immunoblotting, and immunocytochemical labeling techniques assessed cellular morphology, vacuolization, phenotype, and autophagic state. We observed that HGD temporally decreased VSM cell viability and concomitantly increased vacuolization, both of which ozanimod reversed. HGD induced a simultaneous elevation and reduction in levels of pro- and antiautophagic proteins respectfully, and ozanimod attenuated this response. Protein levels of VSM phenotypic biomarkers, smoothelin and SM22, were decreased following HGD. Furthermore, we observed an HGD-induced epithelioid and synthetic morphological appearance accompanied by disorganized cytoskeletal filaments, which was rescued by ozanimod. Thus, we conclude that ozanimod, a selective S1PR1 ligand, protects against acute HGD-induced phenotypic switching and promotes cell survival, in part, by attenuating HGD-induced autophagic flux thus improving vascular patency in response to acute ischemia-like injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Wendt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Yu Jing Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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19
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Li HG, Tian WH, Qin CL, Ye RR, Liu DH, Liu HW. Uhrf1 regulates H3K9me2 modification of mTOR to inhibit the effect of autophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9704-9718. [PMID: 33744855 PMCID: PMC8064229 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of mTOR and the dimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me2) H3K9me2 by Uhrf1 and the mechanism of autophagy regulation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) were studied in vivo and in vitro. An in vitro I/R injury model was established using the primary mouse cardiomyocytes treated with H2O2. Subsequent analysis by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence indicated that overexpression of Uhrf1 significantly inhibited apoptosis of the H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes, reduced expression of apoptosis factors caspase-3 and Bax, and increased expression of apoptosis inhibitory factor Bcl-2. Furthermore, Uhrf1 was found to increase cardiomyocyte proliferation and promote the expression of mTOR, while the four expression peaks of H3K9me2 on the mTOR gene were inhibited by overexpression of Uhrf1. The expression of autophagy factors LC3, Beclin-1, and p-mTOR in Uhrf1-overexpressed cardiomyocytes was dramatically increased, and P62 expression was dramatically decreased. When an H3K9me2 inhibitor was added to the Uhrf1-knockdown cardiomyocytes, the expression of mTOR was increased, the expression of LC3, Beclin-1, and p-mTOR was decreased, and P62 expression was significantly increased. In the present study, Uhrf1 exhibits a protective function in MIRI, reducing the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes while increasing their proliferation and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Geng Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wen-Hua Tian
- Emergency Department, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Cun-Lan Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rong-Rong Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dong-Hua Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hui-Wen Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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20
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Lin A, Peiris NJ, Dhaliwal H, Hakim M, Li W, Ganesh S, Ramaswamy Y, Patel S, Misra A. Mural Cells: Potential Therapeutic Targets to Bridge Cardiovascular Disease and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030593. [PMID: 33800271 PMCID: PMC7999039 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mural cells collectively refer to the smooth muscle cells and pericytes of the vasculature. This heterogenous population of cells play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure, distribution, and the structural integrity of the vascular wall. As such, dysfunction of mural cells can lead to the pathogenesis and progression of a number of diseases pertaining to the vascular system. Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are perhaps the most well-described mural cell-centric case. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques are most often described as being composed of a proliferative smooth muscle cap accompanied by a necrotic core. More recently, the role of dysfunctional mural cells in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, is being recognized. In this review, we begin with an exploration of the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases, such as mural cell plasticity. Next, we highlight a selection of signaling pathways (PDGF, Notch and inflammatory signaling) that are conserved across both diseases. We propose that conserved mural cell signaling mechanisms can be exploited for the identification or development of dual-pronged therapeutics that impart both cardio- and neuroprotective qualities.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease/genetics
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/pathology
- Pericytes/drug effects
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Pericytes/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Niridu Jude Peiris
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harkirat Dhaliwal
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Hakim
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Weizhen Li
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India;
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ashish Misra
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-18-0065-1373
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21
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Huang G, Guo X, Guo J, Zhang P, Liang W, Bai C, Zhang Y. ABHD15 promotes cell viability, glycolysis, and inhibits apoptosis in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:681-690. [PMID: 33257193 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) has been an important heart disease affecting human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of abhydrolase domain containing 15 (ABHD15) on hypoxic cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Hypoxic cardiomyocytes are commonly used as an vitro model for the study of MI. We found that cardiomyocyte viability was decreased under hypoxia, but cell glucose uptake, insulin receptor phosphorylation level and apoptosis were increased. Interestingly, ABHD15 expression was up-regulated in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes. Then, we identified the function of ABHD15 in hypoxic cardiomyocytes by using ABHD15 overexpression vector or short interfering RNA (siRNA) against ABHD15. The results showed that overexpression of ABHD15 promoted hypoxic cardiomyocyte viability, glucose uptake and IR phosphorylation (p-IR), and inhibited cell apoptosis. However, knockdown of ABHD15 attenuated hypoxic cardiomyocyte viability, glucose uptake and IR phosphorylation, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, we found that ABHD15 promoted glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression, translocation and enhance rate-limiting enzyme activation of glycolysis, thereby affecting glucose uptake. Furthermore, our study suggested that ABHD15 may affect the viability and apoptosis of hypoxic cardiomyocytes through IR/Ras/Raf/ERK/MEK and IR/PI3K/AKT/Bcl2/Bad/caspase9 signaling pathways, respectively. When the phosphorylation of IR, Raf or ERK was blocked by inhibitors, the protective effect of overexpressing ABHD15 on the viability of hypoxic cardiomyocytes was eliminated. Furthermore, inhibiting the phosphorylation of IR, AKT or Bcl2 abolished the inhibitory effect of overexpressing ABHD15 on hypoxic cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSION ABHD15 regulated myocardial cell viability, glycolysis, and apoptosis under hypoxia, providing a novel potential therapeutic strategy for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Huang
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoliang Guo
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junxia Guo
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peiyong Zhang
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wanqian Liang
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Caiyan Bai
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongchun Zhang
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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22
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Zhang XH, Zhao HY, Wang Y, Di L, Liu XY, Qian F, Liu SR. Zenglv Fumai Granule protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis via inhibiting TRIM28 expression. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:171. [PMID: 33398366 PMCID: PMC7821356 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MIR) injury, which occurs following acute myocardial infarction, can cause secondary damage to the heart. Tripartite interaction motif (TRIM) proteins, a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, have been recognized as critical regulators in MIR injury. Zenglv Fumai Granule (ZFG) is a clinical prescription for the treatment of sick sinus syndrome, a disease that is associated with MIR injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ZFG on MIR injury and to determine whether ZFG exerts its effects via regulation of TRIM proteins. In order to establish an in vitro MIR model, human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16 was cultured under hypoxia for 5 h and then under normal conditions for 1 h. Following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment, these cells were cultured with different ZFG concentrations. ZFG notably inhibited H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression levels of four TRIM proteins, TRIM7, TRIM14, TRIM22 and TRIM28, were also detected. These four proteins were significantly upregulated in H/R-injured cardiomyocytes, whereas their expression was inhibited following ZFG treatment. Moreover, TRIM28 knockdown inhibited H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, whereas TRIM28 overexpression promoted apoptosis and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. However, the effects of TRIM28 overexpression were limited by the action of ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX)1 were significantly downregulated in H/R-injured cardiomyocytes. TRIM28 knockdown restored GPX1 protein levels but had no effect on mRNA expression levels. Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays demonstrated that TRIM28 negatively regulated GPX1 via ubiquitination. In sum, the present study revealed that ZFG attenuated H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating the TRIM28/GPX1/ROS pathway. ZFG and TRIM28 offer potential therapeutic options for the treatment of MIR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Clinical Hospital of Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhao
- Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology Evaluation Center, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology Evaluation Center, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lin Di
- Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology Evaluation Center, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology Evaluation Center, Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Clinical Hospital of Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Rong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Clinical Hospital of Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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23
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Zhao Q, Sun P, Qin S, Liu J. Acylglycerol kinase promotes the stemness of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by promoting β-catenin translocation to the nucleus through activating PI3K/Akt pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1299-1307. [PMID: 32652857 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences show that acylglycerol kinase (AGK) expression is related to the occurrence and development of various human cancers. However, its roles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression are still unclear. This work aims to explore the roles of AGK in NPC cell stemness. It was shown that AGK expression was higher in NPC tissues compared to the adjacent tissues. Online dataset analysis revealed that AGK expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival of NPC patients. Gain and loss of functional experiments demonstrated that AGK positively regulated the stemness of NPC cells, as evident by the change of the tumor sphere-formation ability, ALDH1 activity and expression of stemness critical regulators. KEGG analysis were performed to determine the potential pathways of AGK involved in NPC cell stemness and showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway exhibited the most correlation with AGK expression. Further mechanistic studies confirmed that AGK promoted the stemness of NPC cells through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, and thus enhancing β-catenin accumulation in nucleus. This study demonstrates a novel AGK/PI3K/Akt/β-catenin axis involving in NPC cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Songbing Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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24
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Zhuge Y, Zhang J, Qian F, Wen Z, Niu C, Xu K, Ji H, Rong X, Chu M, Jia C. Role of smooth muscle cells in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2741-2751. [PMID: 33110393 PMCID: PMC7586427 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.49871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are localized in the tunica media of the vasculature, where they take responsibility for vascular contraction and extracellular matrix (ECM) generation. SMCs also play a significant role in obedience and elastic rebound of the artery in response to the haemodynamic condition. However, under pathological or stressed conditions, phenotype switching from contractile to synthetic state or other cell types will occur in SMCs to positively or negatively contribute to disease progression. Various studies demonstrated that functional changes of SMCs are implicated in several cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we present the function of vascular SMCs (VSMCs) and the involved molecular mechanisms about phenotype switching, and summarize the roles of SMCs in atherosclerosis, hypertension, arterial aneurysms and myocardial infarction, hoping to obtain potential therapeutic targets against cardiovascular disease in the clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhuge
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Fanyu Qian
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhengwang Wen
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Ji
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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25
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Luo X, Wu S, Jiang Y, Wang L, Li G, Qing Y, Liu J, Zhang D. Inhibition of autophagy by geniposide protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106609. [PMID: 32446199 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide (GP), extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Gardenia jasminoides, has extensive pharmacological effects. But the effects and the potential mechanisms of GP on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury are poorly understood. In present study, we investigated the effect of GP on myocardial I/R injury in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro respectively, and its mechanism. The results showed that GP reduced myocardial infarct size, alleviated acute myocardial injury, improved cardiac function, regulated apoptosis-related proteins and inhibited apoptosis. In vitro experiments revealed that GP enhanced the cell viability, regulated apoptosis-related proteins and prevented cell apoptosis during H/R in H9c2 cells. GP inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagosome accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of GP were blocked by rapamycin (RAPA) administration. In summary, our results showed that GP protected against myocardial I/R injury and involved inhibition of autophagy, which might be through activating AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Youqing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liyou Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuhong Qing
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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26
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Sang R, Liu Y, Kong L, Qian L, Liu C. Effect of Acellular Amnion With Increased TGF-β and bFGF Levels on the Biological Behavior of Tenocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:446. [PMID: 32478059 PMCID: PMC7240037 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human amniotic membrane has been a subject for clinical and basic research for nearly 100 years, but weak rejection has been reported. The purpose of this research is to remove the cellular components of the amnion for eliminating its immune-inducing activity to the utmost extent. The amniotic membrane treated by acid removed the epithelial cell, fibroblast, and sponge layers and retained only the basal and dense layers. In vitro, biological effects of the new material on tenocytes were evaluated. The levels of transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) proteins were measured. In vivo, the tendon injury model of chickens was constructed to observe effects on tendon adhesion and healing. The acellular amniotic membrane effectively removed the cell components of the amnion while retaining the fibrous reticular structure. Abundant collagen fibers enhanced the tensile strength of amnion, and a 3D porous structure provided enough 3D space structure for tenocyte growth. In vitro, acellular amnion resulted in the fast proliferation trend for tenocytes with relatively static properties by releasing TGF-β1 and bFGF. In vivo, the experiment revealed the mechanism of acellular amnion in promoting endogenous healing and barrier exogenous healing by evaluating tendon adhesion, biomechanical testing, and labeling fibroblasts/tendon cells and monocytes/macrophages with vimentin and CD68. The acellular amnion promotes endogenous healing and barrier exogenous healing by releasing the growth factors such as TGF-β1 and bFGF, thereby providing a new direction for the prevention and treatment of tendon adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sang
- Analytical and Testing Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ligang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Baoding, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tangshan Workers Hospital, Tangshan, China
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27
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Floy ME, Mateyka TD, Foreman KL, Palecek SP. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac stromal cells and their applications in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101831. [PMID: 32446219 PMCID: PMC7931507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Recent advances in stem cell biology have led to the development and engineering of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiac cells and tissues for application in cellular therapy and cardiotoxicity studies. Initial studies in this area have largely focused on improving differentiation efficiency and maturation states of cardiomyocytes. However, other cell types in the heart, including endothelial and stromal cells, play crucial roles in cardiac development, injury response, and cardiomyocyte function. This review discusses recent advances in differentiation of hPSCs to cardiac stromal cells, identification and classification of cardiac stromal cell types, and application of hPSC-derived cardiac stromal cells and tissues containing these cells in regenerative and drug development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Floy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor D Mateyka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Koji L Foreman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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28
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Qiu L, Xu C, Xia H, Chen J, Liu H, Jiang H. Downregulation of P300/CBP-Associated Factor Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Via Inhibiting Autophagy. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1196-1206. [PMID: 32547315 PMCID: PMC7294925 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte autophagy plays an important role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) was involved in the regulation of autophagy. However, the role of PCAF in MIRI is currently unknown. This study was to investigate whether downregulation of PCAF attenuate MIRI. The results showed that the expression of PCAF was significantly increased in MIRI in vivo and in vitro. Downregulation of PCAF not only inhibited autophagy and damage of H9c2 cells induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation, but also reduced autophagy and myocardial infarct size during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats. In addition, downregulation of PCAF promoted activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes during hypoxia-reoxygenation. Wortmannin, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, could abrogate the effects of downregulation of PCAF on cardiomyocytes autophagy. These results demonstrated that downregulation of PCAF alleviated MIRI by inhibiting cardiomyocyte autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, PCAF may be a potential target for prevention and treatment of MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Changwu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huafen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
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29
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Liu H, Liu W, Qiu H, Zou D, Cai H, Chen Q, Zheng C, Xu D. Salvianolic acid B protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting high mobility group box 1 protein expression through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:1527-1539. [PMID: 31853618 PMCID: PMC7351826 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the effects of Sal B on myocardial ischaemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and to explore whether its underlying mechanism of cardioprotection occurs through activating the expression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein, kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and inhibiting the expression of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1). Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: group 1 (sham-operated), group 2 (myocardial I/R), group 3 (low dose of Sal B+I/R), group 4 (high dose of Sal B+I/R), and group 5 (high dose of Sal B+I/R+LY294002, which is a specific PI3k inhibitor). All I/R rats received 30 min myocardial ischaemia followed by 24-h reperfusion. Cardiac function, infarct size, myocardial injury marker levels, inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis as well as Bcl-2, Bax, P-Akt, HMGB1 and TLR4 expression were measured. In the current study, Sal B significantly ameliorated myocardial I/R injury in a dose-dependent manner, ameliorated cardiac function, reduced myocardial infarction size, decreased myocardial injury marker expression, decreased inflammatory responses, reduced apoptosis, activated PI3K/Akt expression and inhibited HMGB1 expression. However, all effects of Sal B were significantly reversed by LY294002. Overall, the present study indicated that Sal B attenuated myocardial I/R injury by activating PI3K/Akt and inhibiting the release of HMGB1 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangzhou Hospital of integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Geriatrics Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiliang Qiu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huayang Cai
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Internal Medicine Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiuxiong Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chaoyang Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Danping Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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30
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Zhang C, Liang R, Gan X, Yang X, Chen L, Jian J. MicroRNA-384-5p/Beclin-1 As Potential Indicators For Epigallocatechin Gallate Against Cardiomyocytes Ischemia Reperfusion Injury By Inhibiting Autophagy Via PI3K/Akt Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3607-3623. [PMID: 31802847 PMCID: PMC6802542 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s219074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has established protective actions against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by regulating autophagy. However, little is known about the mechanisms of EGCG in posttranscriptional regulation in the process of cardioprotection. Here we studied whether microRNAs play a role in EGCG-induced cardioprotection. Methods The myocardial I/R injury in vitro and in vivo model were made, with or without EGCG pretreatment. The upregulation and silencing of microRNA-384-5p (miR-384) and Beclin-1 in H9c2 cell lines were established. Rats were transfected with miR-384 specific shRNA. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to verify the relationship between miR-384 and Beclin-1. TTC staining was performed to analyze the area of myocardial infarct size. Cell viability was monitored by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The release of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) was examined by ELISA. The levels of autophagy-related genes or proteins expression were evaluated by qRT-PCR or Western blotting. Autophagosomes of myocardial cells were detected by transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope. Results I/R increased both autophagosomes and autolysosomes, thereby increasing autophagic flux both in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with EGCG attenuated I/R-induced autophagic flux expression, accompanied by an increase in cell viability and a decrease in the size of myocardial infarction. MiR-384 expression was down-regulated in H9c2 cell lines when subjected to I/R, while this suppression could be reversed by EGCG pretreatment. The dual-luciferase assay verified that Beclin-1 was a target of miR-384. Both overexpression of miR-384 and knocking down of Beclin-1 significantly inhibited I/R-induced autophagy, accompanied by the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway, thus enhanced the protective effect of EGCG. However, these functions were abrogated by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. Conclusion We confirmed that EGCG has a protective role in microRNA-384-mediated autophagy by targeting Beclin-1 via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our results unveiled a novel role of EGCG in myocardial protection, involving posttranscriptional regulation with miRNA-384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronggan Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - LingLin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jian
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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31
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Dexmedetomidine prevents septic myocardial dysfunction in rats via activation of α7nAChR and PI3K/Akt- mediated autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109231. [PMID: 31546082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been shown to elicit cardio-protective effects in sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of autophagy in the protective effects of Dex and its possible mechanism in vivo and vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 6-8-week-old male Wistar rats were performed cecal ligation puncture (CLP) and administered 0.9% saline (CLP group), 50 μg/kg Dex (Dex group), Dex plus chloroquine (20 mg/kg; Dex + CQ group), or 40 μg/kg methyllycaconitin (Dex + MLA group), or 25 μM LY294002 (Dex + LY294002 group). After study, cardiac histology, cardiac function, level of autophagy, cardiomyocytes apoptosis and inflammatory mediators including protein IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured. The LPS induced-H9C2 cardiomyocytes were treated with Dex, Dex + CQ and detected for cell apoptosis, autophagy level and cell cycle. KEY RESULTS CLP-induced sepsis resulted in cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammatory response. Dex exhibited protective effects on the myocardium by the induction of myocardial autophagy and ameliorated the LPS-induced blockade of autophagic flux in H9C2 cells. CQ was found to significantly inhibit Dex-mediated protection of myocardial apoptosis and inflammation. CLP rats treated with Dex in combination with MLA, an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), exhibited decreased autophagy and increased inflammation and cell death, identifying α7nAchR was involved in the Dex-mediated pathway. In addition, we found that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in Dex-mediated autophagy and convergent with α7nAChR-mediated stimulation of autophagy response. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS For the first time, these data indicate that autophagy is central in Dex-mediated cardio-protection in sepsis. These observations provide the foundation for further study, and may serve as the basis for innovative therapeutic strategies against septic myocardial dysfunction.
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Lu J, Shan J, Liu N, Ding Y, Wang P. Tanshinone IIA Can Inhibit Angiotensin II-Induced Proliferation and Autophagy of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Regulating the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1783-1788. [PMID: 31391347 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of tanshinone IIA on Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the related mechanism. VSMCs were treated with Ang II with or without tanshinone IIA (1, 5 and 10 µg/mL), and the proliferation, apoptosis in cells with different treatment were examined by methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry methods. Moreover, the expression of autophagy related proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules were examined by RT-quantitative (q)PCR and Western blot methods. Ang II induced significantly increase in the proliferation and autophagy of VSMCs, and the MAPK signaling was activated. Tanshinone IIA can attenuate Ang II-induced effects via down-regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Tanshinone IIA can inhibit Ang II-induced proliferation and autophagy of VSMCs via regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yao Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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33
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Zhu Z, Zhao C. WITHDRAWN: LncRNA AK139128 promotes cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis in myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Life Sci 2019:116705. [PMID: 31369757 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital 903 of PLA, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310013, China
| | - Chufeng Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 311800, China.
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34
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Ma Y, Ren Y, Guan J. Knockdown of GC binding factor 2 by RNA interference inhibits invasion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1781-1789. [PMID: 31257544 PMCID: PMC6625445 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
GC binding factor 2 (GCF2) is a transcriptional repressor that inhibits the transcription of GC‑rich promoters, thereby regulating biological processes, including proliferation. However, the role of GCF2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unclear. The level of α‑smooth muscle (α‑SM) actin was determined by immunofluorescence. Cell viability, migration and invasion were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit‑8, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle progression were determined using flow cytometry. The expressions of Bcl‑2, Bax, cleaved caspase‑3, cyclin E, CDK2 and the CDK inhibitor p21 were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR and western blot analysis. RT‑qPCR was performed to analyze the levels of GCF2 and western blot analysis was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT. α‑SM actin was found to be expressed in VSMCs. Cell viability, migration and invasion were inhibited by small interfering (si)RNA targeting GCF2. Changes in the expression levels of Bcl‑2, Bax and cleaved caspase‑3 showed that the pro‑apoptotic capacity of the cells was increased by siGCF2. Cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was induced by siGCF2, which was accompanied by changes in the levels of cyclin E, CDK2 and p21. Furthermore, phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT was suppressed by siGCF2. However, the inhibitory effects of siGCF2 on cell viability, migration and invasion were increased by insulin‑like growth factor 1, which is a specific agonist of AKT. The anti‑proliferative activity of siGCF2 may be associated with the PI3K/AKT pathway in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266073, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
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35
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Li Q, Cheng K, Wang AY, Xu QG, Fu ZF, He SY, Xu PX. microRNA-126 inhibits tube formation of HUVECs by interacting with EGFL7 and down-regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109007. [PMID: 31170663 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It's critical for tube formation and angiogenesis to repair ischemic myocardium or stroke. This study aimed to investigate role of microRNA-126 (miR-126) in tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and associated mechanisms. Primary neural stem cells (NSCs) and HUVECs were cultured and transfected with microRNA-126 mimics and miR-126 inhibitor. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and cell cycle assay were conducted for evaluating NSCs viability. Transwell assay was conducted to observe invasive ability of HUVECs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was used to examine epidermal growth factor like domain 7 (EGFL7) and miR-126 mRNA both in vitro and animal models. Tube forming capability was evaluated in HUVECs. Dual luciferase assay was performed to evaluate interaction between miR-126 and EGFL7 gene. Western blot assay was used to determine phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT) signaling molecules and EGFL7. The results indicated that miR-126 significantly decreased cell viability, inhibited invasive ability and modulated cell cycle of NSCs compared to miR-NC group (p < 0.05). miR-126 significantly inhibited tube formation of HUVECs compared to miR-NC group (p < 0.05). miR-126 significantly down-regulated EGFL7 mRNA and protein expression compared to miR-NC (p < 0.05). Atorvastatin significantly increased CD34 and enhanced EGFL7 expression in traumatic brain injury (TBI) rats brain tissues compared to Model group (p < 0.05). miR-126 significantly down-regulated and atorvastatin up-regulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Atorvastatin significantly increased EGFL7 and down-regulated miR-126 expression in TBI rats brain tissues compared to Model group (p < 0.05). miR-126 interacted with and negatively correlated with EGFL7 gene both in vitro and in TBI models. In conclusion, microRNA-126 inhibited tube formation of HUVECs by interacting with EGFL7 and down-regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ai-Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Haikou Municipal People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Qiong-Guang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhou-Feng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shao-Yu He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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36
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Deng Y, Zhang H. WITHDRAWN: Knockdown of lncRNA AK139128 alleviates cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis of induced by myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury via targeting miR-499/FOXO4 axis. Gene 2019:S0378-1119(19)30479-2. [PMID: 31075407 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Deng
- WuXie Town Health Center, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 311800, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 311800, China.
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37
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Li D, Zhou J, Yang B, Yu Y. microRNA-340-5p inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes by regulating the Act1/NF-κB pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14618-14627. [PMID: 30989715 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanism by which miRNA regulates target gene expression in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not entirely clear. MiR-340-5p was reported to be downregulated in acute ischemic stroke. However, it still remains unknown whether miR-340-5p is mediated in the pathogenesis process of I/R injury after AMI. In the present study, male C57BL/6 J mice and H9C2 cardiomyocytes were used as experimental models. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot analysis, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling immunofluorescence staining assay were conducted to examine related indicators in the study. We confirmed that the expression of miR-340-5p is downregulated after I/R in AMI mice and hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R)-induced cardiomyocytes. miR-340-5p could inhibit apoptosis and oxidative stress in H/R-induced H9C2 cells via downregulating activator 1 (Act1). The inhibiting action of miR-340-5p on H/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes was partially reversed after Act1 overexpression. Moreover, the results showed that the NF-κB pathway may be mediated in the role of miR-340-5p on H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. We demonstrated that upregulation of miR-340-5p suppresses apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by H/R in H9C2 cells by inhibiting Act1. Therapeutic strategies that target miR-340-5p, Act1, and the NF-κB pathway could be beneficial for the treatment of I/R injury after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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38
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Liu S, He Y, Shi J, Liu L, Ma H, He L, Guo Y. STAT1-avtiviated LINC00961 regulates myocardial infarction by the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13226-13236. [PMID: 30887575 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a severe cardiac disease because of its high incidence and mortality worldwide. A growing body of recent investigations have confirmed that LINC00961 acts as a tumor suppressor in diverse malignancies. However, the biological significance of LINC00961 and its molecular mechanism in MI are still elusive. Hypoxia is the leading cause of MI and induces myocardial injury. In this study, we found the upregulated expression of LINC00961 in cardiomyocytes H9c2 after hypoxia treatment. Knockdown of LINC00961 ameliorated hypoxia-induced cell injury by facilitating cell viability while repressing cell apoptosis. The significant increase of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression and phosphorylation levels was observed in hypoxia-induced cells and proved to exacerbate hypoxia injury. In addition, STAT1 transcriptionally activated LINC00961 by binding to LINC00961 promoter. Furthermore, our results validated that suppressing LINC00961 contributed to the remarkable diminution in the phosphorylation levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling or GSK3β pathway rescued the effects of LINC00961 knockdown on the hypoxia-induced injury of cardiomyocytes. Namely, we concluded that STAT1-avtiviated LINC00961 accelerated MI via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway, which may provide clues for the treatment of patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Cardiac Surgery Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying He
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingqiang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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39
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Liu G. Protective effect of Barbaloin in a rat model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury through the regulation of the CNPY2‑PERK pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2015-2023. [PMID: 30864682 PMCID: PMC6443342 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Barbaloin (Bar) has a myocardial protective effect, but its mechanism of action is uncertain. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis pathway serves an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Inhibiting ERS may significantly improve the progression of MIRI and serve a role in its prevention. Therefore, based on current knowledge of ERS-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the cardioprotective effect of Bar, the purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the myocardial protective effect and potential mechanisms of Bar pretreatment in MIRI. The present study established a MIR rat model and randomly divided these rats into four groups. Prior to myocardial ischemia, Bar (20 mg/kg) was administered to rats once daily for 1 week. Myocardial blood serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were subsequently measured. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay was used to evaluate the myocardial protective effect of Bar pretreatment on MIRI. To assess whether the ERS signaling pathway was involved in the myocardial protection mechanism of Bar pretreatment, the expression levels of ERS-associated proteins, protein canopy homolog 2 (CNPY2), glucose regulatory protein 78, transcriptional activator 4, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), PKR endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), caspase-12 and caspase-3 were detected by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry or reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results confirmed that Bar pretreatment significantly reduced the damage and the level of apoptosis caused by MIR. Bar pretreatment significantly inhibited the expression of ERS-associated proteins in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that Bar pretreatment significantly inhibited the CNPY2-positive cell apoptosis ratio of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the results of the current study suggested that CNPY2 is present in cardiomyocytes and participates in the development of MIRI by initiating the PERK-CHOP signaling pathway. Bar pretreatment may attenuate MIRI by inhibiting the CNPY2-PERK apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Medicine, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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40
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Shi B, Ma M, Zheng Y, Pan Y, Lin X. mTOR and Beclin1: Two key autophagy-related molecules and their roles in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12562-12568. [PMID: 30618070 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the general term of lysosomal degradation of substances in cells, which is considered the key to maintaining the normal structure and function of the heart. It also has a correlation with several heart diseases, in particular, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. At the stage of myocardial ischemia, autophagy degrades nonfunctional cytoplasmic proteins providing the critical nutrients for the critical life activities, thereby suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, autophagy is likely to affect the heart negatively in the reperfusion stage. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 are two vital autophagy-related molecules in myocardial I/R injury playing significant roles in different stages. In the ischemia stage, mTOR plays its roles through AMPK/mTOR and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, whereas Beclin1 plays its roles through its upregulation in the reperfusion stage. A possible interaction between mTOR and Beclin1 has been reported recently, and further studies need to be done to find the underlying interaction between the two molecules in myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yitian Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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41
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Puglisi R, Mattia G, Carè A, Marano G, Malorni W, Matarrese P. Non-genomic Effects of Estrogen on Cell Homeostasis and Remodeling With Special Focus on Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31708877 PMCID: PMC6823206 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review takes into consideration the main mechanisms involved in cellular remodeling following an ischemic injury, with special focus on the possible role played by non-genomic estrogen effects. Sex differences have also been considered. In fact, cardiac ischemic events induce damage to different cellular components of the heart, such as cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts. The ability of the cardiovascular system to counteract an ischemic insult is orchestrated by these cell types and is carried out thanks to a number of complex molecular pathways, including genomic (slow) or non-genomic (fast) effects of estrogen. These pathways are probably responsible for differences observed between the two sexes. Literature suggests that male and female hearts, and, more in general, cardiovascular system cells, show significant differences in many parameters under both physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, many experimental studies dealing with sex differences in the cardiovascular system suggest a higher ability of females to respond to environmental insults in comparison with males. For instance, as cells from females are more effective in counteracting the ischemia/reperfusion injury if compared with males, a role for estrogen in this sex disparity has been hypothesized. However, the possible involvement of estrogen-dependent non-genomic effects on the cardiovascular system is still under debate. Further experimental studies, including sex-specific studies, are needed in order to shed further light on this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Matarrese
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