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Koppula S, Wankhede NL, Sammeta SS, Shende PV, Pawar RS, Chimthanawala N, Umare MD, Taksande BG, Upaganlawar AB, Umekar MJ, Kopalli SR, Kale MB. Modulation of Cholesterol metabolism with Phytoremedies in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive Review. Ageing Res Rev 2024:102389. [PMID: 38906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological ailment that causes cognitive decline and memory loss. Cholesterol metabolism dysregulation has emerged as a crucial element in AD pathogenesis, contributing to the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles, the disease's hallmark neuropathological characteristics. Thus, targeting cholesterol metabolism has gained attention as a potential therapeutic method for Alzheimer's disease. Phytoremedies, which are generated from plants and herbs, have shown promise as an attainable therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. These remedies contain bioactive compounds like phytochemicals, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which have demonstrated potential in modulating cholesterol metabolism and related pathways. This comprehensive review explores the modulation of cholesterol metabolism by phytoremedies in AD. It delves into the role of cholesterol in brain function, highlighting disruptions observed in AD. Additionally, it examines the underlying molecular mechanisms of cholesterol-related pathology in AD. The review emphasizes the significance of phytoremedies as a potential therapeutic intervention for AD. It discusses the drawbacks of current treatments and the need for alternative strategies addressing cholesterol dysregulation and its consequences. Through an in-depth analysis of specific phytoremedies, the review presents compelling evidence of their potential benefits. Molecular mechanisms underlying phytoremedy effects on cholesterol metabolism are examined, including regulation of cholesterol-related pathways, interactions with Aβ pathology, influence on tau pathology, and anti-inflammatory effects. The review also highlights challenges and future perspectives, emphasizing standardization, clinical evidence, and personalized medicine approaches to maximize therapeutic potential in AD treatment. Overall, phytoremedies offer promise as a potential avenue for AD management, but further research and collaboration are necessary to fully explore their efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do, 27478, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | - Shivkumar S Sammeta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500037.
| | - Prajwali V Shende
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | - Rupali S Pawar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | | | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 441002.
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Sun T, Zhen T, Harakandi CH, Wang L, Guo H, Chen Y, Sun H. New insights into butyrylcholinesterase: Pharmaceutical applications, selective inhibitors and multitarget-directed ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116569. [PMID: 38852337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), also known as pseudocholinesterase and serum cholinesterase, is an isoenzyme of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It mediates the degradation of acetylcholine, especially under pathological conditions. Proverbial pharmacological applications of BChE, its mutants and modulators consist of combating Alzheimer's disease (AD), influencing multiple sclerosis (MS), addressing cocaine addiction, detoxifying organophosphorus poisoning and reflecting the progression or prognosis of some diseases. Of interest, recent reports have shed light on the relationship between BChE and lipid metabolism. It has also been proved that BChE is going to increase abnormally as a compensator for AChE in the middle and late stages of AD, and BChE inhibitors can alleviate cognitive disorders and positively influence some pathological features in AD model animals, foreboding favorable prospects and potential applications. Herein, the selective BChE inhibitors and BChE-related multitarget-directed ligands published in the last three years were briefly summarized, along with the currently known pharmacological applications of BChE, aiming to grasp the latest research directions. Thereinto, some emerging strategies for designing BChE inhibitors are intriguing, and the modulators based on target combination of histone deacetylase and BChE against AD is unprecedented. Furthermore, the involvement of BChE in the hydrolysis of ghrelin, the inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and the down-regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) expression suggests its potential to influence lipid metabolism disorders. This compelling prospect likely stimulates further exploration in this promising research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Lian W, Yang X, Duan Q, Li J, Zhao Y, Yu C, He T, Sun T, Zhao Y, Wang W. The Biological Activity of Ganoderma lucidum on Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Interplay between Different Active Compounds and the Pathological Hallmarks. Molecules 2024; 29:2516. [PMID: 38893392 PMCID: PMC11173733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a cluster of conditions characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Despite significant advancements in understanding these diseases, therapeutic options remain limited. The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been recognized for its comprehensive array of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, which possess potential neuroprotective properties. This literature review collates and examines the existing research on the bioactivity of active compounds and extracts from Ganoderma lucidum in modulating the pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The structural information and preparation processes of specific components, such as individual ganoderic acids and unique fractions of polysaccharides, are presented in detail to facilitate structure-activity relationship research and scale up the investigation of in vivo pharmacology. The mechanisms of these components against neurodegenerative diseases are discussed on multiple levels and elaborately categorized in different patterns. It is clearly presented from the patterns that most polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum possess neurotrophic effects, while ganoderic acids preferentially target specific pathogenic proteins as well as regulating autophagy. Further clinical trials are necessary to assess the translational potential of these components in the development of novel multi-target drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Lian
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Xu Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Qidong Duan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Jie Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Chunhui Yu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Tianzhu He
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tianxia Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Yu Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Weinan Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (W.L.); (X.Y.); (Q.D.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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Zaafar D, Elghazawy NH, Hassan A, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Arafa RK. Unleashing new MTDL AChE and BuChE inhibitors as potential anti-AD therapeutic agents: In vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131740. [PMID: 38653428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is challenging due to its irreversible declining cognitive symptoms and multifactorial nature. This work tackles targeting both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE with a multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) through design, synthesis, and biological and in silico evaluation of a series of twenty eight new 5-substituted-2-anilino-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-g, 5a-g, 9a-g and 13a-g dual inhibitors of the target biomolecules. In vitro cholinesterases inhibition and selectivity assay of the synthesized derivatives showed excellent nanomolar level inhibitory activities. Compound 5a, the most potent inhibitor, elicited IC50s of 46.9 and 3.5 nM against AChE and BuChE, respectively (SI = 0.07), 5 folds better than the known dual inhibitor Rivastagmine. In vivo and ex vivo investigation showed that 5a significantly inhibited MDA levels and increased GSH contents, thus, attenuating the brain tissue oxidative stress. Additionally, 5a significantly decreased AChE and BuChE levels and inhibited self-mediated β-amyloid aggregation in brains of treated rats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation demonstrated lessened damage and decreased caspase-3 and VEGF expression levels. In silico prediction of 5a's pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles reflected promising results. Finally, 5a demonstrated tight binding interactions with the two target biomolecules upon docking along with stable complex formation with its bio-targets throughout the 100 ns MD trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12974, Egypt.
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12974, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Reem K Arafa
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo 12578, Egypt.
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5
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Adarvez-Feresin CW, Ortiz JE, Piñeiro MD, Parravicini O, Enriz RD, Garro AD, Feresin GE. Inhibitory effect of galantamine and donepezil combination against cholinesterase: An in silico and in vitro study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300581. [PMID: 38229212 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in silico and in vitro inhibitory effect of the combined use of galantamine (GAL) and donepezil (DON) against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. In silico and in vitro cholinesterase analysis were carried out for GAL and DON alone and combined. Molecular modeling studies were carried out (docking analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules). Cholinesterase's inhibitory activities by modified Ellman's method and the drug combination effect using the Chou-Talalay method were assayed. GAL/DON combination showed the co-occupancy of the ligands in both enzymes through in silico studies. Regarding in vitro BuChE inhibition analyses, three of five combinations showed an interaction between GAL and DON at the threshold of additive affect (0.9 < CI < 1.1), with a tendency toward a synergistic effect for higher concentrations. This is the first report showing the efficacy of the GAL/DON combinations inhibiting BuChE, showing the importance of analyzing the behavior of different ligands when co-occupancy into the active site is possible. These combinations might be a possible therapy to improved efficacy, reduced doses, minor side effects, and high levels of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic space for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila W Adarvez-Feresin
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Javier E Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mauricio D Piñeiro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Oscar Parravicini
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Adriana D Garro
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriela E Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
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Mısır BA, Derin Y, Ökten S, Aydın A, Koçyiğit ÜM, Şahin H, Tutar A. Novel diarylated tacrine derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, anticancer, antiepileptic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23706. [PMID: 38591869 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, our goal was to synthesize novel aryl tacrine derivatives and assess their potential as anticancer, antibacterial agents, and enzyme inhibitors. We adopted a two-step approach, initiating with the synthesis of dibromotacrine derivatives 3 and 4 through the Friedlander reaction. These intermediates underwent further transformation into diarylated tacrine derivatives 3a-e and 4a-e using a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Thorough characterization of these novel diarylated tacrines was achieved using various spectroscopic techniques. Our findings highlighted the potent anticancer effects of these innovative compounds across a range of cancer cell lines, including lung, gynecologic, bone, colon, and breast cancers, while demonstrating low cytotoxicity against normal cells. Notably, these compounds surpassed the control drug, 5-Fluorouracil, in terms of antiproliferative activity in numerous cancer cell lines. Moreover, our investigation included an analysis of the inhibitory properties of these novel compounds against various microorganisms and cytosolic carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The results suggest their potential for further exploration as cancer-specific, enzyme inhibitory, and antibacterial therapeutic agents. Notably, four compounds, namely, 5,7-bis(4-(methylthio)phenyl)tacrine (3d), 5,7-bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)tacrine (3e), 2,4-bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-cyclohepta[b]quinolin-11-amine (4e), and 6,8-dibromotacrine (3), emerged as the most promising candidates for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra A Mısır
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Derin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | - Salih Ökten
- Department of Maths and Science Education, Faculty of Education, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkiye
| | - Ali Aydın
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkiye
| | - Ümit M Koçyiğit
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Hatice Şahin
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Tutar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
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Kuzu B, Alagoz MA, Demir Y, Gulcin I, Burmaoglu S, Algul O. Structure-based inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with 2-Aryl-6-carboxamide benzoxazole derivatives: synthesis, enzymatic assay, and in silico studies. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10828-6. [PMID: 38554169 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
An important research topic is the discovery of multifunctional compounds targeting different disease-causing components. This research aimed to design and synthesize a series of 2-aryl-6-carboxamide benzoxazole derivatives that inhibit cholinesterases on both the peripheral anionic and catalytic anionic sides. Compounds (7-48) were prepared from 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid in three steps. The Ellman test, molecular docking with Maestro, and molecular dynamics simulation studies with Desmond were done (Schrodinger, 12.8.117). Compound 36, the most potent compound among the 42 new compounds synthesized, had an inhibitory concentration of IC50 12.62 nM for AChE and IC50 25.45 nM for BChE (whereas donepezil was 69.3 nM and 63.0 nM, respectively). Additionally, compound 36 had docking values of - 7.29 kcal/mol for AChE and - 6.71 kcal/mol for BChE (whereas donepezil was - 6.49 kcal/mol and - 5.057 kcal/mol, respectively). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that compound 36 is stable in the active gorges of both AChE (average RMSD: 1.98 Å) and BChE (average RMSD: 2.2 Å) (donepezil had average RMSD: 1.65 Å and 2.7 Å, respectively). The results show that compound 36 is a potent, selective, mixed-type dual inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. It does this by binding to both the catalytically active and peripheral anionic sites of cholinesterases at the same time. These findings show that target compounds may be useful for establishing the structural basis for new anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kuzu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, 65080, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, 33169, Turkey
| | - M Abdullah Alagoz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İnonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, 75000, Turkey
| | - Ilhami Gulcin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Serdar Burmaoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Oztekin Algul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, 33169, Turkey.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey.
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Oresanya IO, Orhan IE, Heil J, Morlock GE. African Under-Utilized Medicinal Leafy Vegetables Studied by Microtiter Plate Assays and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Planar Assays. Molecules 2024; 29:733. [PMID: 38338474 PMCID: PMC10856468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological activities of six under-utilized medicinal leafy vegetable plants indigenous to Africa, i.e., Basella alba, Crassocephalum rubens, Gnetum africanum, Launaea taraxacifolia, Solanecio biafrae, and Solanum macrocarpon, were investigated via two independent techniques. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined, and six microtiter plate assays were applied after extraction and fractionation. Three were antioxidant in vitro assays, i.e., ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reduction antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and the others were enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase) inhibition assays. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity from all the methods were obtained from polar and medium polar fractions of C. rubens, S. biafrae, and S. macrocarpon. The highest acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition was exhibited by polar fractions of S. biafrae, C. rubens, and L. taraxacifolia, the latter comparable to galantamine. The highest tyrosinase inhibition was observed in the n-butanol fraction of C. rubens and ethyl acetate fraction of S. biafrae. In vitro assay results of the different extracts and fractions were mostly in agreement with the bioactivity profiling via high-performance thin-layer chromatography-multi-imaging-effect-directed analysis, exploiting nine different planar assays. Several separated compounds of the plant extracts showed antioxidant, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase-inhibiting, Gram-positive/-negative antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities. A prominent apolar bioactive compound zone was tentatively assigned to fatty acids, in particular linolenic acid, via electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. The detected antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potentials of these vegetable plants, in particular C. rubens, S. biafrae, and S. macrocarpon, may validate some of their ethnomedicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun O. Oresanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Emniyet, Taç Sokağı No. 3, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06330, Turkey; (I.O.O.); (I.E.O.)
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Emniyet, Taç Sokağı No. 3, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06330, Turkey; (I.O.O.); (I.E.O.)
| | - Julia Heil
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Timokhina EN, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Soldatova YV, Poletaeva DA, Faingold II, Mumyatova VA, Terentiev AA, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Combining Experimental and Computational Methods to Produce Conjugates of Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Pharmacophores with Linker Chemistries Affecting Biological Activities Related to Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:321. [PMID: 38257233 PMCID: PMC10820264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are in great demand worldwide. In our previous work, we responded to this need by synthesizing novel drug candidates consisting of 4-amino-2,3-polymethylenequinolines conjugated with butylated hydroxytoluene via fixed-length alkylimine or alkylamine linkers (spacers) and studying their bioactivities pertaining to AD treatment. Here, we report significant extensions of these studies, including the use of variable-length spacers and more detailed biological characterizations. Conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the most active was 17d IC50 15.1 ± 0.2 nM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, the most active was 18d: IC50 5.96 ± 0.58 nM), with weak inhibition of off-target carboxylesterase. Conjugates with alkylamine spacers were more effective cholinesterase inhibitors than alkylimine analogs. Optimal inhibition for AChE was exhibited by cyclohexaquinoline and for BChE by cycloheptaquinoline. Increasing spacer length elevated the potency against both cholinesterases. Structure-activity relationships agreed with docking results. Mixed-type reversible AChE inhibition, dual docking to catalytic and peripheral anionic sites, and propidium iodide displacement suggested the potential of hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation. Hybrids also exhibited the inhibition of Aβ self-aggregation in the thioflavin test; those with a hexaquinoline ring and C8 spacer were the most active. Conjugates demonstrated high antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays as well as the inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates. Quantum-chemical calculations explained antioxidant results. Computed ADMET profiles indicated favorable blood-brain barrier permeability, suggesting the CNS activity potential. Thus, the conjugates could be considered promising multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Astakhova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena N. Timokhina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Yuliya V. Soldatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Darya A. Poletaeva
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Irina I. Faingold
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Viktoriya A. Mumyatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Alexey A. Terentiev
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Murray AP, Biscussi B, Cavallaro V, Donozo M, Rodriguez SA. Naturally Occurring Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants, Fungi, Algae, and Animals: A Review of the Most Effective Inhibitors Reported in 2012-2022. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1621-1649. [PMID: 37357520 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230623105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the "cholinergic hypothesis" as an important therapeutic approach in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the scientific community has made a remarkable effort to discover new and effective molecules with the ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The natural function of this enzyme is to catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Thus, its inhibition increases the levels of this neurochemical and improves the cholinergic functions in patients with AD alleviating the symptoms of this neurological disorder. In recent years, attention has also been focused on the role of another enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), mainly in the advanced stages of AD, transforming this enzyme into another target of interest in the search for new anticholinesterase agents. Over the past decades, Nature has proven to be a rich source of bioactive compounds relevant to the discovery of new molecules with potential applications in AD therapy. Bioprospecting of new cholinesterase inhibitors among natural products has led to the discovery of an important number of new AChE and BChE inhibitors that became potential lead compounds for the development of anti-AD drugs. This review summarizes a total of 260 active compounds from 142 studies which correspond to the most relevant (IC50 ≤ 15 μM) research work published during 2012-2022 on plant-derived anticholinesterase compounds, as well as several potent inhibitors obtained from other sources like fungi, algae, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Murray
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Brunella Biscussi
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Martina Donozo
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvana A Rodriguez
- INQUISUR-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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11
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Zou D, Liu R, Lv Y, Guo J, Zhang C, Xie Y. Latest advances in dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2270781. [PMID: 37955252 PMCID: PMC10653629 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2270781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease characterised by progressive memory loss and cognition impairment, ultimately leading to death. There are three FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, AChEIs) for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been considered to contribute to pathologies of AD. Therefore, we reviewed the dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and MAO-B developed in the last five years. In this review, these dual-target inhibitors were classified into six groups according to the basic parent structure, including chalcone, coumarin, chromone, benzo-fused five-membered ring, imine and hydrazine, and other scaffolds. Their design strategies, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and molecular docking studies with AChE and MAO-B were analysed and discussed, giving valuable insights for the subsequent development of AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors. Challenges in the development of balanced and potent AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors were noted, and corresponding solutions were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renzheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Singh YP, Kumar H. Tryptamine: A privileged scaffold for the management of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1578-1594. [PMID: 37675624 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and irreversible neurodegenerative disease associated with aging. It is characterized by the progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Although the exact etiology of AD is not well explored, several factors, such as the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, presence of low levels of acetylcholine, and generation of oxidative stress, are key mediators in the progression of AD. Currently, the clinical treatment options for AD are limited and are based on cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine), N-methyl- d-aspartic acid receptor antagonists (e.g., memantine), and the recently approved Aβ modulator (e.g., aducanumab). Tryptamine (2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-amine) is a small molecule that contains an indole nucleus and an ethylamine side chain. It is also the active metabolite of tryptophan. It possesses a wide range of biological activities related to neurodegenerative disorders, such as ChE inhibition, Aβ aggregation inhibition, antioxidant effects, monoamine-oxidase inhibition, and neuroprotection. Several tryptamine-based hybrid analogs are currently being investigated as multifunctional agents for the development of novel hybrids for AD treatment. Thus, this review article aims to provide in-depth insights into the research progress and strategies for designing multifunctional agents used in Alzheimer's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash P Singh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harish Kumar
- Government College of Pharmacy, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Technical Education Vocational and Industrial Training, Sunder Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, India
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13
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Khairnar P, Singh A, Ahirwar K, Shukla R. ApoE3 Anchored Liposomal Delivery of Rivastigmine for Brain Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:223. [PMID: 37945928 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor used in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RHT is a BCS class-I drug that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism. Permeating a hydrophilic drug through the brain remains a major challenge in brain delivery. In this study, the RHT was incorporated inside the hydrophilic core of liposomes (LPS) and then coated with the ApoE3. ApoE3-coated RHT-loaded liposomes (ApoE3-RHT-LPS) were fabricated through the thin film hydration method using DSPE-PEG. The coating of LPS with ApoE3 enhances brain uptake and improves Aβ clearance. The results obtained from the physicochemical characterization demonstrated that ApoE3-RHT-LPS shows a particle size of 128.6 ± 2.16 nm and a zeta potential of 16.6 ± 1.19. The % entrapment efficiency and % drug loading were found to be 75% and 17.84%, respectively. The data obtained from TEM and SEM studies revealed that the particle size of the LPS was less than 200 nm. An in vitro AChE assay was performed, and the results demonstrated the AChE inhibitory potential of ApoE3-RHT-LPS. Through the intravenous route, an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of formulation displayed improved brain uptake of RHT by ~ 1.3-fold than pure RHT due to ApoE3 coating. In vivo, biodistribution studies in vital organs suggested that the biodistribution of RHT to the liver was significantly reduced (p < 0.001), signifying an increase in the drug's half-life and blood circulation time. All research findings suggested that ApoE3 coating and LPS strategy are proven effective for improving the brain uptake of RHT designed for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khairnar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Kailash Ahirwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, 226002, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, 226002, India.
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14
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Pouramiri B, Rashidi M, Lotfi S, Mohammadi M, Rabiei K. Biological Evaluation of Anti-Cholinesterase Activity, in Silico Molecular Docking Studies, and DFT Calculations of Green Synthesized Thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301193. [PMID: 37869899 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of [1,3,4] thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives 4(a-n) have been designed and synthesized as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Synthesizing of thiadiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidines was carried out in a single step, one-pot reaction using aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and different derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (with molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 1, respectively) in conjunction with the catalyst, anhydrous iron(III) chloride by a grinding method under solvent-free conditions at room temperature. The in-vitro studies exhibited good potency for inhibiting AChE comparable with donepezil as the reference drug. The best results were obtained by Ethyl 2-(4-nitroophenyl)-7-methyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate 4n with IC50 value of 0.082±0.001 μM which was comparable with AChE inhibitory effects of donepezil (IC50 =0.079 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Pouramiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Qom University of Technology, Qom
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 37195 Qom, Iran
| | - Safa Lotfi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Rabiei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Qom University of Technology, Qom
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Wang D, Leng X, Tian Y, Liu J, Zou J, Xie S. Toxic Effects of Koumine on the Early-Life Development Stage of Zebrafish. TOXICS 2023; 11:853. [PMID: 37888703 PMCID: PMC10611223 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Koumine is one of the most abundant alkaloids found in Gelsemium elegans, and it has a wide range of pharmacological effects including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic treatment effects, and antianxiety. However, its high toxicity and unclear mechanism of action have greatly limited the medicinal development and use of koumine. We investigated the toxic effects of koumine on the developmental toxicity and behavioral neurotoxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae. Embryos at 6 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L of koumine until 120 hpf. Koumine affected the hatching and heartbeats of the embryos. The morphological analysis also revealed many abnormalities, such as shortened bodies, yolk sac edemas, tail malformations, and pericardial edemas. To identify the neurotoxicity of koumine, the behavior of the larvae was measured. Koumine at 50 and 100 mg/L affect the escape response. The embryos exhibited uncoordinated muscle contractions along the body axis in response to touch at 36 hpf. More importantly, we found that the neurotoxicity of koumine is mainly caused by influencing the ACh content and the activity of AChE without impairing motor neuron development. A comprehensive analysis shows that a high concentration of koumine has obvious toxic effects on zebrafish, and the safe concentration of koumine for zebrafish should be less than 25 mg/L. These results will be valuable for better understanding the toxicity of koumine and provide new insights into the application of koumine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Xinyi Leng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China; (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yao Tian
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jiangdong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China; (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Durmaz L, Kiziltas H, Karagecili H, Alwasel S, Gulcin İ. Potential antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities and molecular docking of spiraeoside as a secondary metabolite of onion ( Allium cepa). Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101760. [PMID: 37693735 PMCID: PMC10485163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative flavonoids in onion. Several antioxidant techniques were used in this investigation to assess the antioxidant capabilities of spiraeoside, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical (DMPD•+) scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS•+) scavenging activities, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing and potassium ferric cyanide reduction abilities. In contrast, the water-soluble α-tocopherol analogue trolox and the conventional antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and α-tocopherol were utilized as the standards for evaluation. Spiraeoside scavenged the DPPH radicals an IC50 of 28.51 μg/mL (r2: 0.9705) meanwhile BHA, BHT, trolox, and α-tocopherol displayed IC50 of 10.10 μg/mL (r2: 0.9015), 25.95 μg/mL (r2: 0.9221), 7.059 μg/mL (r2: 0.9614) and 11.31 μg/mL (r2: 0.9642), accordingly. The results exhibited that spiraeoside had effects similar to BHT, but less potent than α-tocopherol, trolox and BHA. Also, inhibitory effects of spiraeoside were evaluated toward some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and α-glycosidase, which are related to a number of illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus and glaucoma disorder. Spiraeoside exhibited IC50 values of 4.44 nM (r2: 0.9610), 7.88 nM (r2: 0.9784), 19.42 nM (r2: 0.9673) and 29.17 mM (r2: 0.9209), respectively against these enzymes. Enzyme inhibition abilities were compared to clinical used inhibitors including acetazolamide (for CA II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and acarbose (for α-glycosidase). Spiraeoside demonstrated effective antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities. With these properties, it has shown that Spiraeoside has the potential to be a medicine for some metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Durmaz
- Department of Medical Services and Technology, Cayirli Vocational School, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24500, Cayirli, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kiziltas
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Hasan Karagecili
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, 11362, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - İlhami Gulcin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Güngör SA. Synthesis, in silico and in vitro studies of hydrazide-hydrazone imine derivatives as potential cholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:676-691. [PMID: 37258044 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of hydrazide-hydrazone imine derivative compounds (3a-k) were synthesized and their structures characterized using FTIR, 1 H, and 13 C (NMR) spectroscopic methods. In addition, molecular structures of compounds 3a, 3d, and 3g were elucidated by X-ray diffraction technique. In vitro inhibition activities of hydrazide-hydrazone imine derivatives against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were investigated. Compound 3i (IC50 = 2.01 μM) exhibited the best inhibitory activity against AChE, comparable to the control Galantamine (IC50 = 2.60 μM). Against BChE, compound 3h (IC50 = 2.83 μM) showed the best inhibitory property which is higher control Galantamine (IC50 = 3.70 μM). The Ki values of compound 3i (Ki = 0.63 μM) and compound 3h (Ki = 0.94 μM) that have the strongest inhibitory potential were determined against AChE and BChE, respectively. According to the docking result, the most stable conformation of AChE and compound 3i showed that it has a binding affinity of -10.82 kcal/moL. The binding affinity of the most stable conformation formed by BChE and compound 3h is -8.60 kcal/moL. Finally, in silico results and pharmacokinetic parameters of ADME showed that these compounds have good oral bioavailability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyit Ali Güngör
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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18
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Wong S, Dolzhenko AV, Gegechkori V, Ku H, Tucci J, Morton DW. Evaluation of bioactive compounds from Ficus carica L. leaf extracts via high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464241. [PMID: 37541060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This study compares different solvent systems with the use of spontaneous fermentation on the phytochemical composition of leaf extracts from a locally grown white variety of common fig (Ficus carica Linn.). The aim was to detect and identify bioactive compounds that are responsible for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme inhibition, and compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Bioactive zones in chromatograms were detected by combining High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with enzymatic and biological assays. A new experimental protocol for measuring the relative half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was designed to evaluate the potency of the extracts compared to the potency of known inhibitors. Although the IC50 of the fig leaf extract for α-amylase and AChE inhibition were significantly higher when compared to IC50 for acarbose and donepezil, the COX-1 inhibition by the extract (IC50 = 627 µg) was comparable to that of salicylic acid (IC50 = 557 µg), and antimicrobial activity of the extract (IC50 = 375-511 µg) was similar to ampicillin (IC50 = 495 µg). Four chromatographic zones exhibited bioactivity. Compounds from detected bioactive bands were provisionally identified by comparing the band positions to coeluted standards, and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra from eluted zones. Flash chromatography was used to separate selected extract into fractions and isolate fractions that are rich in bioactive compounds for further characterisation with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The main constituents identified were umbelliferon (zone 1), furocoumarins psoralen and bergapten (zone 2), different fatty acids (zone 3 and 4), and pentacyclic triterpenoids (calotropenyl acetate or lupeol) and stigmasterol (zone 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry named after Arzamastsev, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia.
| | - Sheryn Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry named after Arzamastsev, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Heng Ku
- CSIRO Environment, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
| | - David W Morton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry named after Arzamastsev, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
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19
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Timokhina EN, Serebryakova OG, Shchepochkin AV, Averkov MA, Utepova IA, Demina NS, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Fisenko VP, Bachurin SO, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN, Richardson RJ. Derivatives of 9-phosphorylated acridine as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors with antioxidant activity and the ability to inhibit β-amyloid self-aggregation: potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219980. [PMID: 37654616 PMCID: PMC10466253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory activities of novel 9-phosphoryl-9,10-dihydroacridines and 9-phosphorylacridines against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CES). We also studied the abilities of the new compounds to interfere with the self-aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ42) in the thioflavin test as well as their antioxidant activities in the ABTS and FRAP assays. We used molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum-chemical calculations to explain experimental results. All new compounds weakly inhibited AChE and off-target CES. Dihydroacridines with aryl substituents in the phosphoryl moiety inhibited BChE; the most active were the dibenzyloxy derivative 1d and its diphenethyl bioisostere 1e (IC50 = 2.90 ± 0.23 µM and 3.22 ± 0.25 µM, respectively). Only one acridine, 2d, an analog of dihydroacridine, 1d, was an effective BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 6.90 ± 0.55 μM), consistent with docking results. Dihydroacridines inhibited Aβ42 self-aggregation; 1d and 1e were the most active (58.9% ± 4.7% and 46.9% ± 4.2%, respectively). All dihydroacridines 1 demonstrated high ABTS•+-scavenging and iron-reducing activities comparable to Trolox, but acridines 2 were almost inactive. Observed features were well explained by quantum-chemical calculations. ADMET parameters calculated for all compounds predicted favorable intestinal absorption, good blood-brain barrier permeability, and low cardiac toxicity. Overall, the best results were obtained for two dihydroacridine derivatives 1d and 1e with dibenzyloxy and diphenethyl substituents in the phosphoryl moiety. These compounds displayed high inhibition of BChE activity and Aβ42 self-aggregation, high antioxidant activity, and favorable predicted ADMET profiles. Therefore, we consider 1d and 1e as lead compounds for further in-depth studies as potential anti-AD preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Timokhina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga G. Serebryakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Shchepochkin
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Averkov
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina A. Utepova
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Demina
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Fisenko
- Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Biodesign and Complex System Modeling of Biomedical Science & Technology Park of Sechenov I.M., First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Biodesign and Complex System Modeling of Biomedical Science & Technology Park of Sechenov I.M., First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Pishgouii F, Lotfi S, Sedaghati E. Anti-AChE and Anti-BuChE Screening of the Fermentation Broth Extracts from Twelve Aspergillus Isolates and GC-MS and Molecular Docking Studies of the Most Active Extracts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5199-5216. [PMID: 37129742 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the administration of cholinesterase enzyme (acetylcholinesterase: AChE and butyrylcholinesterase: BuChE) inhibitors is very common for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the other forms of dementia and CNS disorders. In this paper, the anti-AChE and anti-BuChE activities of the fermentation broth ethyl acetate extracts from twelve Aspergillus isolates were evaluated by Ellman method. The results showed that A1 (Aspergillus flavus) and A5 (Aspergillus tubingensis, isolate 1) extracts with IC50 values of 46.77 μg/mL and 75.85 μg/mL possess the greatest ability to inhibit AChE and BuChE, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the extracts (A1 and A5) demonstrated that two alkaloids named 14-methyl-16-azabicyclo[10.3.1]hexadeca-1(15),12(16),13-triene (MAHT) and 6-chloro-2-methyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-phenanthridine (CMTP) account for the highest percentage of A1 (26.95%) and A5 (25.5%) extracts, respectively. A 2-pyrazoline derivative, 5-hydroxy-3-(4-pyridinyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxyacetyl)- (PHPTT), also constituted the high percentage (9.54%) of A5 extract. The anticholinesterase and neuroprotective effects of some 2-pyrazoline derivatives have been previously reported. The interaction study of MAHT with human AChE and CMTP and PHPTT with human BuChE using molecular docking indicated that these alkaloids bind to the active site gorge of the enzymes with high affinity. The best docking scores of MAHT, CMTP, and PHPTT were -7.1, -8.2, and -9.7 kcal/mol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pishgouii
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Safa Lotfi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Sedaghati
- Department of Plant Protection, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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21
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Kim A, Lee J, Moon H, Kim C, Yoo MY, Park WY, Kim WD, Seo YS. The effects of low-dose radiation therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's dementia: an interim analysis of a pilot study. Radiat Oncol J 2023; 41:89-97. [PMID: 37403351 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2023.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine whether low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) is effective in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included patients according to the following criteria: probable Alzheimer's dementia according to the New Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease; confirmation of amyloid plaque deposits on baseline amyloid positron emission tomography (PET); a Korean Mini-Mental State Examination 2nd edition (K-MMSE-2) score of 13-26; and a Global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0.5-2 points. LDRT was performed six times at 0.5 Gy each. Post-treatment cognitive function tests and PET-CT examinations were performed to evaluate efficacy. The medication for AD treatment was maintained throughout the study period. RESULTS At 6 months after LDRT, neurological improvement was seen in 20% of patients. Patient #2 showed improvement in all domains of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery II (SNSB-II). Moreover, the K-MMSE-2 and Geriatric Depression Score-Short Form scores improved from 20 to 23 and from 8 to 2, respectively. For patient #3, the CDR score (sum of box score) improved from 1 (4.0) to 1 (3.5) at 3 months follow-up. Moreover, the Z scores for language and related functions, memory, and frontal executive function improved to -2.56, -1.86, and -1.32, respectively at the 6-month follow-up. Two patients complained of mild nausea and mild hair loss during LDRT, which improved after treatment. CONCLUSION One of the five patients with AD treated with LDRT experienced a temporary improvement in SNSB-II. LDRT is tolerable in patients with AD. We are currently under follow-up and will conduct cognitive function tests after 12 months after LDRT. A large-scale randomized controlled trial with a longer follow-up period is warranted to determine the effect of LDRT on patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hansol Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chulhan Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min Young Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won Dong Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Seok Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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22
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Hernandez CM, Barkey RE, Craven KM, Pedemonte KA, Alisantosa B, Sanchez JO, Flinn JM. Transfusion with Blood Plasma from Young Mice Affects rTg4510 Transgenic Tau Mice Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:841. [PMID: 37371321 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain. Tangles are formed when the stabilizing protein, tau, becomes hyperphosphorylated and clumps together. There are limited treatments for AD; therefore, the exploration of new treatments is warranted. Previous research showed that plasma transfusion from young donor mice improved spatial memory and increased synaptic proteins in old transgenic APP/PS1 mice, suggesting a remediation of memory and synaptic function. In the current study, plasma was transfused from 2-3-month-old young wildtype mice (WT) to 8-month-old rTg4510 mice expressing human tau (Tau). One week after the transfusions, behavior and tau pathology were examined. We found that Tau mice injected with plasma had lower expression of phosphorylated tau (ptau) in the brain, accompanied by fewer tau tangles in the cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus and smaller tau tangles in the cortex, when compared to Tau mice injected with saline. Despite no improvement in behavior, the decreased level of ptau and tangles open the door to future studies involving plasma transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Hernandez
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Rachel E Barkey
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Kristen M Craven
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Karin A Pedemonte
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Bernadette Alisantosa
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jonathan O Sanchez
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jane M Flinn
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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23
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Gholami Mahmoudian Z, Ghanbari A, Rashidi I, Amiri I, Komaki A. Minocycline effects on memory and learning impairment in the beta-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease model in male rats using behavioral, biochemical, and histological methods. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175784. [PMID: 37179042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as an advanced neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the everlasting impairment of memory, which is determined by hyperphosphorylation of intracellular Tau protein and accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the extracellular space. Minocycline is an antioxidant with neuroprotective effects that can freely cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study investigated the effect of minocycline on the changes in learning and memory functions, activities of blood serum antioxidant enzymes, neuronal loss, and the number of Aβ plaques after AD induced by Aβ in male rats. Healthy adult male Wistar rats (200-220g) were divided randomly into 11 groups (n = 10). The rats received minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg/day; per os (P.O.)) before, after, and before/after AD induction for 30 days. At the end of the treatment course, behavioral performance was measured by standardized behavioral paradigms. Subsequently, brain samples and blood serum were collected for histological and biochemical analysis. The results indicated that Aβ injection impaired learning and memory performances in the Morris water maze test, reduced exploratory/locomotor activities in the open field test, and enhanced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. The behavioral deficits were accompanied by hippocampal oxidative stress (decreased glutathione (GSH) peroxidase enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain (hippocampus) tissue), increased number of Aβ plaques, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus evidenced by Thioflavin S and H&E staining, respectively. Minocycline improved anxiety-like behavior, recovered Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits, increased GSH and decreased MDA levels, and prevented neuronal loss and the accumulation of Aβ plaques. Our results demonstrated that minocycline has neuroprotective effects and can reduce memory dysfunction, which are due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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24
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Hatami M, Basri Z, Sakhvidi BK, Mortazavi M. Thiadiazole – A promising structure in design and development of anti-Alzheimer agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110027. [PMID: 37011500 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of effective multitargeted agents in treating Alzheimer disease (AD) has always been a hot topic in the field of drug discovery. Since AD is a multifactorial disorder, various key hidden players such as deficit of acetylcholine (ACh), tau-protein aggregation, and oxidative stress have been associated with the incidence and progress of AD. In pursuit of improving efficacy and expanding the range of pharmacological activities of current AD drugs, the molecular hybridization method is also used intensively. Five-membered heterocyclic systems such as thiadiazole scaffolds have previously been shown to have therapeutic activity. Thiadiazole analogs as an anti-oxidant compound have been known to include a wide range of biological activity from anti-cancer to anti-Alzheimer properties. The suitable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the thiadiazole scaffold have introduced it as a therapeutic target in medicinal chemistry. The current review portrays the critical role of the thiadiazole scaffold in the design of various compounds with potential effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the rationale used behind hybrid-based design strategies and the outcomes achieved through the hybridization of Thiadiazole analogs with various core structures have been discussed. In addition, the data in the present review may help researchers in the design of new multidrug combinations that may provide new options for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Basri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Batool Khani Sakhvidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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25
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Guo C, Wang T, Zhang D, Ge X, Li J. Plasminogen decreases Aβ42 and Tau deposition, and shows multi-beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease in mice and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:102-111. [PMID: 36905760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. The aggregation of both amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides extracellularly and Tau proteins intracellularly plays key roles in the pathological consequences of AD, which lead to cholinergic neurodegeneration and eventually death. Currently, there are no effective methods to stop the progression of AD. Using ex vivo, in vivo and clinical approaches, we investigated the functional effects of plasminogen on the widely used FAD, Aβ42 oligomer or Tau intracranial injection-induced AD mouse model and explored its therapeutic effects on patients with AD. The results show that intravenously injected plasminogen rapidly crosses the blood‒brain barrier (BBB); increases plasmin activity in the brain; colocalizes with and effectively promotes the clearance of Aβ42 peptide and Tau protein deposits ex vivo and in vivo; increases the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) level and decreases the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; and improves the memory functions. Clinically, when GMP-level plasminogen was administered to 6 AD patients for 1-2 weeks, their average scores on the Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is a standard scoring system used to measure the memory loss and cognitive deficits, were extremely significantly improved by 4.2 ± 2.23 points, e.g., an average increase from 15.5 ± 8.22 before treatment to 19.7 ± 7.09 after treatment. The preclinical study and pilot clinical study suggest that plasminogen is effective in treating AD and may be a promising drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Guo
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Beijing Chang'an Chinese and Western Integrated Medicine Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Ge
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Jinan Li
- Department of Applied Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Research, Ruijian Xingze Biomedical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China.
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26
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Güven L, Erturk A, Miloğlu FD, Alwasel S, Gulcin İ. Screening of Antiglaucoma, Antidiabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Antioxidant Activities of Astragalus alopecurus Pall-Analysis of Phenolics Profiles by LC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050659. [PMID: 37242442 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus species are traditionally used for diabetes, ulcers, leukemia, wounds, stomachaches, sore throats, abdominal pain, and toothaches. Although the preventive effects of Astragalus species against diseases are known, there is no record of the therapeutic effects of Astragalus alopecurus. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiglaucoma, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and antioxidant activities of the methanolic (MEAA) and water (WEAA) extracts of the aerial part of A. alopecurus. Additionally, its phenolic compound profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MEAA and WEAA were evaluated for their inhibition ability on α-glycosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes. The phenolic compounds of MEAA were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. In this context, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing, and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating methods. MEAA and WEAA had IC50 values of 9.07 and 2.24 μg/mL for α-glycosidase, 693.15 and 346.58 μg/mL for α-amylase, 1.99 and 2.45 μg/mL for AChE, and 147.7 and 171.7 μg/mL for hCA II. While the total phenolic amounts in MEAA and WEAA were 16.00 and 18.50 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg extract, the total flavonoid contents in both extracts were calculated as 66.23 and 33.115 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/mg, respectively. MEAA and WEAA showed, respectively, variable activities on DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 99.02 and 115.53 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging (IC50: 32.21 and 30.22 µg/mL), DMPD radical scavenging (IC50: 231.05 and 65.22 μg/mL), and Fe2+ chelating (IC50: 46.21 and 33.01 μg/mL). MEAA and WEAA reducing abilities were, respectively, Fe3+ reducing (λ700: 0.308 and 0.284), FRAP (λ593: 0.284 and 0.284), and CUPRAC (λ450: 0.163 and 0.137). A total of 35 phenolics were scanned, and 10 phenolic compounds were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. LC-MS/MS revealed that MEAA mainly contained isorhamnetin, fumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid derivatives. This is the first report indicating that MEAA and WEAA have α-glycosidase, α-amylase, AChE, hCA II inhibition abilities, and antioxidant activities. These results demonstrate the potential of Astragalus species through antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitor ability traditionally used in medicine. This work provides the foundation for further research into the establishment of novel therapeutics for diabetes, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Güven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adem Erturk
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hınıs Vocational School, Ataturk University, 25600 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demirkaya Miloğlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - İlhami Gulcin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Tonelli M, Catto M, Sabaté R, Francesconi V, Laurini E, Pricl S, Pisani L, Miniero DV, Liuzzi GM, Gatta E, Relini A, Gavín R, Del Rio JA, Sparatore F, Carotti A. Thioxanthenone-based derivatives as multitarget therapeutic leads for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115169. [PMID: 36753881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of twenty-five thioxanthene-9-one and xanthene-9-one derivatives, that were previously shown to inhibit cholinesterases (ChEs) and amyloid β (Aβ40) aggregation, were evaluated for the inhibition of tau protein aggregation. All compounds exhibited a good activity, and eight of them (5-8, 10, 14, 15 and 20) shared comparable low micromolar inhibitory potency versus Aβ40 aggregation and human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), while inhibiting human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) even at submicromolar concentration. Compound 20 showed outstanding biological data, inhibiting tau protein and Aβ40 aggregation with IC50 = 1.8 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Moreover, at 0.1-10 μM it also exhibited neuroprotective activity against tau toxicity induced by okadoic acid in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, that was comparable to that of estradiol and PD38. In preliminary toxicity studies, these interesting results for compound 20 are somewhat conflicting with a narrow safety window. However, compound 10, although endowed with a little lower potency for tau and Aβ aggregation inhibition additionally demonstrated good inhibition of ChEs and rather low cytotoxicity. Compound 4 is also worth of note for its high potency as hBChE inhibitor (IC50 = 7 nM) and for the three order of magnitude selectivity versus hAChE. Molecular modelling studies were performed to explain the different behavior of compounds 4 and 20 towards hBChE. The observed balance of the inhibitory potencies versus the relevant targets indicates the thioxanthene-9-one derivatives as potential MTDLs for AD therapy, provided that the safety window will be improved by further structural variations, currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Del Rio
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Martins MM, Branco PS, Ferreira LM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect in Alzheimer's Disease Drugs: The role of Polypharmacology and Cholinesterase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula S. Branco
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
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Barbosa FAR, Canto RFS, Teixeira KF, de Souza AS, de Oliveira AS, Braga AL. Selenium-Derivative Compounds: A Review of New Perspectives in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:689-700. [PMID: 35209817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220224161454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent types of dementia, affecting millions of older people worldwide. AD is stimulating efforts to develop novel molecules targeting its main features associated with a decrease in acetylcholine levels, an increase in oxidative stress and depositions of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein. In this regard, selenium-containing compounds have been demonstrated as potential multi-targeted compounds in the treatment of AD. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties, causing a decrease in Aβ aggregation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we approach structure-activity relationships of each compound, associating the decrease of ROS activity, an increase of tau-like activity and inhibition of AChE with a decrease in the self-aggregation of Aβ. METHODS We also verify that the molecular descriptors apol, nHBAcc and MlogP may be related to optimized pharmacokinetic properties for anti-AD drugs. RESULTS In our analysis, few selenium-derived compounds presented similar molecular features to FDA-approved drugs. CONCLUSION We suggest that unknown selenium-derived molecules with apol, nHBAcc and MlogP like FDA-approved drugs may be better successes with optimized pharmacokinetic properties in future studies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A R Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - Rômulo F S Canto
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Foundation Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Kerolain F Teixeira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau-SC, Brazil
| | - Anacleto S de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Aldo S de Oliveira
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau-SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Conjugates of Tacrine and Salicylic Acid Derivatives as New Promising Multitarget Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032285. [PMID: 36768608 PMCID: PMC9916969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of previously synthesized conjugates of tacrine and salicylamide was extended by varying the structure of the salicylamide fragment and using salicylic aldehyde to synthesize salicylimine derivatives. The hybrids exhibited broad-spectrum biological activity. All new conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity toward BChE. The structure of the salicylamide moiety exerted little effect on anticholinesterase activity, but AChE inhibition increased with spacer elongation. The most active conjugates were salicylimine derivatives: IC50 values of the lead compound 10c were 0.0826 µM (AChE) and 0.0156 µM (BChE), with weak inhibition of the off-target carboxylesterase. The hybrids were mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and displayed dual binding to the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of AChE in molecular docking, which, along with experimental results on propidium iodide displacement, suggested their potential to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation. All conjugates inhibited Aβ42 self-aggregation in the thioflavin test, and inhibition increased with spacer elongation. Salicylimine 10c and salicylamide 5c with (CH2)8 spacers were the lead compounds for inhibiting Aβ42 self-aggregation, which was corroborated by molecular docking to Aβ42. ABTS•+-scavenging activity was highest for salicylamides 5a-c, intermediate for salicylimines 10a-c, low for F-containing salicylamides 7, and non-existent for methoxybenzoylamides 6 and difluoromethoxybenzoylamides 8. In the FRAP antioxidant (AO) assay, the test compounds displayed little or no activity. Quantum chemical analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with QM/MM potentials explained the AO structure-activity relationships. All conjugates were effective chelators of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, with molar compound/metal (Cu2+) ratios of 2:1 (5b) and ~1:1 (10b). Conjugates exerted comparable or lower cytotoxicity than tacrine on mouse hepatocytes and had favorable predicted intestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability. The overall results indicate that the synthesized conjugates are promising new multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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Galantamine Based Novel Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitors: A Molecular Modeling Design Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031035. [PMID: 36770702 PMCID: PMC9919016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes play an essential role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its excessive activity causes several neuronal problems, particularly psychopathies and neuronal cell death. A bioactive pose on the hAChE B site of the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) enzyme employed in this investigation, which was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID 4EY6), allowed for the prediction of the binding affinity and free binding energy between the protein and the ligand. Virtual screening was performed to obtain structures similar to Galantamine (GNT) with potential hAChE activity. The top 200 hit compounds were prioritized through the use of filters in ZincPharmer, with special features related to the pharmacophore. Critical analyses were carried out, such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), ADME/Tox predictions, molecular docking, molecular simulation studies, synthetic accessibility (SA), lipophilicity, water solubility, and hot spots to confirm the stable binding of the two promising molecules (ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5). The metabolism prediction, with metabolites M3-2, which is formed by Glutathionation reaction (Phase II), M1-2, and M2-2 formed from the reaction of S-oxidation and Aliphatic hydroxylation (Phase I), were both reactive but with no side effects. Theoretical synthetic routes and prediction of synthetic accessibility for the most promising compounds are also proposed. In conclusion, this study shows that in silico modeling can be used to create new drug candidate inhibitors for hAChE. The compounds ZINC16951574-LMQC2, and ZINC08342556-LMQC5 are particularly promising for oral administration because they have a favorable drug-likeness profile, excellent lipid solubility, high bioavailability, and adequate pharmacokinetics.
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Dendrimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons. Current therapies for NDs are only symptomatic and long-term ineffective. This challenge has promoted the development of new therapies against relevant targets in these pathologies. In this review, we will focus on the most promising therapeutic approaches based on dendrimers (DDs) specially designed for the treatment and diagnosis of NDs. DDs are well-defined polymeric structures that provide a multifunctional platform for developing different nanosystems for a myriad of applications. DDs have been proposed as interesting drug delivery systems with the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and increase the bioavailability of classical drugs in the brain, as well as genetic material, by reducing the synthesis of specific targets, as β-amyloid peptide. Moreover, DDs have been shown to be promising anti-amyloidogenic systems against amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Tau aggregation, powerful agents for blocking α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrillation, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, promote cellular uptake to certain cell types, and are potential tools for ND diagnosis. In summary, DDs have emerged as promising alternatives to current ND therapies since they may limit the extent of damage and provide neuroprotection to the affected tissues.
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Duan Y, Lyu L, Zhan S. Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review for 2017-2022. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010120. [PMID: 36672626 PMCID: PMC9855936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a major causal factor for mortality among elders around the world. The treatments for AD, however, are still in the stage of development. Stem cell therapy, compared to drug therapies and many other therapeutic options, has many advantages and is very promising in the future. There are four major types of stem cells used in AD therapy: neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. All of them have applications in the treatments, either at the (1) cellular level, in an (2) animal model, or at the (3) clinical level. In general, many more types of stem cells were studied on the cellular level and animal model, than the clinical level. We suggest for future studies to increase research on various types of stem cells and include cross-disciplinary research with other diseases. In the future, there could also be improvements in the timeliness of research and individualization for stem cell therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Linshuoshuo Lyu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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Kanojia N, Thapa K, Kaur G, Sharma A, Puri V, Verma N. Update on Therapeutic potential of emerging nanoformulations of phytocompounds in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang K, Yang R, Chen TT, Qin MR, Wang P, Kong MW. Therapeutic Mechanism of Kai Xin San on Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:413-423. [PMID: 36474082 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the specific pharmacological molecular mechanisms of Kai Xin San (KXS) on treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. METHODS The chemical compounds of KXS and their corresponding targets were screened using the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM) database. AD-related target proteins were obtained from MalaCards database and DisGeNET databases. Key compounds and targets were identified from the compound-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Functional enrichment analysis predicted the potential key signaling pathways involved in the treatment of AD with KXS. The binding affinities between key ingredients and targets were further verified using molecular docking. Finally, the predicted key signaling pathway was validated experimentally. Positioning navigation and space search experiments were conducted to evaluate the cognitive improvement effect of KXS on AD rats. Western blot was used to further examine and investigate the expression of the key target proteins related to the predicted pathway. RESULTS In total, 38 active compounds and 469 corresponding targets of KXS were screened, and 264 target proteins associated with AD were identified. The compound-target-disease and PPI networks identified key active ingredients and protein targets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested a potential effect of KXS in the treatment of AD via the amyloid beta (A β)-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3 β)-Tau pathway. Molecular docking revealed a high binding affinity between the key ingredients and targets. In vivo, KXS treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits in AD rats induced by Aβ1-42, decreased the levels of Aβ, p-GSK3β, p-Tau and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and increased the expressions of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1A) and PP2A (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION KXS exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the Aβ -GSK3β-Tau signaling pathway, which provides novel insights into the therapeutic mechanism of KXS and a feasible pharmacological strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of fused hybrids with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting and Nrf2 activating functions for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gasparyan HV, Buloyan SA, Harutyunyan HA, Pogosyan AE, Arshakyan LM, Harutyunyan LS, Avetisyan ZA, Tosunyan SR, Hovhannisyan AA, Topuzyan VO. Study of neuroprotective activity of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors TVA and TVS in experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.87431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of synaptic connection between neurons of the cortex and subcortical regions. The cholinergic deficit is a consistent and early finding in AD, hence acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are used for symptomatic improvement of AD. Most of these therapeutic agents are hepatotoxic, leading to liver failure and other complications. Therefore, the study of new AChEIs with less toxic impact and better effectivity is a topical challenge. In view of this, we synthesized novel chemical compounds: TVA and TVS that possess AChEI activity and studied their neuroprotective effect in an experimental AD model.
Materials and methods: Studies were performed on white rats. Acute toxicity studies were performed by Karber’s method. AD was induced via bilateral intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ 25–35. Histopathological examinations were performed in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. Liver tissue was additionally examined to monitor the hepatotoxicity of these compounds.
Results: Studies of the hippocampus showed that compared to control and TVA-treated groups, under the influence of TVS there were few morphological alterations. Experimental groups showed an increase in the glial cell count, compared to the intact animals. In comparison to the AD group, the increase in microglia was not that prominent under the action of the novel compounds. Under the influence of TVA and TVS, the entorhinal cortex was more susceptible to neuronal injury, although TVS protected pyramidal neurons. Also, the group treated with TVA had signs of acute liver damage, while under the influence of TVS there were no signs of liver changes.
Discussion: Histopathological examination showed that the neurodegenerative processes in the hippocampus, as well as in the entorhinal cortex, were significantly reduced under the influence of TVS, compared with the control group. At the same time, TVA had no significant effect on the protection of neuronal cells. Also, TVS was less toxic, and there was no sign of hepatotoxicity during the experiments.
Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that TVS possesses neuroprotective activity and reduces neuronal damage induced by Aβ.
Graphical abstract:
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Paramanick D, Singh VD, Singh VK. Neuroprotective effect of phytoconstituents via nanotechnology for treatment of Alzheimer diseases. J Control Release 2022; 351:638-655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Efficient one-pot synthesis of arylated pyrazole-fused pyran analogs: as leads to treating diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1507-1526. [PMID: 36268762 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To discover novel lead molecules against diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress, a library of arylated pyrazole-fused pyran derivatives, 1-20, were synthesized in a one-pot reaction. Materials & methods:1H-NMR spectroscopic and electron ionization mass spectrometry techniques were used to characterize the synthetic hybrid molecules 1-20. Analogs were screened against four indispensable therapeutic targets, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Results: Except for derivatives 17 and 18, all other compounds exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activities against target enzymes. The kinetic studies revealed that the synthetic molecules followed a competitive-type mode of inhibition for α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, as well as a non-competitive mode of inhibition for α-glucosidase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. In addition, molecular docking studies identified crucial binding interactions of ligands with the enzyme's active site. Conclusion: These molecules may serve as a potential drug candidate to cure diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress in the future.
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Guo Q, Wu G, Huang F, Wei Z, Wang JZ, Zhang B, Liu R, Yang Y, Wang X, Li HL. Novel small molecular compound 2JY-OBZ4 alleviates AD pathology in cell models via regulating multiple targets. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8077-8094. [PMID: 36227154 PMCID: PMC9596221 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia, characterized by cognitive deficits and memory dysfunction, which is clinically incurable so far. Novel small molecular compound 2JY-OBZ4 is one of structural analogue of Huperzine A (Hup-A), an anti-AD drug in China. In our previous work, 2JY-OBZ4 exhibited potent effects on tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ production and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. However, 2JY-OBZ4's anti-AD effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We here reported that 2JY-OBZ4 resisted tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr181 and Ser396 sites in HEK293-hTau cells transfected with GSK-3β, decreased tau phosphorylation via upregulating the activity of PP2A in HEK293-hTau cells and reduced Aβ production through regulating protein levels of APP cleavage enzymes in N2a-hAPP cells. Meanwhile, we found that 2JY-OBZ4 had no adverse effects on cell viability of mice primary neuron even at high concentration, and ameliorated synaptic loss induced by human oligomeric Aβ42. 2JY-OBZ4 had moderate AChE inhibitory activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) to be 39.48 μg/ml in vitro, which is more than two times higher than Hup-A. Together, 2JY-OBZ4 showed promising therapeutic effects in AD cell models through regulating multiple targets. The research provides a new candidate for the therapeutic development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China
| | - Gang Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China
| | - Fang Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong JS 226001, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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41
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Guo Q, Cai Q, Huang F, Wei Z, Wang JZ, Zhang B, Liu R, Yang Y, Wang X, Li HL. The Therapeutic Effects of Seven Lycophyte Compounds on Cell Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:795-809. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: As an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), Huperzine-A (Hup-A) is marketed for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for decades in China. However, Hup-A causes some side effects. To search for new analogs or derivatives of Hup-A, we produced five Lycophyte alkaloids and two analogues by chemical synthesis: Lyconadins A-E, H-R-NOB, and 2JY-OBZ4. Objective: To systematically evaluated the therapeutic effects of the seven compounds on AD cell models. Methods: We assessed the effects of the seven compounds on cell viability via CCK-8 kit and used HEK293-hTau cells and N2a-hAPP cells as AD cell models to evaluate their potential therapeutic effects. We examined their effects on cholinesterase activity by employing the mice primary neuron. Results: All compounds did not affect cell viability; in addition, Lyconadin A and 2JY-OBZ4 particularly increased cell viability. Lyconadin D and Lyconadin E restored tau phosphorylation at Thr231, and H-R-NOB and 2JY-OBZ4 restored tau phosphorylation at Thr231 and Ser396 in GSK-3β-transfected HEK293-hTau cells. 2JY-OBZ4 decreased the level of PP2Ac-pY307 and increased the level of PP2Ac-mL309, supporting that 2JY-OBZ4 may activate PP2A. Lyconadin B, Lyconadin D, Lyconadin E, H-R-NOB, and 2JY-OBZ4 increased sAβPPα level in N2a-hAPP cells. 2JY-OBZ4 decreased the levels of BACE1 and sAβPPβ, thereby reduced Aβ production. Seven compounds exhibited weaker AChE activity inhibition efficiency than Hup-A. Among them, 2JY-OBZ4 showed the strongest AChE inhibition activity with an inhibition rate of 17% at 10μM. Conclusion: Among the seven lycophyte compounds, 2JY-OBZ4 showed the most expected effects on promoting cell viability, downregulating tau hyperphosphorylation, and Aβ production and inhibiting AChE in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Qinfeng Cai
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienceand Technology, Wuhan, China
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42
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Sepehri S, Saeedi M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Chem 2022; 10:936240. [PMID: 36226120 PMCID: PMC9549744 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, and behavior responses. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are responsible for the creation and progression of numerous neurochemical and neurological illnesses such as AD. Aim: Herein, focusing on the fact that benzylpyridinium salts mimic the structure of donepezil hydrochlorideas a FDA-approved drug in the treatment of AD, their synthetic approaches and inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) were discussed. Also, molecular docking results and structure–activity relationship (SAR) as the most significant concept in drug design and development were considered to introduce potential lead compounds. Key scientific concepts: AChE plays a chief role in the end of nerve impulse transmission at the cholinergic synapses. In this respect, the inhibition of AChE has been recognized as a key factor in the treatment of AD, Parkinson’s disease, senile dementia, myasthenia gravis, and ataxia. A few drugs such as donepezil hydrochloride are prescribed for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction and memory loss caused by AD. Donepezil hydrochloride is a piperidine-containing compound, identified as a well-known member of the second generation of AChE inhibitors. It was established to treat AD when it was assumed that the disease is associated with a central cholinergic loss in the early 1980s. In this review, synthesis and anti-ChE activity of a library of benzylpyridinium salts were reported and discussed based on SAR studies looking for the most potent substituents and moieties, which are responsible for inducing the desired activity even more potent than donepezil. It was found that linking heterocyclic moieties to the benzylpyridinium salts leads to the potent ChE inhibitors. In this respect, this review focused on the recent reports on benzylpyridinium salts and addressed the structural features and SARs to get an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically improved scaffold in the drug discovery of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Sepehri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saghi Sepehri, ; Mohammad Mahdavi,
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saghi Sepehri, ; Mohammad Mahdavi,
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Gholami Mahmoudian Z, Komaki A, Rashidi I, Amiri I, Ghanbari A. The effect of minocycline on beta-amyloid-induced memory and learning deficit in male rats: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102158. [PMID: 36084891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Minocycline hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic, second-generation tetracycline with neuroprotective, neurorestorative, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of minocycline against beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD), recognition memory decline, and the possible involved anti-apoptotic mechanisms. METHODS The rats were treated with minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg/day; P.O.) after AD induction for 30 days. Behavioral functions were assessed by employing standard behavioral tests, including novel object recognition (NOR) and passive avoidance learning (PAL) tasks. Then, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured in blood serum using ELISA kits. Apoptosis and the number of Aβ plaques were examined by the TUNEL and Congo red staining, respectively. RESULTS Treatment of Aβ rats with minocycline improved memory deficit in the PAL task and a decline in recognition memory in the NOR test. Minocycline at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the TOS levels and increased the TAC levels (P < 0.0001). Also, minocycline at 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced the apoptotic index in the hippocampus of Aβ rats. After Congo red staining, the minocycline group showed improved cell morphology and markedly fewer Aβ plaques. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline reduced memory and learning deficit in behavioral experiments after Aβ injection, which may be due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomical Science, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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44
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Kaura S, Parle M, Insa R, Yadav BS, Sethi N. Neuroprotective effect of goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Swaraz AM, Sultana F, Shahin Ahmed K, Satter MA, Hossain H, Raihan O, Brishti A, Khalil I, Hua Gan S. Polyphenols profile and enzyme inhibitory properties of Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.: a potential candidate against obesity, aging, and skin disorder. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200282. [PMID: 35983910 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is attracting scientific interest due to the diverse biological activities of its various parts and its use in folk medicine. The present study was undertaken to investigate the tissue-specific differential expression pattern of its total bioactive compounds. The study was further extended to whole plant phenolics profiling, in vitro enzyme inhibition activities, followed by in silico enzyme inhibition analysis to assess its potential as herbal medicine. The amount of total phenolics in different tissues was followed in decreasing order as old leaf, flower bud, root, young leaf, flower, old stem, and young stem, while that for the flavonoids was old leaf, root, young leaf, flower bud, flower, young stem, and old stem. This study identified rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol in this plant for the first time. The solvent extracts demonstrated strong inhibition of lipase and tyrosinase activity, along with varying degrees of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity. Among the detected compounds, ten displayed strong in silico binding affinities with the tested enzymes. The findings provide a new insight into further investigation of the medicinal potential of this species against obesity, neurological disorders, and aberrant skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Swaraz
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Fariha Sultana
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- Chemical from Indigenous Sources, Chemical Research Division (CRD), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Satter
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- Chemical from Indigenous Sources, Chemical Research Division (CRD), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Obayed Raihan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Afrina Brishti
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ahmed ZB, Hefied F, Mahammed TH, Seidel V, Yousfi M. Identification of potential
anti‐Alzheimer
agents from
Pistacia atlantica
Desf. galls using
UPLC
fingerprinting, chemometrics, and molecular docking analyses. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentale Université Amar Telidji Laghouat Algérie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels Belgium
| | - Fatiha Hefied
- Laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentale Université Amar Telidji Laghouat Algérie
| | | | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentale Université Amar Telidji Laghouat Algérie
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Bukhari SNA, Yogesh R. An Overview of Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine) and its Derivatives as
Potent Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220405232333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), or ligustrazine, is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb
Ligusticum wallichii. It is known for its broad-spectrum medicinal properties against several diseases, and
various studies have shown that it can modulate diverse biological targets and signaling pathways to produce
neuroprotective effects, especially against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This has attracted significant
research attention evaluating TMP as a potent multitarget anti-AD agent. This review compiles the results
of studies assessing the neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by TMP as well as its derivatives prepared
using a multi-target-directed ligand strategy to explore its multitarget modulating properties. The present
review also highlights the work done on the design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms
of some potent TMP derivatives that have shown promising anti-AD activities. These derivatives
were designed, synthesized, and evaluated to develop anti-AD molecules with enhanced biological and
pharmacokinetic activities compared to TMP. This review article paves the way for the exploration and
development of TMP and TMP derivatives as an effective treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchika Yogesh
- 22 A3, DS Tower 1, Sukhumvit Soi 33, Khlong Tan Nuea, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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48
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Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Fermented Foods and Their Effects on Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050883. [PMID: 35624749 PMCID: PMC9137914 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is shifting towards prevention through lifestyle modification instead of treatments since the currently available treatment options are only capable of providing symptomatic relief marginally and result in various side effects. Numerous studies have reported that the intake of fermented foods resulted in the successful management of AD. Food fermentation is a biochemical process where the microorganisms metabolize the constituents of raw food materials, giving vastly different organoleptic properties and additional nutritional value, and improved biosafety effects in the final products. The consumption of fermented foods is associated with a wide array of nutraceutical benefits, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolemic properties. Due to their promising health benefits, fermented food products have a great prospect for commercialization in the food industry. This paper reviews the memory and cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective potential of fermented food products on AD, the recently commercialized fermented food products in the health and food industries, and their limitations. The literature reviewed here demonstrates a growing demand for fermented food products as alternative therapeutic options for the prevention and management of AD.
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Elghazawy NH, Zaafar D, Hassan RR, Mahmoud MY, Bedda L, Bakr AF, Arafa RK. Discovery of New 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles with Dual Activity Targeting the Cholinergic Pathway as Effective Anti-Alzheimer Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1187-1205. [PMID: 35377601 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding an effective anti-Alzheimer agent is quite challenging due to its multifactorial nature. As such, multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) could be a promising paradigm for finding potential therapeutically effective new small-molecule bioactive agents against Alzheimer's disease (AD). We herein present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of compounds based on a 5-pyrid-3-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold. Our synthesized compounds displayed excellent in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity at nanomolar (nM) concentrations against two major AD disease-modifying targets, i.e., acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Among our compounds, 5e was considered the best dual inhibitor of both AChE (IC50 = 50.87 nM) and BuChE (IC50 = 4.77 nM), where these values surpassed those of rivastagmine (the only FDA-approved dual AChE and BuChE inhibitor) in our study. Furthermore, in vivo and ex vivo testing of the hit compound 5e highlighted its significant AD-biotargeting effects including reducing the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH), normalizing levels of 8-OHdG, and, most importantly, decreasing the levels of the well-known AD hallmark β-amyloid protein. Finally, the binding ability of 5e to each of our targets, AChE and BuChE, was confirmed through additional molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that reflected good interactions of 5e to the active site of both targets. Hence, we herein present a series of new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles that are promising leads for the development of dual-acting AChE and BuChE inhibitors for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal H. Elghazawy
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12055, Egypt
| | - Reham R. Hassan
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y. Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Loay Bedda
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
| | - Alaa F. Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Reem K. Arafa
- Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, Cairo 12578, Egypt
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50
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Villegas C, Perez R, Petiz LL, Glaser T, Ulrich H, Paz C. Ginkgolides and Huperzine A for complementary treatment of Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:763-779. [PMID: 35384262 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of cognitive function, memory, and inability to perform daily, social, or occupational activities. Its etiology is associated with the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides, phosphorylated tau protein, and neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes in the brain. Currently, there is no successful pharmacological treatment for AD. The few approved drugs are mainly aimed at treating the symptoms; however, due to the increasing discovery of etiopathological factors, there are great efforts to find new multifunctional molecules to slow down the course of this neurodegenerative disease. The commercial Ginkgo biloba formulation EGb 761® and Huperzine A, an alkaloid present in the plant Huperzia serrata, have shown in clinical trials to possess cholinergic and neuroprotective activities, including improvement in cognition, activities of daily living, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients. The purpose of this review is to expose the positive results of intervention with EGb 761® and Huperzine in patients with mild to moderate AD in the last 10 years, highlighting the pharmacological functions that justify their use in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rebeca Perez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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