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Sun X, Liu N, Sun C, Xu Y, Ding D, Kong J. The inhibitory effect of vitamin D on myocardial homocysteine levels involves activation of Nrf2-mediated methionine synthase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 231:106303. [PMID: 36990164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) is a synthetic amino acid containing sulfhydryl group, which is an intermediate product of the deep metabolic pathway of methionine and cysteine. The abnormal increase in fasting plasma total Hcy concentration caused by various factors is called hyperhomocysteine (HHcy). HHcy is closely relevant to the occurrence and progression of diverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, etc. Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway is pointed out that prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing serum homocysteine levels. Our research is designed to explore the potential mechanism of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of HHcy. METHODS AND RESULTS The Hcy and 25(OH)D3 levels in mouse myocardial tissue, serum or myocardial cells were detected using ELISA kits. The expression levels of VDR, Nrf2 and methionine synthase (MTR) were observed using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). General information of the mice, including diet, water intake and body weight, was recorded. Vitamin D up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and MTR in mouse myocardial tissue and cells. CHIP assay determined that the combination of Nrf2 binding to the S1 site of the MTR promoter in cardiomyocytes using traditional PCR and real time PCR. Dual Luciferase Assay was applied to detect the transcriptional control of Nrf2 on MTR. The up-regulation effect of Nrf2 on MTR was verified by Nrf2 knockout and overexpression in cardiomyocytes. The role of Nrf2 in vitamin D inhibition of Hcy was revealed using Nrf2-knockdown HL-1 cells and Nrf2 heterozygous mice. Western blotting, real time PCR, IHC staining and ELISA showed that Nrf2 deficiency could restrain the increase in MTR expression and the decrease in Hcy level induced by vitamin D. The transcriptional activities of Nrf2/MTR were activated by vitamin D/VDR with a decrease in Hcy. CONCLUSION Vitamin D/VDR upregulates MTR in an Nrf2-dependent manner, thereby reducing the risk of HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Can Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Juan Kong
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Liu L, Bai B, Shi L, Zhang Q. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Using UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS Reveals Metabolic Changes Associated with Hypertension in Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040836. [PMID: 36839194 PMCID: PMC9964282 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of hypertension in children remains elusive. The objective of this study was to analyze plasma metabolomics characteristics to explore the potential mechanism of hypertension in children. Serum samples from 29 control children, 38 children with normal body mass index and simple hypertension (NBp), 8 children overweight with simple hypertension (OBp), 37 children with normal body mass index and H-type hypertension (NH) and 19 children overweight with H-type hypertension (OH) were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics. A total of 1235 differential metabolites were identified between children with hypertension and normal controls, of which 193 metabolites including various lipids were significantly expressed. Compared with the control group, 3-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, oleic acid and linoleic acid were up-regulated, and gamma-muricholic acid was down-regulated in the NBp group; 3-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 4-acetamidobutanoate and 1-hexadecanoyl-2-octadecadienoyl-sn-glyero-3-phosphocholine were up-regulated in the OBp group, whereas adenosine and 1-myristoyl-sn-glyero-3-phosphocholine were down-regulated; in the NH group, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, phenol and 3-methoxytyramine were up-regulated, while pentadecanoic acid was down-regulated; in the OH group, NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and monoethyl phthalate were up-regulated, while phloretin and glycine were down-regulated. The results showed that the children with hypertension had obvious disorders of lipid metabolism (especially in the overweight hypertension group), which led to the occurrence of hypertension. Additionally, the concentration of NO production-related NG, NG-dimethyl-L-arginine, was significantly increased, which may play an important role in H-type hypertension in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Baoling Bai
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Q.Z.)
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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Uppulapu SK, Alam MJ, Kumar S, Banerjee SK. Indazole and its Derivatives in Cardiovascular Diseases: Overview, Current Scenario, and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1177-1188. [PMID: 34906057 PMCID: PMC10782885 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211214151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a bicyclic ring structure composed of a pyrazole ring and a benzene ring. Indazole-containing compounds with various functional groups have important pharmacological activities and can be used as structural motifs in designing novel drug molecules. Some of the indazole-containing molecules are approved by FDA and are already in the market. However, very few drugs with indazole rings have been developed against cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to summarize the structural and pharmacological functions of indazole derivatives which have shown efficacy against cardiovascular pathologies in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Kumar Uppulapu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Md. Jahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
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Fan Y, Gao Q, Guan JX, Liu L, Hong M, Jun L, Wang L, Ding HF, Jiang LH, Hou BY, Li M, Song ZQ, Sun DQ, Yan CQ, Ma L. DDAH2 (-449 G/C) G allele is positively associated with leukoaraiosis in northeastern China: a double-blind, intergroup comparison, case-control study. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1592-1597. [PMID: 33433489 PMCID: PMC8323672 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction is involved in the progression of leukoaraiosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide, which is highly expressed in patients with leukoaraiosis. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is a hydrolytic enzyme that is primarily responsible for eliminating asymmetric dimethylarginine, and it plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The DDAH2 subtype is expressed in organs rich in induced nitric oxide synthase, including the heart, the placenta, and the cerebral endothelium during cerebral ischemia, in the stress state, or under neurotoxicity. Overexpression of the DDAH2 gene can inhibit asymmetric dimethylarginine-induced peripheral circulating endothelial cell dysfunction. However, it is unknown whether this polymorphism regulates plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in patients with leukoaraiosis. In this double-blind study, we recruited 46 patients with leukoaraiosis and 46 healthy, matched controls. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassays. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood samples, and polymerase chain reaction, SmaI restriction enzyme digestion, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and agarose electrophoresis were used to detect DDAH2 (-449 G/C) gene polymorphisms. The results revealed that 95.65% of leukoaraiosis patients had recessive genetic models (GG and CG), while 89.13% of healthy control subjects had dominant genetic models (CC and CG). There was a significant difference in the genotype composition ratio between leukoaraiosis patients and healthy controls (P = 0.0002). The frequency of G alleles in the leukoaraiosis patients (71.74%) was significantly higher than in healthy controls, whereas the frequency of C alleles was lower (χ2= 13.9580, P = 0.0002). Furthermore, asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in subjects with the GG genotype were significantly higher than in subjects with the CG and CC genotypes (Kruskal–Wallis H = 24.5955, P < 0.0001). In addition, the GG genotype of DDAH2 (-449 G/C) was more common in patients with leukoaraiosis. These findings suggest that the G allele of DDAH2 (-449 G/C) is a risk factor for leukoaraiosis morbidity and is correlated with high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University of China (approval No. KY2016-177) on July 28, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongling Municipal Hospital, Tongling, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li Jun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Feng Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li-Hong Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bo-Yu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Song
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - De-Qin Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chao-Qi Yan
- Physical Examination Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Liu N, Guo YN, Gong LK, Wang BS. Advances in biomarker development and potential application for preeclampsia based on pathogenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2021; 9:100119. [PMID: 33103113 PMCID: PMC7575783 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2020.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific complication that seriously threatens the health and safety of mothers and infants. The etiology of PE has not been fully elucidated, and no effective treatments are currently available. A pregnant woman with PE often has to make a tough choice on either endangering her own health to give a birth or being forced to terminate her pregnancy. It is recommended by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics that the combination of maternal high-risk factors and biomarkers could form a good strategy for predicting the risk of PE. Such a combination may also enable more effective monitoring and early clinical intervention in high-risk populations to reduce the risk of PE. Therefore, biomarkers validated by extensive clinical research may be formally applied for clinical PE risk prediction. In this review, we summarized data from clinical research on potential biomarkers and classified them according to the current four major hypotheses, namely placental or trophoblast ischemia and hypoxia, vascular endothelial injury, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation. Additionally, we also discussed the underlying mechanisms by which these potential biomarkers may be involved in the pathogenesis of PE. Finally, we propose that multiple biomarkers reflecting different aspects of the disease pathogenesis should be used in combination to detect the high-risk PE population in support of clinically targeted intervention and prevention of PE. It is expected that tests made of more sensitive and reliable PE biomarkers based on the aforementioned major hypotheses could potentially improve the accuracy of PE prediction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Na Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Li-Kun Gong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing-Shun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 227 South Chongqing Rd., Shanghai, 200025, China
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Chronic NOS Inhibition Affects Oxidative State and Antioxidant Response Differently in the Kidneys of Young Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5349398. [PMID: 31885800 PMCID: PMC6893281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5349398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress can be a cause, a consequence, or, more often, a potentiating factor for hypertension and hypertensive renal disease. Both NO and superoxide anions are radical molecules that interact with each other, leading to oxidative damage of such organs as the kidney. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic-specific (neuronal NOS inhibition) and nonspecific NOS inhibition on the oxidative state and antioxidant response and associated oxidative damage of the kidney of young normotensive and hypertensive rats. Young male normotensive Wistar rats (WRs, age 4 weeks) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs, age 4 weeks) were divided into three groups for each strain by the type of administered compounds. The first group was treated with 7-nitroindazole (WR+7-NI; SHR+7-NI), the second group was treated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (WR+L-NAME; SHR+L-NAME), and the control group was treated with pure drinking water (WR; SHR) continuously for up to 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure increased in WR+L-NAME after the first week of administration and increased slightly in SHR+L-NAME in the third week of treatment. 7-NI had no effect on blood pressure. While total NOS activity was not affected by chronic NOS inhibition in any of the WR groups, it was attenuated in SHR+7-NI and SHR+L-NAME. Nitration of proteins (3-nitrotyrosine expression) was significantly reduced in WR+7NI but not in WR+L-NAME and increased in SHR+7-NI and SHR+L-NAME. Immunoblotting analysis of SOD isoforms showed decreased SOD2 and SOD3 expressions in both WR+7-NI and WR+L-NAME followed by increased SOD activity in WR+L-NAME. Conversely, increased expression of SOD2 and SOD3 was observed in SHR+L-NAME and SHR+7-NI, respectively. SOD1 expression and total activity of SOD did not change in the SHR groups. Our results show that the antioxidant defense system plays an important role in maintaining the oxidative state during NO deficiency. While the functioning antioxidant system seeks to balance the oxidation state in the renal cortex of normotensive WRs, the impaired antioxidant activity leads to the development of oxidative damage of proteins in the kidney induced by peroxynitrite in SHRs.
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Hu W, Wang W, Ma Q, Liu T, Zhang J, Zhang J. Blueberry anthocyanin‑enriched extract ameliorates transverse aortic constriction‑induced myocardial dysfunction via the DDAH1/ADMA/NO signaling pathway in mice. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:454-462. [PMID: 31746378 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry anthocyanin‑enriched extract (BAE) has been demonstrated to protect against cardiovascular diseases by activating multiple target genes. The present study investigated the effects of BAE on transverse aortic constriction (TAC)‑induced myocardial dysfunction in mice and explored its possible molecular mechanisms. A total of 30 male mice were divided randomly into control, TAC and TAC + BAE groups. Mice in the TAC + BAE groups were administered BAE by oral gavage for 6 consecutive weeks. Myocardial dysfunction was assessed using echocardiogram, histopathology, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence staining, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that BAE treatment significantly ameliorated heart weight, left ventricular weight, myocardial dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. In addition, BAE treatment alleviated TAC‑induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Notably, BAE treatment markedly reduced asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentration and significantly increased dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. The present data indicated that BAE treatment ameliorated TAC‑induced myocardial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis via the DDAH1/ADMA/NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The People' Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The People' Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jiefeng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The People' Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jicun Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The People' Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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