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Wang L, Lynch C, Pitroda SP, Piffkó A, Yang K, Huser AK, Liang HL, Weichselbaum RR. Radiotherapy and immunology. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232101. [PMID: 38771260 PMCID: PMC11110906 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients receive radiotherapy during the course of treatment, delivered with curative intent for local tumor control or as part of a multimodality regimen aimed at eliminating distant metastasis. A major focus of research has been DNA damage; however, in the past two decades, emphasis has shifted to the important role the immune system plays in radiotherapy-induced anti-tumor effects. Radiotherapy reprograms the tumor microenvironment, triggering DNA and RNA sensing cascades that activate innate immunity and ultimately enhance adaptive immunity. In opposition, radiotherapy also induces suppression of anti-tumor immunity, including recruitment of regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and suppressive macrophages. The balance of pro- and anti-tumor immunity is regulated in part by radiotherapy-induced chemokines and cytokines. Microbiota can also influence radiotherapy outcomes and is under clinical investigation. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and CTLA-4 has been extensively investigated in combination with radiotherapy; we include a review of clinical trials involving inhibition of these immune checkpoints and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Connor Lynch
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean P. Pitroda
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - András Piffkó
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaiting Yang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy K. Huser
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hua Laura Liang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralph R. Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Louault K, Blavier L, Lee MH, Kennedy RJ, Fernandez GE, Pawel BR, Asgharzadeh S, DeClerck YA. Nuclear factor-κB activation by transforming growth factor-β1 drives tumour microenvironment-mediated drug resistance in neuroblastoma. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02686-8. [PMID: 38806726 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the tumour microenvironment (TME) contribute to therapeutic resistance. Here we demonstrate that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 produced in the TME increased drug resistance of neuroblastoma (NB) cells. METHODS Human NB cell lines were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to Doxorubicin (DOX) and Etoposide (ETOP) in the presence of tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) and mesenchymal stromal cells/cancer-associated fibroblasts (MSC/CAF). These experiments were validated in xenotransplanted and primary tumour samples. RESULTS Drug resistance was associated with an increased expression of efflux transporter and anti-apoptotic proteins. Upregulation was dependent on activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB by TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK1) and SMAD2. Resistance was reversed upon pharmacologic and genetic inhibitions of NF-κB, and TAK1/SMAD2. Interleukin-6, leukaemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M were upregulated by this TGF-β/TAK1/NF-κB/SMAD2 signalling pathway contributing to drug resistance via an autocrine loop activating STAT3. An analysis of xenotransplanted NB tumours revealed an increased presence of phospho (p)-NF-κB in tumours co-injected with MSC/CAF and TAM, and these tumours failed to respond to Etoposide but responded if treated with a TGF-βR1/ALK5 inhibitor. Nuclear p-NF-κB was increased in patient-derived tumours rich in TME cells. CONCLUSIONS The data provides a novel insight into a targetable mechanism of environment-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Louault
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Laurence Blavier
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Men-Hua Lee
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Rebekah J Kennedy
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - G Esteban Fernandez
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Bruce R Pawel
- Department of Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yves A DeClerck
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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3
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Ma Q, Ye S, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zhang W. The emerging role and mechanism of HMGA2 in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:259. [PMID: 38753081 PMCID: PMC11098884 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
High mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) protein family, which participate in embryonic development and other biological processes. HMGA2 overexpression is associated with breast cancer (BC) cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Furthermore, HMGA2 expression is positively associated with poor prognosis of patients with BC, and inhibiting HMGA2 signaling can stimulate BC cell progression and metastasis. In this review, we focus on HMGA2 expression changes in BC tissues and multiple BC cell lines. Wnt/β-catenin, STAT3, CNN6, and TRAIL-R2 proteins are upstream mediators of HMGA2 that can induce BC invasion and metastasis. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs) can suppress BC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by inhibiting HMGA2 expression. Furthermore, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) and circular RNAs (CircRNAs) mainly regulate HMGA2 mRNA and protein expression levels by sponging miRNAs, thereby promoting BC development. Additionally, certain small molecule inhibitors can suppress BC drug resistance by reducing HMGA2 expression. Finally, we summarize findings demonstrating that HMGA2 siRNA and HMGA2 siRNA-loaded nanoliposomes can suppress BC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Emergency Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Chen C, Chen N, Qi Y, Lyu M, Wu C, Xie C, Yu H. Copper-Based Single-Atom Nanozyme System Mimicking Platelet Cells for Enhancing the Outcome of Radioimmunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:403-414. [PMID: 38250189 PMCID: PMC10798263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is an indispensable part of the multidisciplinary treatment of breast cancer (BC). Due to the potential for serious side effects from ionizing radiation in the treatment of breast cancer, which can adversely affect the patient's quality of life, the radiation dose is often limited. This limitation can result in an incomplete eradication of tumors. Methods In this study, biomimetic copper single-atom catalysts (platelet cell membrane camouflaging, PC) were synthesized with the aim of improving the therapeutic outcomes of radiotherapy for BC. Following guidance to the tumor site facilitated by the platelet cell membrane coating, PC releases a copper single-atom nanozyme (SAzyme). This SAzyme enhances therapeutic effects by generating reactive oxygen species from H2O2 and concurrently inhibiting the self-repair mechanisms of cancer cells through the consumption of intracellular glutathione (GSH) within the tumor microenvironment. PC-augmented radiotherapy induces immunogenic cell death, which triggers an immune response to eradicate tumors. Results With the excellent biocompatibility, PC exhibited precise tumor-targeting capabilities. Furthermore, when employed in conjunction with radiotherapy, PC showed impressive tumor elimination results through immunological activation. Remarkably, the tumor suppression rate achieved with PC-enhanced radiotherapy reached an impressive 93.6%. Conclusion Therefore, PC presents an innovative approach for designing radiosensitizers with tumor-specific targeting capabilities, aiming to enhance the therapeutic impact of radiotherapy on BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nandi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, People’s Republic of China
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Lyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyan Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijun Yu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Meng X, Ma F, Yu D. The diverse effects of cisplatin on tumor microenvironment: Insights and challenges for the delivery of cisplatin by nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117362. [PMID: 37827371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a well-known platinum-based chemotherapy medication that is widely utilized for some malignancies. Despite the direct cytotoxic consequences of cisplatin on tumor cells, studies in the recent decade have revealed that cisplatin can also affect different cells and their secretions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cisplatin has complex impacts on the TME, which may contribute to its anti-tumor activity or drug resistance mechanisms. These regulatory effects of cisplatin play a paramount function in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. This paper aims to review the diverse impacts of cisplatin and nanoparticles loaded with cisplatin on cancer cells and also non-cancerous cells in TME. The impacts of cisplatin on immune cells, tumor stroma, cancer cells, and also hypoxia will be discussed in the current review. Furthermore, we emphasize the challenges and prospects of using cisplatin in combination with other adjuvants and therapeutic modalities that target TME. We also discuss the potential synergistic effects of cisplatin with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other agents with anticancer potentials such as polyphenols and photosensitizers. Furthermore, the potential of nanoparticles for targeting TME and better delivery of cisplatin into tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Meng
- Zhuji Sixth People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311801, China
| | - Fengyun Ma
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Dingli Yu
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
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Barcellini A, Fodor A, Charalampopoulou A, Cassani C, Locati LD, Cioffi R, Bergamini A, Pignata S, Orlandi E, Mangili G. Radiation Therapy for Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: Forward-Looking Lessons Learnt. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4817. [PMID: 37835511 PMCID: PMC10571950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) includes several rare malignant diseases occurring after pregnancy: invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumours, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours. Multidisciplinary protocols including multi-agent chemotherapy, surgery, and occasionally radiotherapy achieve good outcomes for some high-risk metastatic patients. In this narrative review of the published studies on the topic, we have tried to identify the role of radiotherapy. The available studies are mainly small, old, and retrospective, with incomplete data regarding radiotherapy protocols delivering low doses (which can make this disease appear radioresistant in some cases despite high response rates with palliative doses) to wide fields (whole-brain, whole-liver, etc.), which can increase toxicity. Studies considering modern techniques are needed to overcome these limitations and determine the full potential of radiotherapy beyond its antihemorrhagic and palliative roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Barcellini
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Andrei Fodor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alexandra Charalampopoulou
- Radiobiology Unit, Research and Development Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Hadron Academy PhD Course, Istituto Universitario di STUDI Superiori (IUSS), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassani
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Deborah Locati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Translational Oncology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Research Institutes IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cioffi
- Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (A.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Alice Bergamini
- Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (A.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Mangili
- Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (A.B.); (G.M.)
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7
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Ordaz-Ramos A, Tellez-Jimenez O, Vazquez-Santillan K. Signaling pathways governing the maintenance of breast cancer stem cells and their therapeutic implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1221175. [PMID: 37492224 PMCID: PMC10363614 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1221175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) represent a distinct subpopulation of cells with the ability to self-renewal and differentiate into phenotypically diverse tumor cells. The involvement of CSC in treatment resistance and cancer recurrence has been well established. Numerous studies have provided compelling evidence that the self-renewal ability of cancer stem cells is tightly regulated by specific signaling pathways, which exert critical roles to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype and prevent the differentiation of CSCs. Signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, Notch, Hedgehog, TGF-β, and Hippo have been implicated in the promotion of self-renewal of many normal and cancer stem cells. Given the pivotal role of BCSCs in driving breast cancer aggressiveness, targeting self-renewal signaling pathways holds promise as a viable therapeutic strategy for combating this disease. In this review, we will discuss the main signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of the self-renewal ability of BCSC, while also highlighting current strategies employed to disrupt the signaling molecules associated with stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ordaz-Ramos
- Innovation in Precision Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - Olivia Tellez-Jimenez
- Innovation in Precision Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - Karla Vazquez-Santillan
- Innovation in Precision Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
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Turati M, Mousset A, Issa N, Turtoi A, Ronca R. TGF-β mediated drug resistance in solid cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:54-65. [PMID: 37100675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important signaling molecule which is expressed in three different isoforms in mammals (i.e. TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3). The interaction between TGF-β and its receptor triggers several pathways, which are classified into SMAD-dependent (canonical) and SMAD-independent (non-canonical) signaling, whose activation/transduction is finely regulated by several mechanisms. TGF-β is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, assuming a dualistic role in cancer progression depending on tumor stage. Indeed, TGF-β inhibits cell proliferation in early-stage tumor cells, while it promotes cancer progression and invasion in advanced tumors, where high levels of TGF-β have been reported in both tumor and stromal cells. In particular, TGF-β signaling has been found to be strongly activated in cancers after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy, resulting in the onset of drug resistance conditions. In this review we provide an up-to-date description of several mechanisms involved in TGF-β-mediated drug resistance, and we report different strategies that are currently under development in order to target TGF-β pathway and increase tumor sensitivity to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Turati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexandra Mousset
- Tumor Microenvironment and Resistance to Treatment Lab, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERMU1194, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Nervana Issa
- Tumor Microenvironment and Resistance to Treatment Lab, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERMU1194, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Tumor Microenvironment and Resistance to Treatment Lab, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERMU1194, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, France.
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Doi T, Matsubara N, Naito Y, Kuboki Y, Harano K, Ono M, Urasaki T, Ohmoto A, Kawanai T, Hisai T, Ikezawa H, Shiba S, Ito K, Semba T, Asano O, Takahashi S. First-in-human study of E7130 (a tumor microenvironment-ameliorating microtubule inhibitor) in patients with advanced solid tumors: Primary results of the dose-escalation part. Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37080942 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E7130 is a novel anticancer agent created from a total synthetic study of norhalichondrin B. The authors report the E7130 dose-escalation part of a first-in-human study of patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT03444701). METHODS Japanese patients ≥20 years of age were enrolled. E7130 was administered intravenously in two cycles: day 1 of a 21-day cycle (Q3W) or days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle (Q2W). Doses were escalated from 270 to 550 μg/m2 for the Q3W group or 25-400 μg/m2 for the Q2W group. The primary end point of the dose-escalation phase was safety and tolerability as assessed by the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and adverse events. Other end points included determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS Forty-four patients were enrolled: 15 in the E7130 Q3W group and 29 in the Q2W group. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in all patients; the most common TEAE overall was leukopenia (78.6%). Grade 3-4 TEAEs occurred in 93.3% of patients in the Q3W group and 86.2% of patients in the Q2W group. None had a TEAE resulting in study drug discontinuation, and no treatment-related deaths were reported. Per the DLT evaluation, the MTDs were determined as 480 μg/m2 Q3W and 300 μg/m2 Q2W. Significant changes in multiple plasma biomarkers, including vascular endothelial growth factor 3 and matrix metallopeptidase 9, were dose-dependent after initial doses of 350-480 μg/m2 . CONCLUSIONS E7130 480 μg/m2 Q3W was chosen for the dose-expansion part over 300 μg/m2 Q2W primarily per dose-dependent biomarker results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsubara
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Naito
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kuboki
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makiko Ono
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Urasaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohmoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kawanai
- Japan and Asia Clinical Development Department, Oncology Business Group, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisai
- Oncology Department, Medical Headquarters, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikezawa
- Clinical Data Science Department, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sari Shiba
- Clinical Pharmacology Science Department, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ito
- Oncology Tsukuba Research Development, Discovery, Medicine Creation, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taro Semba
- Halichondrin Operation, Discovery, Medicine Creation, Oncology Business Group, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Asano
- Halichondrin Operation, Discovery, Medicine Creation, Oncology Business Group, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Hanson I, Pitman KE, Edin NFJ. The Role of TGF-β3 in Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087614. [PMID: 37108775 PMCID: PMC10141893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional cytokine involved in a range of physiological and pathological conditions, including embryogenesis, cell cycle regulation, immunoregulation, and fibrogenesis. The cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation are employed in cancer radiotherapy, but its actions also influence cellular signaling pathways, including that of TGF-β3. Furthermore, the cell cycle regulating and anti-fibrotic effects of TGF-β3 have identified it as a potential mitigator of radiation- and chemotherapy-induced toxicity in healthy tissue. This review discusses the radiobiology of TGF-β3, its induction in tissue by ionizing radiation, and its potential radioprotective and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hanson
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nina F J Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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Rafik ST, Vaidya JS, MacRobert AJ, Yaghini E. Organic Nanodelivery Systems as a New Platform in the Management of Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review from Preclinical to Clinical Studies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072648. [PMID: 37048731 PMCID: PMC10095028 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer accounts for approximately 25% of cancer cases and 16.5% of cancer deaths in women, and the World Health Organization predicts that the number of new cases will increase by almost 70% over the next two decades, mainly due to an ageing population. Effective diagnostic and treatment strategies are, therefore, urgently required for improving cure rates among patients since current therapeutic modalities have many limitations and side effects. Nanomedicine is evolving as a promising approach for cancer management, including breast cancer, and various types of organic and inorganic nanomaterials have been investigated for their role in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Following an overview on breast cancer characteristics and pathogenesis and challenges of the current treatment strategies, the therapeutic potential of biocompatible organic-based nanoparticles such as liposomes and polymeric micelles that have been tested in breast cancer models are reviewed. The efficacies of different drug delivery and targeting strategies are documented, ranging from synthetic to cell-derived nanoformulations together with a summary of the interaction of nanoparticles with externally applied energy such as radiotherapy. The clinical translation of nanoformulations for breast cancer treatment is summarized including those undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma T. Rafik
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London W1W 7TY, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt
| | - Jayant S. Vaidya
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London W1W 7TY, UK
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Rauniyar S, Pansare K, Sharda A, Singh SR, Saha P, Chilakapati MK, Gupta S. Raman Spectroscopy Revealed Cell Passage-Dependent Distinct Biochemical Alterations in Radiation-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5522-5532. [PMID: 36816694 PMCID: PMC9933476 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recapitulating radioresistant cell features in pertinent cell line models is essential for deciphering fundamental cellular mechanisms. The limited understanding of passage and cell cycle phases on radioresistant cells revived post-cryopreservation led us to investigate the effect of sub-culturing in parental and radioresistant MCF-7 cells. In this study, the radioresistant cells showed high-intensity nucleic acid and cytochrome bands, which are potentially a radiation-induced spectral marker. Raman spectroscopy data showed dynamic biochemical alterations in revived radioresistant G2/M synchronized cells at early cell passages 1 and 3 with stabilization at a latter cell passage, 5. The study highlights the importance of cell passaging and cell cycle phases in potentially changing the biochemical parameters during in vitro experiments after the revival of radioresistant cells post-cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Rauniyar
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
- Training
School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Kshama Pansare
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Asmita Sharda
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
- Training
School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Saurav Raj Singh
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Panchali Saha
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
- Training
School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Murali Krishna Chilakapati
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
- Training
School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Advanced
Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial
Centre, Cancer Research Institute, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
- Training
School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
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Targeting Na-H exchanger 1 overcomes nuclear factor kappa B-mediated tumor resistance to radiotherapy. Neoplasia 2022; 35:100862. [PMID: 36508876 PMCID: PMC9761853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic or acquired radioresistance often limits the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT), thereby leading to local control failure. Cancerous cells have abnormal pH dynamics due to high metabolic demands, but it is unclear how pH dynamics contribute to radioresistance. In this study, we investigated the role of Na-H exchange 1 (NHE1), the major intracellular pH (pHi) regulator, in RT response. We observed that RT increased NHE1 expression and modulated pHi in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. When combined with RT, pharmacological NHE1 inhibition by 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA) reduced pHi and clonogenic survival. EIPA attenuated radiation-damaged DNA repair, increasing G2/M cell cycle arrest. The combination of EIPA and RT increased apoptotic cell death while decreasing phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Similarly, the knockdown of NHE1 increased radiosensitivity with lower pHi and increased apoptosis. Consistent with in vitro data, the EIPA plus RT inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in mice to a greater extent than either EIPA or RT alone. EIPA abrogated the RT-induced increase in NHE1 and phospho-NF-κB p65 expression in tumor tissues. Such coincidence of increased NHE1 level, pHi, and NF-κB activation was also found in radioresistant MDA-MB-231 cells, which were reversed by EIPA treatment. Bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that inhibiting NHE1 reversed three core gene networks that were up-regulated in radioresistant cells and correlated with high NHE1 expression in patient samples: NF-κB, senescence, and extracellular matrix. Taken together, our findings suggest that NHE1 contributes to RT resistance via NF-κB-mediated signaling networks, and NHE1 may be a promising target for improving RT outcomes.
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Yi M, Wu Y, Niu M, Zhu S, Zhang J, Yan Y, Zhou P, Dai Z, Wu K. Anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody promotes T cell infiltration and exhibits enhanced antitumor activity in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005543. [PMID: 36460337 PMCID: PMC9723957 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agents blocking programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have been approved for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the response rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 is still unsatisfactory, partly due to immunosuppressive factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). In our previous pilot study, the bispecific antibody targeting TGF-β and murine PD-L1 (termed YM101) showed potent antitumor effect. In this work, we constructed a bispecific antibody targeting TGF-β and human PD-L1 (termed BiTP) and explored the antitumor effect of BiTP in TNBC. METHODS BiTP was developed using Check-BODYTM bispecific platform. The binding affinity of BiTP was measured by surface plasmon resonance, ELISA, and flow cytometry. The bioactivity was assessed by Smad and NFAT luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and superantigen stimulation assays. The antitumor activity of BiTP was explored in humanized epithelial-mesenchymal transition-6-hPDL1 and 4T1-hPDL1 murine TNBC models. Immunohistochemical staining, flow cytometry, and bulk RNA-seq were used to investigate the effect of BiTP on immune cell infiltration. RESULTS BiTP exhibited high binding affinity to dual targets. In vitro experiments verified that BiTP effectively counteracted TGF-β-Smad and PD-L1-PD-1-NFAT signaling. In vivo animal experiments demonstrated that BiTP had superior antitumor activity relative to anti-PD-L1 and anti-TGF-β monotherapy. Mechanistically, BiTP decreased collagen deposition, enhanced CD8+ T cell penetration, and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This improved tumor microenvironment contributed to the potent antitumor activity of BiTP. CONCLUSION BiTP retains parent antibodies' binding affinity and bioactivity, with superior antitumor activity to parent antibodies in TNBC. Our data suggest that BiTP might be a promising agent for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuze Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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15
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Fang Y, Liang S, Gao J, Wang Z, Li C, Wang R, Yu W. Extracellular matrix stiffness mediates radiosensitivity in a 3D nasopharyngeal carcinoma model. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:364. [PMCID: PMC9675143 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiotherapy is one of the essential treatment modalities for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, radioresistance still poses challenges. Three-dimensional (3D) tumor culture models mimic the in vivo growth conditions of cells more accurately than 2D models. This study is to compare the tumor biological behaviors of NPC cells in 2D, On-Surface 3D and Embedded 3D systems, and to investigate the correlation between radioresistance and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Methods The morphology and radioresistance of the human NPC cell line CNE-1 were observed in 2D and 3D systems. The CCK-8 assay, wounding healing assays, flow cytometry, soft agar assays, and western blot analysis were used to evaluate differences in biological behaviors such as proliferation, migration, cell cycle distribution, and stem cell activity. Different ECM stiffness systems were established by co-blending collagen and alginate in varying proportions. ECM stiffness was evaluated by compressive elastic moduli measurement and colony formation assay was used to assess radioresistance of NPC cells in systems with different ECM stiffness after irradiation. Results Compared to 2D models, the morphology of NPC cells in 3D culture microenvironments has more in common with in vivo tumor cells and 3D cultured NPC cells exhibit stronger radioresistance. Integrin β1 but not the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathway in 3D models boost migration ability. Cell proliferation was enhanced, the proportion of tumor stem cells was increased, and G1/S phase arrest occurred in 3D models. NPC cells cultured in softer ECM systems (with low alginate proportions) exhibit striking resistance to ionizing radiation. Conclusion The tumor biological behaviors of NPC cells in 3D groups were obviously different from that of 2D. Radioresistance of NPC cells increased with the stiffness of ECM decreasing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02787-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Fang
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285The Key Laboratory of biomarker high throughput screening and target translation of breast and gastrointestinal tumor, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285The Key Laboratory of biomarker high throughput screening and target translation of breast and gastrointestinal tumor, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China
| | - Jianong Gao
- Outpatient Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No.83 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shengyang, 110015 Liaoning China
| | - Zhe Wang
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285Oncology Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China
| | - Cheng Li
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285The Key Laboratory of biomarker high throughput screening and target translation of breast and gastrointestinal tumor, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285The Key Laboratory of biomarker high throughput screening and target translation of breast and gastrointestinal tumor, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China ,grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285Oncology Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China
| | - Weiting Yu
- grid.459353.d0000 0004 1800 3285The Key Laboratory of biomarker high throughput screening and target translation of breast and gastrointestinal tumor, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001 Liaoning China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Affiliated Zhujiang Hospistal of Southern Medical University, Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 253 Industrial Avenue, 510280 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Macrophage induced ERK-TGF-β1 signaling in MCF7 breast cancer cells result in reversible cancer stem cell plasticity and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130215. [PMID: 35905921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease composed of multiple clonal populations and the mechanism by which the tumor microenvironment induces cancer stem cell plasticity is not fully understood. METHODS MCF7 breast cancer cells were treated with macrophage conditioned medium (MɸCM). PD98059 and SB431542 were used for ERK and TGF-βR inhibition respectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell markers (CSC) were studied using qRT-PCR and flowcytometry. SCID mice were used for animal experiments. RESULTS MɸCM- induced ERK/TGF-β1 signaling led to enrichment of CSC and EMT in MCF7 cells and mammospheres. These effects were abrogated by both MEK inhibitor PD98059 (TGF-β1 synthesis) and SB431542 (TGF-β1 signaling). The increase in CSC was both hybrid (ALDH1+) and mesenchymal (CD44+ CD24- cells). Increase in hybrid E/M state was at a single cell level as confirmed by the increase in both claudin-1 (E) and vimentin (M). This did not have any growth advantage in SCID mice and monitoring of CSC and EMT markers before and after growth in SCID mice indicated reversal of these markers in tumor cells recovered from mice. Removal of MɸCM and neutralization of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in MɸCM abrogated ERK phosphorylation, TGF-β and CSC enrichment indicating the requirement of continuous signaling for maintenance. CONCLUSIONS ERK signaling plays an important role in MɸCM- induced EMT and CSC plasticity which is completely reversible upon withdrawal of signals. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our experimental observations support the semi-independent nature of EMT-stemness connection which is very dynamic and reversible depending on the microenvironment.
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Park MY, Kim Y, Ha SE, Kim HH, Bhosale PB, Abusaliya A, Jeong SH, Kim GS. Function and Application of Flavonoids in the Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147732. [PMID: 35887080 PMCID: PMC9323071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the top causes of death, particularly among women, and it affects many women. Cancer can also be caused by various factors, including acquiring genetic alteration. Doctors use radiation to detect and treat breast cancer. As a result, breast cancer becomes radiation-resistant, necessitating a new strategy for its treatment. The approach discovered by the researchers is a flavonoid, which is being researched to see if it might help treat radiation-resistant breast cancer more safely than an approved medicine already being used in the field. As a result, this study focuses on the role of flavonoids in breast cancer suppression, breast cancer gene anomalies, and the resulting apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- College of Nursing, Konyang University Medical Campus, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Pritam Bhangwan Bhosale
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Abuyaseer Abusaliya
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Se Hyo Jeong
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.Y.P.); (S.E.H.); (H.H.K.); (P.B.B.); (A.A.); (S.H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-3834-5823
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Yadav P, Kundu P, Pandey VK, Amin PJ, Nair J, Shankar BS. Effects of prolonged treatment of TGF-βR inhibitor SB431542 on radiation-induced signaling in breast cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1-15. [PMID: 35446183 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2069299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have earlier characterized increased TGF-β signaling in radioresistant breast cancer cells. In this study, we wanted to determine the effect of prolonged treatment of TGF-βR inhibitor SB431542 on radiation-induced signaling, viz., genes regulating apoptosis, EMT, anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast cancer cells were pretreated with TGF-βR inhibitor (SB 431542) followed by exposure to 6 Gy and recovery period of 7 days (D7-6G). We assessed cell survival by MTT assay, cytokines by ELISA and expression analysis by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and western blot. We carried out migration assays using trans well inserts. We performed bioinformatics analyses of human cancer database through cBioportal. RESULTS There was an upregulation of TGF-β1 and 3 and downregulation of TGF-β2, TGF-βR1, and TGF-βR2 in invasive breast carcinoma samples compared to normal tissue. TGF-β1 and TNF-α was higher in radioresistant D7-6G cells with upregulation of pSMAD3, pNF-kB, and ERK signaling. Pretreatment of D7-6G cells with TGF-βR inhibitor SB431542 abrogated pSMAD3, increased proliferation, and migration along with an increase in apoptosis and pro-apoptotic genes. This was associated with hybrid E/M phenotype and downregulation of TGF-β downstream genes, HMGA2 and Snail. There was complete agreement in the expression of mRNA and protein data in genes like vimentin, Snail and HMGA2 in different treatment groups. However, there was disagreement in expression of mRNA and protein in genes like Bax, Bcl-2, E-cadherin, Zeb-1 among the different treatment groups indicating post-transcriptional and post-translational processing of these proteins. Treatment of cells with only SB431542 also increased expression of some E/M genes indicating TGF-β independent effects. Increased IL-6 and IL-10 secretion by SB431542 along with increase in pSTAT3 and pCREB1 could probably explain these TGF-β/Smad3 independent effects. CONCLUSION These results highlight that TGF-β-pSMAD3 and TNF-α-pNF-kB are the predominant signaling pathways in radioresistant cells and possibility of some TGF-β/Smad3 independent effects on prolonged treatment with the drug SB431542.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Yadav
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Kundu
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vipul K Pandey
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prayag J Amin
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Jisha Nair
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Size-changeable nanoprobes for the combined radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy of tumor. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:2655-2667. [PMID: 35536421 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are promising while challenging in treating tumors. The potential radiation resistance of tumor cells and side effects to healthy tissues restrict their clinical treatment efficacy. Effective delivery of therapeutic agents to the deep tumor tissues would be available for tumor-accurate therapy and promising for the tumor therapy. Thus, developing nanoprobes with effectively delivering radiotherapy sensitizers and photosensitizers to the interior of tumors is needed for the accurate combined RT and PDT of tumor. METHODS The size-changeable nanoprobes of Gd2O3@BSA-BSA-Ce6 (BGBC) were synthesized with a crosslinking method. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in vivo near-infrared (NIR) imaging were measured to evaluate the nanoprobes' tumor accumulation and intratumor penetration effect. The tumor suppression effect of combined RT and PDT with these nanoprobes was also studied for the 4T1 bearing Balb/c mice. RESULTS The nanoprobes BGBC showed high tumor accumulation and disintegrated into small particles responding to the photo-irradiation-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), allowing for tumor penetration. Abundant radiotherapy sensitizers and photosensitizers were delivered to the deep tumor tissues, which is available for the accurate therapy of tumor. In addition, the BGBC displayed outstanding MRI and fluorescence imaging effects for evaluating the biodistribution and tumor suppression effect of nanoprobes. Consequently, significant tumor suppression effect was obtained based on the accurate tumor treatment with the combined RT and PDT. CONCLUSION The designed size-changeable nanoprobes BGBC showed excellent tumor accumulation and deep tumor penetration, resulting in a significant tumor suppression effect based on the combined RT and PDT. This study provides a novel strategy for dual delivery of radiotherapy sensitizers and photosensitizers into the deep tumor tissues and is promising for the accurate theranostics of tumor.
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Co-treatment with vactosertib, a novel, orally bioavailable activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor, suppresses radiotherapy-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell stemness, and lung metastasis of breast cancer. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:185-197. [PMID: 35390248 PMCID: PMC9122287 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired metastasis and invasion of cancer cells during radiotherapy are in part due to induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, which are mediated by TGF-β signaling. Here we evaluated the anti-metastatic therapeutic potential of vactosertib, an orally bioavailable TGF-β type I receptor (activin receptor-like kinase 5, ALK5) inhibitor, via suppression of radiation-induced EMT and CSC properties, oxidative stress generation, and breast to lung metastasis in a breast cancer mouse model and breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Co-treatment of vactosertib with radiation was investigated in the 4T1-Luc allografted BALB/c syngeneic mouse model and in 4T1-Luc and MDA-MB-231 cells. The anti-metastatic therapeutic potential of vactosertib in breast cancer was investigated using fluorescence immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, wound healing assay, mammosphere formation assay, and lung metastasis analysis in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Radiation induced TGF-β signaling, EMT markers (Vimentin, Fibronectin, Snail, Slug, Twist, and N-cadherin), CSC properties (expression of pluripotent stem cell regulators, mammosphere forming ability), reactive oxygen species markers (NOX4, 4-HNE), and motility of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Vactosertib attenuated the radiation-induced EMT and CSC properties by inhibiting ROS stress in breast cancer. Moreover, vactosertib combined with radiation showed a significant anti-metastatic effect with suppression of breast to lung metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that inhibition of TGF-β signaling with vactosertib in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy would be an attractive strategy for the prevention of cancer metastasis and recurrence.
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Masoudi-Khoram N, Abdolmaleki P. Role of non-coding RNAs in response of breast cancer to radiation therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5199-5208. [PMID: 35217966 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer ranks as the first common cancer with a high incidence rate and mortality among women. Radiation therapy is the main therapeutic method for breast cancer patients. However, radiation resistance of tumor cells can reduce the efficacy of treatment and lead to recurrence and mortality in patients. Non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) refers to a group of small RNA molecules that are not translated into protein, while they have the ability to modulate the translation of target mRNA. Several studies have reported the altered expression of ncRNAs in response to radiation in breast cancer. NcRNAs have been found to influence on radiation response of breast cancer by regulating various mechanisms, including DNA damage response, cell cycle regulation, cell death, inflammatory response, cancer stem cell and EGFR related pathways. This paper aimed to provide a summary of current findings on ncRNAs dysregulation after irradiation. We also present the function and mechanism of ncRNAs in modulating radiosensitivity or radioresistance of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Masoudi-Khoram
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 1415-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 1415-154, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Jiang X, Liang L, Chen G, Liu C. Modulation of Immune Components on Stem Cell and Dormancy in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:2826. [PMID: 34831048 PMCID: PMC8616319 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) refer to a certain subpopulation within the tumor entity that is characterized by restricted cellular proliferation and multipotent differentiation potency. The existence of CSCs has been proven to contribute to the heterogeneity of malignancies, accounting for intensified tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and metastatic spread. Dormancy was proposed as a reversible state of cancer cells that are temporarily arrested in the cell cycle, possessing several hallmarks that facilitate their survival within a devastating niche. This transient period is evoked to enter an actively proliferating state by multiple regulatory alterations, and one of the most significant and complex factors comes from local and systemic inflammatory reactions and immune components. Although CSCs and dormant cancer cells share several similarities, the clear relationship between these two concepts remains unclear. Thus, the detailed mechanism of immune cells interacting with CSCs and dormant cancer cells also warrants elucidation for prevention of cancer relapse and metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent findings and prospective studies on CSCs and cancer dormancy to conclude the relationship between these two concepts. Furthermore, we aim to outline the mechanism of immune components in interfering with CSCs and dormant cancer cells to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.)
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23
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Li H, Wang G, Wang W, Pan J, Zhou H, Han X, Su L, Ma Z, Hou L, Xue X. A Focal Adhesion-Related Gene Signature Predicts Prognosis in Glioma and Correlates With Radiation Response and Immune Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698278. [PMID: 34631528 PMCID: PMC8493301 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most frequent brain malignancy presenting very poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Focal adhesion complexes play pivotal roles in cell migration and act as hubs of several signaling pathways. Methods We used bioinformatic databases (CGGA, TCGA, and GEO) and identified a focal adhesion-related differential gene expression (FADG) signature by uniCox and LASSO regression analysis. We calculated the risk score of every patient using the regression coefficient value and expression of each gene. Survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), principal component analysis (PCA), and stratified analysis were used to validate the FADG signature. Then, we conducted GSEA to identify the signaling pathways related to the FADG signature. Correlation analysis of risk scores between the immune checkpoint was performed. In addition, the correlation of risk scores and genes related with DNA repair was performed. CIBERSORT and ssGSEA were used to explore the tumor microenvironment (TME). A nomogram that involved our FADG signature was also constructed. Results In total, 1,726 (528 patients diagnosed with WHO II, 591 WHO III, and 603 WHO IV) cases and 23 normal samples were included in our study. We identified 29 prognosis-related genes in the LASSO analysis and constructed an eight FADG signature. The results from the survival analysis, stratified analysis, ROC curve, and univariate and multivariate regression analysis revealed that the prognosis of the high-risk group was significantly worse than the low-risk group. Correlation analysis between risk score and genes that related with DNA repair showed that the risk score was positively related with BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, TGFB1, and TP53. Besides, we found that the signature could predict the prognosis of patients who received radiation therapy. SsGSEA indicated that the high-risk score was positively correlated with the ESTIMATE, immune, and stromal scores but negatively correlated with tumor purity. Notably, patients in the high-risk group had a high infiltration of immunocytes. The correlation analysis revealed that the risk score was positively correlated with B7-H3, CTLA4, LAG3, PD-L1, and TIM3 but inversely correlated with PD-1. Conclusion The FADG signature we constructed could provide a sensitive prognostic model for patients with glioma and contribute to improve immunotherapy management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, PekingUniversity China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Pan
- The Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Huandi Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuetao Han
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenghui Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liubing Hou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoying Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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24
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Sulaiman A, McGarry S, Chilumula SC, Kandunuri R, Vinod V. Clinically Translatable Approaches of Inhibiting TGF-β to Target Cancer Stem Cells in TNBC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101386. [PMID: 34680503 PMCID: PMC8533357 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that disproportionally accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths due to the lack of specific targets for effective treatments. In this review, we highlight the complexity of the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-β) pathway and discuss how the dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway promotes oncogenic attributes in TNBC, which negatively affects patient prognosis. Moreover, we discuss recent findings highlighting TGF-β inhibition as a potent method to target mesenchymal (CD44+/CD24-) and epithelial (ALDHhigh) cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. CSCs are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, relapse, resistance, and diminished patient prognosis; however, due to differential signal pathway enrichment and plasticity, these populations remain difficult to target and persist as a major barrier barring successful therapy. This review highlights the importance of TGF-β as a driver of chemoresistance, radioresistance and reduced patient prognosis in breast cancer and highlights novel treatment strategies which modulate TGF-β, impede cancer progression and reduce the rate of resistance generation via targeting the CSC populations in TNBC and thus reducing tumorigenicity. Potential TGF-β inhibitors targeting based on clinical trials are summarized for further investigation, which may lead to the development of novel therapies to improve TNBC patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-816-726-2293
| | - Sarah McGarry
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Sai Charan Chilumula
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Rohith Kandunuri
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vishak Vinod
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
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25
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Wang J, Xu Z, Wang Z, Du G, Lun L. TGF-beta signaling in cancer radiotherapy. Cytokine 2021; 148:155709. [PMID: 34597918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays key roles in regulating cellular proliferation and maintaining tissue homeostasis. TGF-β exerts tumor-suppressive effects in the early stages of carcinogenesis, but it also plays tumor-promoting roles in established tumors. Additionally, it plays a critical role in cancer radiotherapy. TGF-β expression or activation increases in irradiated tissues, and studies have shown that TGF-β plays dual roles in cancer radiosensitivity and is involved in ionizing radiation-induced fibrosis in different tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Furthermore, TGF-β promotes radioresistance by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), suppresses the immune system and facilitates cancer resistance. In particular, the links between TGF-β and the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) axis play a critical role in cancer therapeutic resistance. Growing evidence has shown that TGF-β acts as a radiation protection agent, leading to heightened interest in using TGF-β as a therapeutic target. The future of anti-TGF-β signaling therapy for numerous diseases appears bright, and the outlook for the use of TGF-β inhibitors in cancer radiotherapy as TME-targeting agents is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Guoqiang Du
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Limin Lun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China.
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26
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Nandi A, Chakrabarti R. The many facets of Notch signaling in breast cancer: toward overcoming therapeutic resistance. Genes Dev 2021; 34:1422-1438. [PMID: 33872192 PMCID: PMC7608750 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342287.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Nandi et al. revisit the mechanisms by which Notch receptors and ligands contribute to normal mammary gland development and breast tumor progression. The authors also discuss combinatorial approaches aimed at disrupting Notch- and TME-mediated resistance that may improve prognosis in breast cancer patients. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women and is a complex disease with high intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity is a major driving force behind failure of current therapies and development of resistance. Due to the limitations of conventional therapies and inevitable emergence of acquired drug resistance (chemo and endocrine) as well as radio resistance, it is essential to design novel therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis for breast cancer patients. Deregulated Notch signaling within the breast tumor and its tumor microenvironment (TME) is linked to poor clinical outcomes in treatment of resistant breast cancer. Notch receptors and ligands are also important for normal mammary development, suggesting the potential for conserved signaling pathways between normal mammary gland development and breast cancer. In this review, we focus on mechanisms by which Notch receptors and ligands contribute to normal mammary gland development and breast tumor progression. We also discuss how complex interactions between cancer cells and the TME may reduce treatment efficacy and ultimately lead to acquired drug or radio resistance. Potential combinatorial approaches aimed at disrupting Notch- and TME-mediated resistance that may aid in achieving in an improved patient prognosis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeya Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Miao W, Bade D, Wang Y. Targeted Proteomic Analysis Revealed Kinome Reprogramming during Acquisition of Radioresistance in Breast Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2830-2838. [PMID: 33739118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy constitutes a major therapeutic modality for early management of breast cancer. Despite the high efficacy in treating breast cancer (BC), radiation resistance and tumor recurrence are major hurdles in breast cancer radiotherapy. Herein, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was employed, along with the parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM)-based targeted quantitative proteomic method, to examine the differences in kinase protein expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and their corresponding radioresistant C6 and C5 clones. We quantified the relative protein expression levels of 300 and 281 kinases in C5/MDA-MB-231 and C6/MCF-7 pairs of breast cancer cells, respectively. We also showed that TAF9, which was one of the differentially expressed kinases, enhances radiation resistance in breast cancer cells. Moreover, a correlation analysis of gene expression suggested TAF9's role in upregulating the expression of genes involved with radioresistance. Overall, our study uncovered a large number of differentially expressed kinases accompanied with the acquisition of radioresistance and revealed a role of TAF9 in promoting radioresistance in breast cancer.
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28
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Yadav P, Pandey VK, Shankar BS. Proteomic analysis of radio-resistant breast cancer xenografts: Increased TGF-β signaling and metabolism. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:804-819. [PMID: 33325135 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that MCF-7 breast cancer cell line exposed to 6 Gy and allowed to recover for 7 days (D7-6G) developed radio-resistance. In this study, we have tested the ability of these cells to form tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and characterized these tumors by proteomic analyses. Untreated (MCF-C) and D7-6G cells (MCF-R) were injected s.c. in SCID mice and tumor growth monitored. On Day 18, the mice were killed and tumor tissues were fixed in formalin or RNA later. Expression of genes was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/antibody labeling and flow cytometry. Label free proteomic analyses was carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic analysis was carried out using Seahorse analyzer. MCF-R cells had a shorter latency and formed larger tumors. These tumors were characterized by an increased expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) isoforms; its downstream genes pSMAD3, Snail-1, Zeb-1, HMGA2; hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype; migration, enrichment of cancer stem cells and radioresistance following challenge dose of radiation. Proteomic analysis of MCF-7R tumors resulted in identification of a total of 649 differentially expressed proteins and pathway analyses using protein annotation through evolutionary relationship indicated enrichment of genes involved in metabolism. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022506. Seahorse analyzer confirmed increased metabolism in these cells with increased oxidative phosphorylation as well as glycolysis. Increased uptake of 2-NBDG further confirmed increased glycolysis. In summary, we demonstrate that radioresistant breast cancer cells had an enrichment of TGF-β signaling and increased metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Yadav
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, Maharastra, India.,Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - Vipul K Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, Maharastra, India.,Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
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29
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Yuan B, El Dana F, Ly S, Yan Y, Ruvolo V, Shpall EJ, Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Battula VL. Bone marrow stromal cells induce an ALDH+ stem cell-like phenotype and enhance therapy resistance in AML through a TGF-β-p38-ALDH2 pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242809. [PMID: 33253299 PMCID: PMC7703975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment (BME) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) consists of various cell types that support the growth of AML cells and protect them from chemotherapy. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the BME have been shown to contribute immensely to leukemogenesis and chemotherapy resistance in AML cells. However, the mechanism of stroma-induced chemotherapy resistance is not known. Here, we hypothesized that stromal cells promote a stem-like phenotype in AML cells, thereby inducing tumorigenecity and therapy resistance. To test our hypothesis, we co-cultured AML cell lines and patient samples with BM-derived MSCs and determined aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and performed gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing. We found that the percentage of ALDH+ cells increased dramatically when AML cells were co-cultured with MSCs. However, among the 19 ALDH isoforms, ALDH2 and ALDH1L2 were the only two that were significantly upregulated in AML cells co-cultured with stromal cells compared to cells cultured alone. Mechanistic studies revealed that the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-regulated gene signature is activated in AML cells co-cultured with MSCs. Knockdown of TGF-β1 in BM-MSCs inhibited stroma-induced ALDH activity and ALDH2 expression in AML cells, whereas treatment with recombinant TGF-β1 induced the ALDH+ phenotype in AML cells. We also found that TGF-β1-induced ALDH2 expression in AML cells is mediated by the non-canonical pathway through the activation of p38. Interestingly, inhibition of ALDH2 with diadzin and CVT-10216 significantly inhibited MSC-induced ALDH activity in AML cells and sensitized them to chemotherapy, even in the presence of MSCs. Collectively, BM stroma induces ALDH2 activity in AML cells through the non-canonical TGF-β pathway. Inhibition of ALDH2 sensitizes AML cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fouad El Dana
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stanley Ly
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vivian Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Venkata Lokesh Battula
- Department of Leukemia, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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30
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Wang R, Shen J, Yan H, Gao X, Dong T, Wang P, Zhou J. The Evolving Role of Disulfiram in Radiobiology and the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10441-10446. [PMID: 33116623 PMCID: PMC7569069 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF), also known as “Antabuse”, has been widely used in clinical practice to treat alcoholism. In the past decades, both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that DSF has strong anti-cancer activity, there were some clinical studies indicated the administration of this drug was associated with favorable survival in breast cancer. It is also evident that DSF has a radioprotective effect on normal cells and could be utilized during the course of radiation therapy. Moreover, increasing evidences demonstrated the role of DSF in enhancing the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in number of alternative mechanisms. Recent studies have also elaborated the anticancer mechanism of DSF in tumor cells. This review summarizes the anticancer activity of DSF both in preclinical studies and clinical trials, focuses on the advances of this drug in radiobiology and the treatment of breast cancer, and reveals the promising of repurposing DSF as a novel radiosensitizer and radioprotector in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xitao Gao
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianfu Dong
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peishun Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Kim KH, Kim HS, Kim SC, Kim D, Kim YB, Chung HC, Rha SY. Gene Expression Profiling Identifies Akt as a Target for Radiosensitization in Gastric Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:562284. [PMID: 33042843 PMCID: PMC7517358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.562284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the important role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment, a subset of patients responds poorly to treatment majorly due to radioresistance. Particularly the role of radiotherapy has not been established in gastric cancer (GC). Herein, we aimed to identify a radiosensitivity gene signature and to discover relevant targets to enhance radiosensitivity in GC cells. Methods An oligonucleotide microarray (containing 22,740 probes) was performed in 12 GC cell lines prior to radiation. A clonogenic assay was performed to evaluate the survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) as a surrogate marker for radiosensitivity. Genes differentially expressed (fold change > 6, q-value < 0.025) were identified between radiosensitive and radioresistant cell lines, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed for validation. Gene set and pathway analyses were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results Radiosensitive (SF2 < 0.4) and radioresistant cell lines (SF2 ≥ 0.6) exhibited a marked difference in gene expression. We identified 68 genes that are differentially expressed between radiosensitive and radioresistant cell lines. The identified genes showed interactions via AKT, HIF1A, TGFB1, and TP53, and their functions were associated with the genetic networks associated with cellular growth and proliferation, cellular movement, and cell cycle. The Akt signaling pathway exhibited the highest association with radiosensitivity. Combinatorial treatment with MK-2206, an allosteric Akt inhibitor, and radiotherapy significantly increased cell death compared with radiotherapy alone in two radioresistant cell lines (YCC-2 and YCC-16). Conclusion We identified a GC-specific radiosensitivity gene signature and suggest that the Akt signaling pathway could serve as a therapeutic target for GC radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, KCDC, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - DooA Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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32
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Cammarata FP, Forte GI, Broggi G, Bravatà V, Minafra L, Pisciotta P, Calvaruso M, Tringali R, Tomasello B, Torrisi F, Petringa G, Cirrone GAP, Cuttone G, Acquaviva R, Caltabiano R, Russo G. Molecular Investigation on a Triple Negative Breast Cancer Xenograft Model Exposed to Proton Beams. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176337. [PMID: 32882850 PMCID: PMC7503243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific breast cancer (BC) subtypes are associated with bad prognoses due to the absence of successful treatment plans. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype, with estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) negative receptor status, is a clinical challenge for oncologists, because of its aggressiveness and the absence of effective therapies. In addition, proton therapy (PT) represents an effective treatment against both inaccessible area located or conventional radiotherapy (RT)-resistant cancers, becoming a promising therapeutic choice for TNBC. Our study aimed to analyze the in vivo molecular response to PT and its efficacy in a MDA-MB-231 TNBC xenograft model. TNBC xenograft models were irradiated with 2, 6 and 9 Gy of PT. Gene expression profile (GEP) analyses and immunohistochemical assay (IHC) were performed to highlight specific pathways and key molecules involved in cell response to the radiation. GEP analysis revealed in depth the molecular response to PT, showing a considerable immune response, cell cycle and stem cell process regulation. Only the dose of 9 Gy shifted the balance toward pro-death signaling as a dose escalation which can be easily performed using proton beams, which permit targeting tumors while avoiding damage to the surrounding healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P. Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giusi I. Forte
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technological Sciences “Gian Filippo Ingrassia”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Pietro Pisciotta
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Calvaruso
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Roberta Tringali
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.T.); (B.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.T.); (B.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Giada Petringa
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe A. P. Cirrone
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.T.); (B.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technological Sciences “Gian Filippo Ingrassia”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (Palermo), Italy; (F.P.C.); (G.I.F.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (G.R.)
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.P.); (F.T.); (G.P.); (G.A.P.C.); (G.C.)
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Knockdown of Musashi RNA Binding Proteins Decreases Radioresistance but Enhances Cell Motility and Invasion in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062169. [PMID: 32245259 PMCID: PMC7139790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of Musashi (MSI) RNA-binding proteins, important stemness-associated gene expression regulators, remains insufficiently understood in breast cancer. This study identifies the interplay between MSI protein expression, stem cell characteristics, radioresistance, cell invasiveness and migration. MSI-1, MSI-2 and Notch pathway elements were investigated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 19 triple-negative breast cancer samples. Measurements were repeated in MDA-MB-231 cells after MSI-1 and -2 siRNA-mediated double knockdown, with further experiments performed after MSI silencing. Flow cytometry helped quantify expression of CD44 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), changes in apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Proliferation and irradiation-induced effects were assessed using colony formation assays. Radiation-related proteins were investigated via Western blots. Finally, cell invasion assays and digital holographic microscopy for cell migration were performed. MSI proteins showed strong correlations with Notch pathway elements. MSI knockdown resulted in reduction of stem cell marker expression, cell cycle progression and proliferation, while increasing apoptosis. Cells were radiosensitized as radioresistance-conferring proteins were downregulated. However, MSI-silencing-mediated LIFR downregulation resulted in enhanced cell invasion and migration. We conclude that, while MSI knockdown results in several therapeutically desirable consequences, enhanced invasion and migration need to be counteracted before knockdown advantages can be fully exploited.
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Farhood B, Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Motevaseli E, Mirtavoos-Mahyari H, Eleojo Musa A, Najafi M. TGF-β in radiotherapy: Mechanisms of tumor resistance and normal tissues injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104745. [PMID: 32145401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences show that changes in tumor stroma can adapt cancer cells to radiotherapy, thereby leading to a reduction in tumor response to treatment. On the other hand, radiotherapy is associated with severe reactions in normal tissues which limit the amount radiation dose received by tumor. These challenges open a window in radiobiology and radiation oncology to explore mechanisms for improving tumor response and also alleviate side effects of radiotherapy. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a well-known and multitasking cytokine that regulates a wide range of reactions and interactions within tumor and normal tissues. Within tumor microenvironment (TME), TGF-β is the most potent suppressor of immune system activity against cancer cells. This effect is mediated through stimulation of CD4+ which differentiates to T regulatory cells (Tregs), infiltration of fibroblasts and differentiation into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and also polarization of macrophages to M2 cells. These changes lead to suppression of cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells to kill cancer cells. TGF-β also plays a key role in the angiogenesis, invasion and DNA damage responses (DDR) in cancer cells. In normal tissues, TGF-β triggers the expression of a wide range of pro-oxidant and pro-fibrosis genes, leading to fibrosis, genomic instability and some other side effects. These properties of TGF-β make it a potential target to preserve normal tissues and sensitize tumor via its inhibition. In the current review, we aim to explain the mechanisms of upregulation of TGF-β and its consequences in both tumor and normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Mirtavoos-Mahyari
- Lung Transplantation Research Center (LTRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Suppresses Stemness in the Chemo- and Radio-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231/IR Via Downregulation of Metadherin. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020268. [PMID: 31979093 PMCID: PMC7072670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy is considered a major therapeutic barrier in breast cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a prominent role in chemo and radiotherapy resistance. The established chemo and radio-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231/IR displays greater CSC characteristics than the parental MDA-MB-231 cells. Escalating evidence demonstrates that metadherin (MTDH) is associated with a number of cancer signaling pathways as well as breast cancer therapy resistance, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Kaplan–Meier plot analysis revealed a correlation between higher levels of MTDH and shorter lifetimes in breast cancer and TNBC patients. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the MTDH and CD44 expression levels in The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer database. We demonstrate that MTDH plays a pivotal role in the regulation of stemness in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. Knockdown of MTDH in MDA-MB-231/IR cells resulted in a reduction in the CSC population, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and major CSC markers, including β-catenin, CD44+, and Slug. In addition, MTDH knockdown increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. We found that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a well-known pro-oxidant phytochemical, suppressed stemness in MDA-MB-231/IR cells through ROS modulation via the downregulation of MTDH. Co-treatment of PEITC and N-Acetylcysteine (a ROS scavenger) caused alterations in PEITC induced cell death and CSC markers. Moreover, PEITC regulated MTDH expression at the post-transcriptional level, which was confirmed using cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor.
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Tripathy J, Chowdhury AR, Prusty M, Muduli K, Priyadarshini N, Reddy KS, Banerjee B, Elangovan S. α-Lipoic acid prevents the ionizing radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the radiosensitivity in breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172938. [PMID: 31958458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is routinely used in the treatment of breast cancer. However, its efficiency is often limited by the development of radioresistance and metastasis. The cancer cells surviving irradiation show epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) along with increased migration, invasion and metastasis. In this study, we have evaluated the role of α-lipoic acid in preventing the radiation-induced EMT and in sensitizing the breast cancer cells to radiation. The breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were pretreated with lipoic acid, irradiated and the changes associated with cell growth, clonogenicity, migration, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), EMT and TGFβ signaling were measured. Our data showed that lipoic acid pretreatment sensitized the breast cancer cells to the ionizing radiation and inhibited the radiation-induced migration and the release of MMP2 and MMP9. Lipoic acid also prevented the TGFβ1 release and inhibited the radiation-induced EMT in breast cancer cells. The inhibition of TGFβ signaling by lipoic acid is associated with the inhibition of radiation-induced activation and translocation of NF-κB. These results suggest that α-lipoic acid inhibits the radiation-induced TGFβ signaling and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thereby inhibiting the radiation-induced EMT and sensitizing the breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joytirmay Tripathy
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Amit Roy Chowdhury
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Monica Prusty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Kartik Muduli
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Nilima Priyadarshini
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - K Sony Reddy
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Selvakumar Elangovan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Bravatà V, Cammarata FP, Minafra L, Musso R, Pucci G, Spada M, Fazio I, Russo G, Forte GI. Gene Expression Profiles Induced by High-dose Ionizing Radiation in MDA-MB-231 Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cell Line. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:257-266. [PMID: 31243106 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Radiation therapy (RT) represents a therapeutic option in breast cancer (BC). Even if a great number of BC patients receive RT, not all of them report benefits, due to radioresistance that gets activated through several factors, such as the hormone receptor status. Herein, we analyzed the gene expression profiles (GEP) induced by RT in triple-negative BC (TNBC) MDA-MB-231, to study signalling networks involved in radioresistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS GEP of MDA-MB-231 BC cells treated with a high dose of radiation, went through cDNA microarray analysis. In addition, to examine the cellular effects induced by RT, analyses of morphology and clonogenic evaluation were also conducted. RESULTS A descriptive report of GEP and pathways induced by IR is reported from our microarray data. Moreover, the MDA-MB-231 Radioresistent Cell Fraction (RCF) selected, included specific molecules able to drive radioresistance. CONCLUSION In summary, our data highlight, the RT response of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cell line at a transcriptional level, in terms of activating radioresistance in these cells, as a model of late-stage BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bravatà
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Rosa Musso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Fazio
- Casa di Cura Macchiarella, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy
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Najafi M, Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Cancer stem cell (CSC) resistance drivers. Life Sci 2019; 234:116781. [PMID: 31430455 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of self-renewal cells with high tumorigenic potency. CSCs can adopt easily with changes in the nearby milieu, and are more resistant to conventional therapies than other cells within a tumor. CSC resistance can be induced secondary to radio- and chemotherapy, or even after chemotherapy secession. A combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors is contributed to CSC-mediated therapy resistance. CSCs represent protective autophagy and efficient cell cycling, along with highly qualified epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, drug transporters, and anti-apoptotic and DNA repairing systems. In addition, CSCs develop cross-talking and share some characteristics with other cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) being more intense in higher stage tumors, and thereby sophisticating tumor-targeted therapies. TME, in fact, is a nest for aggravating resistance mechanisms in CSCs. TME is exposed constantly to the nutritional, metabolic and oxygen deprivation; these conditions promote CSC adaptation. This review is aimed to discuss main (intrinsic and extrinsic) mechanisms of CSC resistance and suggest some strategies to revoke this important promoter of therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bravatà V, Cammarata FP, Minafra L, Pisciotta P, Scazzone C, Manti L, Savoca G, Petringa G, Cirrone GAP, Cuttone G, Gilardi MC, Forte GI, Russo G. Proton-irradiated breast cells: molecular points of view. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:451-465. [PMID: 31135901 PMCID: PMC6640903 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, highly heterogeneous at both the clinical and molecular level. Radiation therapy (RT) represents an efficient modality to treat localized tumor in BC care, although the choice of a unique treatment plan for all BC patients, including RT, may not be the best option. Technological advances in RT are evolving with the use of charged particle beams (i.e. protons) which, due to a more localized delivery of the radiation dose, reduce the dose administered to the heart compared with conventional RT. However, few data regarding proton-induced molecular changes are currently available. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the production of immunological molecules and gene expression profiles induced by proton irradiation. We performed Luminex assay and cDNA microarray analyses to study the biological processes activated following irradiation with proton beams, both in the non-tumorigenic MCF10A cell line and in two tumorigenic BC cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. The immunological signatures were dose dependent in MCF10A and MCF7 cell lines, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells show a strong pro-inflammatory profile regardless of the dose delivered. Clonogenic assay revealed different surviving fractions according to the breast cell lines analyzed. We found the involvement of genes related to cell response to proton irradiation and reported specific cell line- and dose-dependent gene signatures, able to drive cell fate after radiation exposure. Our data could represent a useful tool to better understand the molecular mechanisms elicited by proton irradiation and to predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bravatà
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Pietro Pisciotta
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Palermo University, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Manti
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Savoca
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Giada Petringa
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A P Cirrone
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria C Gilardi
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusi I Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù (PA), Italy
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