euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats

Polyphenolic characterization and biological assessment of Acacia nilotica (L.) wild. Ex delilie: An In vitro and In vivo appraisal of wound healing potential

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex Delilie is a shrub with significant ethnomedicinal stature. Therefore, in the undertaken study, its wound healing attributes are determined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The current study provided evidence of the traditional use of A. nilotica species and conferred A. nilotica bark extract as a potent candidate for wound healing agents.

MATERIALS & METHODS

A. nilotica leaves extract (ANL-E); A. nilotica bark extract (ANB-E), and A. nilotica stem extract (ANS-E) were prepared using methanol-chloroform (1:1). Phytochemical analysis was performed using gallic acid equivalent (GAE) total phenolic content (TPC), quercetin equivalent (QE) total flavonoid content (TFC) assays and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro antioxidant potential (free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay), antibacterial activity (broth microdilution method) and hemolytic analysis was carried out. Wound healing proficiency of ANB-E was determined by wound excision model followed by estimating hydroxyproline content and endogenous antioxidant markers.

RESULTS

Maximum phenolic and flavonoid content were depicted by ANB-E i.e., 50.9 ± 0.34 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 28.7 ± 0.13 μg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. HPLC analysis unraveled the presence of a significant amount of catechin in ANL-E, ANB-E and ANS-E (54.66 ± 0.02, 44.9 ± 0.004 and 31.36 ± 0.02 μg/mg extract) respectively. Highest percent free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing action power (i.e., 93.3 ± 0.42 %, 222.10 ± 0.76, and 222.86 ± 0.54 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg extract) were exhibited by ANB-E. Maximum antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus was exhibited by ANB-E (MIC 12.5 μg/ml). Two of the extracts i.e., ANL-E and ANB-E were found biocompatible with less than 5 % hemolytic potential. Based upon findings of in vitro analysis, ANB-E (10, 5, and 2.5 % w/w, C1, C2, and C3, respectively) was selected for evaluating its in vivo wound healing potential. Maximum contraction of wound area and fastest epithelization i.e., 98 ± 0.05 % and 11.2 ± 1.00 (day) was exhibited by C1. Maximum hydroxyproline content, glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were demonstrated by C1 i.e., 15.9 ± 0.52 μg/mg, 9.3 ± 0.17 mmol/mg, 7.2 ± 0.17 and 6.2 ± 0.14 U/mg, respectively. Maximal curbed lipid peroxidation i.e., 0.7 ± 0.15 mmol/mg was also depicted by C1.

CONCLUSIONS

In a nutshell, the current investigation endorsed the wound healing potential of ANB-E suggesting it to be an excellent candidate for future studies.

Management of wounds in diabetes by administering allicin and quercetin in emulsion form as wound medicine in diabetic rat models

Wounds in diabetes is a complex problem that requires effective treatment at a high cost. Adjuvant therapy from natural bioactive elements can be an alternative to overcome problems in diabetic wound healing disorders. Allicin and quercetin are natural bioactive substances contained in several fruit or vegetable plants that have various pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of allicin and quercetin in emulsion form as wound medicine in helping the wound healing process. Diabetic wistar rats with wounds on their backs measuring 1 × 1 cm were divided into four treatment groups which were given wound medicine once a day for seven days according to their distribution. The wound healing process was evaluated on the third and seventh day. Data were observed and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Measurement of wound healing indicators was carried out by examining wound contraction and histopathological examination showing that the treatment group given the allicin and quercetin formula experienced an improvement compared to the treatment group without allicin and quercetin. Allicin and quercetin increase the percentage of wound contraction, increase the density of blood vessels and the epithelialization process in the wound so that the wound healing process becomes faster. In conclusion, allicin and quercetin can be effective adjuvant therapies in helping wound healing in diabetes. Wound medication in the form of an emulsion is an effective choice, because it can maintain the stability of the allicin and quercetin content and can make the wound environment moist.

Insights into the mechanisms of diabetic wounds: pathophysiology, molecular targets, and treatment strategies through conventional and alternative therapies

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent cause of mortality worldwide and can lead to several secondary issues, including DWs, which are caused by hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, anemia, and ischemia. Roughly 15% of diabetic patient's experience complications related to DWs, with 25% at risk of lower limb amputations. A conventional management protocol is currently used for treating diabetic foot syndrome, which involves therapy using various substances, such as bFGF, pDGF, VEGF, EGF, IGF-I, TGF-β, skin substitutes, cytokine stimulators, cytokine inhibitors, MMPs inhibitors, gene and stem cell therapies, ECM, and angiogenesis stimulators. The protocol also includes wound cleaning, laser therapy, antibiotics, skin substitutes, HOTC therapy, and removing dead tissue. It has been observed that treatment with numerous plants and their active constituents, including Globularia Arabica, Rhus coriaria L., Neolamarckia cadamba, Olea europaea, Salvia kronenburgii, Moringa oleifera, Syzygium aromaticum, Combretum molle, and Myrtus communis, has been found to promote wound healing, reduce inflammation, stimulate angiogenesis, and cytokines production, increase growth factors production, promote keratinocyte production, and encourage fibroblast proliferation. These therapies may also reduce the need for amputations. However, there is still limited information on how to prevent and manage DWs, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of alternative treatments in managing complications of DWs. The conventional management protocol for treating diabetic foot syndrome can be expensive and may cause adverse side effects. Alternative therapies, such as medicinal plants and green synthesis of nano-formulations, may provide efficient and affordable treatments for DWs.

Synthesis of Schiff Bases and Secondary Amines with Indane Skeleton; Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antibiotic, and Antifungal Activities

In this study, Schiff bases were synthesized by utilizing the reaction of 4- and 5-aminoindane with substituted benzaldehydes. After the reduction of isolated Schiff bases with NaBH4 , the corresponding secondary amine derivatives were obtained. The structures of all synthesized molecules were confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, FT-IR, and ESI-MS. Antioxidant activities of all synthesized molecules were investigated by DPPH method, and IC50 values were calculated. In addition, antibacterial activities of targets were investigated by the well diffusion method, and then MIC99 values were calculated. While only four of the sixteen synthesized molecules showed a high level of antioxidant activity, all of the molecules exhibited biological activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to varying degrees. In addition, all the synthesized molecules showed high antifungal activity. In antioxidant capacity studies, the IC50 values of 2-(((2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol (4 d) and 2-(((2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol (7 d) were determined to be 18.1 μg and 35.1 μg, respectively, and these values are much stronger than BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) used as positive controls. The fact that targets have the same core structure with different substituents has revealed a good structure-activity relationship.

Wound healing potential of Acacia catechu in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using in vivo and in silico approach

Background and aim

Acacia catechu Wild. (Fabaceae) barks are traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes and wounds. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the wound healing potential of the alcoholic extract of A. catechu (EAC) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Experimental procedures

EAC was first subjected to phytochemical estimations and standardization using (-) epicatechin as marker with the help of HPLC. Diabetes was induced in mice using streptozotocin and the wound healing potential of EAC was evaluated using excision and incision wound models on topical and oral treatment. Various biochemical parameters, in vivo antioxidants, cytokine profiling, VEGF, and histopathological examination were also performed. Further, molecular docking studies were performed using ligand (-) epicatechin on human inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Results and conclusion

Phytochemically, EAC showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins, while the content of (-) epicatechin was reported to be 7.81% w/w. The maximum healing of wounds (91.84 ± 1.10%) was observed in mice treated with a combination of both topical (10% gel) and oral (extract at 200 mg/kg) followed by topically and orally treated groups respectively after 14 days of treatment. These groups also showed significant restoration of altered biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines. The molecular docking studies confirmed the role of (-) epicatechin in stabilizing the human inducible nitric oxide synthase with inhibitor showing binding energy of -8.31 kcal/mol. The present study confirmed the role of (-) epicatechin as a major marker in diabetic wound healing potential of A. catechu.

Effect of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) on histological characteristics and expression of soft tissue IL-1β gene after horizontal ridge augmentation surgery

Background

Horizontal ridge augmentation surgeries are common procedures in periodontics. Histological changes in soft tissues affect the success of surgery in many ways. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) increases interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and causes inflammation modulation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ACS on histological changes and gene expression of soft tissues after horizontal ridge augmentation surgeries.

Methods

This double-blind split-mouth clinical trial was performed on patients needing implants with horizontal ridge augmentation (n=21). The control and intervention groups were considered split-mouth in two areas of the patients' oral soft tissues. A collagen membrane impregnated with ACS was used on the test side, and only a collagen membrane was used on the control side. After four months, histological changes in soft tissues, such as the amount of connective tissue collagen, fibroblast and inflammatory cell counts, and expression of the IL-1β gene, were evaluated.

Results

The fibroblast counts in the ACS group were significantly higher than in the control group. In addition, ACS caused a significant increase in the amount of collagen in the soft tissues compared to the control group (P<0.01). However, the number of inflammatory cells was similar in the two groups (P>0.05). IL-1β gene expression was not significantly different between the case and control groups.

Conclusion

Under the limitations of the present study and based on the results of histological examinations, ACS increased the number of fibroblasts and the amount of collagen in soft tissues without affecting inflammatory cells (P=0.562).

Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased. Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.

Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased. Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.

Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents for Diabetic Wound Healing-Preclinical and Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this review is to provide verified data on the current knowledge acquired in preclinical and clinical studies regarding topically used herbal products and their active constituents (formulations and dressings) with diabetic wound healing activity. Moreover, herbal products and their active constituents used for diabetic wound infections, and various cellular and molecular mechanisms of their actions will also be described. The electronic databases were searched for articles published from 2012 to 2022. Publications with oral or systemic administration of herbal products in diabetic wound healing, published before 2012, available only as an abstract, or in languages other than English were excluded from the study. The 59 articles comparing topically used herbal products in diabetic wound healing treatment versus control treatments (placebo or active therapy) were selected. Herbal products through different mechanisms of action, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, stimulation of angiogenesis, production of cytokines and growth factors, keratinocytes, and fibroblast migration and proliferation may be considered as an important support during conventional therapy or even as a substitute for synthetic drugs used for diabetic wound treatment.

A Comprehensive Review of Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: Targeting Bioactivity Perspective

Wound healing is a recovering process of damaged tissues by replacing dysfunctional injured cellular structures. Natural compounds for wound treatment have been widely used for centuries. Numerous published works provided reviews of natural compounds for wound healing applications, which separated the approaches based on different categories such as characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. However, current studies provide reviews of natural compounds that originated from only plants or animals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review of natural compounds sourced from both plants and animals that target the different bioactivities of healing to promote wound resolution. The compounds were classified into four main groups (i.e., anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and collagen promotion), mostly studied in current literature from 1992 to 2022. Those compounds are listed in tables for readers to search for their origin, bioactivity, and targeting phases in wound healing. We also reviewed the trend in using natural compounds for wound healing.

Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing: An Overview of Current Research

Wound healing is a complicated process, and the effective management of wounds is a major challenge. Natural herbal remedies have now become fundamental for the management of skin disorders and the treatment of skin infections due to the side effects of modern medicine and lower price for herbal products. The aim of the present study is to summarize the most recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on major herbal preparations, their phytochemical constituents, and new formulations for wound management. Research reveals that several herbal medicaments have marked activity in the management of wounds and that this activity is ascribed to flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals can act at different stages of the process by means of various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, collagen synthesis stimulating, cell proliferation, and angiogenic effects. The application of natural compounds using nanotechnology systems may provide significant improvement in the efficacy of wound treatments. Increasing the clinical use of these therapies would require safety assessment in clinical trials.

Uncommon Terpenoids from Salvia Species: Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities

The search for new bioactive compounds from plant sources has been and continues to be one of the most important fields of research in drug discovery. However, Natural Products research has continuously evolved, and more and more has gained a multidisciplinary character. Despite new developments of methodologies and concepts, one intriguing aspect still persists, i.e., different species belonging to the same genus can produce different secondary metabolites, whereas taxonomically different genera can produce the same compounds. The genus Salvia L. (Family Lamiaceae) comprises myriad distinct medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine worldwide that show different pharmacological activities due to the presence of a variety of interesting specialized metabolites, including mono-, sesqui-, di-, sester-, tri-, tetra-, and higher terpenoids as well as phenylpropanoids, phenolic acid derivatives, lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids. We herein summarize the research progress on some uncommon terpenoids, isolated from members of the genus Salvia, which are well recognized for their potential pharmacological activities. This review also provides a current knowledge on the biosynthesis and occurrence of some interesting phytochemicals from Salvia species, viz. C₂₃-terpenoids, sesterterpenoids (C₂₅), dammarane triterpenoids (C₃₀), and uncommon triterpenoids (C₂₀+C₁₀). The study was carried out by searching various scientific databases, including Elsevier, ACS publications, Taylor and Francis, Wiley Online Library, MDPI, Springer, Thieme, and ProQuest. Therefore, 106 uncommon terpenoids were identified and summarized. Some of these compounds possessed a variety of pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic and tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitory activities. Due to the lack of pharmacological information for the presented compounds gathered from previous studies, biological investigation of these compounds should be reinvestigated.

Bioactive phytochemicals from Salvia officinalis attenuate cadmium-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in rats

This study was conducted to identify the bioactive phytochemicals in Salvia officinalis essential oil, to determine the polyphenols in the aqueous extract (SOE), and to evaluate their protective role against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in rats. Six groups of female rats were treated orally for 2 weeks including the control group, CdCl₂-treated group, SOE-treated groups at low or high dose (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w), and CdCl₂ plus SOE-treated groups at the two doses. The GC-MS analysis identified 39 compounds; the main compounds were 9-octadecenamide, eucalyptol, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. However, the HPLC analysis showed 12 polyphenolic compounds and the majority were coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, coffeic acid, catechin, vanillin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and rutin. In the biological study, rats received CdCl₂ displayed severe disturbances in liver and kidney indices alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (T. Bil), direct bilirubin (D. Bil), creatinine, uric acid, and urea, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and CEA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), gene expressions, DNA fragmentation, and histological alterations in the liver and kidney tissue. SOE showed a potent antioxidant and mitigated these alterations in serum and tissue. Moreover, the high dose succeeded to normalize most of the tested parameters and histological features. It could be concluded that S. officinalis is a promising source for bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits against environmental toxicants.

Salvia Species as Nutraceuticals: Focus on Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Anti-Obesity Properties

Salvia plants belong to the Lamiaceae family and are recognized as being strongly aromatic, being widely used for different purposes in culinary or traditional medicine. These plants are well recognized as being rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenic compounds, which exhibit health-beneficial activities, protecting against oxidative and inflammatory-related diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. Because of these properties, phytochemicals from Salvia species have been investigated as health promoting agents, for application in distinct fields. However, the growing demand for natural products with possible uses and applications in industry requires scientific validation studies. This review consists of a compilation of relevant studies with an emphasis on the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties of phenolic-rich extracts from Salvia plants.

Biological activities of some Salvia species

In this study, total phenolic, flavonoid and protein contents, antiradical capacities, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of five different Salvia species (Salvia macrochlamys Boiss., Salvia kronenburgii Rech.f., Salvia euphratica Montbret. ex Aucher var. euphratica, Salvia huberi Hedge and Salvia kurdica Benth) were investigated. The total phenolic content of the species was in the range of 59.6 ± 20 to 150.1 ± 1.1 mg/g, total flavonoid content in the range of 20.4 ± 2.2 to 38.9 ± 4.1 mg/g, and total protein content in the range of 14.0 ± 0.5 to 22.0 ± 1.1 mg/g. Radical scavenging capacities of the Salvia species were determined in the range of 84.1 ± 4.5 to 96.8 ± 0.1%. Moreover, Salvia extracts showed powerful antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cytotoxic effects of the samples on human lymphocytes were determined by MTS assay and S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica decreased the harmful effects of 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl hydroper-oxide, t-BOOH) at all time points tested. The highest amounts of rutin hydrate belong to S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica, and the highest amounts of luteolin-7-glucoside belong to S. huberi and S. kronenburgii. Vanillic acid was present only in S. huberi and S. kurdica.

Formulation and Evaluation of Helichrysum italicum Essential Oil-Based Topical Formulations for Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

As proper wound management is crucial to reducing morbidity and improving quality of life, this study evaluated for the first time the wound healing potential of H. italicum essential oil (HIEO) prepared in the form of ointment and gel in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound models in rats. After creating full-thickness cutaneous wounds, forty-eight diabetic rats were divided into six groups: (1) negative control; (2) positive control; (3) ointment base; (4) gel base; (5) 0.5% HIEO ointment (6) 0.5% HIEO gel. Wound healing potential was determined by the percentage of wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, redox status, and histological observation. A significant decrease in the wound size was observed in animals treated with HIEO formulations compared with other groups. The HIEO groups also showed a higher level of total hydroxyproline content, and more pronounced restitution of adnexal structures with only the underlying muscle defect indicating the incision site. Hence, our results legitimate the traditional data of the pro-healing effect of HIEO because HIEO in both formulations such as gel and ointment exhibited the significant wound repairing effect in the incision wound model.

Phenolic profile, safety assessment, and anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia verbenaca L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Salvia species are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and are traditionally used for healing purposes. Salvia verbenaca is an Algerian plant used for healing wounds and ulcers.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This work aims to assess the acute and subacute safety of S. verbenaca and its possible anti-inflammatory activity as a mechanism contributing to its traditional applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lethal toxicity of S. verbenaca hydromethanolic extract was evaluated against Artemia salina larvae, while acute and subacute toxicity were orally tested on mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was screened ex vivo using membrane stabilization and in vivo using xylene induced ear edema as an acute inflammation model. The antiradical, reducing power and iron chelating activities of S. verbenaca were also investigated in vitro, and phenolic compounds were determined using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ_. RESULTS: Salvia verbenaca extract contained high amounts of phenolic compounds (206 μg GAE/mg extract). The in vitro antioxidant activity showed promising radical scavenging ability, iron chelating (IC₅₀: 189 μg/mL), reducing power and strong anti-lipid-peroxidation effect (IC₅₀: 111 μg/mL). The extract had potential cytotoxic effect against Artemia salina larvae (LC₅₀: 30 μg/mL), but did not exhibit any acute/subacute toxicity effect on mice. Salvia verbenaca inhibited hypotonic and heat induced hemolysis and also reduced 50% of xylene induced ear edema at 600 mg/kg bw. Rosmarinic acid and caffeoylmalic acid were identified as the major compounds.

CONCLUSION

Salvia verbenaca hydromethanolic extract was found to be safe at acute and subacute levels. Its in vitro/in vivo antioxidant activity, membrane stabilizing properties and anti-inflammatory activity may be an important aspect of its wound healing and anti-ulcer traditional use.

Effect of White Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Skin Wound Healing Process in Rats

BACKGROUND

White tea (Camellia sinensis) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and a protective effect against wrinkles, sunburn and UV damages on the skin. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of white tea extract on the healing process of skin wounds in rats.

METHODS

This study was done in the Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran in 2019. Excisional skin wounds were created on five groups of healthy male Wistar rats (200-250 g, n=21) including control group, Eucerin-treated group, white tea 5% ointment (Eucerin) treated group, gel-treated group, white tea 5% gel treated group. Treatment was begun on day 1 and repeated every day at the same time until day 15. Pathologic samples were taken on days 4, 7 and 15 for histopathological examinations. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data by SPSS. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

RESULTS

Wound closure rate of control group was more than other groups on day 4 (P<0.05). On day 7, reepithelisation and granulation tissue of control group were more than white tea 5% ointment-treated and its inflammation was less than others (P<0.05). Neo-vascularization of white tea 5% ointment-treated group was more than control group on days 4 and 15 (P<0.05). On day 4, intact mast cells of control group were more than white tea treated groups (P<0.05). Degranulated mast cells of white tea 5% gel treated group was significantly (P<0.05) more than control group on days 4 and 15.

CONCLUSION

Five percent white tea extract could not help the skin wound healing process.

Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of Salvia haenkei Hydroalcoholic Aerial Part Extract on in vitro and in vivo Experimental Models

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential wound healing activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei on in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Materials and Methods

Preliminary analytical characterization of the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei was made by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) that permitted identification of a qualitative fingerprint of the extract of aerial parts. The wound healing activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei was evaluated in vitro by the scratch assay on human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes and in vivo by standardized mouse excisional splinting model. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments were performed to analyze gene expression levels of inflammatory markers.

Results

The scratch assay tests showed that the treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei did not induce an increase in the fibroblasts migration rate with respect to the positive control. Instead, the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei was effective in improving the wound closure rate on keratinocyte cell cultures with an almost total invasion of the scratch after 48 h of treatment; whereas the positive control, at the same time point, showed only a 67% reduction of the wound size. In vivo experiments showed that the groups treated with the extract of Salvia haenkei completely re-epithelized the wound in 2.7 days, a timing that was comparable with the action of the positive control that took only 2.1 days. Gene expression analysis showed that Salvia haenkei positively regulated the signaling pathway of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor.

Conclusion

The results suggested that the hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia haenkei induced a clear wound healing effect.

HPLC profiling of selected phenolic acids and flavonoids in Salvia eigii, Salvia hierosolymitana and Salvia viridis growing wild in Jordan and their in vitro antioxidant activity

Background

Salvia eigii., Salvia hierosolymitana and Salvia viridis are native to the Mediterranean region, and are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. In the current investigation, the methanolic extracts obtained from the air dried aerial parts of S. eigii, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis from Jordan were screened for their total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and their in vitro antioxidant activity. Additionally, the presence of four bioactive phenolic acids including gallic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B and other seven flavonoids including luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, rutin, nariginin, hesperidin and quercetin was determined using Liquid chromatography-Electron Spray Ionization-Tandom Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).

Methods

Antioxidant activity of the obtained three extracts were examined via the DPPH^•, ABTS^• + radical scavenging methods in addition to Ferrous Ion Chelating (FIC) effect. TFC and TPC of the extracts were measured using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and the Folin-Ciocalteau method, respectively. The presence and concentration of the selected 11 compounds was further determined through LC-ESI-MS/MS.

Results

The results indicated that three Salvia species had high total flavonoids content expressed in mg quercetin/g dry extract (S. heirosolymitana: 770.85 ±  5.26; S. eigii: 520.60 ±  6.24, S. viridis: 311.36 ±  4.41). S. heirosolymitana had the highest DPPH^• activity (0.184 ±  1.22 × 10⁻² mg/ml) and FIC effect (0.354 ±  0.018 mg/ml). S. heirosolymitana had slightly higher ABTS^• + scavenging activity than S. eigii (0.176 ±  1.16 × 10⁻² mg/ml; 0.183 ±  0.031 mg/ml, respectively). All 11 compounds were detected in the extracts of the three Salvia species. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside was detected in high concentration levels in the three species (1756.73, 21651.36, and 26125.14 mg/kg dry plant; S. eigii, S. hierosolyimitana and S. viridis, respectively), yet rosmarinic acid had the highest contribution to both S. hierosolymitana (27124.93 mg/kg) and S. eigii (15783.33 mg/kg). Notably, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis contained salvianolic acid B (896.11; 890.9 mg/kg).

Conclusions

The three Salvia species exhibited good antioxidant activity, especially S. heirosolymitana due to its high TPC, TFC, and the presence of high concentration levels of romarinic acid and other phenolic acids and flavonoids. This is the first phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of S. eigii, S. hierosolymitana and S. viridis from Jordan. Prior to this investigation, no phytochemical investigation on S. eigii was reported.

Potential Synergistic Action of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Microorganisms

The skin is an important organ that acts as a physical barrier to the outer environment. It is rich in immune cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, mast cells, and T cells, which provide the first line of defense mechanisms against numerous pathogens by activating both the innate and adaptive response. Cutaneous immunological processes may be stimulated or suppressed by numerous plant extracts via their immunomodulatory properties. Several plants are rich in bioactive molecules; many of these exert antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal effects. The present study describes the impact of plant extracts on the modulation of skin immunity, and their antimicrobial effects against selected skin invaders. Plant products remain valuable counterparts to modern pharmaceuticals and may be used to alleviate numerous skin disorders, including infected wounds, herpes, and tineas.

Accelerated healing by topical administration of Salvia officinalis essential oil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infected wound model

BACKGROUND

Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is known to have antibacterial properties possibly conducive to the healing process of infected wounds.

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ointment containing Salvia officinalis essential oil (SOO) on an infected wound model.

METHODS

Essential oil hydrodistillated from the dried leaves of the plant was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. After creating two full-thickness cutaneous wounds, mice were classified into four groups, control, and animals treated with 2 % mupirocin® (standard positive drug), and 2 % and 4 % (w/w) of SOO. In order to evaluate the effects of SOO on the wound healing phases, the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) were analyzed using qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry analysis, tissue total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were further assessed in all groups.

RESULTS

Concerning essential oil, the main compounds were found to be cis-thujone (26.8 %), camphor (16.4 %), trans-thujone (14.1 %) and 1,8-cineole (10.8 %). Our findings showed that the topical application of SOO was able to shorten the inflammatory phase and accelerate the cellular proliferation, re-vascularization, collagen deposition and re-epithelialization in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, increased mRNA levels of FGF-2 and VEGF, and up-regulation of cyclin-D1 and Bcl-2 were observed following the topical application of SOO compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were reduced in animals treated with SOO on days 3, 7 and 14 (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of SOO increased the TAC level and reduced the MDA content and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. It is concluded that SOO is able to accelerate the wound healing process by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and antioxidant properties.

Biochemical, Histopathologic, and Genotoxic Effects of Ethanol Extract of Salvia hypargeia (Fisch. & Mey.) on Incisional and Excisional Wounded Diabetic Rats

Purpose: Nonhealing wounds are a serious problem of diabetic patients. Salvia species are traditionally used for the treatment of wounds. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of ointment prepared with ethanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Salvia hypargeia, an endemic plant from Turkey, on diabetic rat incisional and excisional skin wounds. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n: 60) were divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced and two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) of the extract were used for ointments and applied on wounds for 7 and 14 days. Fito cream was chosen as a reference drug. Results: In excisional wounds, healing ratios of 0.5% (63.4% and 99.3%) and 1% (65.5% and 99.9%) S. hypargeia groups were higher compared to control (35.9% and 75.1%), and in incisional wounds, healing ratios of 0.5% (78.1% and 98.5%) and 1% (84.4% and 99.4%) S. hypargeia groups were higher compared to control (30.5% and 72.9%) (p < .01). Hydroxyproline (0.31 ± 0.3 and 0.34 ± 0.2) levels were lower and GSH (10.7 ± 3.1 and 7.6 ± 0.9) levels were higher in 0.5% and 1% S. hypargeia groups on the 14th day (p < .01). Histopathological results revealed re-epithelialization and formation of granulation tissue in all S. hypargeia groups. Genotoxicologic results indicated, GDI, DCP values, and MN frequency of 0.5% and 1% S. hypargeia groups did not reach to significant levels both on the 7 and 14 days. Conclusions: S. hypargeia may have a potential for therapeutic use in treatment and management of diabetic wounds with a successful topical application.