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Wei S, Wang L, Evans PC, Xu S. NAFLD and NASH: etiology, targets and emerging therapies. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103910. [PMID: 38301798 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pose a significant threat to human health and cause a tremendous socioeconomic burden. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD and NASH remain incompletely understood, and no effective pharmacotherapies have been approved. In the past five years, significant advances have been achieved in our understanding of the pathomechanisms and potential pharmacotherapies of NAFLD and NASH. Research advances include the investigation of the effects of the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analog pegozafermin and the thyroid hormone receptor-β (THRβ) agonist resmetriom on hepatic fat content, NASH resolution and/or fibrosis regression. Future directions of NAFLD and NASH research (including combination therapy, organoids and humanized mouse models) are also discussed in this state-of-the-art review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul C Evans
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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2
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Wu M, Wang J, Zhou W, Wang M, Hu C, Zhou M, Jiao K, Li Z. Vitamin D inhibits tamoxifen-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through a nonclassical estrogen receptor/liver X receptor pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 389:110865. [PMID: 38191086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the common side effects of tamoxifen treatment for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, and is representative of disorders of energy metabolism. Fatty liver is induced after tamoxifen (TAM) inhibition of estrogen receptor activity, but the exact mechanism is not clear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of TAM-induced steatosis in the liver. The effects and mechanisms of TAM on hepatocyte lipid metabolism were assessed using C57BL/6 female mice and human hepatoma cells. TAM promoted fat accumulation in the liver by upregulation of Srebp-1c expression. Regarding the molecular mechanism, TAM promoted the recruitment of the auxiliary transcriptional activator, p300, and dissociated the auxiliary transcriptional repressor, nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR), of the complexes, which led to enhancement of Srebp-1c transcription and an increase of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. Vitamin D (VD), a common fat-soluble vitamin, can decrease TAM-induced NAFLD by promoting p300 dissociation and NCOR recruitment. Tamoxifen promoted the recruitment and dissociation of co-transcription factors on the LXR/ER/RXR receptor complex, leading to a disorder of liver lipid metabolism. VD interfered with TAM-induced liver lipid metabolism disorders by reversing this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxuan Wu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wanqing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Kailin Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Jung YJ, Hosseininasab N, Park J, Hyun S, Jung JK, Kwak JH. Microwave-Promoted Total Synthesis of Puniceloid D for Modulating the Liver X Receptor. Molecules 2024; 29:416. [PMID: 38257329 PMCID: PMC10821398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing global health concern is metabolic syndrome, which is defined by low HDL, diabetes, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Nuclear receptors are attractive targets for treatment of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Liver X receptors (LXRs) have become one of the most significant pharmacological targets among nuclear receptors. Multiple research studies emphasize the essential function of the liver X receptor (LXR) in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Puniceloid D, among natural products, demonstrated promising effects on LXRα. However, attempts at the total synthesis of natural products were faced with challenges, including long synthetic steps and low yields, requiring a more efficient approach. In this study, for the first time, we successfully synthesized puniceloid D through a seven-step process and conducted docking studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interactions involved in the binding of puniceloid D to LXR within different heterodimeric contexts. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome could be improved by these findings, which might assist with the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Narges Hosseininasab
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (N.H.); (J.P.); (S.H.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jungjin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (N.H.); (J.P.); (S.H.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Soonsil Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (N.H.); (J.P.); (S.H.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (N.H.); (J.P.); (S.H.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Hwan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (N.H.); (J.P.); (S.H.); (J.-K.J.)
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Li Z, Zheng D, Zhang T, Ruan S, Li N, Yu Y, Peng Y, Wang D. The roles of nuclear receptors in cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0343. [PMID: 38099854 PMCID: PMC10727660 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally, NAFLD encompasses a pathological process that ranges from simple steatosis to NASH, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC, closely associated with numerous extrahepatic diseases. While the initial etiology was believed to be hepatocyte injury caused by lipid toxicity from accumulated triglycerides, recent studies suggest that an imbalance of cholesterol homeostasis is of greater significance. The role of nuclear receptors in regulating liver cholesterol homeostasis has been demonstrated to be crucial. This review summarizes the roles and regulatory mechanisms of nuclear receptors in the 3 main aspects of cholesterol production, excretion, and storage in the liver, as well as their cross talk in reverse cholesterol transport. It is hoped that this review will offer new insights and theoretical foundations for the study of the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD and provide new research directions for extrahepatic diseases associated with NAFLD.
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Han W, Zhang D, Zhang P, Tao Q, Du X, Yu C, Dong P, Zhu Y. Danlou Recipe promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophages RAW264.7 and reverses cholesterol transport in mice with hyperlipidemia induced by P407. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:445. [PMID: 38066464 PMCID: PMC10704726 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonists could attenuate the development of atherosclerosis but bring excess lipid accumulation in the liver. Danlou Recipe was believed to be a benefit for improving the lipid profile. Thus, it is unclear whether Danlou Recipe could attenuate hyperlipidemia without excess lipid accumulated in the liver of mice. This study aimed to clarify if Danlou Recipe could alleviate the progression of hyperlipidemia in mice without extra lipids accumulated in the liver. METHODS Male murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages were used for the in vitro experiments. Cellular cholesterol efflux was determined using the fluorescent cholesterol labeling method. Those genes involved in lipid metabolism were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting respectively. In vivo, a mouse model of hyperlipidemia induced by P407 was used to figure out the effect of Danlou Recipe on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and hyperlipidemia. Ethanol extract of Danlou tablet (EEDL) was prepared by extracting the whole powder of Danlou Prescription from ethanol, and the chemical composition was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). RESULTS EEDL inhibits the formation of RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells, and promotes ABCA1/apoA1 conducted cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages. In the P407-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model, oral administration of EEDL can promote RCT in vivo and improve fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. Consistent with the findings in vitro, EEDL promotes RCT by upregulating the LXR activities. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that EEDL has the potential for targeting RCT/LXR in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders to be developed as a safe and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qianqian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Chunquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Pengzhi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Buyl K, Vrints M, Fernando R, Desmae T, Van Eeckhoutte T, Jans M, Van Der Schueren J, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, De Boe V, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Beirinckx F, Vanhaecke T. Human skin stem cell-derived hepatic cells as in vitro drug discovery model for insulin-driven de novo lipogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175989. [PMID: 37572939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation and can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and liver fibrosis. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), activated by glucose and insulin, is a central pathway contributing to early-stage development of MASLD. The emerging global prevalence of MASLD highlights the urgent need for pharmaceutical intervention to combat this health threat. However, the identification of novel drugs that could inhibit hepatic DNL is hampered by a lack of reliable, insulin-sensitive, human, in vitro, hepatic models. Here, we report human skin stem cell-derived hepatic cells (hSKP-HPC) as a unique in vitro model to study insulin-driven DNL (iDNL), evidenced by both gene expression and lipid accumulation readouts. Insulin-sensitive hSKP-HPC showed increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression, a key transcription factor for DNL. Furthermore, this physiologically relevant in vitro human steatosis model allowed both inhibition and activation of the iDNL pathway using reference inhibitors and activators, respectively. Optimisation of the lipid accumulation assay to a high-throughput, 384-well format enabled the screening of a library of annotated compounds, delivering new insights on key players in the iDNL pathway and MASLD pathophysiology. Together, these results establish the value of the hSKP-HPC model in preclinical development of antisteatotic drugs to combat MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Buyl
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martine Vrints
- Galapagos NV, Industriepark Mechelen Noord, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, B-2880, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ruani Fernando
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Terry Desmae
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Eeckhoutte
- Galapagos NV, Industriepark Mechelen Noord, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, B-2880, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Mia Jans
- Galapagos NV, Industriepark Mechelen Noord, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, B-2880, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Der Schueren
- Galapagos NV, Industriepark Mechelen Noord, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, B-2880, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle De Boe
- Department of Urology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ-Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Beirinckx
- Galapagos NV, Industriepark Mechelen Noord, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, B-2880, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of in Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Kotsos D, Tziomalos K. Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 and -2: Emerging Targets in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033049. [PMID: 36769370 PMCID: PMC9918023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a substantial proportion of the general population and is even more prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. NAFLD, and particularly the more advanced manifestation of the disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increases the risk for both liver-related and cardiovascular morbidity. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and multifactorial, with many molecular pathways implicated. Emerging data suggest that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 might participate in the development and progression of NAFLD. It also appears that targeting these enzymes might represent a novel therapeutic approach for NAFLD. In the present review, we discuss the association between microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 and NAFLD.
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Guha S, Sesili S, Mir IH, Thirunavukkarasu C. Epigenetics and mitochondrial dysfunction insights into the impact of the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:4-19. [PMID: 36330539 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A metabolic problem occurs when regular functions of the body are disrupted due to an undesirable imbalance. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common in this category. NAFLD is subclassified and progresses from lipid accumulation to cirrhosis before advancing to hepatocellular cancer. In spite of being a critical concern, the standard treatment is inadequate. Metformin, silymarin, and other nonspecific medications are used in the management of NAFLD. Aside from this available medicine, maintaining a healthy lifestyle has been emphasized as a means of combating this. Epigenetics, which has been attributed to NAFLD, is another essential feature of this disease that has emerged as a result of several sorts of research. The mechanisms by which DNA methylation, noncoding RNA, and histone modification promote NAFLD have been extensively researched. Another organelle, mitochondria, which play a pivotal role in biological processes, contributes to the global threat. Individuals with NAFLD have been documented to have a multitude of alterations and malfunctioning. Mitochondria are mainly concerned with the process of energy production and regulation of the signaling pathway on which the fate of a cell relies. Modulation of mitochondria leads to elevated lipid deposition in the liver. Further, changes in oxidation states result in an impaired balance between the antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species directly linked to mitochondria. Hence mitochondria have a definite role in potentiating NAFLD. In this regard, it is essential to consider the role of epigenetics as well as mitochondrial contribution while developing a medication or therapy with the desired accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyoshi Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Selvam Sesili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ishfaq Hassan Mir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Biagioni F, Croci O, Sberna S, Donato E, Sabò A, Bisso A, Curti L, Chiesa A, Campaner S. Decoding YAP dependent transcription in the liver. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7959-7971. [PMID: 35871292 PMCID: PMC9371928 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator YAP is emerging as a master regulator of cell growth. In the liver, YAP activity is linked to hepatomegaly, regeneration, dedifferentiation, and aggressive tumor growth. Here we present genomic studies to address how YAP may elicit such profound biological changes in murine models. YAP bound the genome in a TEAD-dependent manner, either at loci constitutively occupied by TEAD or by pioneering enhancers, which comprised a fraction of HNF4a/FOXA-bound embryonic enhancers active during embryonic development but silent in the adult. YAP triggered transcription on promoters by recruiting BRD4, enhancing H3K122 acetylation, and promoting RNApol2 loading and pause-release. YAP also repressed HNF4a target genes by binding to their promoters and enhancers, thus preventing RNApol2 pause-release. YAP activation led to the induction of hepatocyte proliferation, accompanied by tissue remodeling, characterized by polarized macrophages, exhausted T-lymphocytes and dedifferentiation of endothelial cells into proliferative progenitors. Overall, these analyses suggest that YAP is a master regulator of liver function that reshapes the enhancer landscape to control transcription of genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, and inflammation, subverts lineage specification programs by antagonizing HNF4a and modulating the immune infiltrate and the vascular architecture of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Biagioni
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Ottavio Croci
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Silvia Sberna
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa Donato
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO)-IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Bisso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO)-IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Laura Curti
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Arianna Chiesa
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of CGS@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Milan , Italy
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Cao L, Wu Y, Li W, Zhang Z, Niu Y, Li C, Gu S. Cornus officinalis vinegar reduces body weight and attenuates hepatic steatosis in mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3248-3259. [PMID: 35673882 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the main bioactive components of Cornus officinalis vinegar (COV) and assess the effects of COV on the body weight (BW) and hepatic steatosis in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Seven-week-old KM female mice were divided into five treatment groups: (1) Normal control (NC) group, (2) high fat diet (HFD) group, (3) low concentration treatment group (3.5% COV), (4) medium concentration treatment group (5.0% COV), and (5) high concentration treatment group (6.5% COV). Mice in the NC group were fed with a normal chow diet, and those in the other four groups were fed with a HFD known for causing obesity for 10 weeks. Then, mice in the three COV treatment groups were orally administered with COV once a day for 6 weeks. Results showed that the contents of loganin and morroniside in COV reached 16.82 and 51.17 µg/ml, respectively, and COV also contained multiple organic acids. COV significantly reduced BW, abdominal fat weight, liver weight, and the levels of glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum and increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum (p < 0.05). COV also improved the liver function and anti-oxidant activity of liver (p < 0.05). COV treatments increased the interleukin-10 expression and reduced the tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the liver tissue of NAFLD mice (p < 0.05). Histopathological observation revealed that COV suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. The results suggest that COV may contribute to the alleviation of NAFLD and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zengmiao Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Niu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Shaobin Gu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, P.R. China
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Zhou Y, Li R, Zheng Y, Song M, Zhang S, Sun Y, Wei M, Fan X. Diosgenin Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Related Lipid/Amino Acid Metabolism in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854790. [PMID: 35548355 PMCID: PMC9081533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease closely associated with dietary habits. Diosgenin is abundant in yam, a common food and traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular mechanism of diosgenin on NAFLD has been preliminarily explored. However, the effect of diosgenin on metabolism and gut microbiota in NAFLD has not been reported. This study confirmed that diosgenin could suppress excessive weight gain, reduce serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, and decrease liver fat accumulation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats. Moreover, fecal metabolomics analysis suggested diosgenin improved abnormal lipid and amino acid metabolism. Bile acids, including lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate that function as excretion, absorption, and transport of fats, were remarkably regulated by diosgenin. Aromatic amino acid and lysine metabolism was regulated by diosgenin as well. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis demonstrated that diosgenin restored gut microbiota disorder, especially Globicatella, Phascolarctobacterium, Pseudochrobactrum, and uncultured_bacterium_f_Prevotellaceae at the genus level. Additionally, these regulated bacterial genera showed significant correlations with lipid and amino acid metabolism-related biomarkers. This study further confirmed the significant effect of diosgenin on NAFLD, and provided a new perspective for the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruoqi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Fan,
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12
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Zhan Z, Dai F, Zhang T, Chen Y, She J, Jiang H, Liu S, Gu T, Tang L. Oridonin alleviates hyperbilirubinemia through activating LXRα-UGT1A1 axis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106188. [PMID: 35338002 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia is a serious hazard to human health due to its neurotoxicity and lethality. So far, successful therapy for hyperbilirubinemia with fewer side effects is still lacking. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of oridonin (Ori), an active diterpenoid extracted from Rabdosia rubescens, on hyperbilirubinemia and revealed the underlying molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Here, we showed that liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) deletion eliminated the protective effect of Ori on phenylhydrazine hydrochloride-induced hyperbilirubinemia mice, indicating that LXRα acted as a key target for Ori treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. Ori significantly increased the expression of LXRα and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) in the liver of wild-type (WT) mice, which were lost in LXRα-/- mice. Ori or LXR agonist GW3965 also reduced lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced hyperbilirubinemia via activating LXRα/UGT1A1 in WT mice. Liver UGT1A1 enzyme activity was elevated by Ori or GW3965 in WT mice. Further, Ori up-regulated LXRα gene expression, increased its nuclear translocation and stimulated UGT1A1 promoter activity in HepG2 cells. After silencing LXRα by siRNA, Ori-induced UGT1A1 expression was markedly reduced in HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Taken together, Ori stimulated the transcriptional activity of LXRα, resulting in the up-regulation of UGT1A1. Therefore, Ori or its analogs might have the potential to treat hyperbilirubinemia-related diseases through modulating LXRα-UGT1A1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fahong Dai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Huanguo Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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13
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Puengel T, Liu H, Guillot A, Heymann F, Tacke F, Peiseler M. Nuclear Receptors Linking Metabolism, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052668. [PMID: 35269812 PMCID: PMC8910763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) comprise a spectrum of chronic liver diseases in the global population that can lead to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is closely linked to the metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance aggravate liver disease, while NAFLD promotes cardiovascular risk in affected patients. The pathomechanisms of NAFLD are multifaceted, combining hepatic factors including lipotoxicity, mechanisms of cell death and liver inflammation with extrahepatic factors including metabolic disturbance and dysbiosis. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-controlled transcription factors that regulate glucose, fat and cholesterol homeostasis and modulate innate immune cell functions, including liver macrophages. In parallel with metabolic derangement in NAFLD, altered NR signaling is frequently observed and might be involved in the pathogenesis. Therapeutically, clinical data indicate that single drug targets thus far have been insufficient for reaching patient-relevant endpoints. Therefore, combinatorial treatment strategies with multiple drug targets or drugs with multiple mechanisms of actions could possibly bring advantages, by providing a more holistic therapeutic approach. In this context, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and other NRs are of great interest as they are involved in wide-ranging and multi-organ activities associated with NASH progression or regression. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD, focusing on mechanisms of cell death, immunometabolism and the role of NRs. We outline novel therapeutic strategies and discuss remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (T.P.); (H.L.); (A.G.); (F.H.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.T.); (M.P.)
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14
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Dysregulation of S-adenosylmethionine Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Leads to Polyamine Flux and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041986. [PMID: 35216100 PMCID: PMC8878801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the number one cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with 25% of these patients developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH significantly increases the risk of cirrhosis and decompensated liver failure. Past studies in rodent models have shown that glycine-N-methyltransferase (GNMT) knockout results in rapid steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. However, the attenuation of GNMT in subjects with NASH and the molecular basis for its impact on the disease process is still unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we show the reduction of GNMT protein levels in the liver of NASH subjects compared to healthy controls. To gain insight into the impact of decreased GNMT in the disease process, we performed global label-free proteome studies on the livers from a murine modified amylin diet-based model of NASH. Histological and molecular characterization of the animal model demonstrate a high resemblance to human disease. We found that a reduction of GNMT leads to a significant increase in S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), an essential metabolite for transmethylation reactions and a substrate for polyamine synthesis. Further targeted proteomic and metabolomic studies demonstrated a decrease in GNMT transmethylation, increased flux through the polyamine pathway, and increased oxidative stress production contributing to NASH pathogenesis.
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15
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.
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16
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Negi CK, Babica P, Bajard L, Bienertova-Vasku J, Tarantino G. Insights into the molecular targets and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2022; 126:154925. [PMID: 34740573 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. With no Food and Drug Administration approved drugs, current treatment options include dietary restrictions and lifestyle modification. NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Hence, clinically various pharmacological approaches using existing drugs such as antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents have been considered in the management of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, several pharmacological therapies aiming to alleviate NAFLD-NASH are currently being examined at various phases of clinical trials. Emerging data from these studies with drugs targeting diverse molecular mechanisms show promising outcomes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and provides an insight into the pharmacological targets and emerging therapeutics with specific interventional mechanisms. In addition, we also discuss the importance and utility of new approach methodologies and regulatory perspectives for NAFLD-NASH drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander K Negi
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julie Bienertova-Vasku
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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17
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Baghaei K, Mazhari S, Tokhanbigli S, Parsamanesh G, Alavifard H, Schaafsma D, Ghavami S. Therapeutic potential of targeting regulatory mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation in liver fibrosis. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1044-1061. [PMID: 34952225 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a manifestation of different etiologies of liver disease with the involvement of multiple mediators in complex network interactions. Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) are the central driver of hepatic fibrosis, given their potential to induce connective tissue formation and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein accumulation. Therefore, identifying the cellular and molecular pathways involved in the activation of HSCs is crucial in gaining mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives to more effectively target the disease. In addition to a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the role of HSCs in liver fibrosis, we also discuss here the proposed therapeutic strategies based on targeting HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran; Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Sogol Mazhari
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Samaneh Tokhanbigli
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Gilda Parsamanesh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Helia Alavifard
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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18
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The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6889533. [PMID: 34745420 PMCID: PMC8566046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6889533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as a redox-centered disease due to the role of ROS in hepatic metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms accounting for these alternations are not completely understood. Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are dysregulated in NAFLD, and have a direct influence on the expression of a set of genes relating to the progress of hepatic lipid homeostasis and ROS generation. Meanwhile, the NRs act as redox sensors in response to metabolic stress. Therefore, targeting NRs may represent a promising strategy for improving oxidation damage and treating NAFLD. This review summarizes the link between impaired lipid metabolism and oxidative stress and highlights some NRs involved in regulating oxidant/antioxidant turnover in the context of NAFLD, shedding light on potential therapies based on NR-mediated modulation of ROS generation and lipid accumulation.
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19
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Lipid Metabolism Disorders in the Comorbid Course of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112978. [PMID: 34831201 PMCID: PMC8616072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently among the most common liver diseases. Unfavorable data on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and obesity have increased the attention of clinicians and researchers to the problem of NAFLD. The research results allow us to emphasize the systemicity and multifactoriality of the pathogenesis of liver parenchyma lesion. At the same time, many aspects of its classification, etiology, and pathogenesis remain controversial. Local and systemic metabolic disorders are also a part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can influence its course. The present article analyzes the metabolic pathways mediating the links of impaired lipid metabolism in NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides are involved in key metabolic and inflammatory pathways underlying the pathogenesis of both diseases. Moreover, inflammation and lipid metabolism demonstrate close links in the comorbid course of NAFLD and COPD.
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20
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Chen YJ, Song HY, Zhang ZW, Chen Q, Tang ZP, Gu M. Extracts of Vine Tea Improve Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Through AMPK-LXRα Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711763. [PMID: 34393793 PMCID: PMC8361841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese vine tea can improve glucose and lipid metabolic disorders. However, its protective effects in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Liver X receptor α (LXRα) inhibition and adenosine monophosphate-(AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation can enhance control of NASH. AMPK activators have also been shown to inactivate LXRα. Here, the anti-NASH effects of vine tea extract (VTE) dosed at 1 g.100 g-1 diet were investigated using NASH mice challenged with a methionine and choline-deficient l-amino acid diet (MCDD) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Pharmacological mechanisms of VTE were explored using TUNEL staining, AMPK inhibition, Western blot, reporter assays, qRT-PCR analyses, and immunofluorescence. VTE treatment improved fatty liver in HFD-induced mice, while it alleviated the progression of NASH including protecting against liver lipid accumulation, steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and functional injury in MCDD-fed mice. VTE reduced the action of hepatic lipogenic genes, F4/80, pro-inflammatory cytokines, CHOP, and cleaved Caspase-3 expression, while promoting expression of fatty acid oxidation genes CPT1α, ß. VTE also enhanced AMPK and blocked LXRα signaling in mouse livers. In vitro results indicated that VTE increased AMPK phosphorylation and reduced LXRα activity in HepG2 cells. Conversely, the antagonistic effect of VTE on LXRα was decreased through AMPK inhibition. Our data suggests that VTE may improve diet-induced NASH, which involves the pharmacological modulation of the AMPK-LXRα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yan Song
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Mastiha has efficacy in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases through a microRNA-155 Th17 dependent action. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105753. [PMID: 34224858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mastiha is a natural nutritional supplement with known anti-inflammatory properties. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are immune mediated inflammatory diseases that share common pathophysiological features. Mastiha has shown beneficial effects in both diseases. MicroRNAs have emerged as key regulators of inflammation and their modulation by phytochemicals have been extensively studied over the last years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether a common route exists in the anti-inflammatory activity of Mastiha, specifically through the regulation of miRNA levels. Plasma miR-16, miR-21 and miR-155 were measured by Real-Time PCR before and after two double blinded and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials with Mastiha. In IBD and particularly in ulcerative colitis patients in relapse, miR-155 increased in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas this increase was prevented by Mastiha. The mean changes were different in the two groups even after adjusting for age, sex and BMI (p = 0.024 for IBD and p = 0.042). Although the results were not so prominent in NAFLD, miR-155 displayed a downward trend in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas the levels did not changed significantly in the Mastiha group in patients with less advanced fibrosis. Our results propose a regulatory role for Mastiha in circulating levels of miR-155, a critical player in T helper-17 (Th17) differentiation and function.
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22
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Dixon ED, Nardo AD, Claudel T, Trauner M. The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050645. [PMID: 33926085 PMCID: PMC8145571 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders characterized by metabolic inflexibility with multiple pathological organ manifestations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a multifaceted role in controlling many metabolic activities, such as regulation of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and modulation of inflammatory genes. The activity of nuclear receptors is key in maintaining metabolic flexibility. Their activity depends on the availability of endogenous ligands, like fatty acids or oxysterols, and their derivatives produced by the catabolic action of metabolic lipases, most of which are under the control of nuclear receptors. For example, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and conversely releases fatty acids as ligands for PPARα, therefore, demonstrating the interdependency of nuclear receptors and lipases. The diverse biological functions and importance of nuclear receptors in metabolic syndrome and NAFLD has led to substantial effort to target them therapeutically. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of lipases and selected nuclear receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptor (LXR) in obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Trauner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-140-4004-7410; Fax: +43-14-0400-4735
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23
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways via Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors PPARs, FXR, and LXR in NASH. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1519-1539. [PMID: 33545430 PMCID: PMC8042405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease comprises a wide spectrum of liver injuries from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined when liver steatosis is associated with inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and fibrosis. A genetic predisposition and environmental insults (ie, dietary habits, obesity) are putatively responsible for NASH progression. Here, we present the impact of the lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NASH. In detail, we discuss the pros and cons of the putative transcriptional action of the fatty acid sensors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), the bile acid sensor (farnesoid X receptor), and the oxysterol sensor (liver X receptors) in the pathogenesis and bona fide treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy; National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy; Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
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Kim HY, Hong MH, Kim KW, Yoon JJ, Lee JE, Kang DG, Lee HS. Improvement of Hypertriglyceridemia by Roasted Nelumbinis folium in High Fat/High Cholesterol Diet Rat Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123859. [PMID: 33348773 PMCID: PMC7766402 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by high triglyceride levels and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of roasted Nelumbinis folium (RN), which is a medicinal substance produced by heating lotus leaves, on lipid metabolism in high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Except for those in the control group, Sprague–Dawley rats were fed an HFC diet for four weeks to induce hypertriglyceridemia. During the next nine weeks, the control, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet, FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day); RNL, RN (100 mg/kg/day); RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) were orally administered together with the diet, and the experiments were conducted for a total of 13 weeks. The weight of the epididymal adipose tissue, liver, and heart of rats in the HFC diet group significantly increased compared to those in the control group but improved in the RN-treated group. It was also confirmed that vascular function, which is damaged by an HFC diet, was improved after RN treatment. The levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein increased in the HFC diet group compared to those in the control group, while the administration of RN attenuated these parameters. In addition, the administration of RN significantly reduced the gene expression of both LXR and SREBP-1, which indicated the inhibitory effect of the biosynthesis of triglycerides caused by RN. The results indicated that RN administration resulted in an improvement in the overall lipid metabolism and a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides in the HFC diet-induced rat model of hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, our findings suggest that the RN can be a candidate material to provide a new direction for treating hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Mi Hyeon Hong
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
| | - Jung Joo Yoon
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.); Tel.: +82-63-6447 (D.G.K. & H.S.L.); Fax: +82-63-850-7260 (D.G.K. & H.S.L.)
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (M.H.H.); (K.W.K.); (J.J.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.G.K.); (H.S.L.); Tel.: +82-63-6447 (D.G.K. & H.S.L.); Fax: +82-63-850-7260 (D.G.K. & H.S.L.)
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25
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Kim JH, Jung DY, Kim HR, Jung MH. Histone H3K9 Demethylase JMJD2B Plays a Role in LXRα-Dependent Lipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218313. [PMID: 33167594 PMCID: PMC7664202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated liver X receptor α (LXRα) upregulates the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes, which leads to triglyceride (TG) accumulation, resulting in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, LXRα regulation may provide a novel therapeutic target against NAFLD. However, histone methylation-mediated epigenetic regulation involved in LXRα-dependent lipogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the histone demethylase Jumonji domain-containing protein 2B (JMJD2B) in LXRα-dependent lipogenesis. JMJD2B expression level was upregulated in HepG2 cells treated with LXRα agonist T0901317 or palmitate and the liver of mice administered with T0901317 or fed a high-fat diet. Knockdown of JMJD2B using siRNA abrogated T0901317-induced LXRα-dependent lipogenic gene expression and lowered intracellular TG accumulation. Conversely, overexpression of JMJD2B in HepG2 cells upregulated the expression of LXRα-dependent lipogenic genes, in line with increased intracellular TG levels. JMJD2B overexpression or T0901317 treatment induced the recruitment of JMJD2B and LXRα to LXR response elements (LXRE) in the promoter region of LXRα-target gene and reduced the enrichment of H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 in the vicinity of the LXRE. Furthermore, JMJD2B enhanced T0901317 or LXRα-induced transcriptional activities of reporters containing LXRE. A co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that JMJD2B interacted with activated LXRα. Moreover, overexpression of JMJD2B in mice resulted in upregulation of hepatic LXRα-dependent lipogenic genes, consistent with development of hepatic steatosis. Taken together, these results indicate that JMJD2B plays a role in LXRα-mediated lipogenesis via removing the repressive histone marks, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3, at LXRE, which might contribute to hepatic steatosis.
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26
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Shao M, Ye Z, Qin Y, Wu T. Abnormal metabolic processes involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 32934691 PMCID: PMC7471863 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases and can lead to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer in severe cases. In recent years, the incidence of NAFLD has increased substantially. The trend has continued to increase and has become a key point of concern for health systems. NAFLD is often associated with metabolic abnormalities caused by increased visceral obesity, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and systemic microinflammation. Therefore, the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD must be clarified to develop new drug treatment strategies. Recently, researchers have conducted numerous studies on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and have identified various important regulatory factors and potential molecular mechanisms, providing new targets and a theoretical basis for the treatment of NAFLD. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is extremely complex and involves the interrelationship and influence of multiple organs and systems. Therefore, the condition must be explored further. In the present review, the abnormal metabolic process, including glucose, lipid, amino acid, bile acid and iron metabolism are reviewed. It was concluded that NAFLD is associated with an imbalanced metabolic network that involves glucose, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and iron, and lipid metabolism is the core metabolic process. The current study aimed to provide evidence and hypotheses for research and clinical treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Qin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Lucchinetti E, Lou PH, Wawrzyniak P, Wawrzyniak M, Scharl M, Holtzhauer GA, Krämer SD, Hersberger M, Rogler G, Zaugg M. Novel Strategies to Prevent Total Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Gut and Liver Inflammation, and Adverse Metabolic Outcomes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901270. [PMID: 32359213 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving therapy administered to millions of patients. However, it is associated with significant adverse effects, namely liver injury, risk of infections, and metabolic derangements. In this review, the underlying causes of TPN-associated adverse effects, specifically gut atrophy, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome, leakage of the epithelial barrier with bacterial invasion, and inflammation are first described. The role of the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor, of pleiotropic hormones, and growth factors is highlighted, and the mechanisms of insulin resistance, namely the lack of insulinotropic and insulinomimetic signaling of gut-originating incretins as well as the potentially toxicity of phytosterols and pro-inflammatory fatty acids mainly released from soybean oil-based lipid emulsions, are discussed. Finally, novel approaches in the design of next generation lipid delivery systems are proposed. Propositions include modifying the physicochemical properties of lipid emulsions, the use of lipid emulsions generated from sustainable oils with favorable ratios of anti-inflammatory n-3 to pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids, beneficial adjuncts to TPN, and concomitant pharmacotherapies to mitigate TPN-associated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Phing-How Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Gregory A Holtzhauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
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