1
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Chen Y, Wang J, An C, Bao S, Zhang C. The role and research progress of macrophages after heart transplantation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33844. [PMID: 39027574 PMCID: PMC11255595 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the 60s of the 20th century, heart transplantation has been the best treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure. Due to the increasing number of patients, how to expand the number of donor organs and enhance immune compatibility has become an urgent problem to be solved at this stage. Although current immunosuppression is effective, its side effects are also quite obvious, such as opportunistic infections and malignant tumors. In this review, we focus on the important role in macrophages after heart transplantation and their potential targets for achieving allogeneic graft tolerance, in order to improve effective graft survival and reduce infection and the occurrence of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - JianPeng Wang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - ShanQing Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - ChengXin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
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2
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Xin Y, Zhang Z, Lv S, Xu S, Liu A, Li H, Li P, Han H, Liu Y. Elucidating VSMC phenotypic transition mechanisms to bridge insights into cardiovascular disease implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1400780. [PMID: 38803664 PMCID: PMC11128571 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1400780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, despite advances in understanding cardiovascular health. Significant barriers still exist in effectively preventing and managing these diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are crucial for maintaining vascular integrity and can switch between contractile and synthetic functions in response to stimuli such as hypoxia and inflammation. These transformations play a pivotal role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, facilitating vascular modifications and disease advancement. This article synthesizes the current understanding of the mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating VSMC phenotypic transitions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Xin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Aidong Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huize Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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3
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Zang G, Chen Y, Guo G, Wan A, Li B, Wang Z. Protective Effect of CD137 Deficiency Against Postinfarction Cardiac Fibrosis and Adverse Cardiac Remodeling by ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 83:446-456. [PMID: 38416872 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Myocardial fibrosis, a common complication of myocardial infarction (MI), is characterized by excessive collagen deposition and can result in impaired cardiac function. The specific role of CD137 in the development of post-MI myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of CD137 signaling using CD137 knockout mice and in vitro experiments. CD137 expression levels progressively increased in the heart after MI, particularly in myofibroblast, which play a key role in fibrosis. Remarkably, CD137 knockout mice exhibited improved cardiac function and reduced fibrosis compared with wild-type mice at day 28 post-MI. The use of Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red staining demonstrated a reduction in the infarct area and collagen volume fraction in CD137 knockout mice. Furthermore, the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I, key markers of fibrosis, was decreased in heart tissues lacking CD137. In vitro experiments supported these findings because CD137 depletion attenuated cardiac fibroblast differentiation, and migration, and collagen I synthesis. In addition, the administration of CD137L recombinant protein further promoted alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen I synthesis, suggesting a profibrotic effect. Notably, the application of an inhibitor targeting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway attenuated the profibrotic effects of CD137L. To conclude, this study provides evidence that CD137 plays a significant role in promoting myocardial fibrosis after MI. Inhibition of CD137 signaling pathways may hold therapeutic potential for mitigating pathological cardiac remodeling and improving post-MI cardiac function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Fibrosis
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/enzymology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
- Mice, Knockout
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Disease Models, Animal
- Male
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Myofibroblasts/metabolism
- Myofibroblasts/pathology
- Myofibroblasts/enzymology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/enzymology
- 4-1BB Ligand/metabolism
- 4-1BB Ligand/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Signal Transduction
- Cell Movement
- Mice
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Cell Differentiation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; and
| | - Yiliu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; and
| | - Ge Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; and
| | - Aijun Wan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; and
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; and
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4
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Kang Y, Wu W, Yang Y, Luo J, Lu Y, Yin L, Cui X. Progress in extracellular vesicle homeostasis as it relates to cardiovascular diseases. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01027-w. [PMID: 38687443 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in both physiological and pathological processes in many organ systems and are essential in mediating intercellular communication and maintaining organismal homeostasis. It is helpful to propose new strategies for disease treatment by elucidating the mechanisms of EV release and sorting. An increasing number of studies have shown that there is specific homeostasis in EVs, which is helpful for the human body to carry out physiological activities. In contrast, an EV homeostasis im-balance promotes or accelerates disease onset and development. Alternatively, regulating the quality of EVs can maintain homeostasis and even achieve the purpose of treating conditions. An analysis of the role of EV homeostasis in the onset and development of cardiovascular disease is presented in this review. This article also summarizes the methods that regulate EV homeostasis and their application in cardiovascular diseases. In particular, this study focuses on the connection between EV steady states and the cardiovascular system and the potential value of EVs in treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Kang
- College of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Wu
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinxi Luo
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Luchang Yin
- Clinical Medical School, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China.
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, P.R. China.
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5
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Alzahrani FA, Riza YM, Eid TM, Almotairi R, Scherschinski L, Contreras J, Nadeem M, Perez SE, Raikwar SP, Jha RM, Preul MC, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Bhatia K, Akhter N, Ahmad S. Exosomes in Vascular/Neurological Disorders and the Road Ahead. Cells 2024; 13:670. [PMID: 38667285 PMCID: PMC11049650 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, and aneurysms, are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of disease-causing proteins in the brain and spinal cord. Recent research suggests that proteins linked to these conditions can be secreted and transferred among cells using exosomes. The transmission of abnormal protein buildup and the gradual degeneration in the brains of impacted individuals might be supported by these exosomes. Furthermore, it has been reported that neuroprotective functions can also be attributed to exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases. The potential neuroprotective functions may play a role in preventing the formation of aggregates and abnormal accumulation of proteins associated with the disease. The present review summarizes the roles of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases as well as elucidating their therapeutic potential in AD, PD, ALS, HD, stroke, and aneurysms. By elucidating these two aspects of exosomes, valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases may be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir M. Riza
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M. Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Almotairi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lea Scherschinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Jessica Contreras
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Muhammed Nadeem
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Mark C. Preul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Andrew F. Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Michael T. Lawton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhatia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403, USA
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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6
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Heo J, Kang H. Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells regulate pulmonary artery endothelial cell dysfunction through extracellular vesicle miR-409-5p. Biol Chem 2024; 405:203-215. [PMID: 37903646 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulate vascular remodeling, resulting in vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension. VSMCs communicate with endothelial cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying cargos, including microRNAs. To understand the molecular mechanisms through which PDGF-stimulated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) interact with pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) under pathological conditions, we investigated the crosstalk between PASMCs and PAECs via extracellular vesicle miR-409-5p under PDGF stimulation. miR-409-5p expression was upregulated in PASMCs upon PDGF signaling, and it was released into EVs. The elevated expression of miR-409-5p was transported to PAECs and led to their impaired function, including reduced NO release, which consequentially resulted in enhanced PASMC proliferation. We propose that the positive regulatory loop of PASMC-extracellular vesicle miR-409-5p-PAEC is a potential mechanism underlying the proliferation of PASMCs under PDGF stimulation. Therefore, miR-409-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyeon Heo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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7
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Solanki K, Bezsonov E, Orekhov A, Parihar SP, Vaja S, White FA, Obukhov AG, Baig MS. Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107282. [PMID: 38325566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; The Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Turgenev State University of Orel, Orel, Russia
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shivani Vaja
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Fletcher A White
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India.
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8
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Zhao X, Kong X, Cui Z, Zhang Z, Wang M, Liu G, Gao H, Zhang J, Qin W. Communication between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis: Focusing on exosomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106690. [PMID: 38181871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic hepatic disorder on a global scale. Atherosclerosis (AS), a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, stands as the primary contributor to mortality among patients diagnosed with NAFLD. However, the precise etiology by which NAFLD causes AS remains unclear. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, and are considered to participate in complex biological processes by promoting cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ communications. As vesicles containing protein, mRNA, non-coding RNA and other bioactive molecules, exosomes can participate in the development of NAFLD and AS respectively. Recently, studies have shown that NAFLD can also promote the development of AS via secreting exosomes. Herein, we summarized the recent advantages of exosomes in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and AS, and highlighted the role of exosomes in mediating the information exchange between NAFLD and AS. Further, we discussed how exosomes play a prominent role in enabling information exchange among diverse organs, delving into a novel avenue for investigating the link between diseases and their associated complications. The future directions and emerging challenges are also listed regarding the exosome-based therapeutic strategies for AS under NAFLD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Xinxin Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhoujun Cui
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Zejin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Honggang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China.
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9
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Kang C, Ren X, Lee D, Ramesh R, Nimmo S, Yang-Hartwich Y, Kim D. Harnessing small extracellular vesicles for pro-oxidant delivery: novel approach for drug-sensitive and resistant cancer therapy. J Control Release 2024; 365:286-300. [PMID: 37992875 PMCID: PMC10872719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is an inevitable clinical problem in chemotherapy due to the activation of abundant P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that can efflux drugs. Limitations of current cancer therapy highlight the need for the development of a comprehensive cancer treatment strategy, including drug-resistant cancers. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) possess significant potential in surmounting drug resistance as they can effectively evade the efflux mechanism and transport small molecules directly to MDR cancer cells. One mechanism mediating MDR in cancer cells is sustaining increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintenance of the redox balance with antioxidants, including glutathione (GSH). Herein, we developed GSH-depleting benzoyloxy dibenzyl carbonate (B2C)-encapsulated sEVs (BsEVs), which overcome the efflux system to exert highly potent anticancer activity against human MDR ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-8/MDR) by depleting GSH to induce oxidative stress and, in turn, apoptotic cell death in both OVCAR-8/MDR and OVCAR-8 cancer cells. BsEVs restore drug responsiveness by inhibiting ATP production through the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with hydrogen (NADH) and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the dysfunction of efflux pumps responsible for drug resistance. In vivo studies showed that BsEV treatment significantly inhibited the growth of OVCAR-8/MDR and OVCAR-8 tumors. Additionally, OVCAR-8/MDR tumors showed a trend towards a greater sensitivity to BsEVs compared to OVCAR tumors. In summary, this study demonstrates that BsEVs hold tremendous potential for cancer treatment, especially against MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsun Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Susan Nimmo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Yang Yang-Hartwich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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10
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Mehryab F, Rabbani S, Shekari F, Nazari A, Goshtasbi N, Haeri A. Sirolimus-loaded exosomes as a promising vascular delivery system for the prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:158-176. [PMID: 37518365 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Restenosis remains the main reason for treatment failure of arterial disease. Sirolimus (SIR) as a potent anti-proliferative agent is believed to prevent the phenomenon. The application of exosomes provides an extended-release delivery platform for SIR intramural administration. Herein, SIR was loaded into fibroblast-derived exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation. Different parameters affecting drug loading were optimized, and exosome samples were characterized regarding physicochemical, pharmaceutical, and biological properties. Cytotoxicity, scratch wound assays, and quantitative real-time PCR for inflammation- and migration-associated genes were performed. Restenosis was induced by carotid injury in a rat carotid model and then exosomes were locally administered. After 14 days, animals were investigated by computed tomography (CT) angiography, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Western blotting confirmed the presence of specific protein markers in exosomes. Characterization of empty and SIR-loaded exosomes verified round and nanoscale structure of vesicles. Among prepared formulations, desired entrapment efficiency (EE) of 76% was achieved by protein:drug proportion of 2:1 and simple incubation for 30 min at 37 °C. Also, the optimal formulation released about 30% of the drug content during the first 24 h, followed by a prolonged release for several days. In vitro studies revealed the uptake and functional efficacy of the optimized formulation. In vivo studies revealed that %restenosis was in the following order: saline > empty exosomes > SIR-loaded exosomes. Furthermore, Ki67, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) markers were less expressed in the SIR-exosomes-treated arteries. These findings confirmed that exosomal SIR could be a hopeful strategy for the prevention of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdoreza Nazari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Goshtasbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran.
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Olejarz W, Sadowski K, Radoszkiewicz K. Extracellular Vesicles in Atherosclerosis: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:388. [PMID: 38203558 PMCID: PMC10779125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in the arteries, leading to narrowing and thrombosis that causes mortality. Emerging evidence has confirmed that atherosclerosis affects younger people and is involved in the majority of deaths worldwide. EVs are associated with critical steps in atherosclerosis, cholesterol metabolism, immune response, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and remodeling. Endothelial cell-derived EVs can interact with platelets and monocytes, thereby influencing endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, and the formation of thrombus. EVs are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in atherosclerosis (AS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, EVs derived from stem/progenitor cells are essential mediators of cardiogenesis and cardioprotection and may be used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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12
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Neves KB, Rios FJ, Sevilla‐Montero J, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Exosomes and the cardiovascular system: role in cardiovascular health and disease. J Physiol 2023; 601:4923-4936. [PMID: 35306667 PMCID: PMC10953460 DOI: 10.1113/jp282054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs), are generated in the endosomal compartment of almost all eukaryotic cells. They are formed upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane and carry proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other cellular constituents from their parent cells. Multiple factors influence their production including cell stress and injury, humoral factors, circulating toxins, and oxidative stress. They play an important role in intercellular communication, through their ability to transfer their cargo (proteins, lipids, RNAs) from one cell to another. Exosomes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, kidney disease, and inflammatory conditions. In addition, circulating exosomes may act as biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic strategies for several pathological processes. In particular exosome-containing miRNAs have been suggested as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of myocardial injury, stroke and endothelial dysfunction. They may also have therapeutic potential, acting as vectors to deliver therapies in a targeted manner, such as the delivery of protective miRNAs. Transfection techniques are in development to load exosomes with desired cargo, such as proteins or miRNAs, to achieve up-regulation in the host cell or tissue. These advances in the field have the potential to assist in the detection and monitoring progress of a disease in patients during its early clinical stages, as well as targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla B. Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Francisco J. Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Javier Sevilla‐Montero
- Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS‐IP)Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma of Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
| | | | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI‐MUHC)McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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13
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Mehryab F, Taghizadeh F, Goshtasbi N, Merati F, Rabbani S, Haeri A. Exosomes as cutting-edge therapeutics in various biomedical applications: An update on engineering, delivery, and preclinical studies. Biochimie 2023; 213:139-167. [PMID: 37207937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles, circulating in different body fluids, and acting as an intercellular mechanism. They can be purified from culture media of different cell types and carry an enriched content of various protein and nucleic acid molecules originating from their parental cells. It was indicated that the exosomal cargo can mediate immune responses via many signaling pathways. Over recent years, the therapeutic effects of various exosome types were broadly investigated in many preclinical studies. Herein, we present an update on recent preclinical studies on exosomes as therapeutic and/or delivery agents for various applications. The exosome origin, structural modifications, natural or loaded active ingredients, size, and research outcomes were summarized for various diseases. Overall, the present article provides an overview of the latest exosome research interests and developments to clear the way for the clinical study design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Goshtasbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Merati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Sharma P, Dhamija RK, Nag TC, Roy A, Inampudi KK. Different Biofluids, Small Extracellular Vesicles or Exosomes: Structural Analysis in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Using Electron Microscopy Techniques. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1168-1177. [PMID: 37749667 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) or exosomes are secretory vesicles largely involved in cell-cell communications and found to play a role in development as well as diseases including atherosclerosis. They hold a huge potential for translational research by devising better clinical diagnostics, biomarker discovery, drug delivery, and therapeutic strategies. Variations terms of morphology and distribution are crucial to biological function integrity. Moreover, it is dependent on susceptibility to influential factors of the environment like cell stress, inflammation, and secretion by different cells in subsequent biofluids. We have observed the morphological variations in sEVs or exosomes freshly isolated from patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (AsCVD), in blood plasma, saliva, and urine biofluids compared to healthy controls. High-resolution images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the characterization of sEVs morphology. Western blotting and immuno-TEM gold labeling confirmed the presence of exosome markers. For the first time, we report size and shape variations, which suggest the existence of different functions of sEVs in the disease state. Morphological variations in sEVs were observed significantly in noninvasive AsCVD saliva and urine samples, important to understand the cell behavior and physiological state. These variations will be useful to investigate their possible role in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
- Human Behaviour Department, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Rajinder K Dhamija
- Human Behaviour Department, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ambuj Roy
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kishore Inampudi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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15
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Lu Z, Tang H, Li S, Zhu S, Li S, Huang Q. Role of Circulating Exosomes in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1575-1593. [PMID: 36847232 PMCID: PMC10472809 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230214112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that contain multiple macromolecules secreted by the parent cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. In recent years, the function of exosomes in cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) has been intensively studied. Herein, we briefly review the current understanding of exosomes in CVDs. We discuss their role in the pathophysiology of the diseases and the value of the exosomes for clinical applications as biomarkers and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Lu
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haishuang Tang
- Department of Nerurosurgery, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Intervention, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qinghai Huang
- Department of Neurovascular Centre, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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16
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Ren Y, Zhang H. Emerging role of exosomes in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1090909. [PMID: 36937921 PMCID: PMC10017462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological small spherical lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by most cells in the body. Their contents include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can transfer material molecules between cells and consequently have a variety of biological functions, participating in disease development while exhibiting potential value as biomarkers and therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are vital mediators of vascular remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammatory cells, and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can communicate through exosomes; such communication is associated with inflammatory responses, cell migration and proliferation, and cell metabolism, leading to changes in vascular function and structure. Essential hypertension (EH), atherosclerosis (AS), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the most common vascular diseases and are associated with significant vascular remodeling. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the involvement of exosomes in vascular remodeling through intercellular information exchange and provides new ideas for understanding related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honggang Zhang,
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17
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Tang HY, Chen AQ, Zhang H, Gao XF, Kong XQ, Zhang JJ. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Phenotypic Switching in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244060. [PMID: 36552822 PMCID: PMC9777337 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the major cell type in the arterial vessel wall, have a contractile phenotype that maintains the normal vessel structure and function under physiological conditions. In response to stress or vascular injury, contractile VSMCs can switch to a less differentiated state (synthetic phenotype) to acquire the proliferative, migratory, and synthetic capabilities for tissue reparation. Imbalances in VSMCs phenotypic switching can result in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, in-stent restenosis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular calcification. It is very important to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating VSMCs phenotypic switching to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases with high morbidity and mortality. However, the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways participating in VSMCs phenotypic switching have still not been fully elucidated despite long-term efforts by cardiovascular researchers. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the recent studies and systematic knowledge of VSMCs phenotypic switching in atherosclerosis, in-stent restenosis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular calcification, which may help guide future research and provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yue Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Ai-Qun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Heart Centre, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xiang-Quan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Heart Centre, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-52208048
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18
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Yao J, Cai L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhuang W, Liang J, Li H. Exosomes: mediators regulating the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:153. [PMID: 36221105 PMCID: PMC9555104 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of human mortality worldwide, mainly due to atherosclerosis (AS), and the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key event in the development of AS. Exosomes contain a variety of specific nucleic acids and proteins that mediate intercellular communication. The role of exosomes in AS has attracted attention. This review uses the VSMC phenotypic transition in AS as the entry point, introduces the effect of exosomes on AS from different perspectives, and discusses the status quo, deficiencies, and potential future directions in this field to provide new ideas for clinical research and treatment of AS. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linqian Cai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingrui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Afliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Li T, Wang B, Ding H, Chen S, Cheng W, Li Y, Wu X, Wang L, Jiang Y, Lu Z, Teng Y, Su S, Han X, Zhao M. Effect of Extracellular Vesicles From Multiple Cells on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857331. [PMID: 35620296 PMCID: PMC9127356 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS)-related diseases are still the main cause of death in clinical patients. The phenotype switching, proliferation, migration, and secretion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. Although numerous research studies have elucidated the role of VSMCs in AS, their potential functional regulations continue to be explored. The formation of AS involves various cells, such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Therefore, intercellular communication of blood vessels cannot be ignored due to closely connected endothelia, media, and adventitia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as the vectors of cell-to-cell communication, can deliver proteins and nucleic acids of parent cells to the recipient cells. EVs have emerged as being central in intercellular communication and play a vital role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of AS. This review summarizes the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from multiple cells (endothelial cells, macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells, etc.) on VSMCs in AS. The key findings of this review are as follows: 1) endothelial cell–derived EVs (EEVs) have anti- or pro-atherogenic effects on VSMCs; 2) macrophage-derived EVs (MEVs) aggravate the proliferation and migration of VSMCs; 3) mesenchymal stem cells can inhibit VSMCs; and 4) the proliferation and migration of VSMCs can be inhibited by the treatment of EVs with atherosclerosis-protective factors and promoted by noxious stimulants. These results suggested that EVs have the same functional properties as treated parent cells, which might provide vital guidance for treating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baofu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Oncology, Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Teng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Su
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowan Han
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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20
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Lymphatic and Blood Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: A Story Yet to Be Written. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050654. [PMID: 35629322 PMCID: PMC9144833 DOI: 10.3390/life12050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are cell-derived, lipid bilayer-enclosed particles mediating intercellular communication and are therefore vital for transmitting a plethora of biological signals. The vascular endothelium substantially contributes to the circulating particulate secretome, targeting important signaling pathways that affect blood cells and regulate adaptation and plasticity of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Different molecular signatures and functional properties of endothelial cells reflect their heterogeneity among different vascular beds and drive current research to understand varying physiological and pathological effects of blood and lymphatic endothelial EVs. Endothelial EVs have been linked to the development and progression of various vascular diseases, thus having the potential to serve as biomarkers and clinical treatment targets. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the human vasculature, the biology of extracellular vesicles, and the current knowledge of endothelium-derived EVs, including their potential role as biomarkers in disease development.
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21
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Xu Y, Chen R, Yan J, Zang G, Shao C, Wang Z. CD137 Signal Mediates Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Necrosis of Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1163-1175. [PMID: 35419772 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The injury of cardiomyocytes after ischemia-reperfusion is the main reason of cardiac dysfunction. Necrosis is one of the methods of programmed cell death and cardiomyocyte necrosis occurs in the process of reperfusion. The activation of CD137 signal is involved in various diseases. In vivo experiments proved that CD137-/- mice have less heart damage than wild-type mice after ischemia-reperfusion. In vitro experiments, we found that after inhibiting the CD137 signal, the degree of necrosis of HL-1 cells was reduced and it was caused by reducing the Ca2 + overload in the mitochondria, which caused the reduction of mPTP opening. Ca2 + overload in mitochondria induced by activation of CD137 signal was caused by increased Ca2 + released into mitochondria by activation of IP3R and increased MCU level. These results indicate that CD137 signaling aggravates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing myocardial cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Health Science Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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22
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Message in a Bottle: Endothelial Cell Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081969. [PMID: 35454874 PMCID: PMC9026533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elucidating the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the communication mechanisms between cancer and endothelial cells (ECs) within the tumor microenvironment is an exciting challenge. At the same time, due to their ability to convey bioactive molecules, EVs may be potentially relevant from a therapeutic perspective for diverse vascular pathologies. Abstract Intercellular communication is a key biological mechanism that is fundamental to maintain tissue homeostasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical regulators of cell–cell communication in both physiological and pathological conditions, due to their ability to shuttle a variety of cell constituents, such as DNA, RNA, lipids, active metabolites, cytosolic, and cell surface proteins. In particular, endothelial cells (ECs) are prominently regulated by EVs released by neighboring cell types. The discovery that cancer cell-derived EVs can control the functions of ECs has prompted the investigation of their roles in tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression. In particular, here, we discuss evidence that supports the roles of exosomes in EC regulation within the tumor microenvironment and in vascular dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis. Moreover, we survey the molecular mechanisms and exosomal cargoes that have been implicated in explanations of these regulatory effects.
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23
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Santiago-Fernandez C, Rodríguez-Díaz C, Ho-Plagaro A, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Oliva-Olivera W, Martin-Reyes F, Mela V, Bautista R, Tome M, Gómez-Maldonado J, Tinahones FJ, Garcia-Fuentes E, Garrido-Sánchez L. EVOO Promotes a Less Atherogenic Profile Than Sunflower Oil in Smooth Muscle Cells Through the Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Endothelial Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:867745. [PMID: 35495944 PMCID: PMC9039400 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.867745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effect of extra virgin olive (EVOO) and sunflower oil (SO) on the composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by endothelial cells and the effects of these EVs on smooth muscle cells (SMCs). These cells play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Methods We evaluated the effects of endothelial cells-derived EVs incubated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins obtained after a high-fat meal with EVOO (EVOO-EVs) and SO (SO-EVs), on the transcriptomic profile of SMCs. Results We found 41 upregulated and 19 downregulated differentially expressed (DE)-miRNAs in EVOO-EVs. Afterwards, SMCs were incubated with EVOO-EVs and SO-EVs. SMCs incubated with SO-EVs showed a greater number of DE-mRNA involved in pathways related to cancer, focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK, toll-like receptor, chemokine and Wnt signaling pathways than in SMCs incubated with EVOO-EVs. These DE-mRNAs were involved in biological processes related to the response to endogenous stimulus, cell motility, regulation of intracellular signal transduction and cell population proliferation. Conclusion EVOO and SO can differently modify the miRNA composition of HUVEC-derived EVs. These EVs can regulate the SMCs transcriptomic profile, with SO-EVs promoting a profile more closely linked to the development of atherosclerosis than EVOO-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Santiago-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plagaro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Repiso
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martin-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Virginia Mela
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática-Supercomputing and Bioinnovation Center, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mónicas Tome
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - Josefa Gómez-Maldonado
- Unidad de Genómica y Ultrasecuenciación-Supercomputing and Bioinnovation Center, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
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Heo J, Kang H. Exosome-Based Treatment for Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23021002. [PMID: 35055187 PMCID: PMC8778342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23021002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which lipids accumulate on the walls of blood vessels, thickening and clogging these vessels. It is well known that cell-to-cell communication is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that deliver various substances (e.g., RNA, DNA, and proteins) from the donor cell to the recipient cell and that play an important role in intercellular communication. Atherosclerosis can be either induced or inhibited through cell-to-cell communication using exosomes. An understanding of the function of exosomes as therapeutic tools and in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is necessary to develop new atherosclerosis therapies. In this review, we summarize the studies on the regulation of atherosclerosis through exosomes derived from multiple cells as well as research on exosome-based atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyeon Heo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
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25
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Gupta S, Mazumder P. Exosomes as diagnostic tools. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 110:117-144. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Liang QQ, Liu L. Application of vascular endothelial cells in stem cell medicine. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10765-10780. [PMID: 35047589 PMCID: PMC8678855 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i35.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell medicine is gaining momentum in the development of therapy for various end-stage diseases. The search for new seed cells and exploration of their application prospects are topics of interest in stem cell medicine. In recent years, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) have attracted wide attention from scholars. VECs, which form the inner lining of blood vessels, are critically involved in many physiological functions, including permeability, angiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, immunity, and pathological development, such as atherosclerosis and malignant tumors. VECs have significant therapeutic effects and broad application prospects in stem cell medicine for the treatment of various refractory diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetic complications, hypertension, coronavirus disease 2019, and malignant tumors. On the one hand, VECs and their extracellular vesicles can be directly used for the treatment of these diseases. On the other hand, VECs can be used as therapeutic targets for some diseases. However, there are still some obstacles to the use of VECs in stem cell medicine. In this review, advances in the applications and challenges that come with the use of these cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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27
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Jadli AS, Parasor A, Gomes KP, Shandilya R, Patel VB. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological Potential of Nano-Messenger. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:767488. [PMID: 34869682 PMCID: PMC8632805 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.767488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major global health problem, due to their continued high incidences and mortality. The last few decades have witnessed new advances in clinical research which led to increased survival and recovery in CVD patients. Nevertheless, elusive and multifactorial pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD development perplexed researchers in identifying efficacious therapeutic interventions. Search for novel and effective strategies for diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for CVD has shifted research focus on extracellular vesicles (EVs) in recent years. By transporting molecular cargo from donor to recipient cells, EVs modulate gene expression and influence the phenotype of recipient cells, thus EVs prove to be an imperative component of intercellular signaling. Elucidation of the role of EVs in intercellular communications under physiological conditions implied the enormous potential of EVs in monitoring and treatment of CVD. The EVs secreted from the myriad of cells in the cardiovascular system such as cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, cardiac progenitor cells, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells may facilitate the communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding EVs-mediated cellular communication may delineate the mechanism of origin and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The current review summarizes exosome-mediated paracrine signaling leading to cardiovascular disease. The mechanistic role of exosomes in cardiovascular disease will provide novel avenues in designing diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul S Jadli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ananya Parasor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karina P Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ruchita Shandilya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vaibhav B Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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28
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Lin B, Yang J, Song Y, Dang G, Feng J. Exosomes and Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738031. [PMID: 34513963 PMCID: PMC8427277 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is their common pathological foundation. It is known that atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial activation/injury, accumulation of inflammatory immune cells and lipid-rich foam cells, followed by the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Either from arterial vessel wall or blood circulation, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, foam cells, and platelets have been considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Exosomes, as natural nano-carriers and intercellular messengers, play a significant role in modulation of cell-to-cell communication. Under physiological or pathological conditions, exosomes can deliver their cargos including donor cell-specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to target cells, which in turn affect the function of the target cells. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiological significance of various exosomes derived from different cell types associated with atherosclerosis, and the potential applications of exosome in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Dang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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29
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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30
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Yuan W, Xu C, Li B, Xia H, Pan Y, Zhong W, Xu L, Chen R, Wang B. Contributions of Costimulatory Molecule CD137 in Endothelial Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020721. [PMID: 34027676 PMCID: PMC8483511 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is a surface glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that can be induced on a variety of immunocytes and nonimmune cells, including endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The importance of CD137 in immune response has been well recognized; however, the precise biological effects and underlying mechanisms of CD137 in endothelial cells are unclear. A single layer of cells called the endothelium constitutes the innermost layer of blood vessels including larger arteries, veins, the capillaries, and the lymphatic vessels. It not only acts as an important functional interface, but also participates in local inflammatory response. This review covers recent findings to illuminate the role of CD137 in endothelial cells in different pathophysiologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Chong Xu
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Liangjie Xu
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Union Hospital Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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31
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Albacete-Albacete L, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Del Pozo MA. Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Mechanism Governing the Secretion and Biological Roles of Tenascin-C. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671485. [PMID: 33981316 PMCID: PMC8107694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ECM composition and architecture are tightly regulated for tissue homeostasis. Different disorders have been associated to alterations in the levels of proteins such as collagens, fibronectin (FN) or tenascin-C (TnC). TnC emerges as a key regulator of multiple inflammatory processes, both during physiological tissue repair as well as pathological conditions ranging from tumor progression to cardiovascular disease. Importantly, our current understanding as to how TnC and other non-collagen ECM components are secreted has remained elusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles released to the extracellular space by most cell types, playing a key role in cell-cell communication. A broad range of cellular components can be transported by EVs (e.g. nucleic acids, lipids, signalling molecules and proteins). These cargoes can be transferred to target cells, potentially modulating their function. Recently, several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been characterized as bona fide EV cargoes, exosomal secretion being particularly critical for TnC. EV-dependent ECM secretion might underpin diseases where ECM integrity is altered, establishing novel concepts in the field such as ECM nucleation over long distances, and highlighting novel opportunities for diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review recent findings and standing questions on the molecular mechanisms governing EV–dependent ECM secretion and its potential relevance for disease, with a focus on TnC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Albacete-Albacete
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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32
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Pasca S, Jurj A, Zdrenghea M, Tomuleasa C. The Potential Equivalents of TET2 Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071499. [PMID: 33805247 PMCID: PMC8036366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) TET2 mutations have been observed to be mutually exclusive with IDH1, IDH2, and WT1 mutations, all of them showing a similar impact on the transcription profile. Because of this, it is possible that TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 mutated AML could be considered as having similar characteristics between each other. Nonetheless, other genes also interact with TET2 and influence its activity. Because of this, it is possible that other signatures exist that would mimic the effect of TET2 mutations. Thus, in this review, we searched the literature for the genes that were observed to interact with TET2 and classified them in the following manner: transcription alteration, miRs, direct interaction, posttranslational changes, and substrate reduction. Abstract TET2 is a dioxygenase dependent on Fe2+ and α-ketoglutarate which oxidizes 5-methylcytosine (5meC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmeC). TET proteins successively oxidize 5mC to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Among these oxidized methylcytosines, 5fC and 5caC are directly excised by thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) and ultimately replaced with unmethylated cytosine. Mutations in TET2 have been shown to lead to a hypermethylated state of the genome and to be responsible for the initiation of the oncogenetic process, especially in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Nonetheless, this was also shown to be the case in other cancers. In AML, TET2 mutations have been observed to be mutually exclusive with IDH1, IDH2, and WT1 mutations, all of them showing a similar impact on the transcription profile of the affected cell. Because of this, it is possible that TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 mutated AML could be considered as having similar characteristics between each other. Nonetheless, other genes also interact with TET2 and influence its effect, thus making it possible that other signatures exist that would mimic the effect of TET2 mutations. Thus, in this review, we searched the literature for the genes that were observed to interact with TET2 and classified them in the following manner: transcription alteration, miRs, direct interaction, posttranslational changes, and substrate reduction. What we propose in the present review is the potential extension of the TET2/IDH1/2/WT1 entity with the addition of certain expression signatures that would be able to induce a similar phenotype with that induced by TET2 mutations. Nonetheless, we recommend that this approach be taken on a disease by disease basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (S.P.); (M.Z.); (C.T.)
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, 400124 Cluj Napoca, Romania
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Wang C, Li Z, Liu Y, Yuan L. Exosomes in atherosclerosis: performers, bystanders, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3996-4010. [PMID: 33664877 PMCID: PMC7914371 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized lipid vesicles originating from the endosomal system that carry many macromolecules from their parental cells and play important roles in intercellular communication. The functions and underlying mechanisms of exosomes in atherosclerosis have recently been intensively studied. In this review, we briefly introduce exosome biology and then focus on advances in the roles of exosomes in atherosclerosis, specifically exosomal changes associated with atherosclerosis, their cellular origins and potential functional cargos, and their detailed impacts on recipient cells. We also discuss the potential of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers for managing atherosclerosis.
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Yang W, Pan X, Ma A. The Potential of Exosomal RNAs in Atherosclerosis Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Neurol 2021; 11:572226. [PMID: 33643177 PMCID: PMC7905228 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.572226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that can lead to cardiovascular disorders and stroke. In the atherosclerosis microenvironment, exosomes secreted from various cells, especially macrophage-derived exosomes, play an important role in cell–cell communication and cellular biological functions. In this article, we review previous studies on exosomal RNAs and discuss their potential value in atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy. Based on our research, we concluded that macrophage exosomes have potential value in atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy. However, there is a need for future studies to further investigate methods of exosome isolation and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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35
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Pashova A, Work LM, Nicklin SA. The role of extracellular vesicles in neointima formation post vascular injury. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109783. [PMID: 32956789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological neointimal growth can develop in patients as a result of vascular injury following percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting using autologous saphenous vein, leading to arterial or vein graft occlusion. Neointima formation driven by intimal hyperplasia occurs as a result of a complex interplay between molecular and cellular processes involving different cell types including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and various inflammatory cells. Therefore, understanding the intercellular communication mechanisms underlying this process remains of fundamental importance in order to develop therapeutic strategies to preserve endothelial integrity and vascular health post coronary interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, are membrane-bound particles secreted by cells which mediate intercellular signalling in physiological and pathophysiological states, however their role in neointima formation is not fully understood. The purification and characterization techniques currently used in the field are associated with many limitations which significantly hinder the ability to comprehensively study the role of specific EV types and make direct functional comparisons between EV subpopulations. In this review, the current knowledge focusing on EV signalling in neointima formation post vascular injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pashova
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L M Work
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S A Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Zarà M, Amadio P, Campodonico J, Sandrini L, Barbieri SS. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E943. [PMID: 33198302 PMCID: PMC7696149 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles of endocytic origin physiologically released by nearly all cell types into surrounding body fluids. They carry cell-specific cargos of protein, lipids, and genetic materials and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells. Since the intrinsic properties of exosomes are strictly influenced by the state of the parental cell and by the cellular microenvironment, the analysis of exosome origin and content, and their cell-targeting specificity, make them attractive as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. While the possible role of exosomes as messengers and a regenerative tool in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is actively investigated, the evidence about their usefulness as biomarkers is still limited and incomplete. Further complications are due to the lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization, both important issues for their effective clinical translation. As a consequence, in this review, we will discuss the few information currently accessible about the diagnostic/prognostic potential of exosomes in CVDs and on the methodologies available for exosome isolation, analysis, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Jeness Campodonico
- Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Silvia S. Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
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Kang C, Han P, Lee JS, Lee D, Kim D. Anchor, Spacer, and Ligand-Modified Engineered Exosomes for Trackable Targeted Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2541-2552. [PMID: 33115231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have been widely demonstrated as an effective anticancer therapeutic moiety. However, their clinical translation has been limited by the requirement of prohibitively high therapeutic doses due to their lack of specificity in delivery and, consequently, short systemic half-life. To overcome these challenges, we engineered a platform for modifying exosomes with an active targeting modality composed of membrane Anchor (BODIPY)-Spacer (PEG)-targeting Ligands (cyclic RGD peptide) (ASL). Herein, we show that the intramembrane incorporation of a trackable, targeting system renders ASL exosomes (AExs) a modular platform. AExs significantly overcome challenges associated with exosome modification, including potential damage for functionalization, or destabilizing interactions between dyes and drugs. ASL-modification not only enhanced stability in imparting active targeting but also introduced a built-in bioimaging modality. Our studies show that AExs target B16F10 melanoma tumor sites by the specific interaction of cyclic RGD and integrin. Doxorubicin encapsulated AExs (dAExs) significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we conclude that ASL-modification allows exosomes to be transformed into a novel therapeutic vehicle uniquely integrating in vivo tracking and robust targeting with drug delivery. We anticipate that the therapeutic, targeting, and diagnostic modularity provided by ASL will potentiate translational applications of exosome-based vehicles beyond anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsun Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea, 54896
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
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The function and regulation of TET2 in innate immunity and inflammation. Protein Cell 2020; 12:165-173. [PMID: 33085059 PMCID: PMC7895883 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TET2, a member of ten-eleven translocation (TET) family as α-ketoglutarate- and Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), has been widely recognized to be an important regulator for normal hematopoiesis especially myelopoiesis. Mutation and dysregulation of TET2 contribute to the development of multiple hematological malignancies. Recent studies reveal that TET2 also plays an important role in innate immune homeostasis by promoting DNA demethylation or independent of its enzymatic activity. Here, we focus on the functions of TET2 in the initiation and resolution of inflammation through epigenetic regulation and signaling network. In addition, we highlight regulation of TET2 at various molecular levels as well as the correlated inflammatory diseases, which will provide the insight to intervene in the pathological process caused by TET2 dysregulation.
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Zhang Z, Yi D, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Hu X, Ying G, Peng X, Wen T. Exosomal LINC01005 derived from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated endothelial cells regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch. Biofactors 2020; 46:743-753. [PMID: 32663367 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenotype switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Endothelial cells can regulate VSMC phenotypic switch by secreting exosomes, crucial mediators of intracellular communication. This study aimed to determine whether exosomal LINC01005 from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) plays a role in regulating VSMC phenotypic switch and to validate the underlying molecular mechanism. Exosomes were extracted from ox-LDL-treated HUVECs (ox-LDL-Exo) and then administered into VSMCs. VSMC phenotypic switch was assessed by determining VSMC phenotypic markers using western blot. VSMC cell proliferation and migration were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and wound healing assay, respectively. The interaction between miR-128-3p and LINC01005 or Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. ox-LDL-Exo contained high expression of LINC01005. Inhibition of LINC01005 expression in ox-LDL-Exo abrogated the ox-LDL-Exo-induced VSMC phenotypic switch, proliferation, and migration. Furthermore, LINC01005 acted as a sponge of miR-128-3p to upregulate KLF4 expression. Moreover, miR-128-3p overexpression and KLF4 silencing in VSMCs attenuated the ox-LDL-Exo-induced VSMC phenotypic switch, proliferation, and migration. Collectively, exosomal LINC01005 from ox-LDL-treated HUVECs promotes VSMC phenotype switch, proliferation, and migration by regulating the miR-128-3p/KLF4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dasong Yi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaofu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiming Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoqiu Ying
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tong Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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de la Rocha C, Zaina S, Lund G. Is Any Cardiovascular Disease-Specific DNA Methylation Biomarker Within Reach? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang H, Xie Y, Salvador AM, Zhang Z, Chen K, Li G, Xiao J. Exosomes: Multifaceted Messengers in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:57. [PMID: 32772195 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to the development of coronary artery disease, which has become a leading health burden worldwide. Though several strategies such as pharmacological treatment, exercise intervention, and surgery have been used in clinical practice, there is still no effective strategy to cure AS. Exosomes are extensively studied both as diagnostic markers as well as for therapeutic purposes due to their role in pathological processes related to AS. To elucidate the role of exosomes in AS and thus provide a new insight into AS therapy, we review recent advances concerning exosome targets and their function in mediating intercellular communication in AS, and expect to provide a reference for novel effective strategies to cure AS. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes exert important roles in the diagnosis, development, and potential therapy of AS. For AS development, (1) activation of CD-137 in endothelial cells represses exosomal-TET2 production, causing a phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promoting plaque formation; (2) exosomal-MALTA1 derived from endothelial cells causes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and M2 macrophage polarization, which aggravates AS; and (3) exosomal-miR-21-3p derived from macrophages inhibits PTEN expression and further promotes VSMC migration/proliferation, leading to AS development. For AS diagnosis, plasma exosomal-miR30e and miR-92a are considered to be potential diagnostic markers. For AS therapy, adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect endothelial cells from AS aggravation, via inhibiting miR-342-5p. Exosome-mediated cross-talk between different cells within the vasculature exerts crucial roles in regulating endothelial function, proliferation and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelet activation as well as macrophage activation, collectively leading to the development and progression of AS. Exosomes can potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkers and constitute as a new therapeutic strategy for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuling Xie
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ane M Salvador
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Zhongrong Zhang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaichuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Liu Z, Wu C, Zou X, Shen W, Yang J, Zhang X, Hu X, Wang H, Liao Y, Jing T. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neointimal hyperplasia by activating the Erk1/2 signalling pathway in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:220. [PMID: 32513275 PMCID: PMC7278178 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Restenosis is a serious problem in patients who have undergone percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Endothelial injury resulting from surgery can lead to endothelial dysfunction and neointimal formation by inducing aberrant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells have been a hot topic in cardioprotective research. However, to date, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exo) have rarely been reported in association with restenosis after artery injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MSC-Exo inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of carotid artery balloon-induced injury and, if so, to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Characterization of MSC-Exo immunophenotypes was performed by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot assays. To investigate whether MSC-Exo inhibited neointimal hyperplasia, rats were intravenously injected with normal saline or MSC-Exo after carotid artery balloon-induced injury. Haematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to examine the intimal and media areas. Evans blue dye staining was performed to examine re-endothelialization. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to examine the expression of CD31, vWF and α-SMA. To further investigate the involvement of MSC-Exo-induced re-endothelialization, the underlying mechanisms were studied by cell counting kit-8, cell scratch, immunofluorescence and western blot assays. Results Our data showed that MSC-Exo were ingested by endothelial cells and that systemic injection of MSC-Exo suppressed neointimal hyperplasia after artery injury. The Evans blue staining results showed that MSC-Exo could accelerate re-endothelialization compared to the saline group. The immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry results showed that MSC-Exo upregulated the expression of CD31 and vWF but downregulated the expression of α-SMA. Furthermore, MSC-Exo mechanistically facilitated proliferation and migration by activating the Erk1/2 signalling pathway. The western blot results showed that MSC-Exo upregulated the expression of PCNA, Cyclin D1, Vimentin, MMP2 and MMP9 compared to that in the control group. Interestingly, an Erk1/2 inhibitor reversed the expression of the above proteins. Conclusion Our data suggest that MSC-Exo can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia after carotid artery injury by accelerating re-endothelialization, which is accompanied by activation of the Erk1/2 signalling pathway. Importantly, our study provides a novel cell-free approach for the treatment of restenosis diseases after intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xinliang Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiming Shen
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- The Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- The Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- The Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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