1
|
Liu W, Zeng X, Wang X, Hu Y, Chen L, Luo N, Ouyang D, Rao T. 2,3,5,4'- tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (TSG)-Driven immune response in the hepatotoxicity of Polygonum multiflorum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117865. [PMID: 38369066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (TSG) as the primary constituent of Polygonum multiflorum Thumb. (PM) possesses anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-tumor and many more biological activities. The root of PM has been used as a tonic medicine for thousands of years. However, cases of PM-induced liver injury are occasionally reported, and considered to be related to the host immune status. AIM OF THE STUDY The primary toxic elements and specific mechanisms PM causing liver damage are still not thoroughly clear. Our study aimed to investigate the influences of TSG on the immune response in idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of PM. MATERIALS AND METHODS The male C57BL/6 mice were treated with different doses of TSG and the alterations in liver histology, serum liver enzyme levels, proportions of T cells and cytokines secretion were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE), RNA sequencing, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Flow cytometry (FCM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Then, primary spleen cells from drug-naive mice were isolated and cultured with TSG in vitro. T cell subsets proliferation and cytokines secretion after treated with TSG were assessed by CCK8, FCM and ELISA. In addition, mice were pre-treated with anti-CD25 for depleting regulatory T cells (Tregs), and then administered with TSG. Liver functions and immunological alterations were analyzed to evaluate liver injury. RESULTS Data showed that TSG induced liver damage, and immune cells infiltration in the liver tissues. FCM results showed that TSG could activate CD4+T and CD8+T in the liver. Results further confirmed that TSG notably up-regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, perforin and granzyme B in the liver tissues. Furthermore, based on transcriptomics profiles, some immune system-related pathways including leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response, leukocyte cell-cell adhesion, regulation of interleukin-1 beta production, mononuclear cell migration, antigen processing and presentation were altered in TSG treated mice. CD8+T/CD4+T cells were also stimulated by TSG in vitro. Interestingly, increased proportion of Tregs was observed after TSG treatment in vitro and in vivo. Foxp3 and TGF-β1 mRNA expressions were up-regulated in the liver tissues. Depletion of Tregs moderately enhanced TSG induced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in serum. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that TSG could trigger CD4+T and CD8+T cells proliferation, promote cytokines secretion, which revealed that adaptive immune response associated with the mild liver injury cause by TSG administration. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) mainly sustain immunological tolerance, and in this study, the progression of TSG induced liver injury was limited by Tregs. The results of our investigations allow us to preliminarily understand the mechanisms of PM related idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Province, 541001, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China
| | - Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan Province, 410221, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Province, 541199, China
| | - Yuwei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan Province, 410221, China
| | - Naixiang Luo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Province, 541199, China.
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan Province, 410221, China.
| | - Tai Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Socała K, Żmudzka E, Lustyk K, Zagaja M, Brighenti V, Costa AM, Andres-Mach M, Pytka K, Martinelli I, Mandrioli J, Pellati F, Biagini G, Wlaź P. Therapeutic potential of stilbenes in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1400-1461. [PMID: 38232725 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are anticipated to be a leading health concern in the near future, emphasizing an outstanding need for the development of new effective therapeutics to treat them. Stilbenes, with resveratrol attracting the most attention, are an example of multi-target compounds with promising therapeutic potential for a broad array of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This review is a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on stilbenes in several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. We describe and discuss the results of both in vitro and in vivo studies. The majority of studies concentrate on resveratrol, with limited findings exploring other stilbenes such as pterostilbene, piceatannol, polydatin, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, or synthetic resveratrol derivatives. Overall, although extensive preclinical studies show the potential benefits of stilbenes in various central nervous system disorders, clinical evidence on their therapeutic efficacy is largely missing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Costa
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ilaria Martinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tian Y, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Li H, Shen J, Gao X, Cai B, Li W, Qin K. The modern scientific mystery of traditional Chinese medicine processing--take some common traditional Chinese medicine as examples. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25091. [PMID: 38312540 PMCID: PMC10835376 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique traditional pharmaceutical technology in China, which is the most important feature that distinguishes Chinese medicine from natural medicine and plant medicine. Since the record in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor), till now, the processing of TCM has experienced more than 2000 years of inheritance, innovation, and development, which is a combination of TCM theory and clinical practice, and plays an extremely important position in the field of TCM. In recent years, as a clinical prescription of TCM, Chinese herbal pieces have played a significant role in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 and exhibited their unique value, and therefore they have become the highlight of China's clinical treatment protocol and provided Chinese experience and wisdom for the international community in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. This paper outlines the research progress in the processing of representative TCM in recent years, reviews the mechanism of the related effects of TCM materials after processing, such as changing the drug efficacy and reducing the toxicity, puts forward the integration and application of a variety of new technologies and methods, so as to reveal the modern scientific mystery of the processing technology of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Jinyang Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Comparison of In Vitro Estrogenic Activity of Polygoni multiflori Radix and Cynanchi wilfordii Radix via the Enhancement of ERα/β Expression in MCF7 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052199. [PMID: 36903444 PMCID: PMC10005224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women experience several symptoms, including inflammation and a sharp rise in oxidative stress caused by estrogen deprivation. Although estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is generally regarded as an effective treatment for menopause, it has been used less frequently due to some adverse effects and high costs. Therefore, there is an immediate need to develop an effective herbal-based treatment that is affordable for low-income populations. Acordingly, this study explored the estrogen-like properties of methanol extracts from Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) and Poligonum multiflorum (PM), two important medicinal plants in Republic of Korea, Japan, and China. Due to the similar names and morphologies of these two radixes, they are frequently confused in the marketplace. Our previous colleagues discriminated between these two plants. In this study, we investigated the estrogenic activity of PM and CW using several in vitro assays with their possible mechanism of action. First, their phytochemical contents, such as gallic acid, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucoside (TSG) and emodin, were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Secondly, estrogen-like activity was assessed utilizing the well-known E-screen test and gene expression analysis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF7 cells. ROS inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed using HaCaT and Raw 264.7 cells, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that PM extracts significantly increased the expression of the estrogen-dependent genes (ERα, ERβ, pS2) and boosted MCF7 cell proliferation in comparison to CW extracts. Additionally, PM extract demonstrated a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as an enhanced antioxidant profile compared to the CW extract. Further, the PM extract treatment significantly reduced the generation of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory properties of the extract. Finally, this research offers an experimental foundation for the use of PM as a phytoestrogen to minimize menopausal symptoms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Lu W, Meng Y, Zhang W, Wang F, Sun L, Xu Y. Tetrahydroxy Stilbene Glucoside Alleviates Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Conformation-Dependent Intracellular Distribution of PKM2 for M2 Macrophage Polarization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15449-15463. [PMID: 36468551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG) is a bioactive ingredient with powerful anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, the detailed mechanisms concerning the neuroprotective effect of TSG are not fully understood. This study aims to address the molecular mechanism involved in the protective effects of TSG on murine ischemic stroke. We found that TSG meliorated the phenotypes of ischemic stroke in vivo, which was correlated with the increased percentage of infiltrated M2 macrophages in brain after stroke. Mechanistically, TSG regulated macrophage polarization by significantly downregulating the transcriptional levels of M1 marker genes (iNOS and IL-1β) but upregulating that of the M2 marker genes (arg-1 and IL-4) following lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ stimulation. Consistently, TSG reversed the metabolic profiling of M1 macrophage toward the M2 status at intracellular energy levels. Surprisingly, the knockdown of an established metabolic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) that is important for M1 switch in macrophages abolished the promotive effect of TSG on the M2 polarization. Further investigation revealed that TSG markedly downregulated the intracellular ratio of dimer/monomer to the tetramer of PKM2 without affecting its total protein expression, leading to a suppressed nuclear translocation of functioning PKM2 in macrophages for M1 differentiation. Taken together, we identified a novel mechanism for macrophage M2 polarization regulation by a small-molecule chemical that controls the quality (conformation) rather than the quantity (expression) of an intracellular M1-promoting metabolic enzyme, which offers a better understanding of the mechanisms of macrophage plasticity and has serious implication in translational strategies for the treatment of macrophage-mediated neurological diseases with natural bioactive products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Li Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedicine in Gene Diseases and Health of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-Ο-β-D-glucoside, a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, potentiates hepatic protein adduction and hepatotoxicity induced by emodin in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
7
|
A New Stilbene Glucoside from Biotransformation-Guided Purification of Chinese Herb Ha-Soo-Oh. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172286. [PMID: 36079669 PMCID: PMC9460137 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ha-Soo-Oh is a traditional Chinese medicine prepared from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. The herb extract has been widely used in Asian countries as a tonic agent and nutritional supplement for centuries. To identify new bioactive compounds in Chinese herbs, the biotransformation-guided purification (BGP) process was applied to Ha-Soo-Oh with Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase (BmTYR) as a biocatalyst. The result showed that a major biotransformed compound could be purified using the BGP process with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and it was confirmed as a new compound, 2,3,5,3′,4′-pentahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (PSG) following mass and nucleic magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. PSG was further confirmed as a biotransformation product from 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (TSG) by BmTYR. The new PSG exhibited 4.7-fold higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity than that of TSG. The present study highlights the potential usage of BGP in herbs to discover new bioactive compounds in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Su X, Lu J, Wu M, Yang SY, Mai Y, Deng W, Xue Y. In Vitro and in Silico Analysis of Phytochemicals From Fallopia dentatoalata as Dual Functional Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905708. [PMID: 35899116 PMCID: PMC9313597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies have found that butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) replaces the biological function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the late stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Species in the genus of Fallopia, rich in polyphenols with diverse chemical structures and significant biological activities, are considered as an important resource for screening natural products to against AD. In this study, thirty-four compounds (1–34) were isolated from Fallopia dentatoalata (Fr. Schm.) Holub, and their inhibitory effects against AChE and BuChE were assessed. Compounds of the phenylpropanoid sucrose ester class emerged as the most promising members of the group, with 31–33 displaying moderate AChE inhibition (IC50 values ranging from 30.6 ± 4.7 to 56.0 ± 2.4 µM) and 30–34 showing potential inhibitory effects against BuChE (IC50 values ranging from 2.7 ± 1.7 to 17.1 ± 3.4 µM). Tacrine was used as a positive control (IC50: 126.7 ± 1.1 in AChE and 5.5 ± 1.7 nM in BuChE). Kinetic analysis highlighted compounds 31 and 32 as non-competitive inhibitors of AChE with Ki values of ∼30.0 and ∼34.4 µM, whilst 30–34 were revealed to competitively inhibit BuChE with Ki values ranging from ∼1.8 to ∼17.5 µM. Molecular binding studies demonstrated that 30–34 bound to the catalytic sites of BuChE with negative binding energies. The strong agreement between both in vitro and in silico studies highlights the phenylpropanoid sucrose esters 30–34 as promising candidates for use in future anti-cholinesterase therapeutics against Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichuang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangdong Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jielang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meifang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yang Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Deng, ; Yongbo Xue,
| | - Yongbo Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Deng, ; Yongbo Xue,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang J, Huang S, Zhang J, Liang Y, Bai J, Xu W, Gong L, Su H, Huang Z, Qiu X. A Systematic Strategy for the Characterization of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2- O-β-d-glucoside Metabolites In Vivo by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Q Exactive-Orbitrap Mass System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7773-7785. [PMID: 35713646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG), a polyphenol stilbene compound, is the main active constituent in Polygonum multiflorum. In this study, a comprehensive analytical strategy was developed for the characterization of THSG metabolites in vivo (rat plasma, bile, urine, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and stomach) utilizing ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS) based on multiple data-processing techniques. As a result, a total of 75 metabolites were characterized in bio-samples, and calculated Clog P values were further employed to assign the chemical structures of some isomers. Glucoside hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, glucuronide conjugation, and sulfate conjugation would be the major metabolic pathways of THSG. It appeared that most metabolites would generally undergo phase I reactions followed by phase II reactions. These results provided valuable information for in-depth understanding of the safety and efficacy of THSG and showed a valuable methodology for metabolic characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Youling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junqi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - He Su
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside enhances the hepatotoxicity of emodin in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:74-85. [PMID: 35753641 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herb-induced liver injury results from the interplay between the herb and host with the herbal components serving as the major origin for hepatotoxicity. Although Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has been frequently reported to induce liver injury, contributions of its major components such as emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, physcion and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (TSG) towards its hepatotoxicity have not been clearly identified. Our initial cytotoxicity screenings of the major PMR components using rat hepatocytes identified emodin as the most toxic. Subsequently, the bile acid homeostasis-related mechanisms of emodin and its combination treatment with TSG in PMR-associated liver injury were explored in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and verified in rats. In SCRH, emodin was found to be able to induce total bile acid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. In both SCRH and rats, the presence of TSG significantly enhanced the hepatotoxicity of emodin via i) increasing its hepatic exposure by inhibiting its glucuronidation mediated metabolism; ii) enhancing its disruption on bile acid homeostasis through amplifying its inhibition on bile acid efflux transporters and its up-regulation on bile acids synthesis enzymes; iii) enhancing its apoptosis. Our study for the first time demonstrated the critical role of the combination treatment with emodin and TSG in PMR-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
11
|
Teka T, Zhang L, Ge X, Li Y, Han L, Yan X. Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 197:113128. [PMID: 35183567 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes are some of the important phenolic compounds originating from plant families like Vitaceae, Leguminaceae, Gnetaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae. Structurally, they have a C6-C2-C6 skeleton, usually with two isomeric forms. Stilbenes are biosynthesized due to biotic and abiotic stresses such as microbial infections, high temperatures, and oxidation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of stilbenes' botanical sources, chemistry, biosynthetic pathways, pharmacology, and clinical applications and challenges based on up-to-date data. All included studies were collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CNKI, and the presented data from these indexed studies were analyzed and summarized. A total of 459 natural stilbene compounds from 45 plant families and 196 plant species were identified. Pharmacological studies also show that stilbenes have various activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-degenerative diseases, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-aging, and cardioprotective effects. Stilbene synthase (STS) is the key enzyme involved in stilbene biosynthetic pathways. Studies on the therapeutic application of stilbenes pinpoint that challenges such as low bioavailability and isomerization are the major bottlenecks for their development as therapeutic drugs. Although the medicinal uses of several stilbenes have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, studies on the development of stilbenes deserve more attention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tekleab Teka
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P. O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Lele Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang CY, Wang J, Cao J, Xu J, Wu RM, Xu XL. Activating PGC-1α-mediated signaling cascades in the aorta contributes to the amelioration of vascular senescence and atherosclerosis by 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glycoside. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154017. [PMID: 35276590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glycoside (TSG), the main active polyphenolic component of Polygonum multiflorum, possesses many pharmacological activities. Its anti-aging effect influences a variety of tissues with diverse mechanisms. However, the effectiveness and exact mechanisms of TSG against vascular senescence in atherosclerosis remain unclear. The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of TSG against vascular senescence in atherosclerosis both in vivo and in vitro, and the possible underlying mechanisms focusing on aortic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-mediated signaling cascades which have never been studied. METHODS In vivo, 12-mo-old male LDLr-/- mice were randomly separated into control, high-fat diet (HFD), and TSG -treatment groups. At the end of the 12 weeks, the blood samples and aorta tissues of mice were collected for further analysis. In vitro, to mimic the condition of endothelial senescence in hyperlipidemic mice, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to induce senescence. RESULTS TSG administration improved lipid profiles, ameliorated HFD-exacerbated vascular senescence and atherosclerosis. The protective effect of TSG via inhibiting telomere malfunction, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage was found both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, TSG administration increased aortic PGC-1α mRNA and protein expression along with the regulation of its targeted genes TERT, NRF1, TFAM, Mn-SOD, and catalase. Further, by using PGC-1α siRNA in ox-LDL-treated HAECs, it is proved that TSG reduced endothelial senescence, telomere malfunction, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage at least partly through activating the PGC-1α pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for TSG in the treatment of atherosclerosis and the activation of aortic PGC-1α is involved in its beneficial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ruo Man Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Nantong University Pharmacy College, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside Attenuates Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Inflammation and Apoptosis in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Brain Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040740. [PMID: 35453424 PMCID: PMC9024880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) initiates an inflammatory cascade that disrupts the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. An extract from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (THSG) has been well-reported to diminish the inflammation in many disease models. However, the effects of THSG in the area of the brain–oral axis is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of THSG in P. gingivalis-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. THSG treatment remarkably lessened the upregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α proteins in bEnd.3 cells infected with P. gingivalis. Treatment of THSG further ameliorated brain endothelial cell death, including apoptosis caused by P. gingivalis. Moreover, the present study showed that the inhibitory effects on NF-κB p65 and antiapoptotic properties of THSG is through inhibiting the ROS pathway. Importantly, the ROS inhibitory potency of THSG is similar to a ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Furthermore, the protective effect of THSG from P. gingivalis infection was further confirmed in primary mouse brain endothelial cells. Taken together, this study indicates that THSG attenuates an ROS-dependent inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in P. gingivalis-infected brain endothelial cells. Our results also suggest that THSG could be a potential herbal medicine to prevent the risk of developing cerebrovascular diseases from infection of periodontal bacteria.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng W, Wu S, Yuan Z, Hu W, Yu X, Kang N, Wang Q, Zhu M, Xia K, Yang W, Kang C, Zhang S, Li Y. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Excretion Characteristics of a Radix Polygoni Multiflori Extract in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827668. [PMID: 35264960 PMCID: PMC8899820 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although progress has been achieved in the pharmacological activity and toxicity of Radix Polygoni Multiflori (RPM), the chemical basis of its toxicity is still unclear. Here, we performed a multicompound pharmacokinetic analysis and investigated the tissue distribution and excretion characteristics of RPM components after oral administration in rats. The findings demonstrated that the active ingredients of the RPM extract were quickly absorbed after oral administration, with high exposure levels of emodin, 2,3,5,4′-teterahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), citreorosein, torachrysone-8-O-glucoside (TG), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG), and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside (PG). The tissue distributions of emodin, TSG, TG, EG, and PG were high in the liver and kidney. These components were the key contributors to the effectiveness and toxicity of RPM on the liver and kidney. Most of the active ingredients were mainly excreted through feces and bile, while a few were converted into other products in the body and excreted through urine and feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Cheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Wu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nianxin Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiutao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mingying Zhu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xia
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
陈 加, 刘 华. [2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1101-1106. [PMID: 34308863 PMCID: PMC8329684 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the protective effect of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Thirty-six SD rats were randomized equally into 4 groups: the normal control group, ALI model group, and low- and high-dose TSG groups (treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg TSG via intragastric administration, respectively). In all but the normal control group, the rats were subjected to tail vein injection of LPS to induced ALI. The rats were euthanized at 6 h after the injection for pathological examination of the lungs. The wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lungs were calculated, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the lung tissues and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined. Western blotting was performed to detect the levels of NF-κB p65 in the lungs. RESULTS Compared with those in LPS group, the TSGtreated rats showed significantly milder lung pathologies (P < 0.001) and had lower serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels (P < 0.001) and W/D of the lung tissues (P < 0.001), higher SOD activity (P < 0.001) and lower MDA content in the lungs (P < 0.001), and significantly lower expression of NF-κB p65 in the lungs (P < 0.001). None of these indices showed significant differences between the lowand high-dose TSG treatment groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS TSG can ameliorate LPS-induced ALI in rats possibly by suppressing the NF-κB pathway to improve the antioxidant capacity and decrease the release of inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 加宝 陈
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院全科医学科,广东 广州 510030Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - 华 刘
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院全科医学科,广东 广州 510030Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510030, China
- 刘华,教授,主任医师,硕士生导师,E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou G, Feng YM, Li ZC, Tao LY, Kong WS, Xie RF, Zhou X. Fingerprinting and Determination of Hepatotoxic Constituents in Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata of Different Producing Places by HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:440-449. [PMID: 34240129 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP) is used as Chinese herbal medicine with long history. However, reports about PMRP hepatotoxicity have increased recently, and producing area might be one reason. This article aims to figure out the relationship between producing area and hepatotoxic ingredients in PMRP. HPLC fingerprint for PMRP was established and the contents of gallic acid, trans-stilbene glycoside (TSG), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG), emodin and physcion were determined. Clustering heatmap was implemented by TCMNPAS software,and principal component analysis was implemented by SPSS and SIMCA-P software. Hepatotoxic constituents' contents of PMRP from separate producing area were different. PMRP from Guangxi had the highest content of gallic acid, TSG, EG, emodin and physcion, followed by Hubei, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan. PMRP from Henan had the lowest contents of hepatotoxic components. Hepatotoxic components' contents of PMRP in southern were higher than central China. This study carried out a preliminary qualitative and quantitative investigation on the PMRP from different producing places, which provided a basis for safe medication of PMRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui Zhou
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Ming Feng
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Li
- Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Gongwei Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201300, China
| | - Li-Yu Tao
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Song Kong
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui-Fang Xie
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang C, Xing Y, Ding H, Wang P, Zhang L, Fu Z, Han L, Pang X. Multiple component-pharmacokinetic studies on 10 bioactive constituents of Peiyuan Tongnao capsule using parallel reaction monitoring mode. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5153. [PMID: 33931876 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peiyuan Tongnao capsule (PTC) plays an important role in clinical application due to its excellent curative efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke and chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency. To standardize and rationalize the clinical application of PTC, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetic (PK) study. Ten bioactive compounds (aucubin, salidroside, echinacoside, paeoniflorin, verbascoside, liquiritin, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, coumarin, glycyrrhizic acid, and emodin) were simultaneously determined in rat plasma. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The lower limits of quantification were 0.082-13.291 ng mL-1 . The intra- and inter-day precision was 0.54-12.36%, whereas the intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 100.45 to 114.00%. The mean extraction recoveries were 81.77-117.66%, and the average matrix effects (MEs) were 86.23-109.96%. The high extraction recoveries and acceptable MEs indicated that the pretreatment method was feasible. And the stability was acceptable under various storage conditions and processing procedures. The validated method was successfully applied to the multiple components-PK studies, which lay the foundation for further pharmacological and clinical research of PTC and may provide a reference for other traditional Chinese medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanchao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- The Henan Lingrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xinyang, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teka T, Wang L, Gao J, Mou J, Pan G, Yu H, Gao X, Han L. Polygonum multiflorum: Recent updates on newly isolated compounds, potential hepatotoxic compounds and their mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113864. [PMID: 33485980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.(PM), (known as Heshouwu () in China) is one of the most important and well mentioned Chinese medicinal herbs in the literature for its use in blackening hair, nourishing liver and kidney, anti-aging, anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotection, cardio-protection and improving age-related cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive and recent update on PM: new compounds or isolated for the first time, potential hepatotoxic compounds and their mechanisms. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges in the future study of this plant are conversed which will make a new base for further study on PM. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of relevant published literature on PM using the scientific databases SCOPUS, PubMed, and Science Direct was done. RESULTS PM is broadly produced in many provinces of China and well known in other Eastern Asian Countries for its ethno-medical uses. Previous phytochemical investigation of PM had led to the isolation of more than 175 compounds including recently isolated 70 new compounds. Most of the new compounds isolated after 2015 are majorly dianthrone glycosides and stilbene glycosides. Processing has also a significant effect on chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of PM. PM-induced liver injury is increasing after the first report in Hong Kong in 1996. Hepatotoxicity of PM was constantly reported in Japan, Korea, China, Australia, Britain, Italy, and other countries although its toxicity is related to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. More interestingly, although there is indispensable interest to predict idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of PM and understand its mechanisms, the responsible hepatotoxic compounds and mechanisms of liver damage induced by PM are still not clear. There is a big controversy on the identification of the most responsible constituent. Anthraquinone and stilbene compounds in PM, mainly emodine and TSG are mentioned in the literature to be the main responsible hepatotoxic compounds. However, comparing the two compounds, which one is the more critical toxic agent for PM-induced hepatotoxicity is not well answered. Affecting different physiological and metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle pathway, metabolic pathways, bile acid excretion pathway and genetic polymorphisms are among the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of PM. CONCLUSION Deeper and effective high throughput experimental studies are still research hotspots to know the most responsible constituent and the mechanism of PM-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tekleab Teka
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P. O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Jiajia Mou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69 Zengchan Road, Hebei District, Tianjin, 300250, PR China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma L, Zheng J, Chen H, Zeng X, Wang S, Yang C, Li X, Xiao Y, Zheng L, Chen H, Huang K. A Systematic Screening of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identifies Two Novel Inhibitors Against the Cytotoxic Aggregation of Amyloid Beta. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:637766. [PMID: 33897425 PMCID: PMC8062920 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.637766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) disrupt the cell membrane, induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually lead to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Intervening with this cytotoxic aggregation process has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for AD and other protein misfolding diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to treat AD and related cognitive impairment for centuries with obvious efficacy. Extracts or active ingredients of TCMs have been reported to inhibit the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the anti-Aβ aggregation effects of TCM components. In this study, we performed a systematic screening to identify the active ingredients of TCM against the cytotoxic aggregation of Aβ42. Through a literature and database survey, we selected 19 TCM herbals frequently used in the treatment of AD, from which 76 major active chemicals without known anti-amyloid effects were further screened. This took place through two rounds of MTT-based screening detection of the cytotoxicity of these chemicals and their effects on Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity, respectively. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and sinapic acid (SA) were found to be less toxic, and they inhibited the cytotoxicity of Aβ42. Further studies demonstrated that TSG and SA concentration-dependently attenuated the amyloidosis and membrane disruption ability of Aβ42. Thus, we identified two novel chemicals (TSG and SA) against the cytotoxic aggregation of Aβ42. Nonetheless, further exploration of their therapeutic potential is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijing Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Zeng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yushuo Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian A, Seifalian A, Tafazoli A. Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173665. [PMID: 33098834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the time that human population comprehended the importance of general health maintenance and the burden of disease, there has been a search for healing properties in the natural environment. Herbal medicine is the use of plants with medical properties for prevention and treatment of conditions that can affect general health. Recently, a growing interest has been observed toward the use of traditional herbal medicine alongside synthetic modern drugs. Around 80% of the population, especially in developing countries relies on it for healthcare. Oral healthcare is considered a major part of general health. According to the world health organization (WHO), oral health is considered an important part of general health and quality of life. The utilization of natural medications for the management of pathologic oro-dental conditions can be a logical alternative to pharmaceutical methods due to their availability, low costs, and lower side effects. The current literature review aimed at exploration of the variety and extent of herbal products application in oral health maintenance including different fields of oral healthcare such as dental caries, periodontal maintenance, microbial infections, oral cancers, and inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Tafazoli Moghadam
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Yazdanian
- Department of Veterinary, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Tafazoli
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Cui Y, Liu D, Li M, Gao J, Ye J. Development of a sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration, its application on rapid on-site screening of illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing, detoxicating Chinese patent medicines followed by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113767. [PMID: 33279301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and rapid sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration (UCU) was reported for preparation of trace analytes in complex matrices. The UCU device was composed of two parts, A and B. The sample and extraction solvent were put into Part B for ultrasonic extraction. Subsequently, Part A and Part B were integrated and sealed for centrifugation and ultrafiltration. Finally, the ultrafiltrate in Part A was taken out for subsequent detection. After optimization, the device was applied to rapid on-site screening of five illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing and detoxicating Chinese patent medicines by combining with electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS). The method showed good performance in terms of linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.9976 and limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.049-0.391 μg mL-1. The recoveries were from 96.5 % to 100.8 %. The whole analysis process was within 11 min. The proposed method was further compared with other methods reported in the literature and the advantages and considerations were also explored. The results demonstrated that it was a simple, fast and accurate technique. The establishment of this method not only greatly improved the experimental efficiency but also avoided potential sample pollution brought by multiple sample transfer, and could provide a powerful means for rapid on-site analysis of trace analytes in complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yixuan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jinglin Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082353. [PMID: 32781739 PMCID: PMC7468938 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatosis and insulin resistance are critical health problems and cause metabolic complications worldwide. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) against hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance by using in vitro and in vivo models. PM extract significantly attenuated the accumulation of lipid droplets and hepatic triglyceride in free fatty acid (FFA)-exposed HepG2 cells. PM extract increased the AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression, whose levels were downregulated in FFA-exposed cells. PM extract also decreased precursor and mature forms of SREBP-1 in FFA-exposed cells. C57BL/6 mice fed with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) were administered PM extract (100 mg/kg) or vehicle orally for 16 weeks. PM extract attenuated the increases of the epididymal and perirenal fats on HFD feeding. PM extract markedly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and fasting glucose levels, and improved glucose and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. HFD-fed mice decreased the AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression, and increased precursor and mature forms of SREBP-1; these changes were significantly restored by PM extract. In conclusion, PM extract alleviates non-alcoholic steatosis and insulin resistance through modulating the expression of proteins on lipid metabolism and glucose transport in the liver.
Collapse
|