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Shekari N, Shanehbandi D, Baghbani E, Safaei S, Masoumi J, Baradaran B, Jalali SA. VSIG-3/IGSF11 silencing in A2058 melanoma cells simultaneously suppresses melanoma progression and induces anti-tumoral cytokine profile in human T cells: In silico and in vitro study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03491-z. [PMID: 39365310 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
VISTA is a newly discovered immune checkpoint whose functional mechanisms have become increasingly important to study due to its brilliant results in cancer immunotherapy. Despite VSIG-3/IGSF11 being identified as an inhibitory ligand for VISTA with potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy, very little is known of its functions. This study aimed to conduct a detailed analysis of VSIG-3/IGSF11 in melanoma, as well as to study the effects of its silencing on melanoma cell line progression and human T cell functions. Online databases were used to investigate VSIG-3/IGSF11 expression, its relationships, and prognostic value in melanoma. Then, the effects of VSIG-3/IGSF11 silencing on proliferation, migration, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in A2058 melanoma cells were assessed using MTT, colony formation, wound healing, cell cycle, and Annexin-V FITC/PI assays, respectively. Finally, A2058 cells transfected with VSIG-3/IGSF11 siRNA were co-cultured with human T cells, and the expression levels of T cell cytokines were evaluated using qRT-PCR. VSIG-3/IGSF11 expression was significantly increased in melanoma patients and cell lines; however, no correlation was found between VSIG-3/IGSF11 expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics, survival, or immune cell infiltration. Following VSIG-3/IGSF11 silencing in A2058 cells, viability, proliferation, and migration rates were decreased, while apoptosis was increased. T cells co-cultured with VSIG-3/IGSF11 siRNA-transfected A2058 cells exhibited increased expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 and decreased expression levels of IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α. The inhibitory effect of VSIG-3/IGSF11 silencing on A2058 melanoma cell progression, along with the alteration of T cell cytokines towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, suggests that VSIG-3/IGSF11 is primarily involved in melanoma progression and modulating immune responses. Therefore, it may be a valuable target for immunotherapy in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najibeh Shekari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Qin X, Li H, Wu J, Tang W, Li W, Li K. PGM5-AS1 Promotes Progression of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Immune Escape by Regulating miR-503-5p. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:4187-4197. [PMID: 38973995 PMCID: PMC11225957 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s453245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a prevalent malignant condition with a dismal prognosis. LncRNA PGM5 antisense RNA 1 (PGM5-AS1) appears to be intricately involved in the progression of DLBCL, yet the modulatory mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression of lncRNA PGM5-AS1 in DLBCL and its effect on the disease progression of DLBCL, as well as to explore its mechanisms. Patients and Methods A total of 35 patients were included in the study. The expression levels of PGM5-AS1 and miR-503-5p in DLBCL tumor tissues and cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK8. Apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry. Cell invasion was examined by transwell assays. The specific interaction between PGM5-AS1 and miR-503-5p was verified through dual luciferase reporter gene assays. The immune related factors were detected by ELASA kits. The CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity was evaluated by LDH cytotoxicity kit. Results In DLBCL tumor tissues and cells, upregulated PGM5-AS1 expression, downregulated miR-503-5p expression, and elevated PD-L1 expression were observed. PGM5-AS1 functioned as a regulator in controlling DLBCL cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion by downregulating miR-503-5p expression. When CD8+ T cells were co-cultured with cells transfected with si-PGM5-AS1, the secretion of immunoregulatory factors increased, and the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells increased. These effects were mitigated by miR-503-5p inhibitors. Conclusion PGM5-AS1 accelerated DLBCL development and facilitated tumor immune escape through the miR-503-5p. Our discoveries offered an insight into lncRNA PGM5-AS1 serving as a prospective therapeutic target for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People’s Republic of China
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Jabeen Y, Yousaf N, Sarjadi MS, Gansau JA, Goh LPW. Bioactive compounds derived from marine source: a potential immunotherapy treatment. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5657-5668. [PMID: 37387587 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2227717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors blocks the checkpoint proteins (programmed cell death receptor-1; PD-1) from binding with their corresponding ligands (programmed cell death receptor ligand-1; PD-L1) to regulate cell signaling pathways. The marine environment holds a huge source of small molecules that are understudied which can be developed as an inhibitor. Hence, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of 19 algae-derived small molecules against PD-L1 by using molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). The molecular docking revealed that the binding energy of the six best compounds ranges from -11.1 to -9.1 kcal/mol. Fucoxanthinol, in particular, has the strongest binding energy at -11.1 kcal/mol with three hydrogen bonds (ASN:63A, GLN:66A, and ASP:122A). Meanwhile, the MDS demonstrated that the ligands were strongly bound to the protein, indicating the stability of the complexes. In summary, the identified compounds are potential PD-L1 inhibitors in immunotherapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaruq Jabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Numan Yousaf
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Sani Sarjadi
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jualang Azlan Gansau
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Lucky Poh Wah Goh
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Chen X, Sun H, Yang C, Wang W, Lyu W, Zou K, Zhang F, Dai Z, He X, Dong H. Bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation of six cuproptosis-associated genes as a prognostic signature of breast cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17419. [PMID: 38912044 PMCID: PMC11192027 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Breast carcinoma (BRCA) is a life-threatening malignancy in women and shows a poor prognosis. Cuproptosis is a novel mode of cell death but its relationship with BRCA is unclear. This study attempted to develop a cuproptosis-relevant prognostic gene signature for BRCA. Methods Cuproptosis-relevant subtypes of BRCA were obtained by consensus clustering. Differential expression analysis was implemented using the 'limma' package. Univariate Cox and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to determine a cuproptosis-relevant prognostic gene signature. The signature was constructed and validated in distinct datasets. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were also conducted using the prognostic signature to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were applied to probe the linkage between the gene signature and tumor microenvironment (TME). Immunotherapy responsiveness was assessed using the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) web tool. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the expressions of cuproptosis-relevant prognostic genes in breast cancer cell lines. Results Thirty-eight cuproptosis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BRCA were mined by consensus clustering and differential expression analysis. Based on univariate Cox and multivariate Cox analyses, six cuproptosis-relevant prognostic genes, namely SAA1, KRT17, VAV3, IGHG1, TFF1, and CLEC3A, were mined to establish a corresponding signature. The signature was validated using external validation sets. GSVA and GSEA showed that multiple cell cycle-linked and immune-related pathways along with biological processes were associated with the signature. The results ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT analyses revealed significantly different TMEs between the two Cusig score subgroups. Finally, RT-qPCR analysis of cell lines further confirmed the expressional trends of SAA1, KRT17, IGHG1, and CLEC3A. Conclusion Taken together, we constructed a signature for projecting the overall survival of BRCA patients and our findings authenticated the cuproptosis-relevant prognostic genes, which are expected to provide a basis for developing prognostic molecular biomarkers and an in-depth understanding of the relationship between cuproptosis and BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hening Sun
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Changcheng Yang
- Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wenzhi Lyu
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Kejian Zou
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xionghui He
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Huaying Dong
- Department of Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
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Elfoly M, Mirza JY, Alaiya A, Al-Hazzani AA, Tulbah A, Al-Alwan M, Ghebeh H. PD-L1 intrinsically promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells through the SKP2-p27/p21 axis. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:161. [PMID: 38725021 PMCID: PMC11084005 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 intrinsically promotes tumor progression through multiple mechanisms, which potentially leads to resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. The intrinsic effect of PD-L1 on breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation has not been fully elucidated. METHODS we used proteomics, gene expression knockdown (KD), quantitative immunofluorescence (qIF), western blots, functional assays including colony-forming assay (CFA) and real-time cell analyzer (RTCA), and in vivo data using immunohistochemistry in breast cancer patients. RESULTS PD-L1 promoted BC cell proliferation by accelerating cell cycle entry at the G1-to-S phase transition. Global proteomic analysis of the differentially expressed nuclear proteins indicated the involvement of several proliferation-related molecules, including p21CIP1/WAF1. Western blotting and qIF demonstrated the higher expression of SKP2 and the lower expression of p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27Kip1 in PD-L1 expressing (PD-L1pos) cells as compared to PD-L1 KD (PD-L1KD) cells. Xenograft-derived cells and the TCGA BC dataset confirmed this relationship in vivo. Functionally, CFA and RTCA demonstrated the central role of SKP2 in promoting PD-L1-mediated proliferation. Finally, immunohistochemistry in 74 breast cancer patients confirmed PD-L1 and SKP-p21/p27 axis relationship, as it showed a highly statistically significant correlation between SKP2 and PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001), and both correlated significantly with the proliferation marker Ki-67 (p < 0.001). On the other hand, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between PD-L1 and p21CIP1/WAF1 expression (p = 0.005). Importantly, double negativity for p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27Kip1 correlated significantly with PD-L1 (p < 0.001), SKP2 (p = 0.002), and Ki-67 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS we have demonstrated the role of the SKP2-p27/p21 axis in intrinsic PD-L1-enhanced cell cycle progression. Inhibitors of SKP2 expression can alleviate resistance to ICPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elfoly
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumanah Y Mirza
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayodele Alaiya
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Al-Hazzani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Tulbah
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monther Al-Alwan
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem Ghebeh
- Cell Therapy and Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Sun P, Zhao X, Zhao W, Chen L, Liu X, Zhan Z, Wang J. Sophora flavescens-Angelica sinensis in the treatment of eczema by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117626. [PMID: 38154523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sophora flavescens Ait.-Angelica sinensis(Oliv.) Diels drug pairing (SA) is a transformed drug pairing from Shengui pill, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription in the ninth volume of Traditional Chinese Medicine classic "Gu Jin Yi Jian", which is famous for clearing heat, moistening dryness, and promoting blood circulation. It is commonly used in the treatment of eczema, a skin condition that causes itching and inflammation. Despite its widespread use, there is still limited research on the mechanism of how SA treats eczema. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting animal experiments to uncover the mechanism behind SA's therapeutic effects on eczema. Our findings provide a solid foundation for the clinical use of this TCM prescription. AIM OF THE STUDY The basic purpose of this study is to clarify the therapeutic mechanism of Sophora flavescens-Angelica sinensis (SA) in the treatment and control of eczema. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical compositions of SA were analyzed using HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. In vivo, a mouse model of eczema was created, and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to assess the pathological state of the mouse skin, and immunohistochemical technique (IHC) was employed to estimate the contents of TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB semi-quantitatively. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA were determined through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western Blotting was utilized to identify the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in mouse skin tissue. RESULTS SA identified 18 active chemicals, some of which were shown in vivo to inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway while reducing serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, making them ideal agents for the treatment of eczema. CONCLUSIONS SA's anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to its ability to reduce serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, likewise inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Zhaoshuang Zhan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China.
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Hosseinkhani N, Hemmat N, Baghbani E, Baghbanzadeh A, Kazemi T, Mokhtarzadeh A, Jafarlou M, Amin Doustvandi M, Baradaran B. Dual silencing of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 stimulates T-cell mediated immune responses and inhibits MCF7 breast cancer development. Gene 2024; 896:148043. [PMID: 38042220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) can be expressed in tumoral cells and facilitate immune evasion of tumoral cells. Herein, we studied the significance of tumor-intrinsic CTLA-4 and VISTA silencing in tumor development and inflammatory factors expression in a co-culture system with MCF7 and T-cells. METHODS MCF7 cells were transfected with 60 pmol of CTLA-siRNA, VISTA-siRNA, and dual VISTA-/CTLA-4-siRNA. The MTT assay was performed to study the effect of CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown on the viability of MCF7 cells. Colony formation and wound-healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of CTLA-4 and VISTA silencing on the clonogenicity and migration of MCF7 cells. Flow cytometry was used to study the significance of CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown on the apoptosis and cell cycle of MCF7 cells. Also, a co-culture system with MCF7 and T-cells was developed to study the expression levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 following CTLA-4 and VISTA knockdown. The expression levels of caspase3, Bax, Bcl2, and MMP-9 were also investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, the TCGA Breast Cancer and GSE45827 datasets were analyzed to study the potential prognostic values of VISTA and CTLA-4, their expression difference in luminal A breast cancer and non-tumoral tissues, and their correlation in luminal A breast cancer tissues. RESULTS Combined knockdown of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 is superior in upregulating IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, downregulating TGF-β and IL-10 in T lymphocytes. Also, the combined silencing arrests the cell cycle at the sub-G1 phase, decreases migration, inhibits clonogenicity, and reduces cell viability of MCF7 cells. This combined treatment upregulates caspase 9 and BAX and downregulates MMP-9 in MCF7 cells. Our in-silico results have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between CTLA-4 and VISTA in luminal A breast cancer. CONCLUSION The additive effect of the combined knockdown of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 can substantially upregulate pro-inflammatory factors, downregulate anti-inflammatory factors, and inhibit tumor development in MCF7 cells. The significant positive correlation between VISTA and CTLA-4 in luminal A breast cancer might support the idea that a network of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules regulates anti-tumoral immune responses; thus, combinational immune checkpoint molecules blockade can be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafarlou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Said SS, Ibrahim WN. Breaking Barriers: The Promise and Challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2024; 12:369. [PMID: 38397971 PMCID: PMC10886684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with pronounced immunogenicity, exhibiting rapid proliferation and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. TNBC's heterogeneity poses challenges to immunological treatments, inducing resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, are explored in preclinical and clinical trials. Promising results emerge from combining ICIs with anti-TGF-β and VISTA, hindering TNBC tumor growth. TNBC cells employ complex evasion strategies involving interactions with stromal and immune cells, suppressing immune recognition through various cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites. The recent focus on unraveling humoral and cellular components aims to disrupt cancer crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment. This review identifies TNBC's latest resistance mechanisms, exploring potential targets for clinical trials to overcome immune checkpoint resistance and enhance patient survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
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Zhao W, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Liu J, Sun P, Li Y, Qi D, Zhang Z. Si Jun Zi decoction inhibits the growth of lung cancer by reducing the expression of PD-L1 through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116948. [PMID: 37482260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Si Jun Zi decoction (SJZT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula with the effect of invigorating the spleen qi and replenishing qi. TCM believes that a strong spleen qi helps to strengthen lung qi. Lung cancer is often caused by a deficiency of lung qi. Based on this theory, TCM often applies SJZT to the treatment of lung cancer and has achieved remarkable results. However, the mechanism of SJZT in the treatment of lung cancer remains unclear and requires further study. AIM OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of SJZT against lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the chemical constituents in SJZT were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS. MTT and cell scratch test were used to determine the cell viability and inhibition of migration in vitro. The effect of SJZT on the expression of PD-L1 protein in A549 cells was detected by Western Blotting (WB). Apoptosis was detected by crystal violet staining. The mouse model of Lewis lung cancer was established in vivo, and the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-2 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and PD-L1 in tumor tissues of mice were detected by WB. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and PD-L1 mRNA. Finally, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to detect the pathological status of tumor tissues in mice. RESULTS A total of 16 active chemical constituents were identified in SJZT. In vitro experiments showed that SJZT could inhibit the growth of A549, induce apoptosis and reduce the expression of PD-L1. In vivo experiments showed that SJZT regulated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, decreased the expression of PD-L1, and inhibited tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS SJZT inhibits the growth of lung cancer by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway and reducing the expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China; College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhaidong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhenyong Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zichao Chen
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yaqun Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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10
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Erlichman N, Meshel T, Baram T, Abu Raiya A, Horvitz T, Ben-Yaakov H, Ben-Baruch A. The Cell-Autonomous Pro-Metastatic Activities of PD-L1 in Breast Cancer Are Regulated by N-Linked Glycosylation-Dependent Activation of STAT3 and STAT1. Cells 2023; 12:2338. [PMID: 37830552 PMCID: PMC10571791 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 has been characterized as an inhibitory immune checkpoint, leading to the suppression of potential anti-tumor immune activities in many cancer types. In view of the relatively limited efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades against PD-L1 in breast cancer, our recent study addressed the possibility that in addition to its immune-inhibitory functions, PD-L1 promotes the pro-metastatic potential of the cancer cells themselves. Indeed, our published findings demonstrated that PD-L1 promoted pro-metastatic functions of breast cancer cells in a cell-autonomous manner, both in vitro and in vivo. These functions fully depended on the integrity of the S283 intracellular residue of PD-L1. Here, using siRNAs and the S283A-PD-L1 variant, we demonstrate that the cell-autonomous pro-metastatic functions of PD-L1-tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and release of the pro-metastatic chemokine CXCL8-required the activation of STAT3 and STAT1 in luminal A and triple-negative breast cancer cells. The cell-autonomous pro-metastatic functions of PD-L1 were potently impaired upon inhibition of N-linked glycosylation (kifunensine). Site-specific mutants at each of the N-linked glycosylation sites of PD-L1 (N35, N192, N200, and N219) revealed that they were all required for PD-L1-induced pro-metastatic functions to occur; the N219 site was the main regulator of STAT3 and STAT1 activation, with accompanying roles for N192 and N200 (depending on the cell type). Using a T cell-independent mouse system, we found that cells expressing N35A-PD-L1 and N219A-PD-L1 had a significantly lower tumorigenic and metastatic potential than cells expressing WT-PD-L1. TCGA analyses revealed significant associations between reduced survival and high levels of α-mannosidase II (inferring on N-linked glycosylation) in breast cancer patients. These findings suggest that N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 may be used to screen for patients who are at greater risk of disease progression, and that modalities targeting N-linked glycosylated PD-L1 may lead to the inhibition of its cell-autonomous pro-metastatic functions and to lower tumor progression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.E.); (T.M.); (T.B.); (A.A.R.); (T.H.); (H.B.-Y.)
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11
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Wang Y, Lu L, Ling C, Zhang P, Han R. Potential of Dietary HDAC2i in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors. Nutrients 2023; 15:3984. [PMID: 37764768 PMCID: PMC10537481 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality but lacks effective treatments thus far. Despite the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (including PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), durable and optimal clinical benefits still remain elusive for a considerable number of BC patients. To break through such a dilemma, novel ICI-based combination therapy has been explored for enhancing the therapeutic effect. Recent evidence has just pointed out that the HDAC2 inhibitor (HDAC2i), which has been proven to exhibit an anti-cancer effect, can act as a sensitizer for ICIs therapy. Simultaneously, dietary intervention, as a crucial supportive therapy, has been reported to provide ingredients containing HDAC2 inhibitory activity. Thus, the novel integration of dietary intervention with ICIs therapy may offer promising possibilities for improving treatment outcomes. In this study, we first conducted the differential expression and prognostic analyses of HDAC2 and BC patients using the GENT2 and Kaplan-Meier plotter platform. Then, we summarized the potential diet candidates for such an integrated therapeutic strategy. This article not only provides a whole new therapeutic strategy for an HDAC2i-containing diet combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for BC treatment, but also aims to ignite enthusiasm for exploring this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Changquan Ling
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Xishuangbanna 666303, China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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12
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Tsai CC, Yang YCSH, Chen YF, Huang LY, Yang YN, Lee SY, Wang WL, Lee HL, Whang-Peng J, Lin HY, Wang K. Integrins and Actions of Androgen in Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2126. [PMID: 37681860 PMCID: PMC10486718 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen has been shown to regulate male physiological activities and cancer proliferation. It is used to antagonize estrogen-induced proliferative effects in breast cancer cells. However, evidence indicates that androgen can stimulate cancer cell growth in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells via different types of receptors and different mechanisms. Androgen-induced cancer growth and metastasis link with different types of integrins. Integrin αvβ3 is predominantly expressed and activated in cancer cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also plays a vital role in cancer growth. The part of integrins in action with androgen in cancer cells is not fully mechanically understood. To clarify the interactions between androgen and integrin αvβ3, we carried out molecular modeling to explain the potential interactions of androgen with integrin αvβ3. The androgen-regulated mechanisms on PD-L1 and its effects were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Fong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Lin-Yi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (L.-Y.H.); (Y.-N.Y.)
| | - Yung-Ning Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (L.-Y.H.); (Y.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Lee
- Dentistry, Wan-Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | | | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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13
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Alkaabi D, Arafat K, Sulaiman S, Al-Azawi AM, Attoub S. PD-1 Independent Role of PD-L1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076420. [PMID: 37047395 PMCID: PMC10094894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast malignancy characterized by a high proliferative rate and metastatic potential leading to treatment failure, relapse, and poor prognosis. Therefore, efforts are continuously being devoted to understanding its biology and identifying new potential targets. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunosuppressive protein that inactivates T cells by binding to the inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). PD-L1 overexpression in cancer cells contributes to immune evasion and, subsequently, poor survival and prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Apart from its inhibitory impact on T cells, this ligand is believed to have an intrinsic role in cancer cells. This study was performed to clarify the PD-1 independent role of PD-L1 in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells by knocking out the PD-L1 using three designs of CRISPR-Cas9 lentiviral particles. Our study revealed that PD-L1 knockout significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model in vivo. PD-L1 knockout also decreased the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. We have shown that PD-L1 knockout MDA-MB-231 cells have low levels of p-Akt and p-ERK in addition to some of their downstream proteins, c-Fos, c-Myc, p21, survivin, and COX-2. Furthermore, PD-L1 knockout significantly decreased the expression of Snail and RhoA. This study shows the intrinsic role of PD-L1 in TNBC independently of its binding to PD-1 receptors on T cells. It may pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies using PD-L1 inhibitors alone and in combination to treat TNBC more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Alkaabi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kholoud Arafat
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahrazad Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya Mudhafar Al-Azawi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ahangar NK, Khalaj-Kondori M, Alizadeh N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Shadbad MA, Dolatkhah K, Baradaran B. Silencing tumor-intrinsic HHLA2 potentiates the anti-tumoral effect of paclitaxel on MG63 cells: Another side of immune checkpoint. Gene 2023; 855:147086. [PMID: 36535461 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is common type of bone cancer; however, the prognosis of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma is poor. As a new inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule, HHLA2 is upregulated in osteosarcoma. Herein, we studied the significance of tumor-intrinsic HHLA2 in MG-63 growth. Also, we examined the influence of combined therapy of HHLA2 knockdown with paclitaxel on the apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and stemness of MG-63 cells. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to study the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of paclitaxel and the cytotoxicity of HHLA2-small interfering RNA (siRNA) on MG-63 cells. The apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry. The wound-healing and colony formation assays were conducted to investigate the effect of paclitaxel and HHLA2 knockdown on the migration and stemness of MG-63 cells, respectively. QRT-PCR was used to determine the Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels. RESULTS HHLA2 silencing has enhanced the chemosensitivity of MG-63 cells to paclitaxel. Besides, HHLA2 knockdown has increased the paclitaxel-induced cytotoxic effect on MG-63 cells. In terms of stimulating apoptosis, decreasing clonogenicity, halting the cell cycle at the sub G1 phase, and inhibiting migration, tumor-intrinsic HHLA2 silencing has increased these anti-tumor effects of paclitaxel on MG-63 cells. Besides, HHLA2 knockdown has potentiated paclitaxel-mediated Bcl-2 downregulation and paclitaxel-mediated caspase-3 and Bax upregulation in MG-63 cells. CONCLUSION Tumor-intrinsic HHLA2 knockdown increases the anti-tumoral effect of paclitaxel on MG-63 cells and enhances the chemosensitivity of MG-63 cells to paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Karim Ahangar
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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15
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Ye Y, Xie Y, Pei L, Jiang Z, Wu C, Liu S. Platycodin D induces neutrophil apoptosis by downregulating PD-L1 expression to inhibit breast cancer pulmonary metastasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109733. [PMID: 37724959 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During breast cancer development, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression in neutrophils leads to delayed apoptosis and promotes neutrophil hyperproliferation in the lung to form a premetastatic niche, which is beneficial for pulmonary metastasis. Platycodin D (PlaD), a triterpenoid saponin with known anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects, has been reported to downregulate PD-L1 expression. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of PlaD on neutrophil PD-L1 in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice and the potential mechanism of breast cancer pulmonary metastasis. In this study, the orthotopic 4 T1 murine mammary carcinoma model was administered 10 and 20 mg/kg PlaD by gavage. PlaD reduced the excess neutrophils and decreased their high migratory capacity in bone marrow, peripheral blood and lung tissue in the premetastatic period, thereby effectively inhibiting tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Moreover, PlaD inhibited the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by decreasing the expression of PD-L1 in neutrophils and promoted neutrophil apoptosis. In vitro, PlaD treatment decreased the viability and inhibited migration of neutrophil-like dHL-60 in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, PlaD inhibited the increase in PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ stimulation and subsequently induced apoptosis in dHL-60 cells. In conclusion, the administration of PlaD inhibited the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by reducing the expression of PD-L1 in neutrophils. PlaD promoted neutrophil apoptosis, thereby inhibiting the establishment of a premetastatic niche and ultimately blocking the development of pulmonary metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Ye
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ying Xie
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lixia Pei
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunyu Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Breast Surgery, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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16
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Brown MJ, Morris MA, Akam EC. Investigating the Effects of Indirect Coculture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Migration of Breast Cancer Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2023; 17:11782234221145385. [PMID: 36710995 PMCID: PMC9875320 DOI: 10.1177/11782234221145385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women globally, and mesenchymal stem cells have been widely implicated in tumour progression. This systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify and summarise existing literature on the effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the migration of breast cancer cells (BCCs) in vitro, to determine the direction of this relationship according to existing research and to identify the directions for future research. Methods A systematic literature search was conducting using a collection of databases, using the following search terms: in vitro AND mesenchymal stem cells AND breast cancer. Only studies that investigated the effects of human, unmodified MSCs on the migration of human, unmodified BCCs in vitro were included. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to determine pooled effect sizes. Results This meta-analysis demonstrates that hMSCs (different sources combined) increase the migration of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines in vitro (SMD = 1.84, P = .03 and SMD = 2.69, P < .00001, respectively). Importantly, the individual effects of hMSCs from different sources were also analysed and demonstrated that MSCs derived from human adipose tissue increase BCC migration (SMD = 1.34, P = .0002) and those derived from umbilical cord increased both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 migration (SMD = 3.93, P < .00001 and SMD = 3.01, P < .00001, respectively). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating and summarising the effects of hMSCs from different sources on the migration of BCCs, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Juliet Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mhairi A Morris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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17
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Hu Y, Li Y, Yao Z, Huang F, Cai H, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang J. Immunotherapy: Review of the Existing Evidence and Challenges in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:563. [PMID: 36765522 PMCID: PMC9913569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a representative malignant tumor that affects women across the world, and it is the main cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Although a large number of treatment methods have been developed for BC in recent years, the results are sometimes unsatisfying. In recent years, treatments of BC have been expanded with immunotherapy. In our article, we list some tumor markers related to immunotherapy for BC. Moreover, we introduce the existing relatively mature immunotherapy and the markers' pathogenesis are involved. The combination of immunotherapy and other therapies for BC are introduced in detail, including the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy, the combined use of immunosuppressants and chemotherapy drugs, immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. We summarize the clinical effects of these methods. In addition, this paper also makes a preliminary exploration of the combination of immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and nanotechnology for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhangcheng Yao
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fenglin Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210012, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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18
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Yang F, Lin L, Li X, Wen R, Zhang X. Silencing of COL3A1 represses proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape of triple negative breast cancer cells via down-regulating PD-L1 expression. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1959-1969. [PMID: 35930601 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study is designed to illuminate the specific role and underlying mechanism of collagen type III alpha 1 chain (COL3A1) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine mRNA expression of COL3A1. Western blot analysis was employed to determine protein levels of COL3A1, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3. Immunohistochemistry staining was utilized for assessing protein expression of Ki67 and COL3A1 in tissues. The proliferous capacity of cells was assessed through CCK-8 assay and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. Cell apoptosis and the percentage of CD8+ T cells were measured using flow cytometry. Migration and invasion of TNBC cells were examined via transwell assay. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured via a LDH assay kit. For establishing a xenograft tumor model, MDA-MB-231 cells were injected into the flank of mice through subcutaneous injection. COL3A1 expression was raised in TNBC tissues and cells, and it was inversely associated with overall survival data of TNBC patients. COL3A1 downregulation repressed proliferation, invasion, migration, and immune escape of TNBC cells along with tumor growth of xenograft mice. In TNBC cells and tumor tissues of mice, protein expression of PD-L1 was reduced by COL3A1 knockdown. COL3A1 knockdown-mediated inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape were reversed by PD-L1 upregulation in vitro. Silencing of COL3A1 exerted an antitumor role in TNBC, implying its potential as a therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronglan Wen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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19
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Shadbad MA, Ghorbaninezhad F, Hassanian H, Ahangar NK, Hosseinkhani N, Derakhshani A, Shekari N, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A scoping review on the significance of programmed death-ligand 1-inhibiting microRNAs in non-small cell lung treatment: A single-cell RNA sequencing-based study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1027758. [PMID: 36388933 PMCID: PMC9659572 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1027758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is one of the well-established inhibitory axes in regulating immune responses. Besides the significance of tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 expression in immune evasion, its oncogenic role has been implicated in various malignancies, like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs) have pivotal roles in cancer biology. The current study aimed to systematically review the current knowledge about the significance of PD-L1-inhibiting miRs in NSCLC inhibition and their underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted the current scoping review based on the PRISMA-ScR statement. We systematically searched Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Ovid, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and Pascal-Francis up to 4 April 2021. We also performed in silico tumor bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing to further the current knowledge of the non-coding RNA-mediated tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 regulation and the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in NSCLC. RESULTS The ectopic expression of hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-326, hsa-miR-526b-3p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-34c-5p, hsa-miR-138-5p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, and hsa-miR-197-3p, as PD-L1-inhibiting miR, inhibits NSCLC development. These PD-L1-inhibiting miRs can substantially regulate the cell cycle, migration, clonogenicity, invasion, apoptosis, tumor chemosensitivity, and host anti-tumoral immune responses. Based on single-cell RNA sequencing results, PD-L1 inhibition might liberate the tumor-infiltrated CD8+ T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs)-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses via disrupting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. CONCLUSION Given the promising preclinical results of these PD-L1-inhibiting miRs in inhibiting NSCLC development, their ectopic expression might improve NSCLC patients' prognosis; however, further studies are needed to translate this approach into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamidreza Hassanian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Najibeh Shekari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Local Breast Microbiota: A "New" Player on the Block. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153811. [PMID: 35954474 PMCID: PMC9367283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, training and function of the human immune system. The interactions between microbiota and immune cells have consequences in several settings, namely in carcinogenesis but also in anticancer activity. Immunotherapy, already widely used in the treatment of several solid cancers, modulates the action of the immune system, promoting antitumour effects. Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying the microbiota composition as a possible modulator of the tumour microenvironment and consequently of the response to certain therapies such as immunotherapy. Abstract The tumour microenvironment (TME) comprises a complex ecosystem of different cell types, including immune cells, cells of the vasculature and lymphatic system, cancer-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and adipocytes. Cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape are all influenced by the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and TME. Microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists, found within tumour tissues, constitute the intratumour microbiota, which is tumour type-specific and distinct among patients with different clinical outcomes. Growing evidence reveals a significant relevance of local microbiota in the colon, liver, breast, lung, oral cavity and pancreas carcinogenesis. Moreover, there is a growing interest in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) pointed out in several cross-sectional studies on the correlation between microbiota and TME. It is now known that microorganisms have the capacity to change the density and function of anticancer and suppressive immune cells, enabling the promotion of an inflammatory environment. As immunotherapy (such as immune checkpoint inhibitors) is becoming a promising therapy using TIME as a therapeutic target, the analysis and comprehension of local microbiota and its modulating strategies can help improve cancer treatments.
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21
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Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: From bench to bedside. Life Sci 2022; 297:120466. [PMID: 35271882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can present tumoral antigens to T-cells and stimulate T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. In addition to uptaking, processing, and presenting tumoral antigens to T-cells, co-stimulatory signals have to be established between DCs with T-cells to develop anti-tumoral immune responses. However, most of the tumor-infiltrated immune cells are immunosuppressive in the tumor microenvironment (TME), paving the way for immune evasion of tumor cells. This immunosuppressive TME has also been implicated in suppressing the DC-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, as well. Various factors, i.e., immunoregulatory cells, metabolic factors, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, have been implicated in developing the immunosuppressive TME. Herein, we aimed to review the biology of DCs in developing T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, the significance of immunoregulatory cells in the TME, metabolic barriers contributing to DCs dysfunction in the TME, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in DC-based cell therapy outcomes. With reviewing the ongoing clinical trials, we also proposed a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the efficacy of DC-based cell therapy. Indeed, the combination of DC-based cell therapy with monoclonal antibodies against novel immune checkpoint molecules can be a promising strategy to increase the response rate of patients with cancers.
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22
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Tumor Cell-Autonomous Pro-Metastatic Activities of PD-L1 in Human Breast Cancer Are Mediated by PD-L1-S283 and Chemokine Axes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041042. [PMID: 35205789 PMCID: PMC8870053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease that responds in a limited manner to immune checkpoint blockades targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis, suggesting that PD-L1 potentiates TNBC progression via pathways not related to immune suppression. We demonstrated that, in human breast cancer cells, PD-L1 expression increased in a cell-autonomous manner tumor cell growth, invasion and release of pro-metastatic factors; these activities were elevated by exposure to PD-1 and were markedly impaired in S283-mutated PD-L1-expressing cells. Invasion of WT-PD-L1-expressing TNBC cells depended on autocrine chemokine circuits, involving CXCR1/2, CCR2, CCR5 and their ligands. In T cell-deficient mice, WT-PD-L1 exhibited increased tumor growth and metastasis by TNBC cells, whereas S283A-PD-L1-expressing cells showed a very poor tumorigenic and metastatic profile. These findings on cell-autonomous and PD-1-induced pro-metastatic activities of PD-L1 in cancer cells suggest that treatments targeting PD-L1 could improve the efficacy of immune-targeting checkpoint inhibitors, e.g., anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 in TNBC. Abstract Therapies targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis have recently been introduced to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with limited efficacy, suggesting that this axis promotes tumor progression through mechanisms other than immune suppression. Here, we over-expressed WT-PD-L1 in human TNBC cells (express endogenous PD-L1) and in luminal-A breast cancer cells (no endogenous PD-L1 expression) and demonstrated that cell-autonomous PD-L1 activities lead to increased tumor cell growth, invasion and release of pro-metastatic factors (CXCL8, sICAM-1, GM-CSF). These activities were promoted by PD-1 and were inhibited by mutating S283 in PD-L1. Invasion of WT-PD-L1-cells required signaling by chemokine receptors CXCR1/2, CCR2 and CCR5 through autocrine circuits involving CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL5. Studies with T cell-deficient mice demonstrated that cell-autonomous WT-PD-L1 activities in TNBC cells increased tumor growth and metastasis compared to knock-out (KO)-PD-L1-cells, whereas S283A-PD-L1-expressing cells had minimal ability to form tumors and did not metastasize. Overall, our findings reveal autonomous and PD-1-induced tumor-promoting activities of PD-L1 that depend on S283 and on chemokine circuits. These results suggest that TNBC patients whose tumors express PD-L1 could benefit from therapies that prevent immune suppression by targeting PD-1/CTLA-4, alongside with antibodies to PD-L1, which would allow maximal impact by mainly targeting the cancer cells.
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23
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Baghbani E, Noorolyai S, Rahmani S, Shanehbandi D, Shadbad MA, Aghebati-Maleki L, Mokhtarzadeh A, Brunetti O, Fasano R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Silencing tumor-intrinsic CD73 enhances the chemosensitivity of NSCLC and potentiates the anti-tumoral effects of cisplatin: An in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112370. [PMID: 34862113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Besides suppressing anti-tumoral immune responses, tumor-intrinsic inhibitory immune checkpoints have been implicated in tumor development. Herein, we aimed to investigate the significance of tumor-intrinsic CD73, as an inhibitory immune checkpoint, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development and propose a novel therapeutic approach. MAIN METHODS We investigated the cell viability, chemosensitivity, apoptosis, migration, and the cell cycle of A-549 and NCI-H1299 following treatment with cisplatin and CD73-small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to study the viability of studied groups and chemosensitivity of tumoral cells. Flow cytometry and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were used to investigate the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Flow cytometry and the wound-healing assay were used to investigate the cell cycle and migration of NSCLC cells, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of c-Myc, caspase 3, ROCK, and MMP-9 were investigated to study the underlying molecular mechanism. KEY FINDINGS CD73-siRNA transfection has significantly decreased the cell viability and enhanced the chemosensitivity of A-549 and NCI-H1299 cells to cisplatin. CD73-siRNA has considerably stimulated apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle, inhibited tumor migration, downregulated the mRNA expression of c-Myc, MMP-9, and ROCK, and upregulated caspase 3 expression in NSCLC cells. Besides, combined cisplatin therapy with CD73-siRNA transfection has potentiated the aforementioned anti-tumoral effects of cisplatin on NSCLC cells. SIGNIFICANCE Besides suppressing anti-tumoral immune responses, tumor-intrinsic CD73 can facilitate NSCLC development, and the combined cisplatin therapy with CD73-siRNA transfection can substantially enhance the chemosensitivity of NSCLC to cisplatin and potentiates cisplatin-induced anti-tumoral effects on NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncology Unit-IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit-IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology DIMO-University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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24
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Gholizadeh M, Doustvandi MA, Mohammadnejad F, Shadbad MA, Tajalli H, Brunetti O, Argentiero A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Photodynamic Therapy with Zinc Phthalocyanine Inhibits the Stemness and Development of Colorectal Cancer: Time to Overcome the Challenging Barriers? Molecules 2021; 26:6877. [PMID: 34833970 PMCID: PMC8621355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based cancer therapy approach that has shown promising results in treating various malignancies. Growing evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and cancer therapy resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC); thus, targeting these cells can ameliorate the prognosis of affected patients. Based on our bioinformatics results, SOX2 overexpression is significantly associated with inferior disease-specific survival and worsened the progression-free interval of CRC patients. Our results demonstrate that zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially decrease tumor migration via downregulating MMP9 and ROCK1 and inhibit the clonogenicity of SW480 cells via downregulating CD44 and SOX2. Despite inhibiting clonogenicity, ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 irradiation fails to downregulate CD44 expression in SW480 cells. Our results indicate that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially reduce the cell viability of SW480 cells and stimulate autophagy in the tumoral cells. Moreover, our results show that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially arrest the cell cycle at the sub-G1 level, stimulate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via upregulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 and downregulating Bcl-2. Indeed, our bioinformatics results show considerable interactions between the studied CSC-related genes with the studied migration- and apoptosis-related genes. Collectively, the current study highlights the potential role of ZnPc-PDT in inhibiting stemness and CRC development, which can ameliorate the prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Gholizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mohammad Amin Doustvandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Fateme Mohammadnejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
| | - Habib Tajalli
- Biophotonic Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz 51579-44533, Iran;
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Istituto Tumori BariGiovanni Paolo II, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran; (M.G.); (M.A.D.); (F.M.); (M.A.S.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14731, Iran
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25
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Dastmalchi N, Azarbarzin S, Safaralizadeh R, Khojasteh SMB, Shadbad MA, Amini M, Baghbanzadeh A, Asl ER, Baghbani E, Lotfinejad P, Baradaran B. The combined therapy of miR-383-5p restoration and paclitaxel for treating MDA-MB-231 breast cancer. Med Oncol 2021; 39:9. [PMID: 34761351 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of microRNAs (miRs) has been identified in tumor development. Indeed, the restoration of tumor-suppressive miRs has been associated with inhibited tumor development in various cancers. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the impact of combined miR-383-5p restoration, as a tumor-suppressive miR, with taxol therapy in suppressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer development. MDA-MB-231 cell line was restored with miR-383-5p and treated with paclitaxel both in combined and separate manners. The MTT experiment was carried out to measure the cytotoxicity of the therapeutic approaches on the tumoral cells. Besides, flow cytometry was conducted to assess apoptosis and cell cycle status following the treatments. Furthermore, the expression levels of critical factors contributed to tumor proliferation, migration, apoptosis were investigated via the qRT-PCR and western blotting techniques. The outcomes pointed out that the miR-383-5p might substantially enhance the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to taxol. Besides, miR-383-5p restoration and the combined therapy of miR-383-5p restoration with paclitaxel could remarkably increase apoptosis, decrease cell viability, arrest the cell cycle, inhibit clonogenicity, suppress tumor migration, suppress the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and down-regulate PD-L1 expression of BC cells. The restoration of miR-383-5p can enhance the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to taxol. Despite the anti-tumoral effects of miR-383-5p restoration on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer development, the combined therapy of miR-383-5p restoration with paclitaxel can be more effective in repressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dastmalchi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azarbarzin
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Roshani Asl
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Majidi M, Safaee S, Amini M, Baghbanzadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Hashemzadeh S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. The effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on PD-L1 gene expression in breast cancer cell lines. Med Oncol 2021; 38:147. [PMID: 34687372 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in terms of prevalence and mortality, and chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments at higher stages. However, resistance to chemotherapy is the main obstacle in the treatment of this cancer. Accumulated evidence identified the PD-L1 protein as an essential protein in the development of different cancers. Abnormal expression of this protein in various tumor cells is linked to cancer development and inhibiting the function of immune cells, which correlated with reduced beneficial effects of chemotherapy drugs. In the present study, the effects of common chemotherapy drugs including doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and docetaxel on the expression of the PD-L1 gene were investigated by qRT-PCR before and after the treatment with these drugs in MD231, MD468, SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines. Also, the MTT test was applied to examine the effects of drugs on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells considering PD-L1 expression. The expression of the PD-L1 gene increased after 24 and 48 h of treatment with chemotherapy drugs. The obtained results indicate the enhancing effects of chemotherapy drugs on PD-L1 gene expression, which have a suppressive effect on the immune system against breast cancer. The use of these drugs as the first line of chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer is not recommended. However, there is still a need for further experimental and clinical research on the exact effects of these drugs on undesired immune cells exhaustion in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaee
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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27
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hosseinkhani N, Asadzadeh Z, Derakhshani A, Karim Ahangar N, Hemmat N, Lotfinejad P, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review to Clarify the Prognostic Values of CD44 and CD44 +CD24 - Phenotype in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients: Lessons Learned and The Road Ahead. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689839. [PMID: 34434894 PMCID: PMC8381605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As a unique population of tumor bulk, cancer stem cells have been implicated in tumor relapse and chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, understanding the phenotype of cancer stem cells can pave the way for introducing novel molecular targeted therapies for treating TNBC patients. Preclinical studies have identified CD44+CD24-/low as a cancer stem cell phenotype; however, clinical studies have reported seemingly controversial results regarding the prognostic values of CD44 and CD44+CD24-/low phenotype in TNBC patients. To critically review the clinicopathological significance and prognostic values of CD44 and CD44+CD24-/low phenotype in TNBC patients, the Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to obtain the relevant records published before 20 October 2020. Based on nine included studies, CD44 and CD44+CD24-/low phenotype are associated with inferior prognosis in TNBC patients. Moreover, these cancer stem cell markers have been associated with advanced tumor stage, tumor size, higher tumor grade, tumor metastasis, and lymphatic involvement in TNBC patients. Our evidence has also indicated that, unlike the treatment-naïve TNBC patients, the tumoral cells of chemoradiotherapy-treated TNBC patients can upregulate the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype and establish an inverse association with androgen receptor (AR), leading to the inferior prognosis of affected patients. In summary, CD44 and CD44+CD24-/low phenotype can be utilized to determine TNBC patients' prognosis in the pathology department as a routine practice, and targeting these phenotypes can substantially improve the prognosis of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Xu P, Xiong W, Lin Y, Fan L, Pan H, Li Y. Histone deacetylase 2 knockout suppresses immune escape of triple-negative breast cancer cells via downregulating PD-L1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:779. [PMID: 34365463 PMCID: PMC8349356 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The PD-L1 overexpression is an important event of immune escape and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the molecular mechanism remains to be determined. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) represents a major driving force behind PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment, and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is required for IFN signaling. Here, we investigated the regulation of HDAC2 on the IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells. We found the HDAC2 and PD-L1 expression in TNBC was significantly higher than that in non-TNBC, and HDAC2 was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression. HDAC2 promoted PD-L1 induction by upregulating the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT1, as well as the translocation of STAT1 to the nucleus and the recruitment of STAT1 to the PD-L1 promoter. Meanwhile, HDAC2 was recruited to the PD-L1 promoter by STAT1, and HDAC2 knockout compromised IFNγ-induced upregulation of H3K27, H3K9 acetylation, and the BRD4 recruitment in PD-L1 promoter. In addition, significant inhibition of proliferation, colony formation, migration, and cell cycle of TNBC cells were observed following knockout of HDAC2 in vitro. Furthermore, HDAC2 knockout reduced IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression, lymphocyte infiltration, and retarded tumor growth and metastasis in the breast cancer mouse models. This study may provide evidence that HDAC2 promotes IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression, suggesting a way for enhanced antitumor immunity when targeting the HDAC2 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yun Lin
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Liping Fan
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Hongchao Pan
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- The Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
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29
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Shadbad MA, Safaei S, Brunetti O, Derakhshani A, Lotfinejad P, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hemmat N, Racanelli V, Solimando AG, Argentiero A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Potentiality of PD-L1-Inhibiting MicroRNAs for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Toward Single-Cell Sequencing-Guided Biomimetic Delivery. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081206. [PMID: 34440380 PMCID: PMC8391239 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a well-established inhibitory immune checkpoint axis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Growing evidence indicates that tumoral PD-L1 can lead to TNBC development. Although conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved TNBC patients’ prognosis, their effect is mainly focused on improving anti-tumoral immune responses without substantially regulating oncogenic signaling pathways in tumoral cells. Moreover, the conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors cannot impede the de novo expression of oncoproteins, like PD-L1, in tumoral cells. Accumulating evidence has indicated that the restoration of specific microRNAs (miRs) can downregulate tumoral PD-L1 and inhibit TNBC development. Since miRs can target multiple mRNAs, miR-based gene therapy can be an appealing approach to inhibit the de novo expression of oncoproteins, like PD-L1, restore anti-tumoral immune responses, and regulate various intracellular singling pathways in TNBC. Therefore, we conducted the current systematic review based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) to provide a comprehensive and unbiased synthesis of currently available evidence regarding the effect of PD-L1-inhibiting miRs restoration on TNBC development and tumor microenvironment. For this purpose, we systematically searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Ovid, and IranDoc databases to obtain the relevant peer-reviewed studies published before 25 May 2021. Based on the current evidence, the restoration of miR-424-5p, miR-138-5p, miR-570-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-383-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-3609, miR-195-5p, and miR-497-5p can inhibit tumoral PD-L1 expression, transform immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into the pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment, inhibit tumor proliferation, suppress tumor migration, enhance chemosensitivity of tumoral cells, stimulate tumor apoptosis, arrest cell cycle, repress the clonogenicity of tumoral cells, and regulate various oncogenic signaling pathways in TNBC cells. Concerning the biocompatibility of biomimetic carriers and the valuable insights provided by the single-cell sequencing technologies, single-cell sequencing-guided biomimetic delivery of these PD-L1-inhibiting miRs can decrease the toxicity of traditional approaches, increase the specificity of miR-delivery, enhance the efficacy of miR delivery, and provide the affected patients with personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran; (M.A.S.); (P.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Parisa Lotfinejad
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran; (M.A.S.); (P.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.G.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (O.B.); (A.G.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (S.S.); (A.D.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (B.B.)
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