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Dong C, Hui K, Gu J, Wang M, Hu C, Jiang X. Plasma sPD-L1 and VEGF levels are associated with the prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with combination immunotherapy. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:418-425. [PMID: 38386011 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The clinical significance of plasma soluble programmed cell death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with the combination of anti-angiogenic therapy and anti-PD-L1 antibody (Ab) remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between plasma sPD-L1 and VEGF levels and the prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with the combination of Envafolimab and Endostar. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 24 NSCLC patients at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment and were detected for sPD-L1 and VEGF levels. Both baseline and posttreatment sPD-L1 were significantly higher in progressive disease (PD) group than in controlled disease (CD) group (median: 77.5 pg/ml vs. 64.6 pg/ml, P = 0.036, median: 8451 pg/ml vs. 5563 pg/ml, P = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, lower baseline sPD-L1 levels were significantly associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 6.834, 95% CI: 1.350-34.592, P = 0.020). There were significantly higher posttreatment VEGF levels in PD group compared with CD group (median: 323.7 pg/ml vs. 178.5 pg/ml, P = 0.009). Higher posttreatment VEGF levels were significantly associated with shorter PFS in multivariate analysis (HR = 5.911, 95% CI: 1.391-25.122, P = 0.016). Plasma sPD-L1 and VEGF levels are associated with the clinical response and prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with the combination of PD-L1 inhibitors and anti-angiogenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Dong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Ma H, Jia J, Sun Z, Xiao X, Liang S, Zhao L, Zhang Z. The detection of PD-L1 expression on liquid-based cytology in pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma and its prognostic evaluation: Between paired liquid-based cytology and cell block samples. Diagn Cytopathol 2024; 52:235-242. [PMID: 38263766 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression levels measured by immunohistochemistry have been proven to predict the outcome of immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, data on PD-L1 expression on liquid-based cytology (LBC) in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is scarce. METHODS This study cohort included 60 cases with MPE suffering from LUAD. PD-L1 SP263 assay was used for immunocytochemistry (ICC) on LBC and matched cell block (CB) to validate ICC protocols on LBC slides. Clinical outcomes were analyzed based on immunotherapy and PD-L1 tumor proportion scores (TPS) on LBC slides and CBs. RESULTS PD-L1 expression with TPS ≥1% was lower in LBCs than in CBs (33 of 60 [55.0%] vs. 35 of 60 [58.3%]; p = .687). Even with the TPS ≥50% threshold, PD-L1 expression was lower in LBCs (10 of 60 [16.7%] vs. 15 of 60 [25%]; p = .125). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 mutation, tumor cell proportion, and pleural fluid neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were related to PD-L1 expression on CBs (p = .013, p = 0.022, and p = .011), respectively. Patients with subsequent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy remained a better prognostic in subgroups of PD-L1 positive expression on LBC slides (TPS ≥1%, p = .041). CONCLUSIONS LBC specimens had comparable performance to CBs in PD-L1 assessment and predicting treatment response to PD-L1-defined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Ma
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Sun
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xiao
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liang
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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Tseng TS, Lee CC, Chen PJ, Lin CY, Chen WC, Lee YC, Lin JH, Chen KW, Tsai KC. Structure-Guided Discovery of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction Inhibitors: Peptide Design, Screening, and Optimization via Computation-Aided Phage Display Engineering. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1615-1627. [PMID: 38356220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to combat tumors and has emerged as a major cancer treatment modality. The PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint modulates interactions between tumor cells and T cells and has been extensively targeted in cancer immunotherapy. However, the monoclonal antibodies known to target this immune checkpoint have considerable side effects, and novel PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are therefore required. Herein, a peptide inhibitor to disrupt PD-1/PD-L1 interactions was designed through structure-driven phage display engineering coupled to computational modification and optimization. BetaPb, a novel peptide library constructed by using the known structure of PD-1/PD-L, was used to develop inhibitors against the immune checkpoint, and specific peptides with high affinity toward PD-1 were screened through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence, and biolayer interferometry. A potential inhibitor, B8, was preliminarily screened through biopanning. The binding affinity of B8 toward PD-1 was confirmed through computation-aided optimization. Assessment of B8 variants (B8.1, B8.2, B8.3, B8.4, and B8.5) demonstrated their attenuation of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. B8.4 exhibited the strongest attenuation efficiency at a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.1 μM and the strongest binding affinity to PD-1 (equilibrium dissociation constant = 0.1 μM). B8.4 outperformed the known PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor PL120131 in disrupting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, revealing that B8.4 has remarkable potential for modification to yield an antitumor agent. This study provides valuable information for the future development of peptide-based drugs, therapeutics, and immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Sheng Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chang Lee
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Po-Juei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yuen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chuan Chen
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Han Lin
- Department of Industrial Technology, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taipei 100210, Taiwan
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Kaun-Wen Chen
- Molecular Science and Digital Innovation Center, Genetics Generation Advancement Corporation, Taipei 11949, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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4
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Vasilakaki S, Vathiotis I, Panagiotou E, Dimakakos E, Gomatou G, Kotteas E. Molecular interactions of antibodies with PD-1/PD-L1 proteins. Immunotherapy 2024; 16:21-28. [PMID: 38054258 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2023-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the protein-protein interactions of antibodies targeting PD-1 and its ligand (PD-L1) with their targets in an attempt to explain the antibodies' binding affinity. Materials & methods: The structural features of complexes between pembrolizumab, nivolumab, durvalumab, atezolizumab, avelumab and PD-1/PD-L1 are described, with the use of software and based on crystallographic data. Results: Pembrolizumab has more structural features, including the number and type of the bonds and total binding surface area, which could rationalize its different clinical behavior compared with nivolumab. Similarly, protein-protein interactions with PD-L1 differ among durvalumab, atezolizumab and avelumab. Conclusion: Differential protein-protein interactions between antibodies and PD-1/PD-L1 may indicate differential clinical activity; however, further research is needed to provide evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vasilakaki
- Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vathiotis
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Panagiotou
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Dimakakos
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Georgia Gomatou
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Elias Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, 11527, Greece
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5
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Carter R, Alanazi F, Sharp A, Roman J, Luchini A, Liotta L, Paige M, Brown AM, Haymond A. Identification of the functional PD-L1 interface region responsible for PD-1 binding and initiation of PD-1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105353. [PMID: 37858677 PMCID: PMC10663846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway is important for regulating immune responses and can be targeted by immunomodulatory drugs to treat a variety of immune disorders. However, the precise protein-protein interactions required for the initiation of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling are currently unknown. Previously, we designed a series of first-generation PD-1 targeting peptides based on the native interface region of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) that effectively reduced PD-1/PD-L1 binding. In this work, we further characterized the previously identified lead peptide, MN1.1, to identify key PD-1 binding residues and design an optimized peptide, MN1.4. We show MN1.4 is significantly more stable than MN1.1 in serum and retains the ability to block PD-1/PD-L1 complex formation. We further characterized the immunomodulatory effects of MN1.4 treatment by measuring markers of T cell activation in a co-culture model with ovarian cancer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We found MN1.4 treatment reduced cytokine secretion and suppressed T cell responses in a similar manner as recombinant PD-L1. Therefore, the PD-L1 interface region used to design MN1.4 appeared sufficient to initiate PD-1 signaling and likely represents the minimum necessary region of PD-L1 required for PD-1 recognition. We propose a peptide agonist for PD-1, such as MN1.4, could have several applications for treating autoimmune disorders caused by PD-1 deficiencies such as type 1 diabetes, inflammatory arthritis, or autoimmune side effects arising from monoclonal antibody-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Carter
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
| | - Fatimah Alanazi
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Amanda Sharp
- Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica Roman
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Anne M Brown
- Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Data Services, University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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6
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Chandrasekaran J, Elumalai S, Murugesan V, Kunjiappan S, Pavadai P, Theivendren P. Computational design of PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1633-1644. [PMID: 36006501 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing opens new avenues in cancer therapy. Drug repurposing, or finding new uses for existing drugs, can substantially reduce drug discovery time and costs. Cheminformatics, genetics, and systems biology advances enable repositioning drugs. Clinical usage of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking has been approved because of its efficacy in improving prognosis in select groups. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis was considered to represent a mechanism for tumour evasion of host tumour antigen-specific T-cell immunity in early preclinical research. The expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells causes T lymphocytes to become exhausted by transmitting a co-inhibitory signal. A better understanding of how PD-L1 is regulated in cancer cells could lead to new therapeutic options. In this view, the study was aimed to repurpose the existing FDA-approved drugs as a potential PD-L1 inhibitor through e-Pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking and dynamic simulation. e-Pharmacophore screening retrieved 324 FDA-approved medications with the fitness score ≥ 1. The top 10-docked FDA candidates were compared with IN-35 (Clinical trial candidate) for its interaction pattern with critical amino acid residues. Mirabegron and Indacaterol exhibited a greater affinity for PD-L1 with docking scores of - 9.213 kcal mol-1 and - 8.023 kcal mol-1, respectively. Mirabegron retain interactions at all three major hotspots in the PD-L1 dimer interface similar to IN-35. MM-GBSA analyses indicated that Mirabegron uses less energy to create a more stable complex and retains all of the inhibitor's positive interactions found in clinical trial ligand IN-35. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the Mirabegron complex showed a similar pattern of deviation in correlation with IN-35, and it retains the interaction with the active key amino acids throughout the simulation time. Our present study has shown Mirabegron as a powerful inhibitor of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells using a drug-repurposing screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikanth Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS University, Secunderabad, 500017, India.
| | - Senthilkumar Elumalai
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Vidya Murugesan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Science and Commerce, M S Ramaiah College of Arts, Bengaluru, 560054, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, India
| | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560054, India
| | - Panneerselvam Theivendren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Tiruchengodu, 637205, India
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7
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Richaud AD, Zaghouani M, Zhao G, Wangpaichitr M, Savaraj N, Roche SP. Exploiting the Innate Plasticity of the Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD1) Receptor to Design Pembrolizumab H3 Loop Mimics. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200449. [PMID: 36082509 PMCID: PMC10029098 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade of the immunoreceptor programmed cell death-1 (PD1) with its ligand-1 (PDL1) by monoclonal antibodies such as pembrolizumab provided compelling clinical results in various cancer types, yet the molecular mechanism by which this drug blocks the PD1/PDL1 interface remains unclear. To address this question, we examined the conformational motion of PD1 associated with the binding of pembrolizumab. Our results revealed that the innate plasticity of both C'D and FG loops is crucial to form a deep binding groove (371 Å3 ) across several distant epitopes of PD1. This analysis ultimately provided a rational-design to create pembrolizumab H3 loop mimics [RDYRFDMGFD] into β-hairpin scaffolds. As a result, a 20-residue long β-hairpin peptide 1 e was identified as a first-in-class potent PD1-inhibitor (EC50 of 0.29 μM; Ki of 41 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D Richaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mehdi Zaghouani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Guangkuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | | - Niramol Savaraj
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33458, USA
| | - Stéphane P Roche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Wang L, Song Q, Ali M, Crowe WN, Kucera GL, Hawkins GA, Soker S, Thomas KW, Miller LD, Lu Y, Bellinger CR, Zhang W, Habib AA, Petty WJ, Zhao D. Intrapleural nano-immunotherapy promotes innate and adaptive immune responses to enhance anti-PD-L1 therapy for malignant pleural effusion. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:206-216. [PMID: 34916656 PMCID: PMC9074399 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is indicative of terminal malignancy with a uniformly fatal prognosis. Often, two distinct compartments of tumour microenvironment, the effusion and disseminated pleural tumours, co-exist in the pleural cavity, presenting a major challenge for therapeutic interventions and drug delivery. Clinical evidence suggests that MPE comprises abundant tumour-associated myeloid cells with the tumour-promoting phenotype, impairing antitumour immunity. Here we developed a liposomal nanoparticle loaded with cyclic dinucleotide (LNP-CDN) for targeted activation of stimulators of interferon genes signalling in macrophages and dendritic cells and showed that, on intrapleural administration, they induce drastic changes in the transcriptional landscape in MPE, mitigating the immune cold MPE in both effusion and pleural tumours. Moreover, combination immunotherapy with blockade of programmed death ligand 1 potently reduced MPE volume and inhibited tumour growth not only in the pleural cavity but also in the lung parenchyma, conferring significantly prolonged survival of MPE-bearing mice. Furthermore, the LNP-CDN-induced immunological effects were also observed with clinical MPE samples, suggesting the potential of intrapleural LNP-CDN for clinical MPE immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Qianqian Song
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William N Crowe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory L Kucera
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Karl W Thomas
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christina R Bellinger
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and VA North Texas Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - W Jeffrey Petty
- Department of Medicine, Section on hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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9
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Pan J, Qiao Y, Chen C, Zang H, Zhang X, Qi F, Chang C, Yang F, Sun M, Lin S, Tang Q, Li L, Wang M, Wu M, Liu Y, Lai C, Chen J, Chen G. USP5 facilitates non-small cell lung cancer progression through stabilization of PD-L1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1051. [PMID: 34741014 PMCID: PMC8571306 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PD-L1(CD274) is a well-known immunosuppressive molecule, which confers immunoescape features to cancer cells and has become one of the major targets in cancer immunotherapies. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control PD-L1 protein expression is important for guiding immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Here, we showed that ubiquitin specific peptidase 5 (USP5) was a novel PD-L1 deubiquitinase in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. USP5 directly interacted with PD-L1 and deubiquitinated PD-L1, therefore enhances PD-L1 protein stability. Meanwhile, USP5 protein levels were highly elevated and positively correlated to PD-L1 levels in NSCLC tissues, and were closely correlated with poor prognosis of these patients. In addition, knockdown of USP5 retarded tumor growth in the Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Thus, we identified that USP5 was a new regulator of PD-L1 and targeting USP5 is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Zang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cunjie Chang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Mengqing Sun
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shengbin Lin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Quandong Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lina Li
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Menglan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Minjie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Caiyong Lai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Urology and General Surgery, School of Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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10
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Guo Y, Liang J, Liu B, Jin Y. Molecular Mechanism of Food-Derived Polyphenols on PD-L1 Dimerization: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010924. [PMID: 34681584 PMCID: PMC8535905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, an emerging approach is to block the interactions of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) using small-molecule inhibitors. The food-derived polyphenols curcumin (CC), resveratrol (RSV) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have anticancer immunologic functions, which, recently, have been proposed to act via the downregulation of PD-L1 expression. However, it remains unclear whether they can directly target PD-L1 dimerization and, thus, interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of such compounds on PD-L1 dimerization, molecular docking and nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations were performed. Binding free energy calculations show that the affinities of CC, RSV and EGCG to the PD-L1 dimer follow a trend of CC > RSV > EGCG. Hence, CC is the most effective inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Analysis on contact numbers, nonbonded interactions and residue energy decomposition indicate that such compounds mainly interact with the C-, F- and G-sheet fragments of the PD-L1 dimer, which are involved in interactions with PD-1. More importantly, nonpolar interactions between these compounds and the key residues Ile54, Tyr56, Met115, Ala121 and Tyr123 play a dominant role in binding. Free energy landscape and secondary structure analyses further demonstrate that such compounds can stably interact with the binding domain of the PD-L1 dimer. The results provide evidence that CC, RSV and EGCG can inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 interactions by directly targeting PD-L1 dimerization. This provides a novel approach to discovering food-derived small-molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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11
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Qu S, Jiao Z, Lu G, Yao B, Wang T, Rong W, Xu J, Fan T, Sun X, Yang R, Wang J, Yao Y, Xu G, Yan X, Wang T, Liang H, Zen K. PD-L1 lncRNA splice isoform promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression via enhancing c-Myc activity. Genome Biol 2021; 22:104. [PMID: 33849634 PMCID: PMC8042710 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although using a blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to enhance T cell immune responses shows great promise in tumor immunotherapy, the immune-checkpoint inhibition strategy is limited for patients with solid tumors. The mechanism and efficacy of such immune-checkpoint inhibition strategies in solid tumors remains unclear. RESULTS Employing qRT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and RNA BaseScope analysis, we show that human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) all produce a long non-coding RNA isoform of PD-L1 (PD-L1-lnc) by alternative splicing, regardless if the tumor is positive or negative for the protein PD-L1. Similar to PD-L1 mRNA, PD-L1-lnc in various lung adenocarcinoma cells is significantly upregulated by IFNγ. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PD-L1-lnc increases proliferation and invasion but decreases apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, PD-L1-lnc promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression through directly binding to c-Myc and enhancing c-Myc transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the PD-L1 gene can generate a long non-coding RNA through alternative splicing to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression by enhancing c-Myc activity. Our results argue in favor of investigating PD-L1-lnc depletion in combination with PD-L1 blockade in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongzhong Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Chen H, Wang K, Yang Y, Huang X, Dai X, Feng Z. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 interaction inhibitors bearing a benzo[d]isothiazole scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113377. [PMID: 33770574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is an attractive strategy for immunotherapy. A novel series of compounds bearing a benzo[d]isothiazole scaffold were developed, among which CH20 exhibited promising activity, with an IC50 value of 8.5 nM. Further cell-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade bioassays indicated that CH20 can inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction at the cellular level, with an EC50 value of 5.6 μM CH20 could have better potency in restoring the activity of effector cells, as the maximal luminescence values (RLUmax) of CH20 were equivalent to those of PD-L1 mAbs. The docking analysis of CH20 with the PD-L1 dimer complex (PDB ID: 6R3K) confirmed that CH20 is a promising lead compound for the development of inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. The preliminary structure-activity relationship was investigated in this paper, with the aim of future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xupeng Huang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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13
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Nishimura CD, Pulanco MC, Cui W, Lu L, Zang X. PD-L1 and B7-1 Cis-Interaction: New Mechanisms in Immune Checkpoints and Immunotherapies. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:207-219. [PMID: 33199209 PMCID: PMC7914151 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints negatively regulate immune cell responses. Programmed cell death protein 1:programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1:PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4):B7-1 are among the most important immune checkpoint pathways, and are key targets for immunotherapies that seek to modulate the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals to lead to favorable therapeutic outcomes. The current dogma of these two immune checkpoint pathways has regarded them as independent with no interactions. However, the newly characterized PD-L1:B7-1 ligand-ligand cis-interaction and its ability to bind CTLA-4 and CD28, but not PD-1, suggests that these pathways have significant crosstalk. Here, we propose that the PD-L1:B7-1 cis-interaction brings novel mechanistic understanding of these pathways, new insights into mechanisms of current immunotherapies, and fresh ideas to develop better treatments in a variety of therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Nishimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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14
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Wang F, Ye W, Wang S, He Y, Zhong H, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Han J, Bing Z, Ji S, Liu H, Yao X. Discovery of a new inhibitor targeting PD-L1 for cancer immunotherapy. Neoplasia 2021; 23:281-293. [PMID: 33529880 PMCID: PMC7851350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 immunologic checkpoint using monoclonal antibodies has provided breakthrough therapies against cancer in the recent years. Nevertheless, intrinsic disadvantages of therapeutic antibodies may limit their applications. Thus, blocking of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by small molecules may be a promising alternative for cancer immunotherapy. We used a docking-based virtual screening strategy to rapidly identify new small molecular inhibitors targeting PD-L1. We demonstrated that a small molecule compound (N-[2-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl][1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide [APBC]) could effectively interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by directly binding to PD-L1, presenting the KD and IC50 values at low-micromolar level. Molecular docking study revealed that APBC may have function through a PD-L1 dimer-locking mechanism, occluding the PD-1 interaction surface of PD-L1. We further confirmed the ligand blocking activity and T cell-reinvigoration potency of APBC using cell-based assays. APBC could dose-dependently elevate cytokine secretions of the primary T-lymphocytes that are cocultured with cancer cells. Importantly, APBC displayed superior antitumor efficacy in hPD-L1 knock-in B16F10-bearing mouse model without the induction of observable liver toxicity. Analyses on the APBC-treated mice further revealed drastically elevated levels of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and inflammatory cytokines production in tumor microenvironment. The APBC compound could serve as a privileged scaffold in the design of improved PD pathway modulators, thus providing us promising drug candidates for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongxing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yongchang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhitong Bing
- Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
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15
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Cotton AD, Nguyen DP, Gramespacher JA, Seiple IB, Wells JA. Development of Antibody-Based PROTACs for the Degradation of the Cell-Surface Immune Checkpoint Protein PD-L1. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:593-598. [PMID: 33395526 PMCID: PMC8154509 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation has emerged as a new paradigm to manipulate cellular proteostasis. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bifunctional small molecules that recruit an E3 ligase to a target protein of interest, promoting its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Here, we report the development of antibody-based PROTACs (AbTACs), fully recombinant bispecific antibodies that recruit membrane-bound E3 ligases for the degradation of cell-surface proteins. We show that an AbTAC can induce the lysosomal degradation of programmed death-ligand 1 by recruitment of the membrane-bound E3 ligase RNF43. AbTACs represent a new archetype within the PROTAC field to target cell-surface proteins with fully recombinant biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Cotton
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Duy P. Nguyen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Josef A. Gramespacher
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - James A. Wells
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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16
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Shin J, Phelan PJ, Gjoerup O, Bachovchin W, Bullock PA. Characterization of a single chain variable fragment of nivolumab that targets PD-1 and blocks PD-L1 binding. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 177:105766. [PMID: 32987122 PMCID: PMC7518118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated T-cells express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), a key immune checkpoint receptor. PD-1 functions primarily in peripheral tissues, where T cells may encounter tumor-derived immunosuppressive ligands. Monoclonal antibodies that disrupt the interaction between T-cell derived PD-1 and immunosuppressive ligands, such as PD-L1, have revolutionized approaches to cancer therapy. For instance, Nivolumab is a monoclonal Ab that targets human PD-1 and has played an important role in immune checkpoint therapy. Herein we report the purification and initial characterization of a ~27 kDa single chain variable fragment (scFv) of Nivolumab that targets human PD-1 and blocks binding by PD-L1. The possibility that the anti-PD-1 scFv can serve as both an anti-tumor agent and as an anti-viral agent is discussed. IMPORTANCE: The clinical significance of anti-PD-1 antibodies for treatment of a range of solid tumors is well documented (reviewed in [1-4]). In this report, we describe the results of studies that establish that an anti-PD-1 scFv purified from E. coli binds tightly to human PD-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that upon binding, the anti-PD-1 scFv disrupts the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. Thus, the properties of this scFv, including its small size, stability and affinity for human PD-1, suggest that it has the potential to be a useful reagent in subsequent immunotherapeutic, diagnostic and anti-viral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Shin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul J Phelan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Ole Gjoerup
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - William Bachovchin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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17
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Roither B, Oostenbrink C, Schreiner W. Molecular dynamics of the immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein I, PD-1: conformational changes of the BC-loop upon binding of the ligand PD-L1 and the monoclonal antibody nivolumab. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:557. [PMID: 33308148 PMCID: PMC7734776 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune checkpoint receptor programmed cell death protein I (PD-1) has been identified as a key target in immunotherapy. PD-1 reduces the risk of autoimmunity by inducing apoptosis in antigen-specific T cells upon interaction with programmed cell death protein ligand I (PD-L1). Various cancer types overexpress PD-L1 to evade the immune system by inducing apoptosis in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. The clinically used blocking antibody nivolumab binds to PD-1 and inhibits the immunosuppressive interaction with PD-L1. Even though PD-1 is already used as a drug target, the exact mechanism of the receptor is still a matter of debate. For instance, it is hypothesized that the signal transduction is based on an active conformation of PD-1. RESULTS Here we present the results of the first molecular dynamics simulations of PD-1 with a complete extracellular domain with a focus on the role of the BC-loop of PD-1 upon binding PD-L1 or nivolumab. We could demonstrate that the BC-loop can form three conformations. Nivolumab binds to the BC-loop according to the conformational selection model whereas PD-L1 induces allosterically a conformational change of the BC-loop. CONCLUSION Due to the structural differences of the BC-loop, a signal transduction based on active conformation cannot be ruled out. These findings will have an impact on drug design and will help to refine immunotherapy blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
-
Bernhard Roither
- Institute of Biosimulation and Bioinformatics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23/88.04.510, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schreiner
- Institute of Biosimulation and Bioinformatics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23/88.04.510, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Lung J, Hung MS, Lin YC, Hung CH, Chen CC, Lee KD, Tsai YH. Virtual Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of PD-1 Dimer Stabilizers for Uncoupling PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction from Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E5293. [PMID: 33202823 PMCID: PMC7696397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations accumulated overtime could generate many growth and survival advantages for cancer cells, but these mutations also mark cancer cells as targets to be eliminated by the immune system. To evade immune surveillance, cancer cells adopted different intrinsic molecules to suppress immune response. PD-L1 is frequently overexpressed in many cancer cells, and its engagement with PD-1 on T cells diminishes the extent of cytotoxicity from the immune system. To resume immunity for fighting cancer, several therapeutic antibodies disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been introduced in clinical practice. However, their immunogenicity, low tissue penetrance, and high production costs rendered these antibodies beneficial to only a limited number of patients. PD-L1 dimer formation shields the interaction interface for PD-1 binding; hence, screening for small molecule compounds stabilizing the PD-L1 dimer may make immune therapy more effective and widely affordable. In the current study, 111 candidates were selected from over 180,000 natural compound structures through virtual screening, contact fingerprint analysis, and pharmacological property prediction. Twenty-two representative candidates were further evaluated in vitro. Two compounds were found capable of inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and promoting PD-L1 dimer formation. Further structure optimization and clinical development of these lead inhibitors will eventually lead to more effective and affordable immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jrhau Lung
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch 613, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Szu Hung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch 613, Taiwan; (M.-S.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chiayi Campus, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch 613, Taiwan; (M.-S.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chiayi Campus, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch 613, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Der Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Ying Huang Tsai
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch 333, Taiwan
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. N-glycosylation and ubiquitinylation of PD-L1 do not restrict interaction with BMS-202: A molecular modeling study. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 88:107362. [PMID: 32871472 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Programmed cell Death protein-1/Ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) checkpoint is a major target in oncology. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are used to treat different types of solid tumors and lymphoma. PD-L1-binding small molecules are also actively searched. The lead compound is the biphenyl drug BMS-202 which stabilizes PD-L1 protein dimers and displays a potent antitumor activity in experimental models. Here we have investigated the effect of N-glycosylation (at N35, N192, N200 and N219) and mono-ubiquitination (at K178) of PD-L1 on the interaction with BMS-202 by molecular modeling. Two complementary tridimensional models of PD-L1, based on available crystallographic structures, were constructed with BMS-202 bound. The structures were glycosylated, with a fucosylated bi-antennary N-glycan and ubiquitinated. Model 1 refers to glycoPD-L1 bearing 16 N-glycans, with or without 4 ubiquitin residues. Model 2 presents 8 N-glycans and 2 ubiquitin residues. In both cases, BMS-202 was bound to the protein interface, stabilizing a PD-L1 dimer. The incorporation of the N-glycans or the ubiquitins did not significantly alter the drug-protein recognition. The interface of the drug-stabilized protein dimer is unaffected by the glycosylation or ubiquitination. Calculations of the binding energies indicated that the glycosylation slightly reduces the stability of the drug-protein complexes but does not prevent the drug binding process. Our modeling study suggests that the drug can target efficiently the different forms of PD-L1 in cells, glycosylated, ubiquitinated or not. These models of N-glycosylated and ubiquitinated PD-L1 will be useful to study other PD-L1 protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006, Lille, France
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20
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Huang X, Zhang L, Wen Z, Chen H, Li S, Ji G, Yin CC, Sun F. Amorphous nickel titanium alloy film: A new choice for cryo electron microscopy sample preparation. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2020; 156:3-13. [PMID: 32758492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has become one of the most important approach for structural biology. However, barriers are still there for an increased successful rate, a better resolution and improved efficiency from sample preparation, data collection to image processing. CryoEM sample preparation is one of the bottlenecks with many efforts made recently, including the optimization of supporting substrate (e.g. ultra-thin carbon, graphene, pure gold, 2d crystal of streptavidin, and affinity modification), which was aimed to solve air-water interface problem, or reduce beam induced motion (BIM), or change particle distribution in the grid hole. Here, we report another effort of developing a new supporting substrate, the amorphous nickel-titanium alloy (ANTA) film, for cryoEM sample preparation as a layer of holey supporting film covering on TEM grid. Our investigations showed advantages of ANTA film in comparison with conventional carbon film, including much better electron conductivity and trace non-specific interaction with protein. These advantages yield less BIM and significantly improved particle distribution during cryoEM experiment of human apo-ferritn, thus resulting an improved reconstruction resolution from a reduced number of micrographs and particles. Unlike the pure gold film, the usage of the ANTA film is just same with the carbon film, compatible to conventional automatic cryoEM data collection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Huang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, The Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Electron Microscopy Analysis Laboratory, Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zuoling Wen
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuoguo Li
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gang Ji
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Yin
- Department of Biophysics, The Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Electron Microscopy Analysis Laboratory, Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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21
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Liu L, Hou J, Xu Y, Qin L, Liu W, Zhang H, Li Y, Chen M, Deng M, Zhao B, Hu J, Zheng H, Li C, Meng S. PD-L1 upregulation by IFN-α/γ-mediated Stat1 suppresses anti-HBV T cell response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228302. [PMID: 32628668 PMCID: PMC7337294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been recently shown to be a major obstacle to antiviral immunity by binding to its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on specific IFN-γ producing T cells in chronic hepatitis B. Currently, IFN-α is widely used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but its antiviral effect vary greatly and the mechanism is not totally clear. We found that IFN-α/γ induced a marked increase of PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes. Signal and activators of transcription (Stat1) was then identified as a major transcription factor involved in IFN-α/γ-mediated PD-L1 elevation both in vitro and in mice. Blockage of the PD-L1/PD-1 interaction by a specific mAb greatly enhanced HBV-specific T cell activity by the gp96 adjuvanted therapeutic vaccine, and promoted HBV clearance in HBV transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate the IFN-α/γ-Stat1-PD-L1 axis plays an important role in mediating T cell hyporesponsiveness and inactivating liver-infiltrating T cells in the hepatic microenvironment. These data raise further potential interest in enhancing the anti-HBV efficacy of IFN-α and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- LanLan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Junwei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaguo Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changfei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SM); (CL)
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SM); (CL)
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Kim JH, Kim YS, Choi JG, Li W, Lee EJ, Park JW, Song J, Chung HS. Kaempferol and Its Glycoside, Kaempferol 7-O-Rhamnoside, Inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093239. [PMID: 32375257 PMCID: PMC7247329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol (KO) and kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside (KR) are natural products from various oriental herbs such as Geranii Herba. Previous studies have reported some biological activities of KO and KR; however, their effects on PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have not been reported yet. To elucidate their inhibitory activities on PD-1/PD-L1 protein–protein interaction (PPI), biochemical assays including competitive ELISA and biolayer interferometry (BLI) systems were performed. Cellular PD-1/PD-L1 blocking activity was measured in a co-culture system with PD-1 Jurkat and PD-L1/aAPC CHO-K1 cells by T-cell receptor (TCR) activation-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-luciferase reporter assay. The detailed binding mode of action was simulated by an in silico docking study and pharmacophore analysis. Competitive ELISA revealed that KO and its glycoside KR significantly inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Cellular PD-1/PD-L1 blocking activity was monitored by KO and KR at non-cytotoxic concentration. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis suggested the binding affinity and direct inhibition of KR against PD-1/PD-L1. An in silico docking simulation determined the detailed mode of binding of KR to PD-1/PD-L1. Collectively, these results suggest that KR could be developed as a potent small molecule inhibitor for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Jin-Wan Park
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jaeyoung Song
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.S.K.); (J.-G.C.); (W.L.); (E.J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-940-3875
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23
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Bastaki S, Irandoust M, Ahmadi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ambrose P, Hallaj S, Edalati M, Ghalamfarsa G, Azizi G, Yousefi M, Chalajour H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. PD-L1/PD-1 axis as a potent therapeutic target in breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 247:117437. [PMID: 32070710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although both the incidence and the mortality rate of breast cancer is rising, there is no potent and practical option for the treatment of these patients, particularly in advanced stages. One of the most critical challenges for treatment is the presence of complicated and extensive tumor escape mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoint molecules are of the main immunosuppressive mechanisms used by cancerous cells to block anti-cancer immune responses. Among these molecules, PD-1 (Programmed cell death) and PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) have been considered as worthy therapeutic targets for breast cancer therapy. In this review, we intend to discuss the immunobiology and signaling of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and highlight its importance as a worthy therapeutic target in breast cancer. We believe that the prognostic value of PD-L1 depends on the breast cancer subtype. Moreover, the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 targeting with immune-stimulating vaccines can be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Bastaki
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, East Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - Mahzad Irandoust
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Bioclinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Hallaj
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Edalati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj. Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hengameh Chalajour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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24
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Ramakrishnan S, Natarajan A, Chan CT, Panesar PS, Gambhir SS. Engineering of a novel subnanomolar affinity fibronectin III domain binder targeting human programmed death-ligand 1. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:231-240. [PMID: 31612217 PMCID: PMC7212189 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a major checkpoint protein that helps cancer cells evade the immune system. A non-invasive imaging agent with rapid clearance rate would be an ideal tool to predict and monitor the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. The aim of this research was to engineer a subnanomolar, high-affinity fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3)-based small binder targeted against human PD-L1 (hPD-L1) present on tumor cells. A naive yeast G4 library containing the FN3 gene with three binding loop sequences was used to isolate high-affinity binders targeted to purified full-length hPD-L1. The selected binder clones displayed several mutations in the loop regions of the FN3 domain. One unique clone (FN3hPD-L1-01) with a 6x His-tag at the C-terminus had a protein yield of >5 mg/L and a protein mass of 12 kDa. In vitro binding assays on six different human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, DLD1, U87, 293 T, Raji and Jurkat) and murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells stably expressing hPD-L1 showed that CT26/hPD-L1 cells had the highest expression of hPD-L1 in both basal and IFN-γ-induced states, with a binding affinity of 2.38 ± 0.26 nM for FN3hPD-L1-01. The binding ability of FN3hPD-L1-01 was further confirmed by immunofluorescence staining on ex vivo CT26/hPD-L1 tumors sections. The FN3hPD-L1-01 binder represents a novel, small, high-affinity binder for imaging hPD-L1 expression on tumor cells and would aid in earlier imaging of tumors. Future clinical validation studies of the labeled FN3hPD-L1 binder(s) have the potential to monitor immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy and predict responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja Ramakrishnan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmel T Chan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paramjyot Singh Panesar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Ng KW, Attig J, Young GR, Ottina E, Papamichos SI, Kotsianidis I, Kassiotis G. Soluble PD-L1 generated by endogenous retroelement exaptation is a receptor antagonist. eLife 2019; 8:e50256. [PMID: 31729316 PMCID: PMC6877088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation is a finely balanced process of positive and negative signals. PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1 are critical regulators of autoimmune, antiviral and antitumoural T cell responses. Although the function of its predominant membrane-bound form is well established, the source and biological activity of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that sPD-L1 in human healthy tissues and tumours is produced by exaptation of an intronic LINE-2A (L2A) endogenous retroelement in the CD274 gene, encoding PD-L1, which causes omission of the transmembrane domain and the regulatory sequence in the canonical 3' untranslated region. The alternatively spliced CD274-L2A transcript forms the major source of sPD-L1 and is highly conserved in hominids, but lost in mice and a few related species. Importantly, CD274-L2A-encoded sPD-L1 lacks measurable T cell inhibitory activity. Instead, it functions as a receptor antagonist, blocking the inhibitory activity of PD-L1 bound on cellular or exosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Attig
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - George R Young
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Ottina
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Spyros I Papamichos
- Department of HaematologyDemocritus University of Thrace Medical SchoolAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of HaematologyDemocritus University of Thrace Medical SchoolAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of MedicineFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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26
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Lim H, Chun J, Jin X, Kim J, Yoon J, No KT. Investigation of protein-protein interactions and hot spot region between PD-1 and PD-L1 by fragment molecular orbital method. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16727. [PMID: 31723178 PMCID: PMC6853875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors to interfere protein-protein interactions (PPI) between programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) block evasion of cancers from immune surveillance. Analyzing hot spot residues in PPI is important for small-molecule drug development. In order to find out hot spots on PPI interface in PD-1/PD-L1 complex, we analyzed PPI in PD-1/PD-L1 with a new analysis method, 3-dimensional scattered pair interactions energies (3D-SPIEs), which assorts significant interactions with fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. By additionally analyzing PPI in PD-1/antibody and PD-L1/antibody complexes, and small-ligand interactions in PD-L1/peptide and PD-L1/small-molecule complexes, we narrowed down the hot spot region with 3D-SPIEs-based interaction map, which integrates PPI and small-ligand interactions. Based on the map, there are two hot spot regions in PPI of PD-1/PD-L1 and the first hot spot region is important for inhibitors. In particular, LY56, LE58, and LN66 in the first hot spot of PD-L1 are important for PD-L1-antibodies and small-inhibitors in common, while LM115 is important for small-inhibitors. Therefore, the 3D-SPIEs-based map would provide valuable information for designing new small-molecule inhibitors to inhibit PPI of PD-1/PD-L1 and the FMO/3D-SPIEs method provides an effectual tool to understand PPI and integrate PPI and small-ligand interactions at a quantum mechanical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocheol Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuemei Jin
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongHyeok Yoon
- Pharos I&BT Co., Ltd., Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14059, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Musielak B, Kocik J, Skalniak L, Magiera-Mularz K, Sala D, Czub M, Stec M, Siedlar M, Holak TA, Plewka J. CA-170 - A Potent Small-Molecule PD-L1 Inhibitor or Not? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152804. [PMID: 31374878 PMCID: PMC6695792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CA-170 is currently the only small-molecule modulator in clinical trials targeting PD-L1 and VISTA proteins – important negative checkpoint regulators of immune activation. The reported therapeutic results to some extent mimic those of FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies overcoming the limitations of the high production costs and adverse effects of the latter. However, no conclusive biophysical evidence proving the binding to hPD-L1 has ever been presented. Using well-known in vitro methods: NMR binding assay, HTRF and cell-based activation assays, we clearly show that there is no direct binding between CA-170 and PD-L1. To strengthen our reasoning, we performed control experiments on AUNP-12 – a 29-mer peptide, which is a precursor of CA-170. Positive controls consisted of the well-documented small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitors: BMS-1166 and peptide-57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Kocik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skalniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Sala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Czub
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tad A Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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28
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Mahoney KM, Shukla SA, Patsoukis N, Chaudhri A, Browne EP, Arazi A, Eisenhaure TM, Pendergraft WF, Hua P, Pham HC, Bu X, Zhu B, Hacohen N, Fritsch EF, Boussiotis VA, Wu CJ, Freeman GJ. A secreted PD-L1 splice variant that covalently dimerizes and mediates immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:421-432. [PMID: 30564891 PMCID: PMC6426808 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeting immune checkpoint pathways, such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1, also known as CD274 or B7-H1) or its receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has shown improved survival for patients with numerous types of cancers, not limited to lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. PD-L1 is a co-inhibitory molecule whose expression on the surface of tumor cells is associated with worse prognosis in many tumors. Here we describe a splice variant (secPD-L1) that does not splice into the transmembrane domain, but instead produces a secreted form of PD-L1 that has a unique 18 amino acid tail containing a cysteine that allows it to homodimerize and more effectively inhibit lymphocyte function than monomeric soluble PD-L1. We show that recombinant secPD-L1 can dimerize and inhibit T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production in vitro. The secPD-L1 variant is expressed by malignant cells in vitro that also express high levels of full-length PD-L1. Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression across The Cancer Genome Atlas found the strongest association of secPD-L1 with full-length PD-L1, but also with subsets of immunologic genes, such as in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Moreover, the splice variant is also expressed in normal tissues and within normal peripheral blood cells it is preferentially expressed in activated myeloid cells. This is the first report of a form of secreted PD-L1 that homodimerizes and is functionally active. SecPD-L1 may function as a paracrine negative immune regulator within the tumor, since secPD-L1 does not require a cell-to-cell interaction to mediate its inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mahoney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sachet A Shukla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Apoorvi Chaudhri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Arnon Arazi
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Thomas M Eisenhaure
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - William F Pendergraft
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hung C Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xia Bu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Baogong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Edward F Fritsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Neon Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostic, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Sun X, Yan X, Zhuo W, Gu J, Zuo K, Liu W, Liang L, Gan Y, He G, Wan H, Gou X, Shi H, Hu J. PD-L1 Nanobody Competitively Inhibits the Formation of the PD-1/PD-L1 Complex: Comparative Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1984. [PMID: 29986511 PMCID: PMC6073277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has achieved outstanding results in clinical application and has become one of the most popular anti-cancer drugs. The mechanism of molecular recognition and inhibition of PD-L1 mAbs is not yet clear, which hinders the subsequent antibody design and modification. In this work, the trajectories of PD-1/PD-L1 and nanobody/PD-L1 complexes were obtained via comparative molecular dynamics simulations. Then, a series of physicochemical parameters including hydrogen bond, dihedral angle distribution, pKa value and binding free energy, and so forth, were all comparatively analyzed to investigate the recognition difference between PD-L1 and PD-1 and nanobody. Both LR113 (the amino acid residues in PD-L1 are represented by the lower left sign of L) and LR125 residues of PD-L1 undergo significant conformational change after association with mAbs, which dominates a strong electrostatic interaction. Solvation effect analysis revealed that solvent-water enhanced molecular recognition between PD-L1 and nanobody. By combining the analyses of the time-dependent root mean squared fluctuation (RMSF), free energy landscape, clustering and energy decomposition, the potential inhibition mechanism was proposed that the nanobody competitively and specifically bound to the β-sheet groups of PD-L1, reduced the PD-L1’s flexibility and finally blocked the formation of PD-1/PD-L1 complex. Based on the simulation results, site-directed mutagenesis of ND99 (the amino acid residues in Nano are displayed by the lower left sign of N) and NQ116 in the nanobody may be beneficial for improving antibody activity. This work offers some structural guidance for the design and modification of anticancer mAbs based on the structure of the PD-1/PD-L1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinke Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ke Zuo
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Li Liang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Ya Gan
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Gang He
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Hua Wan
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Hubing Shi
- Laboratory of tumor targeted and immune therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jianping Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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Konstantinidou M, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Magiera-Mularz K, Holak TA, Dömling A. Immune Checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1: Is There Life Beyond Antibodies? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4840-4848. [PMID: 29178534 PMCID: PMC6280658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction has emerged as a significant target in cancer immunotherapy. Current medications include monoclonal antibodies, which have shown impressive clinical results in the treatment of several types of tumors. The cocrystal structure of human PD-1 and PD-L1 is expected to be a valuable starting point for the design of novel inhibitors, along with the recent crystal structures with monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markella Konstantinidou
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen (The Netherlands)
| | | | - Tad A. Holak
- Jagiellonian University Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow (Poland), Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried (Germany)
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen (The Netherlands)
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32
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Maher CM, Thomas JD, Haas DA, Longen CG, Oyer HM, Tong JY, Kim FJ. Small-Molecule Sigma1 Modulator Induces Autophagic Degradation of PD-L1. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:243-255. [PMID: 29117944 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that Sigma1 (SIGMAR1, also known as sigma-1 receptor) is a unique ligand-regulated integral membrane scaffolding protein that contributes to cellular protein and lipid homeostasis. Previously, we demonstrated that some small-molecule modulators of Sigma1 alter endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein homeostasis pathways in cancer cells, including the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein that is cotranslationally inserted into the ER and is processed and transported through the secretory pathway. Once at the surface of cancer cells, PD-L1 acts as a T-cell inhibitory checkpoint molecule and suppresses antitumor immunity. Here, we demonstrate that in Sigma1-expressing triple-negative breast and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, PD-L1 protein levels were suppressed by RNAi knockdown of Sigma1 and by small-molecule inhibition of Sigma1. Sigma1-mediated action was confirmed by pharmacologic competition between Sigma1-selective inhibitor and activator ligands. When administered alone, the Sigma1 inhibitor decreased cell surface PD-L1 expression and suppressed functional interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 in a coculture of T cells and cancer cells. Conversely, the Sigma1 activator increased PD-L1 cell surface expression, demonstrating the ability to positively and negatively modulate Sigma1 associated PD-L1 processing. We discovered that the Sigma1 inhibitor induced degradation of PD-L1 via autophagy, by a mechanism distinct from bulk macroautophagy or general ER stress-associated autophagy. Finally, the Sigma1 inhibitor suppressed IFNγ-induced PD-L1. Our data demonstrate that small-molecule Sigma1 modulators can be used to regulate PD-L1 in cancer cells and trigger its degradation by selective autophagy.Implications: Sigma1 modulators sequester and eliminate PD-L1 by autophagy, thus preventing functional PD-L1 expression at the cell surface. This posits Sigma1 modulators as novel therapeutic agents in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade strategies that regulate the tumor immune microenvironment.Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/16/2/243/F1.large.jpg Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 243-55. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Maher
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Derick A Haas
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles G Longen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Halley M Oyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane Y Tong
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory molecule and is seen in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Upon binding to its ligands, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and -2 (PD-L2), PD-1 negatively regulates interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and T cell proliferation. Activated effector T-cells, which kill cancer cells, can be affected by PD-1 signaling in some lymphoid neoplasm that express PD-L1 or PD-L2. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells can be induced by extrinsic signal (i.e. interferon gamma) or intrinsic signals, such as genetic aberrations involving 9p24.1, latent Epstein-Barr virus infection, PD-L1 3'- untranslated region disruptions, and activated Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Anti-PD-1 therapy improves the overall response rate to treatment in patients with lymphoid neoplasms, particularly relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Inspired by their success in treating patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma, medical practitioners have expanded PD-1 therapy, given as a single therapy or in combination with other drugs, to patients with other types of lymphoma. In this review, current clinical trials with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 drugs are summarized. The results of numerous clinical trials will broaden our understanding of PD-1 pathway and shall expand the list of patients who will get benefit from these agents including those who suffer from lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Ok
- The Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ken H Young
- The Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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34
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Lim SO, Li CW, Xia W, Cha JH, Chan LC, Wu Y, Chang SS, Lin WC, Hsu JM, Hsu YH, Kim T, Chang WC, Hsu JL, Yamaguchi H, Ding Q, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen CH, Sahin AA, Yu D, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. Deubiquitination and Stabilization of PD-L1 by CSN5. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:925-939. [PMID: 27866850 PMCID: PMC5171205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in the tumor microenvironment lead to eradication of anti-tumor immunity and enhanced tumor cell survival. In the current study, we identified tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as a major factor triggering cancer cell immunosuppression against T cell surveillance via stabilization of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). We demonstrated that COP9 signalosome 5 (CSN5), induced by NF-κB p65, is required for TNF-α-mediated PD-L1 stabilization in cancer cells. CSN5 inhibits the ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Inhibition of CSN5 by curcumin diminished cancer cell PD-L1 expression and sensitized cancer cells to anti-CTLA4 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shih-Shin Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wan-Chi Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jung-Mao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
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36
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Ojalvo LS, Nichols PE, Jelovac D, Emens LA. Emerging immunotherapies in ovarian cancer. Discov Med 2015; 20:97-109. [PMID: 26463091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a global effort to significantly reduce mortality, ovarian cancer remains the fifth leading cause of cancer death among American women, and five-year survival rates remain discouragingly low at 45%. Novel therapies are urgently needed. Notably, higher infiltration of activated immune cells into the tumor microenvironment correlates with improved ovarian cancer survival, suggesting that promoting their activity could favorably impact clinical outcomes. Immunotherapy has recently demonstrated impressive clinical benefit in a variety of solid tumors. Immunotherapy strategies tested in ovarian cancer include vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade. Ultimately, a combination immunotherapy approach that integrates immunotherapy with other cancer treatment modalities in additive or synergistic ways will most effectively improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen S Ojalvo
- The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Paige E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Danijela Jelovac
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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