1
|
Shemiakova TS, Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR. TAARs as Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Depression: A Narrative Review of the Interconnection with Monoamines and Adult Neurogenesis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1263. [PMID: 38927470 PMCID: PMC11200894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness of great concern. Current therapy for depression is only suitable for 80% of patients and is often associated with unwanted side effects. In this regard, the search for and development of new antidepressant agents remains an urgent task. In this review, we discuss the current available evidence indicating that G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) might represent new targets for depression treatment. The most frequently studied receptor TAAR1 has already been investigated in the treatment of schizophrenia, demonstrating antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. In fact, the TAAR1 agonist Ulotaront is currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials testing its safety and efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other members of the TAAR family (TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) are not only involved in the innate olfaction of volatile amines, but are also expressed in the limbic brain areas. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that TAAR2 and TAAR5 regulate emotional behaviors and thus may hold promise as potential antidepressant targets. Of particular interest is their connection with the dopamine and serotonin systems of the brain and their involvement in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, known to be affected by the antidepressant drugs currently in use. Further non-clinical and clinical studies are necessary to validate TAAR1 (and potentially other TAARs) as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisiia S. Shemiakova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Evgeniya V. Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
- Saint-Petersburg University Hospital, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng L, Zhang J, Feng J, Ge J, Zou Y, Chen Y, Xu L, Zeng Y, Li JX, Liu J. Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116236. [PMID: 38670437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) negatively modulates monoaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain and participates in many psychiatric disorders. Preclinical evidence indicate that selective TAAR1 agonists have anxiolytic effects and anti-stress properties. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder triggered by experiencing or witnessing traumatic stressors. However, it remains unknown whether TAAR1 is involved in PTSD. Here, we investigated the role of TAAR1 in two PTSD animal models, including single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced impairment of fear extinction and stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). SPS decreased TAAR1 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Acute treatment of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 attenuated SPS-induced anxiety-like behavior evaluated by the elevated-plus maze test. Compared to non-stressed animals, rats that experienced SPS showed higher freezing levels in the extinction retention test, indicating an impairment of fear extinction retention after SPS exposure. Acute and chronic treatment of RO5263397 ameliorated SPS-induced impairment of fear extinction retention. In the SEFL model, compared to the No-shock group, rats that experienced severe foot shock before fear conditioning showed higher freezing levels during the tests, indicating enhanced fear learning after stress exposure. Chronic treatment of RO5263397 partially attenuated the SEFL. Moreover, chronic treatment with the selective TAAR1 full agonist RO5166017 completely prevented the SEFL. Taken together, these data showed that pharmacological activation of TAAR1 could ameliorate PTSD-like symptoms. The present study thus provides the first evidence that TAAR1 might participate in the development of PTSD, and TAAR1 agonists could be potential pharmacological treatments for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Peng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jialu Feng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Lang Xu
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China; College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Wu R, Li JX. TAAR1 as an emerging target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108580. [PMID: 38142862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Trace amines, a group of amines expressed at the nanomolar level in the mammalian brain, can modulate monoamine transmission. The discovery of and the functional research on the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), especially the most well-characterized TAAR1, have largely facilitated our understanding of the function of the trace amine system in the brain. TAAR1 is expressed in the mammalian brain at a low level and widely distributed in the monoaminergic system, including the ventral tegmental area and substantial nigra, where the dopamine neurons reside in the mammalian brain. Growing in vitro and in vivo evidence has demonstrated that TAAR1 could negatively modulate monoamine transmission and play a crucial role in many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, sleep disorders, depression, and anxiety. Notably, in the last two decades, many studies have repeatedly confirmed the pharmacological effects of the selective TAAR1 ligands in various preclinical models of psychiatric disorders. Recent clinical trials of the dual TAAR1 and serotonin receptor agonist ulotaront also revealed a potential efficacy for treating schizophrenia. Here, we review the current understanding of the TAAR1 system and the recent advances in the elucidation of behavioral and physiological properties of TAAR1 agonists evaluated both in preclinical animal models and clinical trials. We also discuss the potential TAAR1-dependent signaling pathways and the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of TAAR1 activation on drug addiction. We conclude that TAAR1 is an emerging target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China; School of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of in vivo pharmacology, Discovery Biology, WuXi Biology, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Y, Ranjan A, Tisdale R, Ma SC, Park S, Haire M, Heu J, Morairty SR, Wang X, Rosenbaum DM, Williams NS, Brabander JKD, Kilduff TS. Evaluation of the efficacy of the hypocretin/orexin receptor agonists TAK-925 and ARN-776 in narcoleptic orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA mice. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13839. [PMID: 36808670 PMCID: PMC10356740 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The sleep disorder narcolepsy, a hypocretin deficiency disorder thought to be due to degeneration of hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons, is currently treated symptomatically. We evaluated the efficacy of two small molecule hypocretin/orexin receptor-2 (HCRTR2) agonists in narcoleptic male orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA mice. TAK-925 (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) and ARN-776 (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) were injected 15 min before dark onset in a repeated measures design. EEG, EMG, subcutaneous temperature (Tsc ) and activity were recorded by telemetry; recordings for the first 6 h of the dark period were scored for sleep/wake and cataplexy. At all doses tested, TAK-925 and ARN-776 caused continuous wakefulness and eliminated sleep for the first hour. Both TAK-925 and ARN-776 caused dose-related delays in NREM sleep onset. All doses of TAK-925 and all but the lowest dose of ARN-776 eliminated cataplexy during the first hour after treatment; the anti-cataplectic effect of TAK-925 persisted into the second hour for the highest dose. TAK-925 and ARN-776 also reduced the cumulative amount of cataplexy during the 6 h post-dosing period. The acute increase in wakefulness produced by both HCRTR2 agonists was characterised by increased spectral power in the gamma EEG band. Although neither compound provoked a NREM sleep rebound, both compounds affected NREM EEG during the second hour post-dosing. TAK-925 and ARN-776 also increased gross motor activity, running wheel activity, and Tsc , suggesting that the wake-promoting and sleep-suppressing activities of these compounds could be a consequence of hyperactivity. Nonetheless, the anti-cataplectic activity of TAK-925 and ARN-776 is encouraging for the development of HCRTR2 agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Tisdale
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Shun-Chieh Ma
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sunmee Park
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Meghan Haire
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jasmine Heu
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stephen R. Morairty
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jef K. De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas S. Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frycz BA, Nowicka K, Konopka A, Hoener MC, Bulska E, Kaczmarek L, Stefaniuk M. Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) transiently reduces alcohol drinking in socially housed mice. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13285. [PMID: 37369127 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is characterized by the abnormal release of dopamine in the brain reward-related areas. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that negatively regulates dopamine neurotransmission and thus is a promising target in the treatment of drug addiction. However, the role of TAAR1 in the regulation of alcohol abuse remains understudied. Here, we assessed the effect of TAAR1 activation on alcohol drinking behaviours of C57Bl/6J female mice housed in IntelliCages. The animals were administered with either vehicle or TAAR1 full selective agonist, RO5256390, and tested for alcohol consumption, alcohol preference and motivation for alcohol seeking. We found that mice with the highest preference for alcohol (high drinkers) in the RO5256390 group consumed less alcohol and had lower alcohol preference in comparison with high drinkers in the vehicle group, during 20 h of free alcohol access (FAA). We also found decreased alcohol consumption and alcohol preference comparing all animals in the RO5256390 to all animals in the vehicle group, during 20 h of FAA performed after the abstinence. These effects of RO5256390 lasted for the first 24 h after administration that roughly corresponded to the compound level in the brain, measured by mass spectrometry. Finally, we found that administration of RO5256390 may attenuate motivation for alcohol seeking. Taken together, our findings reveal that activation of TAAR1 may transiently reduce alcohol drinking; thus, TAAR1 is a promising target for the treatment of alcohol abuse and relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adam Frycz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Nowicka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Konopka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marius Christian Hoener
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szabo ST, Hopkins SC, Lew R, Loebel A, Roth T, Koblan KS. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, Phase 1b crossover trial comparing two doses of ulotaront with placebo in the treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy. Sleep Med 2023; 107:202-211. [PMID: 37209427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulotaront (SEP-363856) is a novel agonist at trace amine-associated receptor 1 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia. Previous studies demonstrated ulotaront suppresses rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both rodents and healthy volunteers. We assessed acute and sustained treatments of ulotaront on REM sleep and symptoms of cataplexy and alertness in subjects with narcolepsy-cataplexy. METHODS In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 3-way crossover study, ulotaront was evaluated in 16 adults with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Two oral doses of ulotaront (25 mg and 50 mg) were administered daily for 2 weeks and compared with matching placebo (6-treatment sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment). RESULTS Acute treatment with both 25 mg and 50 mg of ulotaront reduced minutes spent in nighttime REM compared to placebo. A sustained 2-week administration of both doses of ulotaront reduced the mean number of short-onset REM periods (SOREMPs) during daytime multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) compared to placebo. Although cataplexy events decreased from the overall mean baseline during the 2-week treatment period, neither dose of ulotaront statistically separated from placebo (p = 0.76, 25 mg; p = 0.82, 50 mg), and no significant improvement in patient and clinician measures of sleepiness from baseline to end of the 2-week treatment period occurred in any treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Acute and sustained treatment with ulotaront reduced nighttime REM duration and daytime SOREMPs, respectively. The effect of ulotaront on suppression of REM did not demonstrate a statistical or clinically meaningful effect in narcolepsy-cataplexy. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05015673.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Szabo
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Seth C Hopkins
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Robert Lew
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Antony Loebel
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| | - Thomas Roth
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth S Koblan
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 84 Waterford Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ultrasensitive quantification of trace amines based on N-phosphorylation labeling chip 2D LC-QQQ/MS. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:315-322. [PMID: 37102107 PMCID: PMC10123937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs) are metabolically related to catecholamine and associated with cancer and neurological disorders. Comprehensive measurement of TAs is essential for understanding pathological processes and providing proper drug intervention. However, the trace amounts and chemical instability of TAs challenge quantification. Here, diisopropyl phosphite coupled with chip two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ/MS) was developed to simultaneously determine TAs and associated metabolites. The results showed that the sensitivities of TAs increased up to 5520 times compared with those using nonderivatized LC-QQQ/MS. This sensitive method was utilized to investigate their alterations in hepatoma cells after treatment with sorafenib. The significantly altered TAs and associated metabolites suggested that phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolic pathways were related to sorafenib treatment in Hep3B cells. This sensitive method has great potential to elucidate the mechanism and diagnose diseases considering that an increasing number of physiological functions of TAs have been discovered in recent decades.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Umana GE, Tomasi SO, Lu B, Montemurro N. Narcolepsy-A Neuropathological Obscure Sleep Disorder: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1473. [PMID: 36358399 PMCID: PMC9688775 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic, long-term neurological disorder characterized by a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Some clinical symptoms enter into differential diagnosis with other neurological diseases. Excessive daytime sleepiness and brief involuntary sleep episodes are the main clinical symptoms. The majority of people with narcolepsy experience cataplexy, which is a loss of muscle tone. Many people experience neurological complications such as sleep cycle disruption, hallucinations or sleep paralysis. Because of the associated neurological conditions, the exact pathophysiology of narcolepsy is unknown. The differential diagnosis is essential because relatively clinical symptoms of narcolepsy are easy to diagnose when all symptoms are present, but it becomes much more complicated when sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is episodic or absent. Treatment is tailored to the patient's symptoms and clinical diagnosis. To facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders and to better understand the neuropathological mechanisms of this sleep disorder, this review summarizes current knowledge on narcolepsy, in particular, genetic and non-genetic associations of narcolepsy, the pathophysiology up to the inflammatory response, the neuromorphological hallmarks of narcolepsy, and possible links with other diseases, such as diabetes, ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This review also reports all of the most recent updated research and therapeutic advances in narcolepsy. There have been significant advances in highlighting the pathogenesis of narcolepsy, with substantial evidence for an autoimmune response against hypocretin neurons; however, there are some gaps that need to be filled. To treat narcolepsy, more research should be focused on identifying molecular targets and novel autoantigens. In addition to therapeutic advances, standardized criteria for narcolepsy and diagnostic measures are widely accepted, but they may be reviewed and updated in the future with comprehension. Tailored treatment to the patient's symptoms and clinical diagnosis and future treatment modalities with hypocretin agonists, GABA agonists, histamine receptor antagonists and immunomodulatory drugs should be aimed at addressing the underlying cause of narcolepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford of School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Centre, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal
| | - Giuseppe E. Umana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Associate Fellow of American College of Surgeons, Trauma and Gamma-Knife Centre, Cannizzaro Hospital Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford of School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Centre, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Raony Í, Domith I, Lourenco MV, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Pandolfo P. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates motor hyperactivity, cognition, and anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of ADHD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 117:110555. [PMID: 35346791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that has recently been implicated in several psychiatric conditions related to monoaminergic dysfunction, such as schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and mood disorders. Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is also related to changes in monoaminergic neurotransmission, studies that assess whether TAAR1 participates in the neurobiology of ADHD are lacking. We hypothesized that TAAR1 plays an important role in ADHD and might represent a potential therapeutic target. Here, we investigate if TAAR1 modulates behavioral phenotypes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), the most validated animal model of ADHD, and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY, used as a control strain). Our results showed that TAAR1 is downregulated in ADHD-related brain regions in SHR compared with WKY. While intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the selective TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB impaired cognitive performance in SHR, i.c.v. administration of highly selective TAAR1 full agonist RO5256390 decreased motor hyperactivity, novelty-induced locomotion, and induced an anxiolytic-like behavior. Overall, our findings show that changes in TAAR1 levels/activity underlie behavior in SHR, suggesting that TAAR1 plays a role in the neurobiology of ADHD. Although additional confirmatory studies are required, TAAR1 might be a potential pharmacological target for individuals with this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ícaro Raony
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Animal Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ivan Domith
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Animal Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Translational Approaches to Influence Sleep and Arousal. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:140-161. [PMID: 35550156 PMCID: PMC9554922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are widespread in society and are prevalent in military personnel and in Veterans. Disturbances of sleep and arousal mechanisms are common in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and affective disorders, traumatic brain injury, dementia, and substance use disorders. Sleep disturbances exacerbate suicidal ideation, a major concern for Veterans and in the general population. These disturbances impair quality of life, affect interpersonal relationships, reduce work productivity, exacerbate clinical features of other disorders, and impair recovery. Thus, approaches to improve sleep and modulate arousal are needed. Basic science research on the brain circuitry controlling sleep and arousal led to the recent approval of new drugs targeting the orexin/hypocretin and histamine systems, complementing existing drugs which affect GABAA receptors and monoaminergic systems. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to modulate sleep and arousal are safe and show potential but require further development to be widely applicable. Invasive viral vector and deep brain stimulation approaches are also in their infancy but may be used to modulate sleep and arousal in severe neurological and psychiatric conditions. Behavioral, pharmacological, non-invasive brain stimulation and cell-specific invasive approaches covered here suggest the potential to selectively influence arousal, sleep initiation, sleep maintenance or sleep-stage specific phenomena such as sleep spindles or slow wave activity. These manipulations can positively impact the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders by promoting the restorative effects of sleep on memory consolidation, clearance of toxic metabolites, metabolism, and immune function and by decreasing hyperarousal.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun Y, Tisdale R, Park S, Ma SC, Heu J, Haire M, Allocca G, Yamanaka A, Morairty SR, Kilduff TS. The development of sleep/wake disruption and cataplexy as hypocretin/orexin neurons degenerate in male vs. female Orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA Mice. Sleep 2022; 45:6532492. [PMID: 35182424 PMCID: PMC9742901 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), a sleep disorder with similar prevalence in both sexes, is thought to be due to loss of the hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Several transgenic strains have been created to model this disorder and are increasingly being used for preclinical drug development and basic science studies, yet most studies have solely used male mice. We compared the development of narcoleptic symptomatology in male vs. female orexin-tTA; TetO-DTA mice, a model in which Hcrt neuron degeneration can be initiated by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from the diet. EEG, EMG, subcutaneous temperature, gross motor activity, and video recordings were conducted for 24-h at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after DOX removal. Female DTA mice exhibited cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of NT1, by Week 1 in the DOX(-) condition but cataplexy was not consistently present in males until Week 2. By Week 2, both sexes showed an impaired ability to sustain long wake bouts during the active period, the murine equivalent of excessive daytime sleepiness in NT1. Subcutaneous temperature appeared to be regulated at lower levels in both sexes as the Hcrt neurons degenerated. During degeneration, both sexes also exhibited the "Delta State", characterized by sudden cessation of activity, high delta activity in the EEG, maintenance of muscle tone and posture, and the absence of phasic EMG activity. Since the phenotypes of the two sexes were indistinguishable by Week 6, we conclude that both sexes can be safely combined in future studies to reduce cost and animal use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shun-Chieh Ma
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Heu
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Haire
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Corresponding author. Thomas S. Kilduff, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barateau L, Jaussent I, Roeser J, Ciardiello C, Kilduff TS, Dauvilliers Y. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine levels in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab012. [PMID: 33476396 PMCID: PMC8271127 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Whether the cause of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a direct consequence of the loss of orexin (ORX) neurons or whether low orexin reduces the efficacy of the monoaminergic systems to promote wakefulness is unclear. The neurobiology underlying sleepiness in other central hypersomnolence disorders, narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), is currently unknown. METHODS Eleven biogenic amines including the monoaminergic neurotransmitters and their metabolites and five trace amines were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 94 drug-free subjects evaluated at the French National Reference Center for Narcolepsy: 39 NT1(orexin-deficient) patients, 31 patients with objective sleepiness non orexin-deficient (NT2 and IH), and 24 patients without objective sleepiness. RESULTS Three trace amines were undetectable in the sample: tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine. No significant differences were found among the three groups for quantified monoamines and their metabolites in crude and adjusted models; however, CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels tended to increase in NT1 compared to other patients after adjustment. Most of the biomarkers were not associated with ORX-A levels, clinical or neurophysiological parameters, but a few biomarkers (e.g. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine) correlated with daytime sleepiness and high rapid eye movement (REM) sleep propensity. CONCLUSIONS We found no striking differences among CSF monoamines, their metabolites and trace amine levels, and few associations between them and key clinical or neurophysiological parameters in NT1, NT2/IH, and patients without objective sleepiness. Although mostly negative, these findings are a significant contribution to our understanding of the neurobiology of hypersomnolence in these disorders that remain mysterious and deserve further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Barateau
- Sleep–Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Roeser
- Charles River Laboratories, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep–Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tisdale RK, Yamanaka A, Kilduff TS. Animal models of narcolepsy and the hypocretin/orexin system: Past, present, and future. Sleep 2021; 44:6031626. [PMID: 33313880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have advanced not only our understanding of the etiology and phenotype of the sleep disorder narcolepsy but have also informed sleep/wake regulation more generally. The identification of an inheritable narcolepsy phenotype in dogs in the 1970s allowed the establishment of a breeding colony at Stanford University, resulting in studies that provided the first insights into the genetics and neurotransmitter systems that underlie cataplexy and rapid-eye movement sleep atonia. Although the discovery of the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides in 1998 initially seemed unrelated to sleep/wake control, the description of the phenotype of the prepro-orexin knockout (KO) mouse as strongly resembling cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of narcolepsy, along with identification of a mutation in hypocretin receptor-2 gene as the source of canine narcolepsy, unequivocally established the relationship between this system and narcolepsy. The subsequent discovery of hypocretin neuron degeneration in human narcolepsy demystified a disorder whose etiology had been unknown since its initial description 120 years earlier. These breakthroughs prompted the development of numerous other animal models that have allowed manipulation of the hypocretin/orexin system, thereby advancing our understanding of sleep/wake circuitry. While animal models have greatly informed understanding of this fascinating disorder and the role of the hypocretin/orexin system in sleep/wake control, the question of why these neurons degenerate in human narcolepsy is only beginning to be understood. The development of new immune-mediated narcolepsy models are likely to further inform the etiology of this sleep disorder and animal models will undoubtedly play a critical role in the development of novel narcolepsy therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of TAAR1/5-HT 1A agonist SEP-363856 on REM sleep in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33879769 PMCID: PMC8058073 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SEP-363856 is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1A (5-HT1A) agonist, currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Although SEP-363856 activates TAAR1 and 5-HT1A receptors in vitro, an accessible marker of time- and concentration-dependent effects of SEP-363856 in humans is lacking. In rodents, SEP-363856 has been shown to suppress rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The aim of the current study was to translate the REM sleep effects to humans and determine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships of SEP-363856 on a measure of brain activity. The effects of SEP-363856 were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover study of single oral doses (50 and 10 mg) on REM sleep in healthy male subjects (N = 12 at each dose level). Drug concentrations were sampled during sleep to interpolate individual subject's pharmacokinetic trajectories. SEP-363856 suppressed REM sleep parameters with very large effect sizes (>3) following single doses of 50 mg and plasma concentrations ≥100 ng/mL. Below that effective concentration, the 10 mg dose elicited much smaller effects, increasing only the latency to REM sleep (effect size = 1). The PK/PD relationships demonstrated that REM sleep probability increased as drug concentrations declined below 100 ng/mL over the course of the night. SEP-363856 was generally safe and well tolerated at both doses. The REM sleep-suppressing effects of SEP-363856 provide an accessible marker of brain activity, which can aid in dose selection and help elucidate its therapeutic potential in further clinical trials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kong Q, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang J, Zhang Y. The TAAR1 inhibitor EPPTB suppresses neuronal excitability and seizure activity in mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:142-149. [PMID: 33811954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are extensively distributed and play an important role in human health by serving as therapeutic targets for various diseases. As one of the GPCRs, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has recently aroused increasing interest as a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders. However, the effect of TAAR1 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. We hypothesized that TAAR1 plays an important role in epilepsy and might represent a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we analyzed a mouse epilepsy model and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and observed substantially increased TAAR1 expression compared with the control group. In recordings of hippocampal slices, the TAAR1-specific inhibitor N-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (EPPTB) suppressed the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. EPPTB also reduced seizure-like events (SLEs) and seizure activity. Our results suggest that EPPTB attenuates seizure activity and that TAAR1 might be a potential drug target for individuals with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Kong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu J, Seaman R, Johnson B, Wu R, Vu J, Tian J, Zhang Y, Li JX. Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 selectively attenuates the reinforcing effects of morphine. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:933-945. [PMID: 33247948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Trace amine-associated TA1 receptors play critical roles in regulating dopamine transmission. Previous studies showed that pharmacologically or genetically manipulating the activity of TA1 receptors modulates addiction-like behaviours associated with psychostimulants. However, little is known about whether TA1 receptor modulation would regulate the behavioural effects of opioids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of the selective TA1 receptor partial agonist RO5263397 on the addiction-related and antinociceptive effects of morphine were systematically assessed in male rats and mice. KEY RESULTS RO5263397 attenuated the expression of morphine-induced behavioural sensitization in wildtype but not TA1 receptor knockout mice. RO5263397 shifted the dose-effect curve of morphine self-administration downward and reduced the breakpoint in a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement but did not affect food self-administration in rats. RO5263397 decreased the cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of morphine-seeking behaviour in rats. RO5263397 alone did not trigger reinstatement of morphine-seeking behaviour or change locomotor activity in rats with a history of morphine self-administration. However, RO5263397 did not affect the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice or rats. RO5263397 did not affect naltrexone-precipitated jumping behaviour or naltrexone-induced conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Furthermore, RO5263397 did not affect the analgesic effects of morphine in an acute nociception model in mice and a chronic pain model in rats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results indicated that TA1 receptor activation selectively attenuated the reinforcing, but not withdrawal or antinociceptive effects of morphine, suggesting that selective TA1 receptor agonists might be useful to combat opioid addiction, while sparing the analgesic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert Seaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Bernard Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jimmy Vu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhukov DA, Vinogradova EP. Trace Amines and Behavior. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Involvement of Organic Cation Transporter 2 and a Na +-dependent active transporter in p-tyramine transport across Caco-2 intestinal cells. Life Sci 2020; 253:117696. [PMID: 32334013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have previously demonstrated that p-tyramine (TYR), an endogenous trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist, passage across neuronal membranes involves a transporter exhibiting the pharmacological profile of Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2). Since TYR is also a constituent of foodstuffs and produced by the intestinal microbiota, here we have investigated whether similar processes are involved in the passage of 100 nM TYR across apical and basolateral membranes of the Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS [3H]TYR transport across apical and basolateral membranes of Caco-2 cell monolayers was measured in the presence of inhibitors of TYR metabolizing enzymes. Cellular, apical, and basolateral compartments were collected at various timepoints, TYR concentrations calculated, and transport properties pharmacologically characterized. KEY FINDINGS Apical transport resulted in equimolar accumulation of TYR within cells. Pentamidine (OCT1/OCT2 inhibitor) decreased apical transport (P = 0.001) while atropine (OCT1 inhibitor) had no effect, suggesting apical transport involved OCT2. In contrast, basolateral transport resulted in 500-1000 nM cellular concentrations (P < 0.0001) indicating the presence of an active transporter. Replacement of Na+ on an equimolar basis with choline resulted in loss of TYR transport (P = 0.017). Unexpectedly, this active transport was also atropine-sensitive (P = 0.020). Kinetic analysis of the active transporter revealed Vmax = 43.0 nM/s with a Kt = 33.1 nM. SIGNIFICANCE We have demonstrated for the first time that TYR is transported across Caco-2 apical membranes via facilitated diffusion by OCT2, whereas transport across basolateral membranes is by a Na+-dependent, atropine-sensitive, active transporter.
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams RH, Black SW, Thomas AM, Piquet J, Cauli B, Kilduff TS. Excitation of Cortical nNOS/NK1R Neurons by Hypocretin 1 is Independent of Sleep Homeostasis. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1090-1108. [PMID: 29462275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that cortical nNOS/NK1R interneurons have a role in sleep homeostasis. The hypocretins (orexins) are wake-promoting neuropeptides and hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons project to the cortex. Hcrt peptides affect deep layer cortical neurons, and Hcrt receptor 1 (Hcrtr1; Ox1r) mRNA is expressed in cortical nNOS/NK1R cells. Therefore, we investigated whether Hcrt neuron stimulation affects cingulate cortex nNOS/NK1R neurons. Bath application of HCRT1/orexin-A evoked an inward current and membrane depolarization in most nNOS/NK1R cells which persisted in tetrodotoxin; optogenetic stimulation of Hcrt terminals expressing channelrhodopsin-2 confirmed these results, and pharmacological studies determined that HCRTR1 mediated these responses. Single-cell RT-PCR found Hcrtr1 mRNA in 31% of nNOS/NK1R cells without any Hcrtr2 mRNA expression; immunohistochemical studies of Hcrtr1-EGFP mice confirmed that a minority of nNOS/NK1R cells express HCRTR1. When Hcrt neurons degenerated in orexin-tTA;TetO DTA mice, the increased EEG delta power during NREM sleep produced in response to 4 h sleep deprivation and c-FOS expression in cortical nNOS/NK1R cells during recovery sleep were indistinguishable from that of controls. We conclude that Hcrt excitatory input to these deep layer cells is mediated through HCRTR1 but is unlikely to be involved in the putative role of cortical nNOS/NK1R neurons in sleep homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhîannan H Williams
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah W Black
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Alexia M Thomas
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Juliette Piquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is one of the best-characterized receptors of trace amines. Growing evidence shows that TAAR1 negatively regulates the monoaminergic activity, including dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurochemical assays demonstrated that selective TAAR1 full and partial agonists were effective to prevent psychostimulants-induced dopamine transmission in vitro and in vivo. In the last decade, many preclinical models of psychostimulant addiction such as drug-induced behavioral sensitization, drug-induced conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, drug discrimination, and relapse models were used to assess the effects of TAAR1 agonists on psychostimulants' behavioral effects. In general, activation of TAAR1 attenuated while knockout of TAAR1 potentiated psychostimulant abuse-related behaviors. Here, we review the advances in TAAR1 and its agonists in modulating psychostimulant addiction. We discuss the similarities and differences between the neurochemical and behavioral effects of TAAR1 full and partial agonists. We also discuss several concerns including the abuse liability, sleep reduction, and species-dependent effects that might affect the successful translation of TAAR1 agonists from preclinical studies to clinical application. In conclusion, although further investigations are in need to address certain concerns and the underlying neural mechanisms, TAAR1 agonists appear to be a promising pharmacotherapy to treat psychostimulant addiction and prevent relapse.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dorotenko A, Tur M, Dolgorukova A, Bortnikov N, Belozertseva IV, Zvartau EE, Gainetdinov RR, Sukhanov I. The Action of TAAR1 Agonist RO5263397 on Executive Functions in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:215-228. [PMID: 31734895 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a widely recognized new perspective target for the neuropsychiatric pharmacological treatment. Despite a growing number of studies investigating TAAR1 role in the animal models of different pathologies, information of TAAR1 agonists impact on executive cognitive functions is limited. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the activity of highly selective partial TAAR1 agonist RO5263397 on various executive cognitive functions. The results of the present study demonstrated that the pretreatment with RO5263397 was able to increase attention and decrease cognitive flexibility in rats. The analysis of the RO5263397 action on impulsivity demonstrated that the TAAR1 activation failed to affect premature responding but was able to slightly modify impulsive choice. Problem solving was resistant to the pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Dorotenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Margarita Tur
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Antonina Dolgorukova
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Nikita Bortnikov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Irina V Belozertseva
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Edwin E Zvartau
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034.,St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197022.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Transgenic Archaerhodopsin-3 Expression in Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Engenders Cellular Dysfunction and Features of Type 2 Narcolepsy. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9435-9452. [PMID: 31628177 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0311-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) system, either due to extensive loss of Hcrt cells (Type 1, NT1) or hypothesized Hcrt signaling impairment (Type 2, NT2). Accordingly, efforts to recapitulate narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice have involved ablating these cells or interrupting Hcrt signaling. Here, we describe orexin/Arch mice, in which a modified archaerhodopsin-3 gene was inserted downstream of the prepro-orexin promoter, resulting in expression of the yellow light-sensitive Arch-3 proton pump specifically within Hcrt neurons. Histological examination along with ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological recordings of male and female orexin/Arch mice demonstrated silencing of Hcrt neurons when these cells were photoilluminated. However, high expression of the Arch transgene affected cellular and physiological parameters independent of photoillumination. The excitability of Hcrt neurons was reduced, and both circadian and metabolic parameters were perturbed in a subset of orexin/Arch mice that exhibited high levels of Arch expression. Orexin/Arch mice also had increased REM sleep under baseline conditions but did not exhibit cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone during wakefulness characteristic of NT1. These aberrations resembled some aspects of mouse models with Hcrt neuron ablation, yet the number of Hcrt neurons in orexin/Arch mice was not reduced. Thus, orexin/Arch mice may be useful to investigate Hcrt system dysfunction when these neurons are intact, as is thought to occur in narcolepsy without cataplexy (NT2). These results also demonstrate the utility of extended phenotypic screening of transgenic models when specific neural circuits have been manipulated.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Optogenetics has become an invaluable tool for functional dissection of neural circuitry. While opsin expression is often achieved by viral injection, stably integrated transgenes offer some practical advantages. Here, we demonstrate successful transgenic expression of an inhibitory opsin in hypocretin/orexin neurons, which are thought to promote or maintain wakefulness. Both brief and prolonged illumination resulted in inhibition of these neurons and induced sleep. However, even in the absence of illumination, these cells exhibited altered electrical characteristics, particularly when transgene expression was high. These aberrant properties affected metabolism and sleep, resulting in a phenotype reminiscent of the narcolepsy Type 2, a sleep disorder for which no good animal model currently exists.
Collapse
|
23
|
Choi Y, Raymer BK. Sleep modulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2025-2033. [PMID: 31307886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wake are two fundamental states of human existence. Conditions such as insomnia and hypersomnia can have profound negative effects on human health. Many pharmacological interventions impacting sleep and wake are available or are under development. This brief digest surveys early approaches to sleep modulation and highlights recent developments in sleep modulating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younggi Choi
- Discovery Chemistry, Alkermes, 852 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Brian K Raymer
- Discovery Research, Alkermes, 852 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dedic N, Jones PG, Hopkins SC, Lew R, Shao L, Campbell JE, Spear KL, Large TH, Campbell UC, Hanania T, Leahy E, Koblan KS. SEP-363856, a Novel Psychotropic Agent with a Unique, Non-D2 Receptor Mechanism of Action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:1-14. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
25
|
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonism promotes wakefulness without impairment of cognition in Cynomolgus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1485-1493. [PMID: 30954024 PMCID: PMC6784974 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor with affinity for the trace amines. TAAR1 agonists have pro-cognitive, antidepressant-, and antipsychotic-like properties in both rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). TAAR1 agonism also increases wakefulness and suppresses rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep in mice and rats and reduces cataplexy in two mouse models of narcolepsy. We investigated the effects of TAAR1 agonism in Cynomolgus macaques, a diurnal species that exhibits consolidated night-time sleep, and evaluated the effects of TAAR1 agonists on cognition using a working memory (WM) paradigm in this species. Adult male Cynomolgus macaques (n = 6) were surgically implanted to record the electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram, and locomotor activity (LMA) and the efficacy of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 (0.1,1,10 mg/kg, p.o.) on sleep/wake, EEG spectra, and LMA was determined. In a second experiment, the acute effects of RO5263397 (0.1,1,10 mg/kg, p.o.) were assessed on a delayed-match-to-sample test of WM in adult male macaques (n = 7). RO5263397 (10 mg/kg) administered at lights off, when sleep pressure was high, promoted wakefulness and reduced both REM and non-REM sleep without inducing hyperlocomotion. RO5263397 (10 mg/kg) also increased delta/theta activity during all vigilance states. RO5263397 had no effect on WM at either short (2 sec) or long (10 sec) delay intervals. The wake-enhancing and REM-suppressing effects of R05263397 shown here in a diurnal primate are consistent with previous results in nocturnal rodents. These effects and the associated alterations in EEG spectra occurred without inducing hyperlocomotion or affecting WM, encouraging further study of TAAR1 agonists as potential narcolepsy therapeutics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 attenuates schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:184-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szabo ST, Thorpy MJ, Mayer G, Peever JH, Kilduff TS. Neurobiological and immunogenetic aspects of narcolepsy: Implications for pharmacotherapy. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 43:23-36. [PMID: 30503715 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy are common symptoms of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder associated with the loss of hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Although only a few drugs have received regulatory approval for narcolepsy to date, treatment involves diverse medications that affect multiple biochemical targets and neural circuits. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for the following classes of drugs as narcolepsy treatments: alerting medications (amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil/armodafinil, solriamfetol [JZP-110]), antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), sodium oxybate, and the H3-receptor inverse agonist/antagonist pitolisant. Enhanced catecholamine availability and regulation of locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neuron activity is likely central to the therapeutic activity of most of these compounds. LC NE neurons are integral to sleep/wake regulation and muscle tone; reduced excitatory input to the LC due to compromise of Hcrt/orexin neurons (likely due to autoimmune factors) results in LC NE dysregulation and contributes to narcolepsy/cataplexy symptoms. Agents that increase catecholamines and/or LC activity may mitigate EDS and cataplexy by elevating NE regulation of GABAergic inputs from the amygdala. Consequently, novel medications and treatment strategies aimed at preserving and/or modulating Hcrt/orexin-LC circuit integrity are warranted in narcolepsy/cataplexy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Szabo
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - John H Peever
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Takahashi T, Noriaki S, Matsumura M, Li C, Takahashi K, Nishino S. Advances in pharmaceutical treatment options for narcolepsy. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1521267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Takahashi
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sakai Noriaki
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mari Matsumura
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Chenyu Li
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kayo Takahashi
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Seiji Nishino
- Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Espinoza S, Leo D, Sotnikova TD, Shahid M, Kääriäinen TM, Gainetdinov RR. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Agonist RO5263397. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29977204 PMCID: PMC6022153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which signals through elevating intracellular cAMP levels, and expressed in most vertebrates, including rodents and humans. In recent years, several lines of evidence indicated the role of TAAR1 in the regulation of dopaminergic system and its importance in physiological processes such as locomotion, control of emotional states and cognition. In our study, we used RO5263397, a selective TAAR1 agonist, as a tool and characterized its pharmacology in vitro in HEK293 cells and its effects in vivo in tests assessing potential antidepressant and antipsychotic actions. We found that RO5263397 not only increases cAMP levels at very low concentrations but also can induce the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Like other TAAR1 agonists, RO5263397 potently suppressed high dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Moreover, RO5263397 produced a strong antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test comparable to fluoxetine. Furthermore, the antidepressant-like activity was blocked by pretreatment with SCH23390 (dopamine D1 receptor antagonist) or NBQX (glutamate AMPA receptor antagonist) but only in part by WAY100635 (serotonin 5HT1A receptor antagonist). In conclusion, our study confirms some previous in vitro and in vivo findings in relation to the pharmacological effects of RO5263397 but more importantly provides new insight on intracellular signaling pathway and other neurotransmitter receptors modulated by TAAR1 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Espinoza
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genoa, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Tatyana D Sotnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwartz MD, Canales JJ, Zucchi R, Espinoza S, Sukhanov I, Gainetdinov RR. Trace amine-associated receptor 1: a multimodal therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:513-526. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1480723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J. Canales
- Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Stefano Espinoza
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Dept., Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Translational Biomedicine, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schwartz MD, Palmerston JB, Lee DL, Hoener MC, Kilduff TS. Deletion of Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Attenuates Behavioral Responses to Caffeine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29456505 PMCID: PMC5801540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs), endogenous amino acid metabolites that are structurally similar to the biogenic amines, are endogenous ligands for trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a GPCR that modulates dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic activity. Selective TAAR1 full and partial agonists exhibit similar pro-cognitive, antidepressant- and antipsychotic-like properties in rodents and non-human primates, suggesting TAAR1 as a novel target for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. We previously reported that TAAR1 partial agonists are wake-promoting in rats and mice, and that TAAR1 knockout (KO) and overexpressing mice exhibit altered sleep-wake and EEG spectral composition. Here, we report that locomotor and EEG spectral responses to the psychostimulants modafinil and caffeine are attenuated in TAAR1 KO mice. TAAR1 KO mice and WT littermates were instrumented for EEG and EMG recording and implanted with telemetry transmitters for monitoring locomotor activity (LMA) and core body temperature (Tb). Following recovery, mice were administered modafinil (25, 50, 100 mg/kg), caffeine (2.5, 10, 20 mg/kg) or vehicle p.o. at ZT6 in balanced order. In WT mice, both modafinil and caffeine dose-dependently increased LMA for up to 6 h following dosing, whereas only the highest dose of each drug increased LMA in KO mice, and did so for less time after dosing. This effect was particularly pronounced following caffeine, such that total LMA response was significantly attenuated in KO mice compared to WT at all doses of caffeine and did not differ from Vehicle treatment. Tb increased comparably in both genotypes in a dose-dependent manner. TAAR1 deletion was associated with reduced wake consolidation following both drugs, but total time in wakefulness did not differ between KO and WT mice. Furthermore, gamma band EEG activity following both modafinil and caffeine treatment was attenuated in TAAR1 KO compared to WT mice. Our results show that TAAR1 is a critical component of the behavioral and cortical arousal associated with two widely used psychostimulants with very different mechanisms of action. Together with our previous findings, these data suggest that TAAR1 is a previously unrecognized component of an endogenous wake-modulating system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Jeremiah B Palmerston
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Diana L Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guariento S, Tonelli M, Espinoza S, Gerasimov AS, Gainetdinov RR, Cichero E. Rational design, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of novel biguanides exploring species-specificity responsiveness of TAAR1 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Targeting species-specific trace amine-associated receptor 1 ligands: to date perspective of the rational drug design process. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1507-1527. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors represent main targets of several clinically relevant drugs, playing nowadays a leading part for further drug discovery process. Trace amine-associated receptor's family (TAARs) assumed an intriguing role as druggable target in medicinal chemistry, being TAAR1 the most investigated. Indeed, related ligands proved to be intertwined in several circuits involved in pathological pathways or therapeutic routes. Herein, we highlight relevant efforts in the search of novel agonists, focusing on responsiveness featured by different chemotypes toward rodent and human TAAR1, in order to explore species-specificity preferences. We also discuss the main strategies guiding so far the design of new TAAR1 agonists, giving a perspective of the structure-based methodologies aimed at deriving new insights for more potent and selective derivatives.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mapping the Hypocretin/Orexin Neuronal System: An Unexpectedly Productive Journey. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2268-2272. [PMID: 28250055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1708-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in 1998, we (de Lecea et al., 1998) and others (Sakurai et al., 1998) described the same hypothalamic neuropeptides, respectively called the hypocretins or orexins, which were discovered using two different approaches. In December of that year, we published the subject of this commentary in the Journal of Neuroscience: a highly detailed anatomical description of the extensive axonal projections of the hypocretin/orexin neurons. Although the function of this system was unknown at the time, a large body of literature today attests that the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides play important roles in multiple physiological functions, particularly in sleep/wake regulation. Neuroanatomical studies are rarely frontline news, but the citation rate of this paper underscores the critical nature of such basic research. Based in part on this detailed description, the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides have since been studied in many different areas of neuroscience research, including sleep/wake regulation, feeding, addiction, reward and motivation, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular regulation, pain, migraine, and neuroendocrine regulation, including reproduction. Thus, this paper has had a surprisingly broad impact on neuroscience research, particularly since it was originally rejected by the Journal!
Collapse
|
36
|
Nonpeptide orexin type-2 receptor agonist ameliorates narcolepsy-cataplexy symptoms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5731-5736. [PMID: 28507129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a debilitating disorder of sleep/wakefulness caused by a loss of orexin-producing neurons in the lateroposterior hypothalamus. Genetic or pharmacologic orexin replacement ameliorates symptoms in mouse models of narcolepsy-cataplexy. We have recently discovered a potent, nonpeptide OX2R-selective agonist, YNT-185. This study validates the pharmacological activity of this compound in OX2R-transfected cells and in OX2R-expressing neurons in brain slice preparations. Intraperitoneal, and intracerebroventricular, administration of YNT-185 suppressed cataplexy-like episodes in orexin knockout and orexin neuron-ablated mice, but not in orexin receptor-deficient mice. Peripherally administered YNT-185 also promotes wakefulness without affecting body temperature in wild-type mice. Further, there was no immediate rebound sleep after YNT-185 administration in active phase in wild-type and orexin-deficient mice. No desensitization was observed after repeated administration of YNT-185 with respect to the suppression of cataplexy-like episodes. These results provide a proof-of-concept for a mechanistic therapy of narcolepsy-cataplexy by OX2R agonists.
Collapse
|
37
|
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Regulates Wakefulness and EEG Spectral Composition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1305-1314. [PMID: 27658486 PMCID: PMC5437878 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists have been shown to have procognitive, antipsychotic-like, anxiolytic, weight-reducing, glucose-lowering, and wake-promoting activities. We used Taar1 knockout (KO) and overexpressing (OE) mice and TAAR1 agonists to elucidate the role of TAAR1 in sleep/wake. EEG, EMG, body temperature (Tb), and locomotor activity (LMA) were recorded in Taar1 KO, OE, and WT mice. Following a 24 h recording to characterize basal sleep/wake parameters, mice were sleep deprived (SD) for 6 h. In another experiment, mice were given three doses of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397, caffeine, or vehicle p.o. Baseline wakefulness was modestly increased in OE compared with WT mice. Baseline theta (4.5-9 Hz) and low gamma (30-60 Hz) activity was elevated in KO compared with OE mice in NREM and REM sleep. Following SD, both KO and OE mice exhibited a homeostatic sleep rebound. In WT mice, RO5263397 increased waking and reduced NREM and REM sleep, decreased gamma power during wake and NREM, and decreased Tb without affecting LMA; these effects were absent in KO mice and potentiated in OE mice. In contrast, caffeine increased wake time, NREM gamma power, and LMA in all strains compared with vehicle; this effect was attenuated in KO and potentiated in OE mice. TAAR1 overexpression modestly increases wakefulness, whereas TAAR1 partial agonism increases wakefulness and also reduces NREM and also REM sleep. These results indicate a modulatory role for TAAR1 in sleep/wake and cortical activity and suggest TAAR1 as a novel target for wake-promoting therapeutics.
Collapse
|
38
|
Current and future treatment options for narcolepsy: A review. Sleep Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological sleep disorder with potentially disabling
symptoms ranging from occupational concerns to mental health difficulties.
Recent advances related to the neurobiological basis of narcolepsy have led to
newer pharmacological treatment options and adjunctive behavioral techniques
that support symptom management. This article outlines evidence-based
pharmacologic therapies, behavioral techniques, and psychosocial costs related
to narcolepsy. Psychosocial factors, although frequently acknowledged, deserve
further attention and awareness from researchers and providers. The American
Academy of Sleep Medicine's (AASM) Quality Measure Drivers and potential future
treatment options are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Sumerall
- Dwight D. Eisenhower V.A. Medical Center.,University of Missouri-Kansas City
| |
Collapse
|