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Ronald A, Gui A. The potential and translational application of infant genetic research. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1346-1354. [PMID: 38977854 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In the current genomic revolution, the infancy life stage is the most neglected. Although clinical genetics recognizes the value of early identification in infancy of rare genetic causes of disorders and delay, common genetic variation is almost completely ignored in research on infant behavioral and neurodevelopmental traits. In this Perspective, we argue for a much-needed surge in research on common genetic variation influencing infant neurodevelopment and behavior, findings that would be relevant for all children. We now see convincing evidence from different research designs to suggest that developmental milestones, skills and behaviors of infants are heritable and thus are suitable candidates for gene-discovery research. We highlight the resources available to the field, including genotyped infant cohorts, and we outline, with recommendations, special considerations needed for infant data. Therefore, infant genetic research has the potential to impact basic science and to affect educational policy, public health and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ronald
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK.
| | - Anna Gui
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK
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2
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Bowler A, Arichi T, Fearon P, Meaburn E, Begum-Ali J, Pascoe G, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Ronald A. Phenotypic and Genetic Associations Between Preschool Fine Motor Skills and Later Neurodevelopment, Psychopathology, and Educational Achievement. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:849-858. [PMID: 38043695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine motor skills are heritable and comprise important milestones in development, and some evidence suggests that impairments in fine motor skills are associated with neurodevelopmental conditions, psychiatric disorders, and poor educational outcomes. METHODS In a preregistered study of 9625 preschool children from TEDS (Twins Early Development Study), fine motor assessments (drawing, block building, folding, and questionnaires) were conducted at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. A cross-age fine motor score was derived using principal component analysis. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the fine motor score and neurodevelopmental traits, psychopathology, and educational outcomes at 3 later ages (7-8, 12, and 16 years) and cross-age psychopathology composite scores. Polygenic scores (PGSs) were created for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, schizophrenia, anxiety, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and years of education. We ran single-PGS models and a multi-PGS model. RESULTS Fine motor skills were negatively associated with neurodevelopmental traits and psychopathology across childhood and adolescence and positively associated with educational achievement in adolescence (β = 0.25, p < .001). Superior fine motor skills were associated with a higher years-of-education PGS (β = 0.07, p < .001), a lower ADHD PGS (β = -0.04, p = .011), and a higher anxiety PGS (β = 0.03, p = .040). Similarly, the multi-PGS model retained the PGSs for years of education (β = 0.07), ADHD (β = -0.03), and anxiety (β = 0.01). A non-preregistered analysis in an independent preschool sample replicated the ADHD PGS association, but not the years of education or anxiety PGS associations. CONCLUSIONS Fine motor skills are linked genetically and phenotypically to later neurodevelopment, psychopathology, and educational outcomes. Future work should investigate the mechanisms that underlie the role of fine motor development in later outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn Bowler
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Pediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Meaburn
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jannath Begum-Ali
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Pascoe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Cirnigliaro M, Chang TS, Arteaga SA, Pérez-Cano L, Ruzzo EK, Gordon A, Bicks LK, Jung JY, Lowe JK, Wall DP, Geschwind DH. The contributions of rare inherited and polygenic risk to ASD in multiplex families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215632120. [PMID: 37506195 PMCID: PMC10400943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215632120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a complex genetic architecture involving contributions from both de novo and inherited variation. Few studies have been designed to address the role of rare inherited variation or its interaction with common polygenic risk in ASD. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of the largest cohort of multiplex families to date, consisting of 4,551 individuals in 1,004 families having two or more autistic children. Using this study design, we identify seven previously unrecognized ASD risk genes supported by a majority of rare inherited variants, finding support for a total of 74 genes in our cohort and a total of 152 genes after combined analysis with other studies. Autistic children from multiplex families demonstrate an increased burden of rare inherited protein-truncating variants in known ASD risk genes. We also find that ASD polygenic score (PGS) is overtransmitted from nonautistic parents to autistic children who also harbor rare inherited variants, consistent with combinatorial effects in the offspring, which may explain the reduced penetrance of these rare variants in parents. We also observe that in addition to social dysfunction, language delay is associated with ASD PGS overtransmission. These results are consistent with an additive complex genetic risk architecture of ASD involving rare and common variation and further suggest that language delay is a core biological feature of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Cirnigliaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Timothy S. Chang
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Stephanie A. Arteaga
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Laura Pérez-Cano
- STALICLA Discovery and Data Science Unit, World Trade Center, Barcelona08039, Spain
| | - Elizabeth K. Ruzzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Lucy K. Bicks
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Jae-Yoon Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Systems Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94304
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jennifer K. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Dennis P. Wall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Systems Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94304
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
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Hannigan LJ, Askeland RB, Ask H, Tesli M, Corfield E, Ayorech Z, Magnus P, Njølstad PR, Øyen AS, Stoltenberg C, Andreassen OA, Ronald A, Smith GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Havdahl A. Developmental milestones in early childhood and genetic liability to neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1750-1758. [PMID: 37310338 PMCID: PMC10106302 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing of developmental milestones, such as age at first walking, is associated with later diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, its relationship to genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in the general population is unknown. Here, we investigate associations between attainment of early-life language and motor development milestones and genetic liability to autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. METHODS We use data from a genotyped sub-set (N = 25699) of children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We calculate polygenic scores (PGS) for autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia and predict maternal reports of children's age at first walking, first words, and first sentences, motor delays (18 months), and language delays and a generalised measure of concerns about development (3 years). We use linear and probit regression models in a multi-group framework to test for sex differences. RESULTS We found that ADHD PGS were associated with earlier walking age (β = -0.033, padj < 0.001) in both males and females. Additionally, autism PGS were associated with later walking (β = 0.039, padj = 0.006) in females only. No robust associations were observed for schizophrenia PGS or between any neurodevelopmental PGS and measures of language developmental milestone attainment. CONCLUSIONS Genetic liabilities for neurodevelopmental disorders show some specific associations with the age at which children first walk unsupported. Associations are small but robust and, in the case of autism PGS, differentiated by sex. These findings suggest that early-life motor developmental milestone attainment is associated with genetic liability to ADHD and autism in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J. Hannigan
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna Bugge Askeland
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Tesli
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Corfield
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ziada Ayorech
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Siri Øyen
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hampel H, Gao P, Cummings J, Toschi N, Thompson PM, Hu Y, Cho M, Vergallo A. The foundation and architecture of precision medicine in neurology and psychiatry. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:176-198. [PMID: 36642626 PMCID: PMC10720395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric diseases have high degrees of genetic and pathophysiological heterogeneity, irrespective of clinical manifestations. Traditional medical paradigms have focused on late-stage syndromic aspects of these diseases, with little consideration of the underlying biology. Advances in disease modeling and methodological design have paved the way for the development of precision medicine (PM), an established concept in oncology with growing attention from other medical specialties. We propose a PM architecture for central nervous system diseases built on four converging pillars: multimodal biomarkers, systems medicine, digital health technologies, and data science. We discuss Alzheimer's disease (AD), an area of significant unmet medical need, as a case-in-point for the proposed framework. AD can be seen as one of the most advanced PM-oriented disease models and as a compelling catalyzer towards PM-oriented neuroscience drug development and advanced healthcare practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Health, Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA.
| | - Peng Gao
- Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Health, Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Health, Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Min Cho
- Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Health, Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Health, Eisai Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
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6
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Riglin L, Tobarra-Sanchez E, Stergiakouli E, Havdahl A, Tilling K, O'Donovan M, Nigg J, Langley K, Thapar A. Early manifestations of genetic liability for ADHD, autism and schizophrenia at ages 18 and 24 months. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 2:e12093. [PMID: 36545360 PMCID: PMC9762693 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADHD and autism are neurodevelopmental conditions, for which non-specific precursors or early signs include difficulties with language and motor skills, and differences in temperament in the first and second year of life. These early features have also been linked to later diagnosis of schizophrenia which is widely considered to have neurodevelopmental origins. Given that ADHD, autism and schizophrenia are all highly heritable, we tested the hypothesis that in the general population, measures of toddler language development, motor development and temperament are associated with genetic liability to ADHD, autism and/or schizophrenia. Methods Data were analysed from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) which included motor development scores at age 18 months and language development and temperament scores at age 24 months (N=7498). Genetic liability was indexed by polygenic risk scores (PGS) for ADHD, autism and schizophrenia. Results ADHD PGS were associated with specific temperament scales (higher activity β=0.07, 95% CI=0.04, 0.09 and lower withdrawal β=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.07, -0.02) as well as better gross motor scores (β=0.04, 95% CI=0.01, 0.06). Schizophrenia PGS were associated with one specific temperament scale (negative mood β=0.04, 95% CI=0.02, 0.07). We did not find strong evidence of association of autism PGS with any of the toddler measures; there was also not strong evidence of association with motor or language delays for any of the PGS. Conclusions This study suggests that some specific aspects of early temperament and gross motor differences in the general population could represent part of the early manifestation of genetic liability to neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health
| | - Esther Tobarra-Sanchez
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK.,Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.,PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Joel Nigg
- Deptartment of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health
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Veatch OJ, Mazzotti DR, Schultz RT, Abel T, Michaelson JJ, Brodkin ES, Tunc B, Assouline SG, Nickl-Jockschat T, Malow BA, Sutcliffe JS, Pack AI. Calculating genetic risk for dysfunction in pleiotropic biological processes using whole exome sequencing data. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:39. [PMID: 35751013 PMCID: PMC9233372 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD encompasses a wide-range and severity of symptoms and co-occurring conditions; however, the details of how genetic variation contributes to phenotypic differences are unclear. This creates a challenge for translating genetic evidence into clinically useful knowledge. Sleep disturbances are particularly prevalent co-occurring conditions in ASD, and genetics may inform treatment. Identifying convergent mechanisms with evidence for dysfunction that connect ASD and sleep biology could help identify better treatments for sleep disturbances in these individuals. METHODS To identify mechanisms that influence risk for ASD and co-occurring sleep disturbances, we analyzed whole exome sequence data from individuals in the Simons Simplex Collection (n = 2380). We predicted protein damaging variants (PDVs) in genes currently implicated in either ASD or sleep duration in typically developing children. We predicted a network of ASD-related proteins with direct evidence for interaction with sleep duration-related proteins encoded by genes with PDVs. Overrepresentation analyses of Gene Ontology-defined biological processes were conducted on the resulting gene set. We calculated the likelihood of dysfunction in the top overrepresented biological process. We then tested if scores reflecting genetic dysfunction in the process were associated with parent-reported sleep duration. RESULTS There were 29 genes with PDVs in the ASD dataset where variation was reported in the literature to be associated with both ASD and sleep duration. A network of 108 proteins encoded by ASD and sleep duration candidate genes with PDVs was identified. The mechanism overrepresented in PDV-containing genes that encode proteins in the interaction network with the most evidence for dysfunction was cerebral cortex development (GO:0,021,987). Scores reflecting dysfunction in this process were associated with sleep durations; the largest effects were observed in adolescents (p = 4.65 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS Our bioinformatic-driven approach detected a biological process enriched for genes encoding a protein-protein interaction network linking ASD gene products with sleep duration gene products where accumulation of potentially damaging variants in individuals with ASD was associated with sleep duration as reported by the parents. Specifically, genetic dysfunction impacting development of the cerebral cortex may affect sleep by disrupting sleep homeostasis which is evidenced to be regulated by this brain region. Future functional assessments and objective measurements of sleep in adolescents with ASD could provide the basis for more informed treatment of sleep problems in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Veatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Division of Medical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Birkan Tunc
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan G Assouline
- Belin-Blank Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Beth A Malow
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Balogh L, Pulay AJ, Réthelyi JM. Genetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice? Front Psychol 2022; 13:751041. [PMID: 35350735 PMCID: PMC8957927 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.751041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a childhood prevalence of 5%. In about two-thirds of the cases, ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood and often cause significant functional impairment. Based on the results of family and twin studies, the estimated heritability of ADHD approximates 80%, suggests a significant genetic component in the etiological background of the disorder; however, the potential genetic effects on disease risk, symptom severity, and persistence are unclear. This article provides a brief review of the genome-wide and candidate gene association studies with a focus on the clinical aspects, summarizing findings of ADHD disease risk, ADHD core symptoms as dimensional traits, and other traits frequently associated with ADHD, which may contribute to the susceptibility to other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, neuropsychological impairment and measures from neuroimaging and electrophysiological paradigms, emerging as potential biomarkers, also provide a prominent target for molecular genetic studies, since they lie in the pathway from genes to behavior; therefore, they can contribute to the understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and the interindividual heterogeneity of clinical symptoms. Beyond the aforementioned aspects, throughout the review, we also give a brief summary of the genetic results, including polygenic risk scores that can potentially predict individual response to different treatment options and may offer a possibility for personalized treatment for the therapy of ADHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Balogh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila J Pulay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Systematic Review: Molecular Studies of Common Genetic Variation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:227-242. [PMID: 33932494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review of studies using molecular genetics and statistical approaches to investigate the role of common genetic variation in the development, persistence, and comorbidity of childhood psychiatric traits was conducted. METHOD A literature review was performed using the PubMed database, following PRISMA guidelines. There were 131 studies meeting inclusion criteria, having investigated at least one type of childhood-onset or childhood-measured psychiatric disorder or trait with the aim of identifying trait-associated common genetic variants, estimating the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the amount of variance explained (SNP-based heritability), investigating genetic overlap between psychiatric traits, or investigating whether the stability in traits or the association with adult traits is explained by genetic factors. RESULTS The first robustly associated genetic variants have started to be identified for childhood psychiatric traits. There were substantial contributions of common genetic variants to many traits, with variation in single nucleotide polymorphism heritability estimates depending on age and raters. Moreover, genetic variants also appeared to explain comorbidity as well as stability across a range of psychiatric traits in childhood and across the life span. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation plays a substantial role in childhood psychiatric traits. Increased sample sizes will lead to increased power to identify genetic variants and to understand genetic architecture, which will ultimately be beneficial to targeted and prevention strategies. This can be achieved by harmonizing phenotype measurements, as is already proposed by large international consortia and by including the collection of genetic material in every study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonuola A Akingbuwa
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Prof. Middeldorp is also with the Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Zhou B, Xu Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Li D, Dong P, Wang Y, Lu P, Zhu Y, Xu X. Motor impairments in Chinese toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and its relationship with social communicative skills. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:938047. [PMID: 36311507 PMCID: PMC9613953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor impairments are prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and persistent across age. Our current study was designed to investigate motor deficits in Chinese toddlers with ASD and to explore the relationships between motor deficits and social communication skills. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 210 Chinese toddlers with ASD aged between 18 and 36 months in the study during December 2017 to December 2020. Griffiths Developmental Scales-Chinese (GDS-C), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) and Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile-Infant-Toddler Checklist (CSBS-DP-ITC) were administered in these toddlers to evaluate their development, social communicative skills, and autism severity. We compared the developmental and social communicational profiles of ASD toddlers in different gross and fine motor subgroups, and explored potential associated factors. The univariate generalized linear model tested the relationship of fine and gross motor skills and social communicative skills. RESULTS The prevalence of gross and fine motor deficits were 59.5 and 82.5%, respectively, which are almost equivalent in boys and girls. The motor impairments tended to be more severe with age in toddlers. After adjusting for age, sex, non-verbal development quotient (DQ) and restricted, repetitive behaviors, severer gross motor impairments were significantly related to higher comparison score of ADOS-2 and higher social composite score of CSBS-DP-ITC, without interactions with other variables. Meanwhile, lower fine motor skills were associated with more deficits of social communication and higher severity of ASD, also depending on non-verbal DQ. In the lower non-verbal DQ subgroup, both fine motor deficits and restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) might have effects on autism symptomology. CONCLUSION Motor impairments are common in Chinese toddlers with ASD. Toddlers with weaker gross and fine motor skills have greater deficits in social communicative skills. Gross motor impairment might be an independent predictor of the severity of autism and social communication skills, while the effect of fine motor deficits might be affected by non-verbal DQ and RRBs of toddlers with ASD. We provide further justification for the inclusion of motor impairments in the early intervention for toddlers with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Zhou
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Brikell I, Burton C, Mota NR, Martin J. Insights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from recent genetic studies. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2274-2286. [PMID: 33814023 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). In this narrative review, we summarize recent advances in quantitative and molecular genetic research from the past 5-10 years. Combined with large-scale international collaboration, these advances have resulted in fast-paced progress in understanding the etiology of ADHD and how genetic risk factors map on to clinical heterogeneity. Studies are converging on a number of key insights. First, ADHD is a highly polygenic NDD with a complex genetic architecture encompassing risk variants across the spectrum of allelic frequencies, which are implicated in neurobiological processes. Second, genetic studies strongly suggest that ADHD diagnosis shares a large proportion of genetic risks with continuously distributed traits of ADHD in the population, with shared genetic risks also seen across development and sex. Third, ADHD genetic risks are shared with those implicated in many other neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and somatic phenotypes. As sample sizes and the diversity of genetic studies continue to increase through international collaborative efforts, we anticipate further success with gene discovery, characterization of how the ADHD phenotype relates to other human traits and growing potential to use genomic risk factors for understanding clinical trajectories and for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Brikell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christie Burton
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Ronald A, de Bode N, Polderman TJC. Systematic Review: How the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Polygenic Risk Score Adds to Our Understanding of ADHD and Associated Traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:1234-1277. [PMID: 33548493 PMCID: PMC11164195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate, by systematically reviewing the literature, whether the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) polygenic risk score (PRS) associates with ADHD and related traits in independent clinical and population samples. METHOD PubMed, Embase and PsychoInfo were systematically searched, alongside study bibliographies. Quality assessments were conducted, and a best-evidence synthesis was applied. Studies were excluded when the predictor was not based on the latest ADHD genome-wide association study, when PRS was not based on genome-wide results, or when the study was a review. Initially, 197 studies were retrieved (February 22, 2020), and a second search (June 3, 2020) yielded a further 49 studies. From both searches, 57 studies were eligible, and 44 studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Included studies were published in the last 3 years. Over 80% of the studies were rated excellent, based on a standardized quality assessment. Evidence of associations between ADHD PRS and the following categories was strong: ADHD, ADHD traits, brain structure, education, externalizing behaviors, neuropsychological constructs, physical health, and socioeconomic status. Evidence for associations with addiction, autism, and mental health were mixed and were, so far, inconclusive. Odds ratios for PRS associating with ADHD ranged from 1.22% to 1.76%; variance explained in dimensional assessments of ADHD traits was 0.7% to 3.3%. CONCLUSION A new wave of high-quality research using the ADHD PRS has emerged. Eventually, symptoms may be partly identified based on PRS, but the current ADHD PRS is useful for research purposes only. This review shows that the ADHD PRS is robust and reliable, associating not only with ADHD but many outcomes and challenges known to be linked to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora de Bode
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Tinca J C Polderman
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands.
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13
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Tioleco N, Silberman AE, Stratigos K, Banerjee-Basu S, Spann MN, Whitaker AH, Turner JB. Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: A meta-analysis. Autism Res 2021; 14:1296-1316. [PMID: 33720503 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While prenatal maternal infection has received attention as a preventable and treatable risk factor for autism, findings have been inconsistent. This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis to determine whether the weight of the evidence supports such an association. Studies with a categorical diagnosis of autism as the outcome and an assessment of its association with prenatal maternal infection or fever (or the data necessary to compute this association) were included. A total of 36 studies met these criteria. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study design, methods of assessment, type of infectious agent, site of infection, trimester of exposure, definition of autism, and effect size. Analyses demonstrated a statistically significant association of maternal infection/fever with autism in offspring (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.20-1.46). Adjustment for evident publication bias slightly weakened this association. There was little variation in effect sizes across agent or site of infection. Small differences across trimester of exposure were not statistically significant. There was some evidence that recall bias associated with status on the outcome variable leads to differential misclassification of exposure status. Nonetheless, the overall association is only modestly reduced when studies potentially contaminated by such bias are removed. Although causality has not been firmly established, these findings suggest maternal infection during pregnancy confers an increase in risk for autism in offspring. Given the prevalence of this risk factor, it is possible that the incidence of autism would be reduced by 12%-17% if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner. LAY SUMMARY: This study is a meta-analysis of the association of maternal infection during pregnancy and subsequent autism in offspring. In combining the results from 36 studies of this association we find that a significant relationship is present. The association does not vary much across the types of infections or when they occur during pregnancy. We conclude that the incidence of autism could be substantially reduced if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tioleco
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna E Silberman
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katharine Stratigos
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Marisa N Spann
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Agnes H Whitaker
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - J Blake Turner
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Phenotypic Diversity of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Deletion in Three Korean Families with Development Delay and/or Intellectual Disability: A Case Series and Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040722. [PMID: 33921555 PMCID: PMC8072617 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15q11.2 breakpoint (BP) 1–BP2 deletion syndrome is emerging as the most frequent pathogenic copy number variation in humans related to neurodevelopmental diseases, with changes in cognition, behavior, and brain morphology. Previous publications have reported that patients with 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion showed intellectual disability (ID), speech impairment, developmental delay (DD), and/or behavioral problems. We describe three new cases, aged 3 or 6 years old and belonging to three unrelated Korean families, with a 350-kb 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion of four highly conserved genes, namely, the TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2, and NIPA1 genes. All of our cases presented with global DD and/or ID, and the severity ranged from mild to severe, but common facial dysmorphism and congenital malformations in previous reports were not characteristic. The 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion was inherited from an unaffected parent in all cases. Our three cases, together with previous findings from the literature review, confirm some of the features earlier reported to be associated with 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion and help to further delineate the phenotype associated with 15q11.2 deletion. Identification of more cases with 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion will allow us to obtain a better understanding of the clinical phenotypes. Further explanation of the functions of the genes within the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 region is required to resolve the pathogenic effects on neurodevelopment.
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15
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Riglin L, Leppert B, Langley K, Thapar AK, O'Donovan MC, Davey Smith G, Stergiakouli E, Tilling K, Thapar A. Investigating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder traits in the general population: What happens in adult life? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:449-457. [PMID: 32663329 PMCID: PMC8365432 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are generally considered early-onset disorders so most research has therefore tended to focus on children. Differences between ADHD/ASD in adult life and childhood have been noted, but few population-based studies have examined them in adulthood. Furthermore, the interpretation of findings is hampered by changes in measure and from parent report to self-report. METHOD We examined continuous/trait measures of parent- and self-rated ADHD and ASD in adulthood (age 25 years) in a UK prospective longitudinal sample ALPSAC (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), using many of the same measures that parents reported on in childhood (N = 6,064). Our aim was to investigate these traits in this population for mean-level sex differences, overlaps with other cognitive, learning and communication problems and their associations with polygenic risk scores (PRS) for neuropsychiatric disorders (ADHD, ASD, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety). RESULTS ADHD and ASD traits in adulthood, as in childhood, showed associations with childhood cognitive, learning and communication problems and adult communication/language measures, although less so for self-ratings than parent-ratings. Males had higher ADHD and ASD trait levels, but this was not as marked as in childhood. In adulthood, ADHD (both parent- and self-rated) and ASD (parent-rated) symptoms showed associations with ADHD PRS; self-reported ADHD also showed association with depression PRS, whereas self-reported ASD did not show strong PRS associations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in young adults, ADHD and ASD symptoms have similar characteristics as they do in childhood. Associations with other cognitive, learning and communication problems, and ADHD PRS were somewhat less pronounced for self-reported adult ADHD and ASD symptoms, suggesting that even at age 25, parent reports, where available, could be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Beate Leppert
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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16
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Searles Quick VB, Wang B, State MW. Leveraging large genomic datasets to illuminate the pathobiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:55-69. [PMID: 32668441 PMCID: PMC7688655 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
"Big data" approaches in the form of large-scale human genomic studies have led to striking advances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) genetics. Similar to many other psychiatric syndromes, advances in genotyping technology, allowing for inexpensive genome-wide assays, has confirmed the contribution of polygenic inheritance involving common alleles of small effect, a handful of which have now been definitively identified. However, the past decade of gene discovery in ASD has been most notable for the application, in large family-based cohorts, of high-density microarray studies of submicroscopic chromosomal structure as well as high-throughput DNA sequencing-leading to the identification of an increasingly long list of risk regions and genes disrupted by rare, de novo germline mutations of large effect. This genomic architecture offers particular advantages for the illumination of biological mechanisms but also presents distinctive challenges. While the tremendous locus heterogeneity and functional pleiotropy associated with the more than 100 identified ASD-risk genes and regions is daunting, a growing armamentarium of comprehensive, large, foundational -omics databases, across species and capturing developmental trajectories, are increasingly contributing to a deeper understanding of ASD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica B Searles Quick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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17
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Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, Dadar M, Pivina L, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Jóźwik-Pruska J, Aaseth J, Chartrand MS, Waly MI, Al-Farsi Y, Rahman MM, Pen JJ, Chirumbolo S. Specialized Diet Therapies: Exploration for Improving Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:6771-6786. [PMID: 32065085 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200217101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a major neurodevelopmental disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses deficits in communication and repetitive and restricted interests or behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Its etiology may come from either a genetic, epigenetic, neurological, hormonal, or an environmental cause, generating pathways that often altogether play a synergistic role in the development of ASD pathogenesis. Furthermore, the metabolic origin of ASD should be important as well. A balanced diet consisting of the essential and special nutrients, alongside the recommended caloric intake, is highly recommended to promote growth and development that withstand the physiologic and behavioral challenges experienced by ASD children. In this review paper, we evaluated many studies that show a relationship between ASD and diet to develop a better understanding of the specific effects of the overall diet and the individual nutrients required for this population. This review will add a comprehensive update of knowledge in the field and shed light on the possible nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments (particularly in the gut microbiome), and malnutrition in individuals with ASD, which should be recognized in order to maintain the improved socio-behavioral habit and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Nagwa Abdel Meguid
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt,CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Lyudmila Pivina
- Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland,CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jagoda Jóźwik-Pruska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland,CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway,Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | | | - Mostafa Ibrahim Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman,Department of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yahya Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joeri Jan Pen
- Diabetes Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium,Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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18
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Thapar A. Infant Neuromotor Development: An Early Indicator of Genetic Liability for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:93-94. [PMID: 31856958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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