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Khalesi Z, Jetha MK, McNeely HE, Goldberg JO, Schmidt LA. Shyness, emotion processing, and objective quality of life among adults with schizophrenia: an ERP study. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:103-111. [PMID: 35713104 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2089135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although individual differences in temperament have been shown to influence Quality of Life (QoL) among individuals with schizophrenia, there exists considerable heterogeneity in such outcomes suggesting moderating factors. Here we used event-related potential (ERP) methodology to examine whether the processing of facial emotions moderated the association between shyness and objective QoL among adults with schizophrenia.Methods: Forty stable outpatients with schizophrenia completed measures of shyness and QoL. Early visual ERP components (P100, N170) were recorded while participants viewed emotional faces.Results: We observed a significant interaction between shyness and P100 and N170 amplitudes in response to fearful faces in predicting Intrapsychic Foundations QoL. Patients with reduced P100 and N170 amplitudes to fearful compared to neutral faces displayed the lowest QoL, but only if they were also high in shyness. We also found a significant interaction between shyness and ERP latency at the P100 and N170 in response to happy faces. Patients who displayed longer P100 and N170 latencies to happy faces compared to neutral faces and with higher shyness levels scored lower on Intrapsychic Foundations and Interpersonal Relations QoL, respectively.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the neural processing of emotional faces and shyness interact to predict aspects of QoL among outpatients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khalesi
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle K Jetha
- Department of Psychology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Heather E McNeely
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel O Goldberg
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Song S, Zhao S, Jiang T, Li S, Zhang M, Ren W, Zheng Y, Ge R. Positive attention bias in high socially anxious individuals: Evidence from an ERP study. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:300-308. [PMID: 36162660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Bivalent Fear of Evaluation (BFEO) model posits that the fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is a core feature of social anxiety. As such, high socially anxious individuals may show attention bias when faced with positive stimuli. However, most of the previous studies focused on the negative attention bias of social anxiety, and less on the attention bias of positive stimuli. Meanwhile, the effect of stimulus presentation time on the attention bias pattern was unclear. In order to investigate this question, we used a dot-probe paradigm with facial expressions (happy, fearful, angry, neutral) presented for 100 ms and 500 ms. The ERP results showed: (1) For high socially anxious group, happy faces elicited a larger N1 for valid than for invalid cued probes, whereas for healthy control group, angry faces elicited a larger N1 for valid than for invalid cued probes. (2) When valid cues following happy faces presented for 500 ms, the N1 amplitude was larger than that of invalid cues. However, when valid cues following angry and fear faces presented for 100 ms, the N1 amplitude was larger than that of invalid cues. The results showed difficulty in attention disengagement of high socially anxious individuals from positive stimuli, as reflected by N1, illustrating the positive attention bias in social anxiety. These results prove that FPE may contribute to maintaining social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutao Song
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China; School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Shimeng Zhao
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments
| | - Mingxian Zhang
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; Center for Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangang Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yuanjie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ruiyang Ge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
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3
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Hu C, Song X, Song J, Hong Y, Zhou R. Neurophysiological Correlates for Dynamic Variability Between Vigilance and Avoidance in Test Anxiety. Biol Psychol 2022; 175:108427. [PMID: 36170941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Attention bias (ABs) to threat is essential in the etiology and maintenance of test anxiety. However, little is known about the attention pattern of ABs in test anxiety. The stimulus duration affects the attention pattern in anxiety. Thus, the present research combined the dot-probe paradigm and event-related potentials (ERPs) and varied the stimulus duration (100ms or 500ms) to test the ABs in test anxiety. Consequently, both groups showed a threat N2pc in 100ms and 500ms duration, suggesting that both groups allocated attention to the test-related threat. However, in the 100ms duration, the high test-anxious (HTA) group had smaller target-elicited P1 and greater target-elicited N2 in the threat-congruent condition than in the neutral condition. In the 500ms duration, an earlier threat N2pc and a threat PD followed a greater target P1, and smaller target N2 were pronounced in the HTA group. The current results provided electrophysiological evidence that the HTA group kept a dynamic attention pattern that fluctuated shift between vigilance and avoidance in the 100ms and 500ms duration. The HTA group was more vigilant than the LTA group in the 500ms duration when strategic attention was concerned, proposing that the vigilance in test anxiety was not an automatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenlou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueling Song
- National Education Examinations Authority, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Song
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence Production Technology and Systems, Beijing, China.
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4
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Liu J, Fan L, Jiang J, Li C, Tian L, Zhang X, Feng W. Evidence for dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:966774. [PMID: 36051211 PMCID: PMC9426460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no consensus on the neural dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words, which remains one of the major concerns in affective neurolinguistics. The current study adopted dot-probe tasks to investigate the valence effect on attentional bias toward Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words. Behavioral data showed that emotional word type and valence interacted in attentional bias scores with an attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words rather than positive emotion-label words and that this bias was derived from the disengagement difficulty in positive emotion-laden words. In addition, an attentional bias toward negative emotion-label words relative to positive emotion-label words was observed. The event-related potential (ERP) data demonstrated an interaction between emotional word type, valence, and hemisphere. A significant hemisphere effect was observed during the processing of positive emotion-laden word pairs rather than positive emotion-label, negative emotion-label, and negative emotion-laden word pairs, with positive emotion-laden word pairs eliciting an enhanced P1 in the right hemisphere as compared to the left hemisphere. Our results found a dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words; individuals allocated more attention to positive emotion-laden words in the early processing stage and had difficulty disengaging attention from them in the late processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Fan
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Fan, ;
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Li
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Tian
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangshu Feng
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
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5
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Zhang X, Yang L. Auditory and cross-modal attentional bias toward positive natural sounds: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:949655. [PMID: 35967006 PMCID: PMC9372282 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.949655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have expanded the investigation into attentional biases toward positive stimuli; however, few studies have examined attentional biases toward positive auditory information. In three experiments, the present study employed an emotional spatial cueing task using emotional sounds as cues and auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) or visual stimuli (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) as targets to explore whether auditory or visual spatial attention could be modulated by positive auditory cues. Experiment 3 also examined the temporal dynamics of cross-modal auditory bias toward positive natural sounds using event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results of the three experiments consistently demonstrated that response times to targets were faster after positive auditory cues than they were after neutral auditory cues in the valid condition, indicating that healthy participants showed a selective auditory attentional bias (Experiment 1) and cross-modal attentional bias (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) toward positive natural sounds. The results of Experiment 3 showed that N1 amplitudes were more negative after positive sounds than they were after neutral sounds, which further provided electrophysiological evidence that positive auditory information enhances attention at early stages in healthy adults. The results of the experiments performed in the present study suggest that humans exhibit an attentional bias toward positive natural sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Amey RC, Leitner JB, Liu M, Forbes CE. Neural mechanisms associated with semantic and basic self-oriented memory processes interact moderating self-esteem. iScience 2022; 25:103783. [PMID: 35169686 PMCID: PMC8829795 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals constantly encounter feedback from others and process this feedback in various ways to maintain positive situational state self-esteem in relation to semantic-based or trait self-esteem. Individuals may utilize episodic or semantic-driven processes that modulate feedback in two different ways to maintain general self-esteem levels. To date, it is unclear how these processes work while individuals receive social feedback to modulate state self-esteem. Utilizing neural regions associated with semantic self-oriented and basic encoding processes (medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), respectively), in addition to time-frequency and Granger causality analyses to assess mPFC and PCC interactions, this study examined how the encoding of social feedback modulated individuals' (N = 45) post-task state self-esteem in relation to their trait self-esteem. Findings highlight the dynamic interplay between mPFC and PCC that modulate state self-esteem in relation to trait self-esteem, to maintain high self-esteem in general in the moment and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Amey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jordan B Leitner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mengting Liu
- Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chad E Forbes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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7
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Gupta RS, Kujawa A, Vago DR. A Preliminary Investigation of ERP Components of Attentional Bias in Anxious Adults using Temporospatial Principal Component Analysis. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2021; 35:223-236. [PMID: 34732969 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Threat-related attention bias is thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Dot-probe studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have indicated that several early ERP components are modulated by threatening and emotional stimuli in anxious populations, suggesting enhanced allocation of attention to threat and emotion at earlier stages of processing. However, ERP components selected for examination and analysis in these studies vary widely and remain inconsistent. The present study used temporospatial principal component analysis (PCA) to systematically identify ERP components elicited to face pair cues and probes in a dot-probe task in anxious adults. Cue-locked components sensitive to emotion included an early occipital C1 component enhanced for happy versus angry face pair cues and an early parieto-occipital P1 component enhanced for happy versus angry face pair cues. Probe-locked components sensitive to congruency included a parieto-occipital P2 component enhanced for incongruent probes (probes replacing neutral faces) versus congruent probes (probes replacing emotional faces). Split-half correlations indicated that the mean value around the PCA-derived peaks were reliably measured in the ERP waveforms. These results highlight promising neurophysiological markers for attentional bias research that can be extended to designs comparing anxious and healthy comparison groups. Results from a secondary exploratory PCA analysis investigating the effects of emotional face position and analyses on behavioral reaction time data are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resh S Gupta
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody College #552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, USA
| | - David R Vago
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2201 Children's Way, Suite 1318, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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8
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Sequeira SL, Rosen DK, Silk JS, Hutchinson E, Allen KB, Jones NP, Price RB, Ladouceur CD. "Don't judge me!": Links between in vivo attention bias toward a potentially critical judge and fronto-amygdala functional connectivity during rejection in adolescent girls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 49:100960. [PMID: 33975229 PMCID: PMC8120940 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We used innovative, ecologically valid eye-tracking and fMRI measures to examine social threat sensitivity in adolescent girls. Findings support the reliability of a novel in vivo attention bias task. Real-world attentional biases toward social threat correlated with amygdala-anterior PFC functional connectivity during social evaluation. Greater positive amygdala-anterior PFC connectivity during social evaluation could suggest disrupted prefrontal regulation of the amygdala. Disrupted prefrontal regulation of the amygdala could contribute to deployment of attention to social evaluative threat in daily life.
During adolescence, increases in social sensitivity, such as heightened attentional processing of social feedback, may be supported by developmental changes in neural circuitry involved in emotion regulation and cognitive control, including fronto-amygdala circuitry. Less negative fronto-amygdala circuitry during social threat processing may contribute to heightened attention to social threat in the environment. However, “real-world” implications of altered fronto-amygdala circuitry remain largely unknown. In this study, we used multiple novel methods, including an in vivo attention bias task implemented using mobile eye-tracking glasses and socially interactive fMRI task, to examine how functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) during rejection and acceptance feedback from peers is associated with heightened attention towards potentially critical social evaluation in a real-world environment. Participants were 77 early adolescent girls (ages 11–13) oversampled for shy/fearful temperament. Results support the reliability of this in vivo attention task. Further, girls with more positive functional connectivity between the right amygdala and anterior PFC during both rejection and acceptance feedback attended more to potentially critical social evaluation during the attention task. Findings could suggest that dysfunction in prefrontal regulation of the amygdala’s response to salient social feedback supports heightened sensitivity to socially evaluative threat during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana K Rosen
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Emily Hutchinson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, United States
| | | | - Neil P Jones
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Rebecca B Price
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States
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9
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Deveney CM, Grasso D, Hsu A, Pine DS, Estabrook CR, Zobel E, Burns JL, Wakschlag LS, Briggs-Gowan MJ. Multi-method assessment of irritability and differential linkages to neurophysiological indicators of attention allocation to emotional faces in young children. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:600-616. [PMID: 31631345 PMCID: PMC7328764 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Facilitated attention toward angry stimuli (attention bias) may contribute to anger proneness and temper outbursts exhibited by children with high irritability. However, most studies linking attention bias and irritability rely on behavioral measures with limited precision and no studies have explored these associations in young children. The present study explores irritability-related attention biases toward anger in young children (N = 128; ages 4-7 years) engaged in a dot-probe task with emotional faces, as assessed with event-related brain potential (ERP) indices of early selective attention and multi-method assessment of irritability. Irritability assessed via semi-structured clinical interview predicted larger anterior N1 amplitudes to all faces. In contrast, irritability assessed via a laboratory observation paradigm predicted reduced P1 amplitudes to angry relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that altered early attentional processing occurs in young children with high irritability; however, the nature of these patterns may vary with methodological features of the irritability assessments. Future investigations using different assessment tools may provide greater clarity regarding the underlying neurocognitive correlates of irritability. Such studies may also contribute to the ongoing debates about how to best define and measure irritability across the developmental spectrum in a manner that is most informative for linkage to neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damion Grasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Amy Hsu
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R. Estabrook
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elvira Zobel
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L. Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Self-affirmation enhances the processing of uncertainty: An event-related potential study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:327-337. [PMID: 30488229 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We proposed that self-affirmation can endow people with more cognitive resource to cope with uncertainty. We tested this possibility with an event-related potential (ERP) study by examining how self-affirmation influences ambiguous feedback processing in a simple gambling task, which was used to investigate risk decision-making. We assigned 48 participants randomly to the affirmation and non-affirmation (i.e., control) groups. All participants accepted the manipulation first and then completed the gambling task with an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, in which participants might receive a positive (winning), negative (losing), or ambiguous (unknown valence) outcome after they made a choice. We considered both the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3 components elicited by the outcome feedback, which reflected the amount of cognitive resources being invested in the early and late stages of the outcome feedback processing, respectively. ERP results showed that ambiguous feedback elicited a larger FRN among affirmed participants than unaffirmed participants but exerted no influence on the P3. This finding suggests that self-affirmation may help coping with uncertainty by enhancing the early processing of uncertainty.
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11
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Gupta RS, Kujawa A, Vago DR. The neural chronometry of threat-related attentional bias: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early and late stages of selective attentional processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:20-42. [PMID: 31605728 PMCID: PMC6905495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of threat is adaptive. Yet, threat-related attentional biases, including hypervigilance, avoidance, and attentional disengagement delays, may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Behavioral measures of attentional bias generally indicate that threat demands more attentional resources; however, indices exploring differential allocation of attention using reaction time fail to clarify the time course by which attention is deployed under threatening circumstances in healthy and anxious populations. In this review, we conduct an interpretive synthesis of 28 attentional bias studies focusing on event-related potentials (ERPs) as a primary outcome to inform an ERP model of the neural chronometry of attentional bias in healthy and anxious populations. The model posits that both healthy and anxious populations display modulations of early ERP components, including the P1, N170, P2, and N2pc, in response to threatening and emotional stimuli, suggesting that both typical and abnormal patterns of attentional bias are characterized by enhanced allocation of attention to threat and emotion at earlier stages of processing. Compared to anxious populations, healthy populations more clearly demonstrate modulations of later components, such as the P3, indexing conscious and evaluative processing of threat and emotion and disengagement difficulties at later stages of processing. Findings from the interpretive synthesis, existing bias models, and extant neural literature on attentional systems are then integrated to inform a conceptual model of the processes and substrates underlying threat appraisal and resource allocation in healthy and anxious populations. To conclude, we discuss therapeutic interventions for attentional bias and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resh S Gupta
- Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody College #552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, USA.
| | - David R Vago
- Contemplative Neuroscience & Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3401 West End Ave., Suite 380, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2201 Children's Way, Suite 1318, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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12
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Panitz C, Keil A, Mueller EM. Extinction-resistant attention to long-term conditioned threat is indexed by selective visuocortical alpha suppression in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15809. [PMID: 31676781 PMCID: PMC6825167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous electrophysiological studies in humans have shown rapid modulations of visual attention after conditioned threat vs. safety cues (<500 ms post-stimulus), but it is unknown whether this attentional prioritization is sustained throughout later time windows and whether it is robust to extinction. To investigate sustained visual attention, we assessed visuocortical alpha suppression in response to conditioned and extinguished threat. We reanalysed data from N = 87 male participants that had shown successful long-term threat conditioning and extinction in self reports and physiological measures in a two-day conditioning paradigm. The current EEG time-frequency analyses on recall test data on Day 2 revealed that previously threat-conditioned vs. safety cues evoked stronger occipital alpha power suppression from 600 to 1200 ms. Notably, this suppression was resistant to previous extinction. The present study showed for the first time that threat conditioning enhances sustained modulation of visuocortical attention to threat in the long term. Long-term stability and extinction resistance of alpha suppression suggest a crucial role of visuocortical attention mechanisms in the maintenance of learned fears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Panitz
- University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Keil
- University of Florida, Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 3063 Longleaf Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Erik M Mueller
- University of Marburg, Department of Psychology, Gutenbergstr. 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Davies PT, Coe JL, Hentges RF, Sturge‐Apple ML, Ripple MT. Temperamental Emotionality Attributes as Antecedents of Children's Social Information Processing. Child Dev 2018; 91:508-526. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Mechanisms underlying auditory and cross-modal emotional attentional biases: Engagement with and disengagement from aversive auditory stimuli. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Forbes CE, Amey R, Magerman AB, Duran K, Liu M. Stereotype-based stressors facilitate emotional memory neural network connectivity and encoding of negative information to degrade math self-perceptions among women. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:719-740. [PMID: 29939344 PMCID: PMC6121152 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress engendered by stereotype threatening situations may facilitate encoding of negative, stereotype confirming feedback received during a performance among women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). It is unclear, however, whether this process is comprised of the same neurophysiological mechanisms evident in any emotional memory encoding context, or if this encoding bias directly undermines positive self-perceptions in the stigmatized domain. A total of 160 men and women completed a math test that provided veridical positive and negative feedback, a memory test for feedback, and math self-enhancing and valuing measures in a stereotype threatening or neutral context while continuous electroencephalography activity and startle probe responses to positive and negative feedback was recorded. Indexing amygdala activity to feedback via startle responses and emotional memory network connectivity elicited during accurate recognition of positive and negative feedback via graph analyses, only stereotype threatened women encoded negative feedback better when they exhibited increased amygdala activity and emotional memory network connectivity in response to said feedback. Emotional memory biases, in turn, predicted decreases in women’s self-enhancing, math valuing and performance. Findings provide an emotional memory encoding-based mechanism for well-established findings indicating that women have more negative math self-perceptions compared with men regardless of actual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Forbes
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rachel Amey
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Adam B Magerman
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kelly Duran
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mengting Liu
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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16
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Abend R, de Voogd L, Salemink E, Wiers RW, Pérez-Edgar K, Fitzgerald A, White LK, Salum GA, He J, Silverman WK, Pettit JW, Pine DS, Bar-Haim Y. Association between attention bias to threat and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:229-238. [PMID: 29212134 PMCID: PMC6342553 DOI: 10.1002/da.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research links threat-related attention biases to anxiety symptoms in adults, whereas extant findings on threat biases in youth are limited and mixed. Inconsistent findings may arise due to substantial methodological variability and limited sample sizes, emphasizing the need for systematic research on large samples. The aim of this report is to examine the association between threat bias and pediatric anxiety symptoms using standardized measures in a large, international, multi-site youth sample. METHODS A total of 1,291 children and adolescents from seven research sites worldwide completed standardized attention bias assessment task (dot-probe task) and child anxiety symptoms measure (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders). Using a dimensional approach to symptomatology, we conducted regression analyses predicting overall, and disorder-specific, anxiety symptoms severity, based on threat bias scores. RESULTS Threat bias correlated positively with overall anxiety symptoms severity (ß = 0.078, P = .004). Furthermore, threat bias was positively associated specifically with social anxiety (ß = 0.072, P = .008) and school phobia (ß = 0.076, P = .006) symptoms severity, but not with panic, generalized anxiety, or separation anxiety symptoms. These associations were not moderated by age or gender. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate associations between threat bias and pediatric anxiety symptoms, and suggest that vigilance to external threats manifests more prominently in symptoms of social anxiety and school phobia, regardless of age and gender. These findings point to the role of attention bias to threat in anxiety, with implications for translational clinical research. The significance of applying standardized methods in multi-site collaborations for overcoming challenges inherent to clinical research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany Abend
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leone de Voogd
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elske Salemink
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koraly Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Lauren K. White
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giovanni A. Salum
- Departament of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jie He
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jeremy W. Pettit
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Torrence RD, Troup LJ. Event-related potentials of attentional bias toward faces in the dot-probe task: A systematic review. Psychophysiology 2017; 55:e13051. [PMID: 29266532 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The dot-probe task is a common task to assess attentional bias toward different stimuli and how groups differ (e.g., attentional bias in anxiety disorders). However, measuring reaction time has been suggested to be unreliable. Neuroimaging methods such as fMRI were shown to be more reliable in assessing attentional bias, but fMRI has poor temporal resolution and therefore cannot assess timing of attention. ERPs have been used to examine the time course of attentional bias. Although ERP research may be more reliable than reaction time, there have been inconsistencies in the literature. This review systematically searched for articles that used the dot-probe task with facial expressions and measured neural correlates with ERP. We found that some of the inconsistencies might be the cause of methodological differences (e.g., timing of stimuli), differences in emotional expression, and/or sample differences (e.g., sex, age, etc.). Suggestions on how future research could address the issues presented in this review were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Torrence
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lucy J Troup
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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18
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Beyer F, Buades-Rotger M, Claes M, Krämer UM. Hit or Run: Exploring Aggressive and Avoidant Reactions to Interpersonal Provocation Using a Novel Fight-or-Escape Paradigm (FOE). Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:190. [PMID: 29089875 PMCID: PMC5650963 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal provocation presents an approach-avoidance conflict to the provoked person: responding aggressively might yield the joy of retribution, whereas withdrawal can provide safety. Experimental aggression studies typically measure only retaliation intensity, neglecting whether individuals want to confront the provocateur at all. To overcome this shortcoming of previous measures, we developed and validated the Fight-or-Escape paradigm (FOE). The FOE is a competitive reaction time (RT) task in which the winner can choose the volume of a sound blast to be directed at his/her opponent. Participants face two ostensible opponents who consistently select either high or low punishments. At the beginning of each trial, subjects are given the chance to avoid the encounter for a limited number of times. In a first experiment (n = 27, all women), we found that fear potentiation (FP) of the startle response was related to lower scores in a composite measure of aggression and avoidance against the provoking opponent. In a second experiment (n = 34, 13 men), we altered the paradigm such that participants faced the opponents in alternating rather than in random order. Participants completed the FOE as well as the Dot-Probe Task (DPT) and the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Subjects with higher approach bias scores in the AAT avoided the provoking opponent less frequently. Hence, individuals with high threat reactivity and low approach motivation displayed more avoidant responses to provocation, whereas participants high in approach motivation were more likely to engage in aggressive interactions when provoked. The FOE is thus a promising laboratory measure of avoidance and aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Beyer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Macià Buades-Rotger
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie Claes
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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19
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Passamonti L, Luijten M, Ziauddeen H, Coyle-Gilchrist ITS, Rittman T, Brain SAE, Regenthal R, Franken IHA, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Atomoxetine effects on attentional bias to drug-related cues in cocaine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2289-2297. [PMID: 28551713 PMCID: PMC5519645 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Biased attention towards drug-related cues and reduced inhibitory control over the regulation of drug-intake characterize drug addiction. The noradrenaline system has been critically implicated in both attentional and response inhibitory processes and is directly affected by drugs such as cocaine. OBJECTIVES We examined the potentially beneficial effects of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine in improving cognitive control during two tasks that used cocaine- and non-cocaine-related stimuli. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and cross-over psycho-pharmacological design was employed. A single oral dose of atomoxetine (40 mg) was administered to 28 cocaine-dependent individuals (CDIs) and 28 healthy controls. All participants performed a pictorial attentional bias task involving both cocaine- and non-cocaine-related pictures as well as a verbal go/no-go task composed of cocaine- and food-related words. RESULTS As expected, CDIs showed attentional bias to cocaine-related cues whilst controls did not. More importantly, however, atomoxetine, relative to placebo, significantly attenuated attentional bias in CDIs (F 26 = 6.73, P = 0.01). During the go/no-go task, there was a treatment × trial × group interaction, although this finding only showed a trend towards statistical significance (F 26 = 3.38, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that atomoxetine reduces attentional bias to drug-related cues in CDIs. This may result from atomoxetine's modulation of the balance between tonic/phasic activity in the locus coeruleus and the possibly parallel enhancement of noradrenergic neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex. Studying how cognitive enhancers such as atomoxetine influence key neurocognitive indices in cocaine addiction may help to develop reliable biomarkers for patient stratification in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Passamonti
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK. .,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - M. Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - H. Ziauddeen
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - T. Rittman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - S. A. E. Brain
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - R. Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - I. H. A. Franken
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - B. J. Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E. T. Bullmore
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K. D. Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Okon-Singer H, Aue T. Neurocognitive mechanisms modulating attention bias in anxiety: Current perspectives. Biol Psychol 2017; 122:1-3. [PMID: 28027726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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