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Liu W, Deng Y, Li Y, Yang L, Zhu L, Jiang L. Coupling protein scaffold and biosilicification: A sustainable and recyclable approach for d-mannitol production via one-step purification and immobilization of multienzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132196. [PMID: 38723818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of biochemicals in vitro is vital in synthetic biology for its efficiency, minimal by-products, and easy product separation. However, challenges like enzyme preparation, stability, and reusability persist. Here, we introduced a protein scaffold and biosilicification coupled system, providing a singular process for the purification and immobilization of multiple enzymes. Using d-mannitol as a model, we initially constructed a self-assembling EE/KK protein scaffold for the co-immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase and mannitol dehydrogenase. Under an enzyme-to-scaffold ratio of 1:8, a d-mannitol yield of 0.692 mol/mol was achieved within 4 h, 2.16-fold higher than the free enzymes. The immobilized enzymes retained 70.9 % of the initial joint activity while the free ones diminished nearly to inactivity after 8 h. Furthermore, we incorporated the biosilicification peptide CotB into the EE/KK scaffold, inducing silica deposition, which enabled the one-step purification and immobilization process assisted by Spy/Snoop protein-peptide pairs. The coupled system demonstrated a comparable d-mannitol yield to that of EE/KK scaffold and 1.34-fold higher remaining activities after 36 h. Following 6 cycles of reaction, the immobilized system retained the capability to synthesize 56.4 % of the initial d-mannitol titer. The self-assembly co-immobilization platform offers an effective approach for enzymatic synthesis of d-mannitol and other biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Yuanping Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
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2
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Li X, Jiang J, Li X, Liu D, Han M, Li W, Zhang H. Characterization and Application of a Novel Glucose Dehydrogenase with Excellent Organic Solvent Tolerance for Cofactor Regeneration in Carbonyl Reduction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7553-7567. [PMID: 37014512 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient cofactor regeneration system has been developed to provide a hydride source for the preparation of optically pure alcohols by carbonyl reductase-catalyzed asymmetric reduction. This system employed a novel glucose dehydrogenase (BcGDH90) from Bacillus cereus HBL-AI. The gene encoding BcGDH90 was found through the genome-wide functional annotation. Homology-built model study revealed that BcGDH90 was a homo-tetramer, and each subunit was composed of βD-αE-αF-αG-βG motif, which was responsible for substrate binding and tetramer formation. The gene of BcGDH90 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant BcGDH90 exhibited maximum activity of 45.3 U/mg at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. BcGDH90 showed high stability in a wide pH range of 4.0-10.0 and was stable after the incubation at 55 °C for 5 h. BcGDH90 was not a metal ion-dependent enzyme, but Zn2+ could seriously inhibit its activity. BcGDH90 displayed excellent tolerance to 90% of acetone, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Furthermore, BcGDH90 was applied to regenerate NADPH for the asymmetric biosynthesis of (S)-(+)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol ((S)-PED) from hydroxyacetophenone (2-HAP) with high concentration, which increased the final efficiency by 59.4%. These results suggest that BcGDH90 is potentially useful for coenzyme regeneration in the biological reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Junpo Jiang
- College of Life Science, Microbial Technology Innovation Center for Feed of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Dexu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Mengnan Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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3
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Kim GB, Kim JY, Lee JA, Norsigian CJ, Palsson BO, Lee SY. Functional annotation of enzyme-encoding genes using deep learning with transformer layers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7370. [PMID: 37963869 PMCID: PMC10645960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional annotation of open reading frames in microbial genomes remains substantially incomplete. Enzymes constitute the most prevalent functional gene class in microbial genomes and can be described by their specific catalytic functions using the Enzyme Commission (EC) number. Consequently, the ability to predict EC numbers could substantially reduce the number of un-annotated genes. Here we present a deep learning model, DeepECtransformer, which utilizes transformer layers as a neural network architecture to predict EC numbers. Using the extensively studied Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 genome, DeepECtransformer predicted EC numbers for 464 un-annotated genes. We experimentally validated the enzymatic activities predicted for three proteins (YgfF, YciO, and YjdM). Further examination of the neural network's reasoning process revealed that the trained neural network relies on functional motifs of enzymes to predict EC numbers. Thus, DeepECtransformer is a method that facilitates the functional annotation of uncharacterized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Bae Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury and KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury and KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong An Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury and KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles J Norsigian
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury and KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Wang S, Lei H, Ji Z. Exploring Oxidoreductases from Extremophiles for Biosynthesis in a Non-Aqueous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076396. [PMID: 37047370 PMCID: PMC10094897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic solvent tolerant oxidoreductases are significant for both scientific research and biomanufacturing. However, it is really challenging to obtain oxidoreductases due to the shortages of natural resources and the difficulty to obtained it via protein modification. This review summarizes the recent advances in gene mining and structure-functional study of oxidoreductases from extremophiles for non-aqueous reaction systems. First, new strategies combining genome mining with bioinformatics provide new insights to the discovery and identification of novel extreme oxidoreductases. Second, analysis from the perspectives of amino acid interaction networks explain the organic solvent tolerant mechanism, which regulate the discrete structure-functional properties of extreme oxidoreductases. Third, further study by conservation and co-evolution analysis of extreme oxidoreductases provides new perspectives and strategies for designing robust enzymes for an organic media reaction system. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in designing biocatalysis non-aqueous systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hangbin Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhehui Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Sun Y, Xue W, Zhao J, Bao Q, Zhang K, Liu Y, Li H. Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Dehydrogenase-Functionalized Polymers on a Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Its Molecular Recognition of Glucose. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076152. [PMID: 37047124 PMCID: PMC10093998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A glucose biosensor was layer-by-layer assembled on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) from a nanocomposite of NAD(P)+-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, aminated polyethylene glycol (mPEG), carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs), and ionic liquid (IL) composite functional polymers. The electrochemical electrode was denoted as NF/IL/GDH/mPEG-fMWCNTs/GCE. The composite polymer membranes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cyclic voltammogram of the modified electrode had a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks with a formal potential of -61 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) at a scan rate of 0.05 V s-1. The heterogeneous electron transfer constant (ks) of GDH on the composite functional polymer-modified GCE was 6.5 s-1. The biosensor could sensitively recognize and detect glucose linearly from 0.8 to 100 µM with a detection limit down to 0.46 μM (S/N = 3) and a sensitivity of 29.1 nA μM-1. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Kmapp) of the modified electrode was 0.21 mM. The constructed electrochemical sensor was compared with the high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of glucose in commercially available glucose injections. The results demonstrated that the sensor was highly accurate and could be used for the rapid and quantitative determination of glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Weishi Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qianqian Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kailiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
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6
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Hua L, Qianqian B, Jianfeng Z, Yinbiao X, Shengyu Y, Weishi X, Yang S, Yupeng L. Directed evolution engineering to improve activity of glucose dehydrogenase by increasing pocket hydrophobicity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044226. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a NAD(P)+ dependent oxidoreductase, which is useful in glucose determination kits, glucose biosensors, cofactor regeneration, and biofuel cells. However, the low efficiency of the catalysis hinders the use of GDH in industrial applications. In this study, an analysis of interactions between eight GDH mutants and NADP+ is powered by AlphaFold2 and Discovery Studio 3.0. The docking results showed that more hydrogen bonds formed between mutants, such as P45A and NADP+, which indicated that these mutants had the potential for high catalytic efficiency. Subsequently, we verified all the mutants by site-directed mutagenesis. It was notable that the enzyme activity of mutant P45A was 1829 U/mg, an improvement of 28-fold compared to wild-type GDH. We predicted the hydrophobicity of the protein-ligand complexes, which was confirmed by an 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid fluorescent probe. The following order of increasing hydrophobicity index was deduced: GDH < N46E < F155Y < P45A, which suggested that the enzyme activity of GDH is positively related to its pocket hydrophobicity. Furthermore, P45A still showed better catalytic ability in organic solvents, reaching 692 U/mg in 10% isopropanol, which was 19-fold that of the wild-type GDH. However, its substrate affinity was affected by organic solvents. This study provides a good theoretical foundation for further improving the catalytic efficiency of GDH.
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7
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Qiu S, Xu SY, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Chemoenzymatic Catalysis of tert-Butyl 6-Cyano-(3R,5R)-dihydroxyhexanoate by Aldo-keto Reductase Coupled with Composite Fe3O4 Nanozyme Scaffold. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Cofactor Self-Sufficient Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for the Relay-Race Synthesis of Shikimic Acid. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA) is a key intermediate in the aromatic amino-acid biosynthetic pathway, as well as an important precursor for synthesizing many valuable antiviral drugs. The asymmetric reduction of 3-dehydroshikimic acid (DHS) to SA is catalyzed by shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) using NADPH as the cofactor; however, the intracellular NADPH supply limits the biosynthetic capability of SA. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is an efficient enzyme which is typically used for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalytic processes. In this study, a series of NADPH self-sufficient whole-cell biocatalysts were constructed, and the biocatalyst co-expressing Bmgdh–aroE showed the highest conversion rate for the reduction of DHS to SA. Then, the preparation of whole-cell biocatalysts by fed-batch fermentation without supplementing antibiotics was developed on the basis of the growth-coupled l-serine auxotroph. After optimizing the whole-cell biocatalytic conditions, a titer of 81.6 g/L SA was obtained from the supernatant of fermentative broth in 98.4% yield (mol/mol) from DHS with a productivity of 40.8 g/L/h, and cofactor NADP+ or NADPH was not exogenously supplemented during the whole biocatalytic process. The efficient relay-race synthesis of SA from glucose by coupling microbial fermentation with a biocatalytic process was finally achieved. This work provides an effective strategy for the biosynthesis of fine chemicals that are difficult to obtain through de novo biosynthesis from renewable feedstocks, as well as for biocatalytic studies that strictly rely on NAD(P)H regeneration.
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Enzymes of an alternative pathway of glucose metabolism in obligate methanotrophs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8795. [PMID: 33888823 PMCID: PMC8062543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria utilize methane as a growth substrate but are unable to grow on any sugars. In this study we have shown that two obligate methanotrophs, Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z and Methylobacter luteus IMV-B-3098, possess functional glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and gluconate kinase (GntK). The recombinant GDHs from both methanotrophs were homotetrameric and strongly specific for glucose preferring NAD+ over NADP+. GDH from Mtm. alcaliphilum was most active at pH 10 (Vmax = 95 U/mg protein) and demonstrated very high Km for glucose (91.8 ± 3.8 mM). GDH from Mb. luteus was most active at pH 8.5 (Vmax = 43 U/mg protein) and had lower Km for glucose (16 ± 0.6 mM). The cells of two Mtm. alcaliphilum double mutants with deletions either of the genes encoding GDH and glucokinase (gdh─/glk─) or of the genes encoding gluconate kinase and glucokinase (gntk─/glk─) had the lower glycogen level and the higher contents of intracellular glucose and trehalose compared to the wild type strain. The gntk─/glk─ knockout mutant additionally accumulated gluconic acid. These data, along with bioinformatics analysis, demonstrate that glycogen derived free glucose can enter the Entner–Doudoroff pathway or the pentose phosphate cycle in methanotrophs, bypassing glycolysis via the gluconate shunt.
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Xu J, Zhou H, Yu H, Deng T, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wu J, Yang L. Computational design of highly stable and soluble alcohol dehydrogenase for NADPH regeneration. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 38650213 PMCID: PMC10992930 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), as a well-known cofactor, is widely used in the most of enzymatic redox reactions, playing an important role in industrial catalysis. However, the absence of a comparable method for efficient NADP+ to NADPH cofactor regeneration radically impairs efficient green chemical synthesis. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes, allowing the in situ regeneration of the redox cofactor NADPH with high specific activity and easy by-product separation process, are provided with great industrial application potential and research attention. Accordingly, herein a NADP+-specific ADH from Clostridium beijerinckii was selected to be engineered for cofactor recycle, using an automated algorithm named Protein Repair One-stop Shop (PROSS). The mutant CbADH-6M (S24P/G182A/G196A/H222D/S250E/S254R) exhibited a favorable soluble and highly active expression with an activity of 46.3 U/mL, which was 16 times higher than the wild type (2.9 U/mL), and a more stable protein conformation with an enhanced thermal stability: Δ T 1 / 2 60 min = + 3.6 °C (temperature of 50% inactivation after incubation for 60 min). Furthermore, the activity of CbADH-6M was up-graded to 2401.8 U/mL by high cell density fermentation strategy using recombinant Escherichia coli, demonstrating its industrial potential. Finally, the superb efficiency for NADPH regeneration of the mutant enzyme was testified in the synthesis of some fine chiral aromatic alcohols coupling with another ADH from Lactobacillus kefir (LkADH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haisheng Zhou
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Deng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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11
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Qian WZ, Ou L, Li CX, Pan J, Xu JH, Chen Q, Zheng GW. Evolution of Glucose Dehydrogenase for Cofactor Regeneration in Bioredox Processes with Denaturing Agents. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2680-2688. [PMID: 32324965 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a general tool for driving nicotinamide (NAD(P)H) regeneration in synthetic biochemistry. An increasing number of synthetic bioreactions are carried out in media containing high amounts of organic cosolvents or hydrophobic substrates/products, which often denature native enzymes, including those for cofactor regeneration. In this work, we attempted to improve the chemical stability of Bacillus megaterium GDH (BmGDHM0 ) in the presence of large amounts of 1-phenylethanol by directed evolution. Among the resulting mutants, BmGDHM6 (Q252L/E170K/S100P/K166R/V72I/K137R) exhibited a 9.2-fold increase in tolerance against 10 % (v/v) 1-phenylethanol. Moreover, BmGDHM6 was also more stable than BmGDHM0 when exposed to hydrophobic and enzyme-inactivating compounds such as acetophenone, ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, and ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Coupled with a Candida glabrata carbonyl reductase, BmGDHM6 was successfully used for the asymmetric reduction of deactivating ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate with total turnover number of 1800 for the nicotinamide cofactor, thus making it attractive for commercial application. Overall, the evolution of chemically robust GDH facilitates its wider use as a general tool for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhuo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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12
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Stolarczyk K, Rogalski J, Bilewicz R. NAD(P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase: Applications for biosensors, bioelectrodes, and biofuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107574. [PMID: 32498025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the physical and chemical properties of nicotinamide redox cofactor dependent glucose dehydrogenase (NAD(P) dependent GDH) and its extensive application in biosensors and bio-fuel cells. GDHs from different organisms show diverse biochemical properties (e.g., activity and stability) and preferences towards cofactors, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). The (NAD(P)+) play important roles in biological electron transfer, however, there are some difficulties related to their application in devices that originate from their chemical properties and labile binding to the GDH enzyme. This review discusses the electrode modifications aimed at immobilising NAD+ or NADP+ cofactors and GDH at electrodes. Binding of the enzyme was achieved by appropriate protein engineering techniques, including polymerisation, hydrophobisation or hydrophilisation processes. Various enzyme-modified electrodes applied in biosensors, enzymatic fuel cells, and biobatteries are compared. Importantly, GDH can operate alone or as part of an enzymatic cascade, which often improves the functional parameters of the biofuel cell or simply allows use of cheaper fuels. Overall, this review explores how NAD(P)-dependent GDH has recently demonstrated high potential for use in various systems to generate electricity from biological sources for applications in implantable biomedical devices, wireless sensors, and portable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Stolarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura St. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka Str. 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura St. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Shah S, Sunder AV, Singh P, Wangikar PP. Characterization and Application of a Robust Glucose Dehydrogenase from Paenibacillus pini for Cofactor Regeneration in Biocatalysis. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:87-95. [PMID: 32089578 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenases are important auxiliary enzymes in biocatalysis, employed in the regeneration of reduced nicotinamide cofactors for oxidoreductase catalysed reactions. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel glucose-1-dehydrogenase (GDH) from Paenibacillus pini that prefers NAD+ as cofactor over NADP+. The purified recombinant P. pini GDH displayed a specific activity of 247.5 U/mg. The enzyme was stable in the pH range 4-8.5 and exhibited excellent thermostability till 50 °C for 24 h, even in the absence of NaCl or glycerol. Paenibacillus pini GDH was also tolerant to organic solvents, demonstrating its potential for recycling cofactors for biotransformation. The potential application of the enzyme was evaluated by coupling with a NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase for the reduction of acetophenone and ethyl-4-chloro-3-oxo-butanoate. Conversions higher than 95% were achieved within 2 h with low enzyme loading using lyophilized cell lysate, suggesting that P. pini GDH could be highly effective for recycling NADH in redox biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Shah
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | - Avinash Vellore Sunder
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | - Pooja Singh
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 India.,2Department of Biochemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076 India
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Hu D, Wen Z, Li C, Hu B, Zhang T, Li J, Wu M. Characterization of a robust glucose 1-dehydrogenase, SyGDH, and its application in NADPH regeneration for the asymmetric reduction of haloketone by a carbonyl reductase in organic solvent/buffer system. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chen X, Cui Y, Cheng X, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Highly Atom Economic Synthesis of d-2-Aminobutyric Acid through an In Vitro Tri-enzymatic Catalytic System. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:534-540. [PMID: 28794949 PMCID: PMC5542762 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
d-2-Aminobutyric acid is an unnatural amino acid serving as an important intermediate in pharmaceutical production. Developing a synthetic method that uses cheaper starting materials and produces less by-product is a pressing demand. A tri-enzymatic catalytic system, which is composed of l-threonine ammonia lyase (l-TAL), d-amino acid dehydrogenase (d-AADH), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH), has thus been developed for the synthesis of d-2-aminobutyric acid with high optical purity. In this cascade reaction, the readily available l-threonine serves as the starting material, carbon dioxide and water are the by-products. d-2-Aminobutyric acid was obtained with >90 % yield and >99 % enantioselective excess, even without adding external ammonia, demonstrating that the ammonia from the first reaction can serve as the amino donor for the reductive amination step. This multi-enzymatic system provides an attractive method with high atomic economy for the synthesis of d-α-amino acids from the corresponding l-α-amino acids, which are readily produced by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Xinkuan Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Center for Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308 P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
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16
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Ding H, Gao F, Yu Y, Chen B. Biochemical and Computational Insights on a Novel Acid-Resistant and Thermal-Stable Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061198. [PMID: 28587256 PMCID: PMC5486021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the dual cofactor specificity, glucose 1-dehydrogenase (GDH) has been considered as a promising alternative for coenzyme regeneration in biocatalysis. To mine for potential GDHs for practical applications, several genes encoding for GDH had been heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for primary screening. Of all the candidates, GDH from Bacillus sp. ZJ (BzGDH) was one of the most robust enzymes. BzGDH was then purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and characterized biochemically. It displayed maximum activity at 45 °C and pH 9.0, and was stable at temperatures below 50 °C. BzGDH also exhibited a broad pH stability, especially in the acidic region, which could maintain around 80% of its initial activity at the pH range of 4.0–8.5 after incubating for 1 hour. Molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for better understanding the stability feature of BzGDH against the structural context. The in-silico simulation shows that BzGDH is stable and can maintain its overall structure against heat during the simulation at 323 K, which is consistent with the biochemical studies. In brief, the robust stability of BzGDH made it an attractive participant for cofactor regeneration on practical applications, especially for the catalysis implemented in acidic pH and high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ding
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of State Oceanic Administration, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Fen Gao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of State Oceanic Administration, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of State Oceanic Administration, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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Gao F, Ding H, Xu X, Zhao Y. A self-sufficient system for removal of synthetic dye by coupling of spore-displayed triphenylmethane reductase and glucose 1-dehydrogenase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21319-21326. [PMID: 27502455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes by microorganisms is hampered by the transport barrier imposed by cell membranes. On the other hand, cell-free systems using enzyme-based biodegradation strategy are costly. Therefore, an efficient and inexpensive approach circumventing these problems is highly desirable. Here, we constructed a self-sufficient system for synthetic dye removal by coupling of spore surface-displayed triphenylmethane reductase (TMR) and glucose 1-dehydrogenase (GDH) for the first time. Display of both TMR and GDH significantly enhanced their stability under conditions of extreme pH and temperature. These engineered spores also exhibited more robust long-term stability than their purified counterparts. Furthermore, we observed that a high ratio of spore-displayed GDH is necessary for high dye degradation efficiency. These results indicate that this continuous dye removal system with cofactor regeneration offers a promising solution for dye biodegradation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Gao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Pongtharangkul T, Chuekitkumchorn P, Suwanampa N, Payongsri P, Honda K, Panbangred W. Kinetic properties and stability of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SB5 and its potential for cofactor regeneration. AMB Express 2015; 5:68. [PMID: 26538191 PMCID: PMC4633474 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenases (GluDH) from Bacillus species offer several advantages over other NAD(P)H regeneration systems including high stability, inexpensive substrate, thermodynamically favorable reaction and flexibility to regenerate both NADH and NADPH. In this research, characteristics of GluDH from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SB5 (GluDH-BA) was reported for the first time. Despite a highly similar amino acid sequence when comparing with GluDH from Bacillus subtilis (GluDH-BS), GluDH-BA exhibited significantly higher specific activity (4.7-fold) and stability when pH was higher than 6. While an optimum activity of GluDH-BA was observed at a temperature of 50 °C, the enzyme was stable only up to 42 °C. GluDH-BA exhibited an extreme tolerance towards n-hexane and its respective alcohols. The productivity of GluDH obtained in this study (8.42 mg-GluDH/g-wet cells; 1035 U/g-wet cells) was among the highest productivity reported for recombinant E. coli. With its low KM-value towards glucose (5.5 mM) and NADP+ (0.05 mM), GluDH-BA was highly suitable for in vivo applications. In this work, a recombinant solvent-tolerant B. subtilis BA overexpressing GluDH-BA was developed and evaluated by coupling with B. subtilis overexpressing an enzyme P450 BM3 F87V for a whole-cell hydroxylation of n-hexane. Significantly higher products obtained clearly proved that B. subtilis BA was an effective cofactor regenerator, a valuable asset for bioproduction of value-added chemicals.
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19
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Zhang M, Jiang ST, Zheng Z, Li XJ, Luo SZ, Wu XF. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel xylose reductase fromRhizopus oryzae. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:907-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Shao-tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Xing-jiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Shui-zhong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
| | - Xue-feng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui Province P.R. China
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20
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Ding H, Gao F, Liu D, Li Z, Xu X, Wu M, Zhao Y. Significant improvement of thermal stability of glucose 1-dehydrogenase by introducing disulfide bonds at the tetramer interface. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Yang Y, Lu L, Gao F, Zhao Y. Characterization of an efficient catalytic and organic solvent-tolerant azoreductase toward methyl red from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3232-3239. [PMID: 23089953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The acyl carrier protein (ACP) phosphodiesterase gene (SO 4396) of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 which was analyzed to have azoreductase activity was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The ACP phosphodiesterase was found to reach maximum enzyme velocity 220.59 U/mg, named azoreductase in this study. The azoreductase had highest specific activity (153.16 U/mg) at pH 6.5, which showed a preference for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as electron donor. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the azoreductase had preference for NADH and dependence for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). However, the azoreductase from S. oneidensis MR-1 still had high enzyme activity in the absence of FMN. The Mg(2+) had a positive influence on the enzyme activity with 25 mM concentration, whereas Cr(3+), Cd(2+) usually had significantly negative effect on enzyme activity. The purified azoreductase retained nearly 100 % activity after incubating in 30 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 30 % acetone, 30 % methanol, 20 % ethanol, 20 % isopropanol, and 10 % propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Wei B, Zhao Y, Wang J. Construction of an integrated enzyme system consisting azoreductase and glucose 1-dehydrogenase for dye removal. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:517-521. [PMID: 23321587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are toxic and carcinogenic and are often present in industrial effluents. In this research, azoreductase and glucose 1-dehydrogenase were coupled for both continuous generation of the cofactor NADH and azo dye removal. The results show that 85% maximum relative activity of azoreductase in an integrated enzyme system was obtained at the conditions: 1U azoreductase:10U glucose 1-dehydrogenase, 250mM glucose, 1.0mM NAD(+) and 150μM methyl red. Sensitivity analysis of the factors in the enzyme system affecting dye removal examined by an artificial neural network model shows that the relative importance of enzyme ratio between azoreductase and glucose 1-dehydrogenase was 22%, followed by dye concentration (27%), NAD(+) concentration (23%) and glucose concentration (22%), indicating none of the variables could be ignored in the enzyme system. Batch results show that the enzyme system has application potential for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Molecular characterization of a novel trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase, TreA, from Bacillus licheniformis. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:459-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu DF, Ding HT, Du YQ, Zhao YH, Jia XM. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a wide-pH-range stable phosphite dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. K in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1301-13. [PMID: 22238013 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A phosphite dehydrogenase gene (ptdhK) consisting of 1,011-bp nucleotides which encoding a peptide of 336 amino acid residues was cloned from Pseudomonas sp. K. gene ptdhK was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the corresponding recombinant enzyme was purified by metal affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein is a homodimer with a monomeric molecular mass of 37.2 kDa. The specific activity of PTDH-K was 3.49 U mg(-1) at 25 °C. The recombinant PTDH-K exhibited maximum activity at pH 3.0 and at 40 °C and displayed high stability within a wide range of pHs (5.0 to 10.5). PTDH-K had a high affinity to its natural substrates, with K (m) values for sodium phosphite and NAD of 0.475 ± 0.073 and 0.022 ± 0.007 mM, respectively. The activity of PTDH-K was enhanced by Na(+), NH (4) (+) , Mg(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Co(2+), and EDTA, and PTDH-K exhibited different tolerance to various organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Feng Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lo HF, Su JY, Chen HL, Chen JC, Lin LL. Biophysical studies of an NAD(P)(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from Bacillus licheniformis. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2011; 40:1131-1142. [PMID: 21874381 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes to the corresponding acids by means of an NAD(P)(+)-dependent virtually irreversible reaction. In this investigation, the biophysical properties of a recombinant Bacillus licheniformis ALDH (BlALDH) were characterized in detail by analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) and various spectroscopic techniques. The oligomeric state of BlALDH in solution was determined to be tetrameric by AUC. Far-UV circular dichroism analysis revealed that the secondary structures of BlALDH were not altered in the presence of acetone and ethanol, whereas SDS had a detrimental effect on the folding of the enzyme. Thermal unfolding of this enzyme was found to be highly irreversible. The native enzyme started to unfold beyond ~0.2 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and reached an unfolded intermediate, [GdnHCl](05, N-U), at 0.93 M. BlALDH was active at concentrations of urea below 2 M, but it experienced an irreversible unfolding under 8 M denaturant. Taken together, this study provides a foundation for the future structural investigation of BlALDH, a typical member of ALDH superfamily enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Fen Lo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu, Taichung City, Taiwan
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