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Auset M, Margarit L, Cuadros J, Fernández-Ruano L, Claramunt M, Mundet X. Evaluation of the biodegradability of hazardous industrial solid waste: Study of key parameters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024. [PMID: 39291550 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The biological stability of solid waste is one of the main problems related to the environmental impact of landfills and their long-term emission potential. Current European legislation (European Landfill Directive, EC/99/31) introduced the need to reduce biodegradable organic compounds deposited in landfills; however, it set neither official parameters nor methods to define the stability of such a waste. In Spain, biodegradability is generally evaluated using the biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD) ratio, measuring it on the leachate, thus not considering the non-soluble fraction and therefore creating false negatives. To solve this problem, the biodegradability of hazardous industrial waste has been determined by measuring its respirometric activity (AT4). Our results show that the measure of the AT4 is independent of the enrichment with a microbial inoculum, and a sample size no higher than 20 g could be a reasonable value for a sensitive biodegradability determination. The highest respirometric index is obtained in waste with pH values between 6.5 and 10.5. Furthermore, respirometric biodegradability values are independent of traditional parameters of organic matter characterization such as BOD5/COD ratio, volatile content, and total and dissolved organic carbon. Consequently, the AT4 parameter provides new information on the composition and stability of organic matter in hazardous industrial waste. Its incorporation into pre-disposal waste characterization protocols allows to identify waste that exceeds recommended biodegradability thresholds. This approach ensures that only waste meeting specified biodegradability standards is deposited, avoiding landfill emissions and related environmental impacts, and thereby improving the overall effectiveness and sustainability of waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Auset
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Margarit
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Cuadros
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Fernández-Ruano
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Claramunt
- ATLAS Gestión Medioambiental S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Mundet
- ATLAS Gestión Medioambiental S.A., Barcelona, Spain
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Microbes as vital additives for solid waste composting. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03343. [PMID: 32095647 PMCID: PMC7033521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Composting is a natural process that stems through microbial succession, marking the degradation and stabilization of organic matter present in waste. The use of microbial additives during composting is considered highly efficient, likely to enhance the production of different enzymes resulting in better rate of waste degradation. In lesser developed countries, composting has emerged as a vital technology to recycle the biodegradable waste while generating a useful product. Depending on the composition of the waste material, it can either directly undergo composting or homogenized prior to secondary waste treatment methods such as landfilling. However, a relatively expensive downstream handling all along is a main hurdle towards economics of the process. Although basic methodology and recent approaches are known in crucial aspects of the process through various reviews, exploring the behavior of effective microbial additives will be resourceful. In this review, to fill in the gap, studies related to microbial composting of municipal solid and food waste were acknowledged. Here in, factors that could slow down the composting process and affect the compost quality were addressed. Lastly, the review pictured a positive simulation and stated how excellent results, can be achieved by microbial additives during composting.
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Evangelou A, Komilis D. A new liquid-phase method and its comparison to two solid-phase microbial respiration activity methods to assess organic waste stability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:1-11. [PMID: 31654874 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Goal of the work was to compare the respiration activities, as measured via oxygen consumption with three different organic waste stability methods so that to propose the optimal one. The novelty of the work is that there exists no comparison of solid-phase with liquid-phase stability assessment techniques in the literature. The respiration activities were assessed using two solid-phase methods and a manometric liquid-phase method (MANLIQ) performed on twenty-seven organic substrates. The methods rely on measuring oxygen consumption (uptake) via pressure drops (liquid-phase test, static solid-phase test) or via direct O2 measurements on the gaseous phases at the inlet and outlet of the respirometer (solid-phase dynamic test). A positive statistically significant correlation was calculated between the MANLIQ and the static solid-phase indices. The maximum rate MANLIQ index for the raw substrates was 2900 mg O2 kg-1 VS h-1, while most of the processed substrates had cumulative MANLIQ indices below 160 g O2 kg-1 VS. The ratio of the liquid indices to the static solid-phase indices ranged from 1.6 to 2.7 and the ratio of the liquid indices to the dynamic solid-phase indices ranged from 0.2 to 0.4. The MANLIQ method failed to result in a good correlation of the processing time with the respiration indices. On the other hand, a correlation was more visible in the two solid-phase tests, despite the large variability of the types and sources of the substrates. Therefore, the solid-phase methods should be preferred over the liquid-phase method to assess stability for various organic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Evangelou
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 671 32, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Komilis
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 671 32, Greece.
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Sun Q, Chen J, Wei Y, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Zhang H, Gao X, Wu J, Xie X. Effect of semi-continuous replacements of compost materials after inoculation on the performance of heat preservation of low temperature composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:50-56. [PMID: 30711752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of cold-adapted microbial agent is an efficient approach for composting in low temperature. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of semi-continuous replacements of compost materials after inoculation (SRMI) on the heat preservation of low temperature composting derived from chicken manure. Results revealed that SRMI could significantly improve the heat preservation of the pile, although the time of start-up in two inoculation groups was approximately the same. Due to the increase in the number of replacements of materials led to the changes in microbial community structures and enzyme activity. Non-metric multidimensional and colorimetric methods indicated that microbial community structures and enzyme activity was completely different in SRMI. Structural equation model was constructed by key factors involved in diversity of the microbial community, enzyme activity, temperature and bio-heat generation. In summary, SRMI decidedly increase the heat preservation time of the pile and start-up efficiency of the low temperature composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; School of Resources and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Beijing Tongzhou Agriculture Products Quality Inspection & Testing Center, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xintong Gao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junqiu Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Cerda A, Artola A, Font X, Barrena R, Gea T, Sánchez A. Composting of food wastes: Status and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 248:57-67. [PMID: 28693949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review analyses the main challenges of the process of food waste composting and examines the crucial aspects related to the quality of the produced compost. Although recent advances have been made in crucial aspects of the process, such composting microbiology, improvements are needed in process monitoring. Therefore, specific problems related to food waste composting, such as the presence of impurities, are thoroughly analysed in this study. In addition, environmental impacts related to food waste composting, such as emissions of greenhouse gases and odours, are discussed. Finally, the use of food waste compost in soil bioremediation is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cerda
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Artola
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Font
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Barrena
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Gea
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Onwosi CO, Igbokwe VC, Odimba JN, Eke IE, Nwankwoala MO, Iroh IN, Ezeogu LI. Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 190:140-157. [PMID: 28040590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Composting technology has become invaluable in stabilization of municipal waste due to its environmental compatibility. In this review, different types of composting methods reportedly applied in waste management were explored. Further to that, the major factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, moisture, particle size that have been considered relevant in the monitoring of the composting process were elucidated. Relevant strategies to improve and optimize process effectiveness were also addressed. However, during composting, some challenges such as leachate generation, gas emission and lack of uniformity in assessing maturity indices are imminent. Here in, these challenges were properly addressed and some strategies towards ameliorating them were proffered. Finally, we highlighted some recent technologies that could improve composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Victor C Igbokwe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Joyce N Odimba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyichukwu E Eke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Mary O Nwankwoala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ikemdinachi N Iroh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Lewis I Ezeogu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Almeira N, Komilis D, Barrena R, Gea T, Sánchez A. The importance of aeration mode and flowrate in the determination of the biological activity and stability of organic wastes by respiration indices. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:256-262. [PMID: 26253909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different air flowrates and different aeration modes on the respiration activity of three organic substrates of different stability degree: (i) a constant flowrate and (ii) a continuously adjusted air flowrate that optimized the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Above 20L air kg(-1)DMh(-1), at the constant flow regime, the resulting dynamic respiration index at 24h (DRI24) and the cumulative respiration at four days (AT4) were statistically similar. At the OUR based aeration regime, the DRI24 and AT4 were statistically similar at all initial flowrates tested. Above a minimum threshold, cumulative air flow of around 3000Lairkg(-1) DM during a 5day period, the respiration activity was similar, particularly for the two less active substrates. This study highlights the importance of selecting the aeration to obtain reliable measures of biological activity and stability in organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Almeira
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Komilis
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Barrena
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Gea
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Aspray TJ, Dimambro ME, Wallace P, Howell G, Frederickson J. Static, dynamic and inoculum augmented respiration based test assessment for determining in-vessel compost stability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 42:3-9. [PMID: 25987286 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate compost (and related industry) stability tests given recent large-scale changes to feedstock, processing techniques and compost market requirements. Five stability tests (ORG0020, DR4, Dewar self-heating, oxygen update rate (OUR) and static respiration) were evaluated on composts from ten in-vessel composting sites. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were strong for the ORG0020, OUR and DR4 (both CO2 and O2 measurement), however, OUR results required data extrapolation for highly active compost samples. By comparison the Dewar self-heating and static respiration tests had weaker correlations, in part the result of under reporting highly active, low pH samples. The findings suggest that despite differences in pre-incubation period both dynamic respiration tests (ORG0020 and DR4) are best suited to deal with the wide range of compost stabilities found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Aspray
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | | | - Phil Wallace
- Phil Wallace Limited, 26 Westland, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich IP5 3SU, UK
| | - Graham Howell
- Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - James Frederickson
- Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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Nakhshiniev B, Biddinika MK, Gonzales HB, Sumida H, Yoshikawa K. Evaluation of hydrothermal treatment in enhancing rice straw compost stability and maturity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 151:306-13. [PMID: 24262840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the hydrothermal treatment (HTT) in enhancing compost stability and maturity of lignocellulosic agricultural residues, a bin-scale (90 L) composting of rice straw with and without "HTT" was performed. The rice straw compost product with "HTT" after 6 weeks of composting can be considered stable and adequate for field application as expressed by pH of 8.4, "EC value" of 2.96 dS m(-1), C/N ratio of 12.5, microbial activity of <8.05 mg CO2 g(-1) OM d(-1), NH4(+)-N content of 93.75 mg kg(-1) DM and finally, by "GI" of >83%. However, compost may prove phytotoxic if used as growing media for EC sensitive plants. As for rice straw compost product without "HTT", the high microbial activity (>12.28 mg CO2 g(-1) OM d(-1)) even after 14 weeks of composting suggests that the residue has not stabilized yet and is far away from stability and maturity, although a higher GI (>100%) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiyor Nakhshiniev
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
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