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Three-Step Purification and Characterization of Organic Solvent-Tolerant and Alkali-Thermo-Tolerant Xylanase from Bacillus paramycoides T4 [MN370035]. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an extracellular alkali-thermo-tolerant xylanase from Bacillus paramycoides was produced in the presence of an organic solvent. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography, with an overall recovery of 25.9%. The purified enzyme hada 70 kDa molecular weight (MW) confirmed by SDS-PAGE gel analysis. The maximum enzyme activity was reported at 55 °C and pH 7.0. Xylanase activity and stability were improved in the presence of 30% (v/v) n-dodecane, iso-octane, n-decane, and cyclohexane (7 days). The enzyme activity was improved by Co2+, EDTA, and Triton-X-100 while vigorously repressed by Hg2+ and Cu2+. The purified enzyme showed 1.473 mg/mL Km and 654.017 µg/mL/min Vmax values. The distinctive assets of the isolate verified the potential application in the field of biomass conversion into fuel and other industrial processes. Organic solvent-tolerant xylanases can be used for concurrent saccharification and bioethanol production, the amplification of intoxicating beverages, and the fermenting industry.
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Harnessing Mucor spp. for Xylanase Production: Statistical Optimization in Submerged Fermentation Using Agro-Industrial Wastes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3816010. [PMID: 35496057 PMCID: PMC9045992 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3816010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the primary hemicellulosic polymer found in lignocellulosic agricultural wastes and can be degraded by xylanase. In the current research, Mucor circinelloides and M. hiemalis were tested for their ability to produce xylanase from tangerine peel by submerged fermentation. Experiments on five variables were designed with Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Analysis of variance was exercised, the xylanase output was demonstrated with a mathematical equation as a function of the five factors, and the quixotic states for xylanase biosynthesis was secured. In addition, xylanase was partially purified, characterized, and immobilized on calcium alginate beads. The optimum parameters for xylanase production by M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis were consisted of incubation temperature (30 and 20°C), pH value (9 and 7) incubation period (9 and 9 days), inoculum size (3 and 3 mL), and substrate concentration (3 and 3 g/100 mL), respectively. M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis demonstrated the highest xylanase activities after RSM optimization, with 42.23 and 35.88 U/mL, respectively. The influence of single, interchange, and quadratic factors on xylanase output was investigated using nonlinear regression equations with significant R2 and p values. The partial purification of M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis xylanase yielded 1.69- and 1.97-fold purification, and 30.74 and 31.34% recovery with 292.08 and 240.15 U/mg specific activity, respectively. Partially purified xylanase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis demonstrated the highest activity at neutral pH and 60 and 50°C, respectively. The immobilized M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis xylanase retained 84.02 and 79.43% activity, respectively. The production of xylanase from M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis utilizing RSM is deemed profitable for the decomposition of the agro-industrial wastes.
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From lignocellulose to plastics: Knowledge transfer on the degradation approaches by fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107770. [PMID: 33989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we argue that there is much to be learned by transferring knowledge from research on lignocellulose degradation to that on plastic. Plastic waste accumulates in the environment to hazardous levels, because it is inherently recalcitrant to biological degradation. Plants evolved lignocellulose to be resistant to degradation, but with time, fungi became capable of utilising it for their nutrition. Examples of how fungal strategies to degrade lignocellulose could be insightful for plastic degradation include how fungi overcome the hydrophobicity of lignin (e.g. production of hydrophobins) and crystallinity of cellulose (e.g. oxidative approaches). In parallel, knowledge of the methods for understanding lignocellulose degradation could be insightful such as advanced microscopy, genomic and post-genomic approaches (e.g. gene expression analysis). The known limitations of biological lignocellulose degradation, such as the necessity for physiochemical pretreatments for biofuel production, can be predictive of potential restrictions of biological plastic degradation. Taking lessons from lignocellulose degradation for plastic degradation is also important for biosafety as engineered plastic-degrading fungi could also have increased plant biomass degrading capabilities. Even though plastics are significantly different from lignocellulose because they lack hydrolysable C-C or C-O bonds and therefore have higher recalcitrance, there are apparent similarities, e.g. both types of compounds are mixtures of hydrophobic polymers with amorphous and crystalline regions, and both require hydrolases and oxidoreductases for their degradation. Thus, many lessons could be learned from fungal lignocellulose degradation.
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Saleh SAA, Abdel Wahab WA, El-Dein AN, Abdelwahab WA, Ahmed AAM, Helmy WA, Mostafa FA. Characterization of Aspergillus niger MK981235 xylanase with extraction of anti-hepatotoxic, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic Corchorus olitorius stems xylooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:677-686. [PMID: 33152359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The object of this study was to utilize agro-industrial waste Corchorus olitorius stems (molokhia stems, MS) as substrate, for Aspergillus niger MK981235 xylanase production and as source of biologically active xylooligosaccharides (XOS). This study succeeded in utilization of Aspergillus niger MK981235 xylanase under different saccharification conditions designed by central composite design (CCD) for extraction of 15 biologically active XOS (anti-hepatotoxic, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic) with different monosaccharides constituents composition and percent. A. niger MK981235 xylanase showed the highest activity 6.60 U·ml-1 at 50 °C with 1.5% xylan. The kinetics included Km and Vmax were determined to be 6.67 mg·ml-1 and 20 μmol·ml-1·min-1, respectively. Moreover, A. niger MK981235 xylanase thermodynamics Ea (activation energy) and Ed (activation energy of denaturation) were determined to be 21.95 and 39.51 KJ·mol-1, respectively. The highest prebiotic effect (growth promation) was exerted by the central MS XOS on Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (125 and 135.3%, respectively). Also, the central MS XOS, exerted the highest cholesterol reduction and antioxidant activities 74.7 and 92%, respectively, showed remarkable in vivo protective role against the hepatic toxicity of lithium carbonate evaluated by changes in body weight, liver function markers (AST, ALT, Alb, total bilirubin) and tissue makers (MDA and GSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen A A Saleh
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Abdel Wahab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Negm El-Dein
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wesam Abdelsalam Abdelwahab
- Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Abdel Majid Ahmed
- Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Zhu D, Adebisi WA, Ahmad F, Sethupathy S, Danso B, Sun J. Recent Development of Extremophilic Bacteria and Their Application in Biorefinery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:483. [PMID: 32596215 PMCID: PMC7303364 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biorefining technology for biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass has made great progress in the world. However, mobilization of laboratory research toward industrial setup needs to meet a series of criteria, including the selection of appropriate pretreatment technology, breakthrough in enzyme screening, pathway optimization, and production technology, etc. Extremophiles play an important role in biorefinery by providing novel metabolic pathways and catalytically stable/robust enzymes that are able to act as biocatalysts under harsh industrial conditions on their own. This review summarizes the potential application of thermophilic, psychrophilic alkaliphilic, acidophilic, and halophilic bacteria and extremozymes in the pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, and lignin valorization process. Besides, the latest studies on the engineering bacteria of extremophiles using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology technologies for high-efficiency biofuel production are also introduced. Furthermore, this review explores the comprehensive application potential of extremophiles and extremozymes in biorefinery, which is partly due to their specificity and efficiency, and points out the necessity of accelerating the commercialization of extremozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wasiu Adewale Adebisi
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fiaz Ahmad
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Blessing Danso
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Sunkar B, Kannoju B, Bhukya B. Optimized Production of Xylanase by Penicillium purpurogenum and Ultrasound Impact on Enzyme Kinetics for the Production of Monomeric Sugars From Pretreated Corn Cobs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:772. [PMID: 32390996 PMCID: PMC7193903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn cob is an abundant organic source with significant potential in sustainable energy development. For the effective conversion of the feedstocks to valued commodities, effective biocatalysts are highly desired. The present study aims at optimizing the critical parameters required for xylanase production by Penicillium purpurogenum isolated from rotten wood sample using the Taguchi orthogonal array layout of L25 (5∧6). The optimized conditions like temperature 40°C, pH 3, size of inoculum 1.2 × 108 spores/ml, moisture 70%, peptone 0.8%, and 5 days of incubation resulted in 1,097 ± 6.76 U/gram dry substrate (gds) xylanase which was 65.72% more when compared to un-optimized production of xylanase. The xylanase thus produced, effectively carried out pretreated corn cob saccharification and the reaction was further improved with ultrasound assistance which has increased the saccharification yield to 12.02% along with significant reduction in reaction time. The saccharification efficiency of pretreated corn cob was found to be 80.29% more compared to the raw corn cob, reflecting its recalcitrance to digestion. Indeed, xylan being the second most abundant polymer in lignocellulosic biomass, considerable attention is being paid for its effective conversion to valued products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Sunkar
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balakrishna Kannoju
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhima Bhukya
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Javed U, Ansari A, Aman A, Ul Qader SA. Fermentation and saccharification of agro-industrial wastes: A cost-effective approach for dual use of plant biomass wastes for xylose production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Ullah SF, Souza AA, Hamann PRV, Ticona ARP, Oliveira GM, Barbosa JARG, Freitas SM, Noronha EF. Structural and functional characterisation of xylanase purified from Penicillium chrysogenum produced in response to raw agricultural waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:385-395. [PMID: 30654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Commercial interest in plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) is motivated by their potential for energy or bioproduct generation that reduced dependency on non-renewable (fossil-derived) feedstock. Therefore, underlying work analysed the Penicillium chrysogenum isolate for PCWDE production by employing different biomass as a carbon source. Among the produced enzymes, three xylanase isoforms were observed in the culture filtrate containing sugarcane bagasse. Xylanase (PcX1) presenting 35 kDa molecular mass was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Unfolding was probed and analysed using fluorescence, circular dichroism and enzyme assay methods. Secondary structure contents were estimated by circular dichroism 45% α-helix and 10% β-sheet, consistent with the 3D structure predicted by homology. PcX1 optimally active at pH 5.0 and 30 °C, presenting t1/2 19 h at 30 °C and 6 h at 40 °C. Thermodynamic parameters/melting temperature 51.4 °C confirmed the PcX1 stability at pH 5.0. PcX1 have a higher affinity for oat spelt xylan, KM 1.2 mg·mL-1, in comparison to birchwood xylan KM 29.86 mg·mL-1, activity was inhibited by Cu+2 and activated by Zn+2. PcX1 exhibited significant tolerance for vanillin, trans-ferulic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, activity slightly inhibited (17%) by gallic and tannic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Fida Ullah
- Laboratory de Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Amanda Araújo Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ricardo V Hamann
- Laboratory de Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Alonso Roberto P Ticona
- Laboratory de Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Gideane M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia M Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ferreira Noronha
- Laboratory de Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Abstract
This work reports the study of chitosan depolymerization through the synergy of the Celuzyme® XB enzyme complex; it is composed of cellulase, xylanase, andβ-glucanase. The optimal conditions of temperature, pH, and concentration were determined to verify the depolymerization reaction. The specificity of the enzymes at theβ(1-4) glycosidic link site was checked. Low molecular weight chitosan (64 × 103 g·mol−1) with degree of acetylation 15% was obtained. The depolymerized chitosan products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, the degree of acetylation was obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the determination of the molecular weight was obtained by capillary viscosimetry. With the depolymerized chitosan, membranes were formed and their antioxidant and antimicrobial functionality was determined; results show that these properties are dependent on the molecular weight and on the acetylation degree of chitosan.
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Hassan N, Rafiq M, Rehman M, Sajjad W, Hasan F, Abdullah S. Fungi in acidic fire: A potential source of industrially important enzymes. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Basit A, Liu J, Miao T, Zheng F, Rahim K, Lou H, Jiang W. Characterization of Two Endo-β-1, 4-Xylanases from Myceliophthora thermophila and Their Saccharification Efficiencies, Synergistic with Commercial Cellulase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:233. [PMID: 29491860 PMCID: PMC5817056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The xylanases with high specific activity and resistance to harsh conditions are of high practical value for biomass utilization. In the present study, two new GH11 xylanase genes, MYCTH_56237 and MYCTH_49824, have been cloned from thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The specific activities of purified xylanases reach approximately 1,533.7 and 1,412.5 U/mg, respectively. Based on multiple template-based homology modeling, the structures of their catalytic domains are predicted. Enzyme activity was more effective in 7.5 L fermentor, yielding 2,010.4 and 2,004.2 U/mL, respectively. Both enzymes exhibit optimal activity at 60°C with pH of 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Their activities are not affected by EDTA and an array of metal ions. The kinetic constants have been determined for MYCTH_56237 (Km = 8.80 mg/mL, Vmax = 2,380 U/mg) and MYCTH_49824 (Km = 5.67 mg/mL, Vmax = 1,750 U/mg). More importantly, both xylanases significantly cooperate with the commercial cellulase Celluclast 1.5 L in terms of the saccharification efficiency. All these biochemical properties of the xylanases offer practical potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junquan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Miao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kashif Rahim
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ye Y, Li X, Cao Y, Du J, Chen S, Zhao J. A β-xylosidase hyper-production Penicillium oxalicum mutant enhanced ethanol production from alkali-pretreated corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:734-742. [PMID: 28917109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
β-Xylosidase activity is deficient in most cellulase enzymes secreted by filamentous fungi, which limits effective enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose in lignocellulose materials and resulted in accumulation of xylo-oligosaccharides that inhibit the cellulase and xylanase activitives. An endogenous β-xylosidase gene, xyl3A, was overexpressed using two types of promoters in cellulolytic P. oxalicum RE-10. The mutants RXyl, RGXyl-1 and RGXyl-2 displayed higher β-xylosidase production than native strain RE-10 besides higher cellulase and xylanase activities, especially RGXyl-1, showing the highest β-xylosidase activity of 15.05±1.79IU/mL, about 29 folds higher than native strain, more than the highest level reported by literature. Enzymatic hydrolysis results indicated the cellulase RGXyl-1 not only increased glucose and xylose yields and thus resulted in high ethanol yield during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, but decreased the total enzyme loading compared to starting RE-10, which indicated a good prospect of industrial application in bioconversion of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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Bioprospecting of Xylanolytic Fungi Isolated from Degraded Corn Cobs for Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) Production. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.10.4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Characterization of Xylanase and Cellulase Produced by a Newly Isolated Aspergillus fumigatus N2 and Its Efficient Saccharification of Barley Straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:559-569. [PMID: 27914020 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus N2 was isolated from decaying wood. This strain produces extracellular xylanases and cellulases. The highest xylanase (91.9 U/mL) and CMCase (5.61 U/mL) activity was produced when 1% barley straw was used as the carbon source. The optimum pH and temperature for xylanase activity were 6.0 and 65 °C, respectively. CMCase revealed maximum activity at pH 4.0 and in the range of 65 °C. The FPase was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. The zymograms produced by the SDS-PAGE resolution of the crude enzymes indicated that multiple enzymes were secreted into the fermentation supernatant. Five bands of proteins with xylanase activity and four bands of proteins with endoglucanase were observed in the zymogram gel. The crude enzymes were used in the barley straw saccharification; an additive effect was observed when the commercial cellulase was added as supplement.
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Purification, characterization, gene cloning and expression of GH-10 xylanase (Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13). 3 Biotech 2016; 6:169. [PMID: 28330241 PMCID: PMC4987633 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular thermostable xylanase (Xyl-IIb) produced by Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13 was purified to homogeneity using DEAE-Sepharose, Sephadex G-100 and Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography with specific activity of 6272.7 U/mg and 19.6-fold purification. The purification revealed the occurrence of multiple forms of xylanases (Xyl-I, Xyl-IIa, Xyl-IIb and Xyl-III). The molecular mass of highly purified Xyl-IIb was ~31 kDa with SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was cellulase-free, thermostable (55–75 °C) and acidophilic (3.5–5.0). It was activated by Ca2+, Ba2+, DTT and β-mercaptoethanol, whereas inhibited by Hg2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and p-CMB. Purified Xyl-IIb exhibited highest specificity toward birchwood and oat spelts xylan. Kinetics of Xyl-IIb revealed a Km of 10 mg/ml and 16.7 mg/ml and Vmax of 9523g and 15,873 U/mg with birchwood and oat spelts xylan, respectively, indicating high affinity toward birchwood xylan. The xylanase (Xyl-IIb) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 10 based on conserved regions. Xylanase-encoding gene (xynB) consists of 1501 bp with an open reading frame of 264 bp which was predicted to encode a protein having 87 amino acids and shared homology with endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (xynB) gene from Penicillium citrinum. Cloned xynB gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) with xylanase activity (80 U/mg) and confirmed to be GH-10 Xyl-IIa based on molecular mass (~40 kDa). These properties of xylanase make it promising for their applications in biofuel industries.
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C-Terminal proline-rich sequence broadens the optimal temperature and pH ranges of recombinant xylanase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans C5. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 91:34-41. [PMID: 27444327 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of hemicellulose entails high catalytic capacity containing xylanases. In this study, proline rich sequence was fused together with a C-terminal of xylanase gene from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans C5 and designated as GthC5ProXyl. Both GthC5Xyl and GthC5ProXyl were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 host in order to determine effect of this modification. The C-terminal oligopeptide had noteworthy effects and instantaneously extended the optimal temperature and pH ranges and progressed the specific activity of GthC5Xyl. Compared with GthC5Xyl, GthC5ProXyl revealed improved specific activity, a higher temperature (70°C versus 60°C) and pH (8 versus 6) optimum, with broad ranges of temperature and pH (60-80°C and 6.0-9.0 versus 40-60°C and 5.0-8.0, respectively). The modified enzyme retained more than 80% activity after incubating in xylan for 3h at 80°C as compared to wild -type with only 45% residual activity. Our study demonstrated that proper introduction of proline residues on C-terminal surface of xylanase family might be very effective in improvement of enzyme thermostability. Moreover, this study reveals an engineering strategy to improve the catalytic performance of enzymes.
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The use of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases improves the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to valuable molecules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7577-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Moteshafi H, Hashemi M, Mousavi S, Mousivand M. Characterization of produced xylanase by Bacillus subtilis D3d newly isolated from apricot phyllosphere and its potential in pre-digestion of BSG. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lin C, Shen Z, Zhu T, Qin W. Newly Isolated Penicillium ramulosum N1 Is Excellent for Producing Protease-Resistant Acidophilic Xylanase. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25:320-6. [PMID: 26431535 DOI: 10.1159/000439170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium ramulosum N1 was isolated from decaying wood. This strain produces extracellular xylanases and cellulases. The highest activities of xylanases (250 U/ml) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCase; 6.5 U/ml) were produced when 1% barley straw was added as a carbon source. The optimum temperature and pH for xylanase activity was 55 and 3.0 °C, respectively. The xylanases exhibited strong protease resistance. CMCase revealed maximum activities at pH 3.0 and in the range of 60-70 °C. Filter paper activity was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 55 °C. The zymograms produced by the SDS-PAGE resolution of the crude enzymes indicated that there are four bands of protein with xylanase activity and three bands of proteins with endoglucanase. The results revealed that P. ramulosum N1 is a promising acidophilic and protease-resistant xylanase-producing microorganism that has great potential to be used in animal feed and food industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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20
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Liao H, Zheng H, Li S, Wei Z, Mei X, Ma H, Shen Q, Xu Y. Functional diversity and properties of multiple xylanases from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224514 PMCID: PMC4519791 DOI: 10.1038/srep12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiple xylanase system with high levels of xylanase activity produced from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 using agricultural waste as a substrate has been previously reported. However, the eco-physiological properties and origin of the multiplicity of xylanases remain unclear. In the present study, eight active bands were detected using zymography, and all bands were identified as putative xylanases using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. These putative xylanases are encoded by six different xylanase genes. To evaluate the functions and eco-physiological properties of xylanase genes, xyn10A, xyn11A, xyn10B and xyn11B were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzymes xyn10A and xyn10B belong to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10 xylanases, while xyn11A and xyn11B belong to GH11 xylanases. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant proteins revealed that all enzymes exhibited xylanase activity against xylans but with different substrate specificities, properties and kinetic parameters. These results demonstrated that the production of multiple xylanases in P. oxalicum GZ-2 was attributed to the genetic redundancy of xylanases and the post-translational modifications, providing insight into a more diverse xylanase system for the efficient degradation of complex hemicelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- 1] National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China [2] Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Zhong Ke Road, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuixian Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinlan Mei
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- College of plant protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Tarayre C, Bauwens J, Brasseur C, Mattéotti C, Millet C, Guiot PA, Destain J, Vandenbol M, Portetelle D, De Pauw E, Haubruge E, Francis F, Thonart P. Isolation and cultivation of xylanolytic and cellulolytic Sarocladium kiliense and Trichoderma virens from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4369-4382. [PMID: 25300185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was the isolation and cultivation of cellulolytic and xylanolytic microorganisms extracted from the gut of the lower termite Reticulitermes santonensis. Microcrystalline cellulose (with and without lignin) and beech wood xylan were used as diets instead of poplar wood in order to select cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading fungi. The strain Sarocladium kiliense (Acremonium kiliense) CTGxxyl was isolated from the termites fed on xylan, while the strain Trichoderma virens CTGxAviL was isolated from the termites fed on cellulose (with and without lignin). Both molds were cultivated in liquid media containing different substrates: agro-residues or purified polymers. S. kiliense produced maximal β-glucosidase, endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, exo-1,4-β-D-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase activities of 0.103, 3.99, 0.53, and 40.8 IU/ml, respectively. T. virens produced maximal β-xylosidase, endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, exo-1,4-β-D-glucanase, and endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase activities of 0.38, 1.48, 0.69, and 426 IU/ml. The cellulase and the xylanase of S. kiliense, less common than T. virens, were further investigated. The optimal activity of the xylanase was observed at pH 9-10 at 60 °C. The cellulase showed its maximal activity at pH 10, 70 °C. Zymography identified different xylanases produced by both molds, and some fragment sizes were highlighted: 35, 100, and 170 kDa for S. kiliense and 20, 40, 80, and 170 kDa for T. virens. In both cases, endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase activities were confirmed through mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Tarayre
- Unit of Bio-Industries, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium,
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Adhyaru DN, Bhatt NS, Modi HA. Optimization of upstream and downstream process parameters for cellulase-poor-thermo-solvent-stable xylanase production and extraction by Aspergillus tubingensis FDHN1. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Xylanases are important members of the hemicellulolytic enzyme system. Xylanase plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of major hemicellulosic component xylan and converts it into xylooligosaccharides and ultimately yields xylose. Cellulase-lacking or cellulase-poor xylanase with high temperature and pH stability has gained special attention, especially in paper and pulp industries. Most of the available literature highlighted the fungal xylanase production by optimizing environmental and cultural parameters. However, the importance of enzyme recovery from fermented biomass still needs attention. In this study, upstream and downstream process parameters were studied for enhancing xylanase production and extraction by a newly isolated Aspergillus tubingensis FDHN1 under solid-state fermentation using low-cost agro-residues.
Results
In the present study, A. tubingensis FDHN1 was used for the xylanase, with very low level of cellulase, production under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Among various agro-residues, sorghum straw enhanced the xylanase production. Under optimized upstream conditions, the highest xylanase production 2,449 ± 23 U/g was observed. Upon characterization, crude xylanase showed stability over a broad range of pH 3.0 to 8.0 up to 24 h. The temperature stability revealed the nature of the xylanase to be thermostable. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) and zymogram analysis revealed the multiple forms of the xylanase. Due to the many industrially important characteristics of the xylanases, the study was elaborated for optimizing the downstream process parameters such as volume of extractant, extraction time, temperature and agitation speed to recover maximum xylanase from fermented sorghum straw. The highest amount of xylanase (4,105 ± 22 U/g) was recovered using 0.05 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.5) at 12:1 (v/w) extractant/solid ratio, 90-min extraction time, 150-rpm agitation speed and 40°C. Finally, detailed bioprocess optimization shows an overall 6.66-fold enhancement in the xylanase yield.
Conclusions
The present study consolidates the importance of upstream and downstream process optimization for the overall enhancement in the xylanase production. The xylanase from A. tubingensis FDHN1 shows the stability at different pH and temperature, and it was also active in the presence of organic solvents. These properties of xylanase are very much important from an industrial application point of view.
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Liao H, Li S, Zheng H, Wei Z, Liu D, Raza W, Shen Q, Xu Y. A new acidophilic thermostable endo-1,4-β-mannanase from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2: cloning, characterization and functional expression in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:90. [PMID: 25348022 PMCID: PMC4219100 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endo-1,4-β-mannanase is an enzyme that can catalyze the random hydrolysis of β-1, 4-mannosidic linkages in the main chain of mannans, glucomannans and galactomannans and has a number of applications in different biotechnology industries. Penicillium oxalicum is a powerful hemicellulase-producing fungus (Bioresour Technol 123:117-124, 2012); however, few previous studies have focused on the cloning and expression of the endo-1,4-β-mannanase gene from Penicillium oxalicum. Results A gene encoding an acidophilic thermostable endo-1,4-β-mannanase (E.C. 3.2.1.78) from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 5, was cloned and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. A high enzyme activity (84.4 U mL−1) was detected in the culture supernatant. The recombinant endo-1,4-β-mannanase (rPoMan5A) was tagged with 6 × His at its C-terminus and purified using a Ni-NTA Sepharose column to apparent homogeneity. The purified rPoMan5A showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of approximately 61.6 kDa. The specific activity of the purified rPoMan5A was 420.9 U mg−1 using locust bean gum as substrate. The optimal catalytic temperature (10 min assay) and pH value for rPoMan5A are 80°C and pH 4.0, respectively. The rPoMan5A is highly thermostable with a half-life of approximately 58 h at 60°C at pH 4.0. The Km and Vmax values for locust bean gum, konjac mannan, and guar gum are 7.6 mg mL−1 and 1425.5 μmol min−1 mg−1, 2.1 mg mL−1 and 154.8 μmol min−1 mg−1, and 2.3 mg mL−1 and 18.9 μmol min−1 mg−1, respectively. The enzymatic activity of rPoMan5A was not significantly affected by an array of metal ions, but was inhibited by Fe3+ and Hg2+. Analytical results of hydrolytic products showed that rPoMan5A could hydrolyze various types of mannan polymers and released various mannose and manno-oligosaccharides, with the main products being mannobiose, mannotriose, and mannopentaose. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the high-efficient expression and secretion of acid stable and thermostable recombinant endo-1, 4-β-mannanase in Pichia pastoris is suitable for various biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shuixian Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Haiping Zheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Waseem Raza
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang F, Yang X, Ran W, Shen Q. Fusarium oxysporuminduces the production of proteins and volatile organic compounds byTrichoderma harzianumT-E5. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 359:116-23. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Xingming Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Wei Ran
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Qirong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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Liao H, Sun S, Wang P, Bi W, Tan S, Wei Z, Mei X, Liu D, Raza W, Shen Q, Xu Y. A new acidophilic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum: cloning, purification, and insights into the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1071-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A new acidophilic xylanase (XYN11A) from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 has been purified, identified and characterized. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the first time to evaluate the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity. The purified enzyme was identified by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and its gene (xyn11A) was identified as an open reading frame of 706 bp with a 68 bp intron. This gene encodes a mature protein of 196 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 21.3 kDa that has the 100 % identity with the putative xylanase from the P. oxalicum 114-2. The enzyme shows a structure comprising a catalytic module family 10 (GH10) and no carbohydrate-binding module family. The specific activities were 150.2, 60.2, and 72.6 U/mg for beechwood xylan, birchwood xylan, and oat spelt xylan, respectively. XYN11A exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.0 and remarkable pH stability under extremely acidic condition (pH 3). The specific activity, K m and V max values were 150.2 U/mg, 30.7 mg/mL, and 403.9 μmol/min/mg for beechwood xylan, respectively. XYN11A is a endo-β-1,4-xylanase since it release xylobiose and xylotriose as the main products by hydrolyzing xylans. The activity of XYN11A was enhanced 155 % by 1 mM Fe2+ ions, but was inhibited strongly by Fe3+. The reason of enhancing the xylanase activity of XYN11A with 1 mM Fe2+ treatment may be responsible for the change of microenvironment of tryptophan residues studied by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. Inhibition of the xylanase activity by Fe3+ was first time demonstrated to associate tryptophan fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Shaowei Sun
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Pan Wang
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Wenli Bi
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Shiyong Tan
- grid.410727.7 0000 0001 0526 1937 Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Zhong Wei
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Xinlan Mei
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Waseem Raza
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Qirong Shen
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- grid.27871.3b 0000000097507019 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 Nanjing China
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Liao H, Li S, Wei Z, Shen Q, Xu Y. Insights into high-efficiency lignocellulolytic enzyme production by Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 induced by a complex substrate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:162. [PMID: 25419234 PMCID: PMC4239378 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agricultural residue is more efficient than purified cellulose at inducing lignocellulolytic enzyme production in Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2, but in Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30, cellulose induces a more efficient response. To understand the reasons, we designed an artificially simulated plant biomass (cellulose plus xylan) to study the roles and relationships of each component in the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by P. oxalicum GZ-2. RESULTS The changes in lignocellulolytic enzyme activity, gene expression involving (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes, and the secretome of cultures grown on Avicel (A), xylan (X), or a mixture of both (AX) were studied. The addition of xylan to the cellulose culture did not affect fungal growth but significantly increased the activity of cellulase and hemicellulase. In the AX treatment, the transcripts of cellulase genes (egl1, egl2, egl3, sow, and cbh2) and hemicellulase genes (xyl3 and xyl4) were significantly upregulated (P <0.05). The proportion of biomass-degrading proteins in the secretome was altered; in particular, the percentage of cellulases and hemicellulases was increased. The percentage of cellulases and hemicellulases in the AX secretome increased from 4.5% and 7.6% to 10.3% and 21.8%, respectively, compared to the secretome of the A treatment. Cellobiohydrolase II (encoded by cbh2) and xylanase II (encoded by xyl2) were the main proteins in the secretome, and their corresponding genes (cbh2 and xyl2) were transcripted at the highest levels among the cellulolytic and xylanolytic genes. Several important proteins such as swollenin, cellobiohydrolase, and endo-beta-1,4-xylanase were only induced by AX. Bray-Curtis similarity indices, a dendrogram analysis, and a diversity index all demonstrated that the secretome produced by P. oxalicum GZ-2 depended on the substrate and that strain GZ-2 directionally adjusted the compositions of lignocellulolytic enzymes in its secretome to preferably degrade a complex substrate. CONCLUSION The addition of xylan to the cellulose medium not only induces more hemicellulases but also strongly activates cellulase production. The proportion of the biomass-degrading proteins in the secretome was altered significantly, with the proportion of cellulases and hemicellulases especially increased. Xylan and cellulose have positively synergistic effects, and they play a key role in the induction of highly efficient lignocellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- National Enginnering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shuixian Li
- National Enginnering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhong Wei
- National Enginnering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Qirong Shen
- National Enginnering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- National Enginnering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Roy S, Dutta T, Sarkar TS, Ghosh S. Novel xylanases from Simplicillium obclavatum MTCC 9604: comparative analysis of production, purification and characterization of enzyme from submerged and solid state fermentation. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:382. [PMID: 24010040 PMCID: PMC3755804 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of extracellular xylanase by a newly isolated fungus Simplicillium obclavatum MTCC 9604 was studied in solid-state and submerged fermentation. Multiple xylanases and endoglucanases were produced by the strain during growth on wheat bran in solid state fermentation (SSF). A single xylanase isoform was found to be produced by the same fungus under submerged fermentation (SF) using wheat bran as sole carbon source. Enzyme activity, stability and the protein yield were much higher in SSF than SF. The two dimensional zymogram of the crude enzyme indicated the presence of six isoforms with different pI values starting from pH 3–10. The optimum temperature and pH for the partially purified xylanase activity were 50°C and pH 5.0 respectively; xylanase enzymes exhibited remarkable stability over a broad pH range and the temperature range of 30-60°C which has great potential to be used in biofuels, animal feed and food industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019 West Bengal India
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Kang K, Wang S, Lai G, Liu G, Xing M. Characterization of a novel swollenin from Penicillium oxalicum in facilitating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:42. [PMID: 23688024 PMCID: PMC3681723 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant expansins and fungal swollenin that can disrupt crystalline cellulose have great potential for applications in conversion of biomass. Recent studies have been mainly focused on Trichoderma reesei swollenin that show relatively low activity in the promotion of cellulosic hydrolysis. Our aim was to isolate a novel swollenin with greater disruptive activity, to establish an efficient way of producing recombinant swollenin, and to optimize the procedure using swollenin in facilitation of cellulosic hydrolysis. Results A novel gene encoding a swollenin-like protein, POSWOI, was isolated from the filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum by Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR). It consisted of a family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM1) followed by a linker connected to a family 45 endoglucanase-like domain. Using the cellobiohydrolase I promoter, recombinant POSWOI was efficiently produced in T. reesei with a yield of 105 mg/L, and showed significant disruptive activity on crystalline cellulose. Simultaneous reaction with both POSWOI and cellulases enhanced the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose Avicel by approximately 50%. Using a POSWOI-pretreatment procedure, cellulases can produce nearly twice as many reducing sugars as without pretreatment. The mechanism by which POSWOI facilitates the saccharification of cellulose was also studied using a cellulase binding assay. Conclusion We present a novel fungal swollenin with considerable disruptive activity on crystalline cellulose, and develop a better procedure for using swollenin in facilitating cellulosic hydrolysis. We thus provide a new approach for the effective bioconversion of cellulosic biomass.
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Wongwisansri S, Promdonkoy P, Matetaviparee P, Roongsawang N, Eurwilaichitr L, Tanapongpipat S. High-level production of thermotolerant β-xylosidase of Aspergillus sp. BCC125 in Pichia pastoris: characterization and its application in ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 132:410-413. [PMID: 23265813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A gene coding for thermotolerant β-xylosidase from Aspergillus sp. BCC125 was characterized. The recombinant enzyme was expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris KM71 and especially high yield of secreted enzyme was obtained. β-xylosidase possessed high enzyme efficiency (Kcat/Km=198.8mM(-1)s(-1)) toward pNP-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPβX) with optimal temperature and pH for activity of 60°C and pH 4.0-5.0, respectively. The identified β-xylosidase showed clear synergism with previously identified xylanase for hydrolysis of xylan in vitro as well as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF) in vivo with Pichia stipitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriwan Wongwisansri
- Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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