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Wu H, Liu Y, Dai C, Ye Y, Zhu H, Fang W. Life-cycle comparisons of economic and environmental consequences for pig production with four different models in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21668-21686. [PMID: 38393572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
China, the world's largest consumer and producer of pork in the world, is attracting increasing attention due to the environmental impacts of its pig production. Previous studies seldom comprehensively compare the environmental impacts of the pig production system with different models, resulting in different intensities of environmental impacts. We aim to comprehensively evaluate Chinese pig production with different breeding models and explore a more sustainable way for pig production. We use life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate and compare environmental impacts of pig production system with four main breeding models in China from 1998 to 2020: domestic breeding, small-scale breeding, medium-scale breeding, and large-scale breeding. The life cycle encompasses fertilizer production, feed production, feed processing, pig raising, waste treatment, and slaughtering. The impact categories including energy consumption (EN), global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EU), water use (WD), and land occupation (LO) are expressed with "100 kg live weight of fattening pig at farm gate." The results show that driven by governmental support, growing meat demand, and cost advantage, the scale breeding especially large-scale breeding simultaneously yielded greater net economic benefit and less environmental impact compared to other breeding models especially the domestic breeding. Due to mineral fertilizer application, feed production contributed over 50% of the total environmental impacts. Notably, the composition of feeds exerted significant influence on the environmental impacts arising from fertilizer production and feed processing. Furthermore, attributable to the substantial use of electricity and heat, as well as the concomitant emissions, pig raising contributed the largest GWP, while ranking second in terms of AP and EU. Notably, waste management constituted the third-largest EU, AP, and WD. In addition to promote scale breeding, we put forth several sustainable measures encompassing feed composition, cultivation practices, fertilizer utilization, and waste management for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China.
| | - Yongxin Liu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Chengjuan Dai
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Weixin Fang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
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Yang K, Jing D, Wang X, Zhou S, Zhang B, Qin L, Wang Q, Jing G, Li W, Li S. Life cycle assessment perspective on waste resource utilization and sustainable development: A case of glyphosate production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119584. [PMID: 38035501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for pesticide manufacturing and increasing public awareness of sustainable development, have let to urgent requirements for a refined environmental management framework. It is imperative to conduct process-based life cycle assessments (LCAs) to promote clean and environment-friendly technologies. Herein, the cradle-to-gate LCA of glyphosate production was executed as an example to investigate crucial production factors (materials or energy) and multiple environmental impacts during the production processes. Results showed that methanol caused the highest environmental damage in terms of toxicity, with a normalized value of 85.7 × 10-8, followed by coal-fired electricity in 6.00 × 10-8. Furthermore, optimized schemes were proposed, including energy improvement (electricity generated by switching from coal-fired power to solar power) and wastewater targeted conversion. Regarding the normalization results before and after optimization, the latter showed more significant results with the normalized value decreasing by 21.10 × 10-8, while that of the former only decreased by 6.50 × 10-8. This study provides an integrated LCA framework for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from upstream control and offers an important supplement to managing the key pollution factors and control links of the OP industry. Moreover, it reveals the positive influence of optimized schemes in facilitating cleaner production technologies, thus ultimately promoting new methodologies for resource recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexuan Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Deji Jing
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Shuguang Zhou
- Zhejiang Xin'an Chemical Industrial Group Company Limited, Jiande, 311600, China.
| | - Baiqing Zhang
- Zhejiang Xin'an Chemical Industrial Group Company Limited, Jiande, 311600, China.
| | - Long Qin
- Zhejiang Xin'an Chemical Industrial Group Company Limited, Jiande, 311600, China.
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Guohua Jing
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Sujing Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, Kesari KK, Pandey P, Pandey A, Benjamin M, Maurya A, Yadav V, Sinh RS, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK, Mittan S. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61993-62013. [PMID: 34410595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mutagens are chemical and physical substances in the environment that has a potential to induce a wide range of mutations and generate multiple physiological, biochemical, and genetic modifications in humans. Most mutagens are having genotoxic effects on the following generation through germ cells. The influence of germinal mutations on health will be determined by their frequency, nature, and the mechanisms that keep a specific mutation in the population. Early prenatal lethal mutations have less public health consequences than genetic illnesses linked with long-term medical and social difficulties. Physical and chemical mutagens are common mutagens found in the environment. These two environmental mutagens have been associated with multiple neurological disorders and carcinogenesis in humans. Thus in this study, we aim to unravel the molecular mechanism of physical mutagens (UV rays, X-rays, gamma rays), chemical mutagens (dimethyl sulfate (DMS), bisphenol A (BPA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5-chlorocytosine (5ClC)), and several heavy metals (Ar, Pb, Al, Hg, Cd, Cr) implicated in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, chromosomal abnormalities, and oxidative stress which leads to multiple disorders and impacting human health. Biological tests for mutagen detection are crucial; therefore, we also discuss several approaches (Ames test and Mutatox test) to estimate mutagenic factors in the environment. The potential risks of environmental mutagens impacting humans require a deeper basic knowledge of human genetics as well as ongoing research on humans, animals, and their tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Goyal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritika Baranwal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avanish Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana Suryauday Sinh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Frota de Albuquerque Landi F, Fabiani C, Castellani B, Cotana F, Pisello AL. Environmental assessment of four waste cooking oil valorization pathways. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:219-233. [PMID: 34902684 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global waste is expected to grow substantially by 2050, therefore, defining an effective waste management strategy is a crucial topic for both industry and academia. Nowadays, food and green waste, in particular, represent a large share of the total waste production. All this considered, effectively processing and eventually reusing materials such as waste cooking oil is of paramount importance. This study investigates the potential environmental impact and the primary energy consumption for three waste cooking oil valorization pathways i.e. biodiesel, direct burning fuel, additive for recycling aged-asphalt, as well as a new application, i.e. phase change material, compared to their specific more common alternative based on a cradle-to-gate approach. The aim is to identify and recommend the most advantageous alternative in terms of environmental impact. Results showed that the waste cooking oil has a lower impact in all comparisons made, except as phase change material. The less effective performance in some cases was compensated by the waste oil entry as a burden-free resource under an attributional model. The best profile of the waste cooking oil is as direct burning fuel. However, the binder asphalt substitution is highly recommended due to the nature of the application. The major obstacles to the waste cooking oil usage are the limited stock, composition and quality variability, and the difficulty of proper collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Fabiani
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Castellani
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Cotana
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Pisello
- CIRIAF, Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy.
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5
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Incorporating Environmental Perspective in Integrated Strategic-Tactical Economic Optimization Model of Biomass-to-Biofuel Supply Chain—A Real Case Study in Ethiopia. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several optimization models, which consider economic and environmental perspectives, have been developed recently to support the sustainable biomass-to-biofuel supply chain (BBSC) design. All of the economic-environmental optimization models rely on solving long-term planning problems with a conventional hierarchical approach, where tactical decisions are made based on the optimal strategic decisions from the strategic-level model, despite it arousing non-optimal solutions. Moreover, almost all of them have used non-monetary-based environmental indicators, which result in difficulties with clarity when comparing with economic objectives. Therefore, in this work, an effort is made to develop a more reliable planning strategy that offers optimal strategic and tactical decisions simultaneously and maximizes the economic and environmental benefits. Furthermore, the environmental performance of the BBSC has been assessed in terms of monetary value by adopting an ecocost approach after performing an LCA on the system. The integrated model is applied in the real biofuel sector of Ethiopia to optimize the country’s bioethanol and biodiesel supply chain over a 20-year horizon. Despite the abrupt rise in the model size, with it being a real countrywide case with many variables and large quantities of data, an alternative semi-heuristic method that offers a feasible solution to the multi-objective problem is provided.
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6
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Hu Y, Sun J, Zheng J. Comparative analysis of carbon footprint between conventional smallholder operation and innovative largescale farming of urban agriculture in Beijing, China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11632. [PMID: 34249498 PMCID: PMC8253110 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustainable development of agriculture is one of the key issues of ensuring food security and mitigating climate change. Since innovative large-scale agriculture is gaining popularity in cities in China, where the agricultural landscape is dominated by conventional smallholder farming, it is necessary to investigate the difference in carbon emissions between conventional smallholder operation and innovative largescale agriculture. This study evaluated the carbon footprint (CF) of conventional and innovative urban agriculture in Beijing using the cradle-to-consumption Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Two modes of greenhouse vegetable and fruit production were analyzed and compared respectively: conventional smallholder operated vegetable farms that sell in local markets versus largescale home-delivery agriculture (HDA) that deliver vegetables to consumers' home directly, conventional smallholder operated fruit farms that sell in farm shops versus largescale pick-your-own (PYO) initiatives. Results showed that HDA and PYO can reduce CF per area in on-farm cultivation compared to smallholder operation, while may bring an increase in CF per product weight unit and the gap was wider if the supply chain was considered. This is mainly because innovative large-scale farming consumes fewer agricultural inputs (e.g., fertilizer, pesticides) and obtains lower yields than conventional smallholder operations. Plastic materials with high carbon emission, fossil energy dependence and transportation efficiency are CF hotspots of both modes and therefore can be prioritized and targeted for carbon reduction adjustment. The results of this work further advance understanding of how innovative largescale agriculture and conventional smallholder operation compare and which particular inputs and activities should be prioritized to effectively reduce the CF in China during agricultural transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hu
- College of City Construction, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Alagumalai A, Mahian O, Hollmann F, Zhang W. Environmentally benign solid catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144856. [PMID: 33450682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Versatile bio-derived catalysts have been under dynamic investigation as potential substitutes to conventional chemical catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production. This is because of their unique, low-cost benefits and production processes that are environmentally and economically acceptable. This critical review aspires to present a viable approach to the synthesis of environmentally benign and cost-effective heterogeneous solid-base catalysts from a wide range of biological and industrial waste materials for sustainable biodiesel production. Most of these waste materials include an abundance of metallic minerals like potassium and calcium. The different approaches proposed by researchers to derive highly active catalysts from large-scale waste materials of a re-usable nature are described briefly. Finally, this report extends to present an overview of techno-economic feasibility of biodiesel production, its environmental impacts, commercial aspects of community-based biodiesel production and potential for large-scale expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Alagumalai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Omid Mahian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Renewable Energy and Micro/Nano Sciences Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China.
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Utilization of over-ripened fruit (waste fruit) for the eco-friendly production of ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 34:270-276. [PMID: 33564216 PMCID: PMC7862972 DOI: 10.1007/s42535-020-00185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research was carried out to produce ethanol for use as a sanitizer in today’s COVID-19 pandemic situation, via cost-effective and eco-friendly techniques. The waste of seasonal fruit, i.e. apple, grape and Indian blueberry, was used in the study. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) was used with KMnO4 (5%), sucrose (47 g) and urea (1.5 g) for the fermentation process. All the selected overripe fruits were analyzed for variations in parameters including specific gravity, pH, temperature and concentration during complete fermentation for ethanol production. After complete fermentation, it was clear that the use of Indian blueberry at a temperature of 33 °C, specific gravity of 0.875 and pH value of 5.2 yielded the highest ethanol concentration of 6.5%. The concentration of ethanol obtained from grape samples was 5.23% at 30 °C with specific gravity of 0.839 and pH 4.3. Lastly, the ethanol concentration obtained from apple waste was about 4.52% at 32 °C with specific gravity of 0.880 and pH of 4.7 pH. The FTIR curve of each sample shows an absorbance peak in a wave number range of 3000 cm−1 to 3500 cm−1, which indicates the absence of alcohol in the samples after fermentation.
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9
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Environmental and Economic Assessment of Castor Oil Supply Chain: A Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12166339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the species currently cultivated for industrial vegetable oil production, castor could be a good candidate for future investments due to the good resistance to pests, tolerance to drought, and suitability for marginal lands cultivation. In addition, the production of castor oil from Ricinus generates a large quantity of press cake, husks, and crop residues that, in a framework of bioeconomy, could be used as by-products for different purposes. Using a case study approach, the work presents results of the environmental impact assessment and economic feasibility of the production of castor oil from two different castor hybrids comparing four by-products management scenarios and two harvesting systems (manual vs. mechanical). Castor hybrid C-856 harvested manually and that involved only the soil incorporation of press cake obtained by the oil extraction resulted as the most sustainable. The hybrid C-1030 resulted as more profitable than C-856 when harvested with the combine harvester. The ratio between gross margin and GWP emissions was applied to calculate the economic performance (gross margin) per unit of environmental burden. Findings showed that Sc1B scenario in case of C-856 cultivar hybrid had a better ratio between economic performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted into the atmosphere (€3.75 per kg CO2eq).
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Dai Y, Zheng H, Jiang Z, Xing B. Comparison of different crop residue-based technologies for their energy production and air pollutant emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136122. [PMID: 31865078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crop residue (CR) based-technology has several benefits, including renewable energy production and improvement in the environment and waste biomass management. However, the quantitative assessment of different CR based-technologies in terms of these benefits is limited. In this study, three typical CR-based technologies, CR biochar (CR-BC), CR direct-fired power (CR-DFP), and CR briquette biofuel (CR-BB), were assessed in terms of energy- and environment-related performances using a mixed-unit input-output life cycle assessment method. The results indicated that CR-BB performed better in energy production and air pollution mitigation than the other two technologies. Energy conversion efficiency was suggested as a key factor in determining the potentials of bioenergy production and environmental improvement. Furthermore, based on the energy demand from the Chinese agricultural sector and CR supply in 2012, the energy supply capacity (ESI) of CR-BC, CR-DFP, and CR-BB was estimated to be 24.3, 2.89, and 53.0, respectively, and their total greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential (TRGHG) was estimated to be 1.41 × 106, 4.81 × 106, and 1.68 × 106 t CO2e (CO2 equivalent), respectively. Overall, the CR-DFP and CR-BC are recommended for the high-value utilization of CR resources. The findings of this study could provide a basis for the development of CR-based technologies and CR management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Dai
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Hao Zheng
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhixiang Jiang
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Topi D. Transforming waste vegetable oils to biodiesel, establishing of a waste oil management system in Albania. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Reaño RL. Assessment of environmental impact and energy performance of rice husk utilization in various biohydrogen production pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122590. [PMID: 31865153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to compare the environmental impact and energy performance of rice husk utilization for biohydrogen production via different pathways using parameters and processes applicable in Southeast Asian countries. Six scenarios were developed by combining each selected biohydrogen production process - electrolysis, gasification and dark fermentation, with different energy production technology. The emission values and energy demand varies depending on the scenarios studied, highlighting the effect of different efficiencies of each biohydrogen production technology. The dark fermentation route has the least environmental impact and the highest energy conversion efficiency. Rice husk used in a co-generation plant to supply process energy creates a purely green technology. Biomass energy ratio provides a basis for the performance of each pathway in terms of the conversion efficiency, emissions and energy demand. The sensitivity analysis is used to identify key parameters and processes to improve the dark fermentation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmond Lat Reaño
- Department of Engineering Science, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
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Mutagenicity emission factors of canola oil and waste vegetable oil biodiesel: Comparison to soy biodiesel. Mutat Res 2019; 846:403057. [PMID: 31585630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Canola (or rapeseed) oil and waste vegetable oil (WVO) are used commonly to make biodiesel fuels composed completely from these oils (B100) or as blends with petroleum diesel (B0). However, no studies have reported the mutagenic potencies of the particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) or the mutagenicity emission factors, such as revertants/MJthermal (rev/MJth) for these biodiesel emissions. Using strains TA98 and TA100 with the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, we determined these metrics for organic extracts of PM2.5 of emissions from biodiesel containing 5% soy oil (soy B5); 5, 20, 50, and 100% canola (canola B5, B20, B50, B100), and 100% waste vegetable oil (WVO B100). The mutagenic potencies (rev/mg PM2.5) of the canola B100 and WVO B100 emissions were generally greater than those of B0, whereas the mutagenicity emission factors (rev/MJth, rev/kg fuel, and rev/m3) were less, reflecting the lower PM emissions of the biodiesels relative to B0. Nearly all the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth values were greater in TA98 with S9 than without S9, indicating a relatively greater role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which require S9, than nitroarenes, which do not. In TA100 -S9, the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth for the biodiesels were generally ≥ to those of B0, indicating that most of these biodiesels produced more direct-acting, base-substitution mutagenic activity than did B0. For B100 biodiesels and petroleum diesel, the rev/MJth in TA98 + S9 ranked: petroleum diesel > canola > WVO > soy. The diesel emissions generally had rev/MJth values orders of magnitude higher than those of large utility-scale combustors (natural gas, coal, oil, or wood) but orders of magnitude lower than those of inefficient open burning (e.g., residential wood fireplaces). These comparative data of the potential health effects of a variety of biodiesel fuels will help inform the life-cycle assessment and use of biodiesel fuels.
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14
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Liu Y, Liu T, Agyeiwaa A, Li Y. A SWOT analysis of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/170/2/022136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Manipulation of Auxin Response Factor 19 affects seed size in the woody perennial Jatropha curcas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40844. [PMID: 28102350 PMCID: PMC5244365 DOI: 10.1038/srep40844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed size is a major determinant of seed yield but few is known about the genetics controlling of seed size in plants. Phytohormones cytokinin and brassinosteroid were known to be involved in the regulation of herbaceous plant seed development. Here we identified a homolog of Auxin Response Factor 19 (JcARF19) from a woody plant Jatropha curcas and genetically demonstrated its functions in controlling seed size and seed yield. Through Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), we found that JcARF19 was a positive upstream modulator in auxin signaling and may control plant organ size in J. curcas. Importantly, transgenic overexpression of JcARF19 significantly increased seed size and seed yield in plants Arabidopsis thaliana and J. curcas, indicating the importance of auxin pathway in seed yield controlling in dicot plants. Transcripts analysis indicated that ectopic expression of JcARF19 in J. curcas upregulated auxin responsive genes encoding essential regulators in cell differentiation and cytoskeletal dynamics of seed development. Our data suggested the potential of improving seed traits by precisely engineering auxin signaling in woody perennial plants.
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Assessing the Availability of Terrestrial Biotic Materials in Product Systems (BIRD). SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Yano J, Aoki T, Nakamura K, Yamada K, Sakai SI. Life cycle assessment of hydrogenated biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using the catalytic cracking and hydrogenation method. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 38:409-423. [PMID: 25670164 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a worldwide trend towards stricter control of diesel exhaust emissions, however presently, there are technical impediments to the use of FAME (fatty acid methyl esters)-type biodiesel fuel (BDF). Although hydrogenated biodiesel (HBD) is anticipated as a new diesel fuel, the environmental performance of HBD and its utilization system have not been adequately clarified. Especially when waste cooking oil is used as feedstock, not only biofuel production but also the treatment of waste cooking oil is an important function for society. A life cycle assessment (LCA), including uncertainty analysis, was conducted to determine the environmental benefits (global warming, fossil fuel consumption, urban air pollution, and acidification) of HBD produced from waste cooking oil via catalytic cracking and hydrogenation, compared with fossil-derived diesel fuel or FAME-type BDF. Combined functional unit including "treatment of waste cooking oil" and "running diesel vehicle for household waste collection" was established in the context of Kyoto city, Japan. The calculation utilized characterization, damage, and integration factors identified by LIME2, which was based on an endpoint modeling method. The results show that if diesel vehicles that comply with the new Japanese long-term emissions gas standard are commonly used in the future, the benefit of FAME-type BDF will be relatively limited. Furthermore, the scenario that introduced HBD was most effective in reducing total environmental impact, meaning that a shift from FAME-type BDF to HBD would be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yano
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Aoki
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamura
- Advanced Scientific Technology & Management, 134 Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8813, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Kyoto City Environmental Policy Bureau, 384 Ichinofunairicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-0924, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Ren J, Dong L, Sun L, Goodsite ME, Tan S, Dong L. Life cycle cost optimization of biofuel supply chains under uncertainties based on interval linear programming. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 187:6-13. [PMID: 25827247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a model for optimizing the life cycle cost of biofuel supply chain under uncertainties. Multiple agriculture zones, multiple transportation modes for the transport of grain and biofuel, multiple biofuel plants, and multiple market centers were considered in this model, and the price of the resources, the yield of grain and the market demands were regarded as interval numbers instead of constants. An interval linear programming was developed, and a method for solving interval linear programming was presented. An illustrative case was studied by the proposed model, and the results showed that the proposed model is feasible for designing biofuel supply chain under uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzheng Ren
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, NielsBohrsAllé 1, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; CESQA (Quality and Environmental Research Centre), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Liang Dong
- Center for Social and Environmental System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Lu Sun
- Center for Social and Environmental System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Michael Evan Goodsite
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, NielsBohrsAllé 1, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Shiyu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lichun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies & Systems of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Towards More Holistic Environmental Impact Assessment: Hybridisation of Life Cycle Assessment and Quantitative Risk Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Ren J, Tan S, Dong L, Mazzi A, Scipioni A, Sovacool BK. Determining the life cycle energy efficiency of six biofuel systems in China: a Data Envelopment Analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 162:1-7. [PMID: 24727398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the life cycle energy efficiency of six biofuels in China. DEA can differentiate efficient and non-efficient scenarios, and it can identify wasteful energy losses in biofuel production. More specifically, the study has examined the efficiency of six approaches for bioethanol production involving a sample of wheat, corn, cassava, and sweet potatoes as feedstocks and "old," "new," "wet," and "dry" processes. For each of these six bioethanol production pathways, the users can determine energy inputs such as the embodied energy for seed, machinery, fertilizer, diesel, chemicals and primary energy utilized for manufacturing, and outputs such as the energy content of the bioethanol and byproducts. The results indicate that DEA is a novel and feasible method for finding efficient bioethanol production scenarios and suggest that sweet potatoes may be the most energy-efficient form of ethanol production for China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzheng Ren
- CESQA (Quality and Environmental Research Centre), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Center for Energy Technologies, AU-Herning, Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, DK-7400 Herning, Denmark
| | - Shiyu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies & Systems of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lichun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies & Systems of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Anna Mazzi
- CESQA (Quality and Environmental Research Centre), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Scipioni
- CESQA (Quality and Environmental Research Centre), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Benjamin K Sovacool
- Center for Energy Technologies, AU-Herning, Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, DK-7400 Herning, Denmark
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22
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Jin G, Zhang Y, Shen H, Yang X, Xie H, Zhao ZK. Fatty acid ethyl esters production in aqueous phase by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:266-270. [PMID: 24177160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are attractive biofuel molecules. Conventional FAEEs production process uses triglycerides and ethanol as feedstocks and is sensitive to water contents. In this work, we show that the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides cells are capable of converting lipids into FAEEs intracellularly in aqueous phase. Up to 73% of cellular neutral glycerides could be converted into FAEEs when lipid-rich cells were incubated for 84 h at 35°C, pH 6.0 in a broth containing 10 vol% ethanol. It was found that neutral glycerides were first hydrolyzed to free fatty acids followed by esterification and that lipid droplets played important roles in the process. This new process provides a novel opportunity for integration of microbial lipid production technology with bioethanol fermentation for more efficient production of drop-in biofuels from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Delivand MK, Gnansounou E. Life cycle environmental impacts of a prospective palm-based biorefinery in Pará State-Brazil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:438-446. [PMID: 23958338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of about 18 million hectares of grassland in Pará State, Brazil, and the possibility of increasing the livestock density display a good perspective for the oil palm expansion in pasture land. A life cycle assessment is performed for a prospective palm-based biorefinery to view two regional and one global environmental impact and the consequences of the land-use change in terms of GHG emissions. Oil palm cultivation in an area of ∼110,000 hectares of land can annually produce ∼39,000 tons of bioethanol, ∼340,000 tons of biodiesel, ∼268 GW h net electricity and other co-products. The life cycle GHG emissions reduction for biodiesel and bioethanol as compared to fossil diesel and gasoline would be 76.9-79.3% and 83.7-88.6%. The advantage of grassland rehabilitation by oil palm plantation is the removal of ∼188 t CO2/ha from the atmosphere during the plant lifetime. The entire inflows and outflows for the conversion processes are schemed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kami Delivand
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ajayebi A, Gnansounou E, Kenthorai Raman J. Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: a case study of India. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:429-437. [PMID: 24140355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Algae and jatropha, two types of promising and unconventional biomass, are investigated in this study for large-scale production of biodiesel. The aim is to evaluate the potential advantages and the magnitude of closeness of life cycle balances between these two biodiesel pathways compared to fossil diesel, by taking into account possible uncertainties. The geographical location of this study is India with a prospect of utilizing available wastelands in southern regions. The results indicate that the environmental performance of algal biodiesel is comparable to that of jatropha biodiesel. Both show significant GHG emission and fossil energy depletion reductions which are in the range of 36-40 and 10-25% respectively compared to fossil diesel in the studied geographic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ajayebi
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, GR-GN, INTER, ENAC, Station 18, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Liang S, Xu M, Suh S, Tan RR. Unintended environmental consequences and co-benefits of economic restructuring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12894-12902. [PMID: 24117387 DOI: 10.1021/es402458u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Current economic restructuring policies have ignored unintended environmental consequences and cobenefits, the understanding of which can provide foundations for effective policy decisions for green economy transformation. Using the input-output life cycle assessment model and taking China as an example, we find that household consumption, fixed capital formation, and export are main drivers to China's environmental impacts. At the product scale, major contributors to environmental impacts vary across different types of impacts. Stimulating the development of seven strategic emerging industries will cause unintended consequences, such as increasing nonferrous metal ore usage, terrestrial acidification, photochemical oxidant formation, human toxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Limiting the surplus outputs in the construction materials industry and metallurgy industry may only help mitigate some of the environmental impacts caused by China's regulated pollutants, with little effect on reducing other impacts, such as marine eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, photochemical oxidant formation, and particulate matter formation. However, it will bring cobenefits by simultaneously reducing mineral ore usage, human toxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Sustainable materials management and integrated policy modeling are possible ways for policy-making to avoid unintended consequences and effectively utilize cobenefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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26
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Gabrielle B, Gagnaire N, Massad RS, Dufossé K, Bessou C. Environmental assessment of biofuel pathways in Ile de France based on ecosystem modeling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 152:511-518. [PMID: 24280674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the work reported here was to reduce the uncertainty on the greenhouse gas balances of biofuels using agro-ecosystem modeling at a high resolution over the Ile-de-France region in Northern France. The emissions simulated during the feedstock production stage were input to a life-cycle assessment of candidate biofuel pathways: bioethanol from wheat, sugar-beet and miscanthus, and biodiesel from oilseed rape. Compared to the widely-used methodology based on fixed emission factors, ecosystem modeling lead to 55-70% lower estimates for N2O emissions, emphasizing the importance of regional factors. The life-cycle GHG emissions of first-generation biofuels were 50-70% lower than fossil-based equivalents, and 85% lower for cellulosic ethanol. When including indirect land-use change effects, GHG savings became marginal for biodiesel and wheat ethanol, but were positive due to direct effects for cellulosic ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Gabrielle
- AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR 1091 Environnement et Grandes Cultures, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Nathalie Gagnaire
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 Environnement et Grandes Cultures, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Raia Silvia Massad
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 Environnement et Grandes Cultures, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Karine Dufossé
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 Environnement et Grandes Cultures, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Cécile Bessou
- CIRAD, UPR Performances des systèmes de pérennes, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
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27
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Liang S, Xu M, Liu Z, Suh S, Zhang T. Socioeconomic drivers of mercury emissions in China from 1992 to 2007. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3234-3240. [PMID: 23473539 DOI: 10.1021/es303728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mercury emissions in China have increased by 164% during 1992-2007. While major mercury producers were among energy combustion and nonferrous metal sectors, little is known for the socioeconomic factors driving the growth of emissions. In this paper we examine the underlying drivers and their contributions to the change of mercury emissions. Results show that changes in per capita GDP and GDP composition led to increased emissions which offset the reduction of emissions made possible by technology-induced decrease of mercury emissions intensity and changes in final demand mix. In particular, changes in final demand mix caused decreasing mercury emissions from 1992 to 2002 and increasing emissions from 2002 to 2007. Formation of fixed capital was the dominant driver behind the increase of mercury emissions, followed by the increasing urban population and net exports. This systems-based examination of socioeconomic drivers for China's mercury emission increase is critical for emission control by guiding policy-making and targets of technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Liang S, Liu Z, Xu M, Zhang T. Waste oil derived biofuels in China bring brightness for global GHG mitigation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:139-145. [PMID: 23340111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a novel way for global greenhouse gas reduction through reusing China's waste oil to produce biofuels. Life cycle greenhouse gas mitigation potential of aviation bio-kerosene and biodiesel derived from China's waste oil in 2010 was equivalent to approximately 28.8% and 14.7% of mitigation achievements on fossil-based CO2 emissions by Annex B countries of the Kyoto Protocol in the period of 1990-2008, respectively. China's potential of producing biodiesel from waste oil in 2010 was equivalent to approximately 7.4% of China's fossil-based diesel usage in terms of energy. Potential of aviation bio-kerosene derived from waste oil could provide about 43.5% of China's aviation fuel demand in terms of energy. Sectors key to waste oil generation are identified from both production and consumption perspectives. Measures such as technology innovation, government supervision for waste oil collection and financial subsidies should be introduced to solve bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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