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Bizualem YD, Nurie AG. A review on recent biodiesel intensification process through cavitation and microwave reactors: Yield, energy, and economic analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24643. [PMID: 38312610 PMCID: PMC10834826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of biodiesel as a reliable and green energy source has grown over the past few years. Biodiesel is sustainable and biodegradable because it is only made from vegetable contents and waste cooking oil. Although biodiesel has many advantages over conventional fuels, there are still a lot of technological issues that need to be addressed during the production process. The yield of biodiesel produced using conventional methods is poor and the process is time-consuming. Process enhancements like cavitation and microwave have thus been developed to address this problem. Starting with a comparison to the conventional biodiesel process, this paper has reviewed the most recent developments in the increase of mixture and transfer of heat in these two reactors. This paper examined biodiesel improvement using microwave and cavitation reactors, including biodiesel yield, by meticulously reviewing and analyzing previous works. The production of biodiesel from various raw materials using a range of catalysts, energy requirements, as well as operating factors, activation energy, and constraints also have been discussed. Additionally, the economic analysis discusses the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing these technologies on a commercial scale. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the intensification of biodiesel production using cavitation and microwave reactors while considering both the technical and economic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Desta Bizualem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gashu Nurie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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2
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Yadav G, Yadav N, Ahmaruzzaman M. Advances in biomass derived low-cost carbon catalyst for biodiesel production: preparation methods, reaction conditions, and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23197-23210. [PMID: 37545599 PMCID: PMC10398831 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is a less hazardous, environmentally friendly biofuel that has been extensively investigated in modern years to ensure that we lessen our dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. While fossil fuel substitutes like biodiesel may help transition to a less polluted world, industrial-scale manufacturing still relies highly on chemical catalysis. However, heterogeneous solid catalysts result in less activity for biodiesel production due to their deactivation effects, porosity, surface area, material stability, and lower reactivity under moderate conditions. The "sulfonated carbons" are metal-free solid protonic acids distinguished by their distinctive carbon structure and Brønsted acidity (H0 = 8-11). Heterogeneous sulfonated catalysts derived from waste biomass were a significant focus of the most advanced biodiesel processing techniques for simple and low-cost manufacturing processes. This study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts, biomass sources and properties, synthesis of catalysts, and factors influencing the insertion of active sulfonic sites on biomass surfaces. Additionally, transesterification and esterification reaction mechanisms and kinetics are discussed. At last, future directions are provided for young, dynamic researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
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3
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Kustov LM, Kustov AL, Salmi T. Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Carbohydrates. Molecules 2022; 27:1472. [PMID: 35268573 PMCID: PMC8911892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into value-added products and platform chemicals became a trend in recent years. Microwave activation used in the processes of carbohydrate conversion coupled with the proper choice of catalysts makes it possible to enhance dramatically the efficiency and sometimes the selectivity of catalysts. This mini-review presents a brief literature survey related to state-of-the-art methods developed recently by the world research community to solve the problem of rational conversion of carbohydrates, mostly produced from natural resources and wastes (forestry and agriculture wastes) including production of hydrogen, synthesis gas, furanics, and alcohols. The focus is made on microwave technologies used for processing carbohydrates. Of particular interest is the use of heterogeneous catalysts and hybrid materials in processing carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid M. Kustov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Bldg. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Kustov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Bldg. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Abo Akademi University, 3 Tuomiokirkontori, FI-20500 Turku, Finland;
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4
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Mohamad Aziz NA, Yunus R, Kania D, Abd Hamid H. Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:788. [PMID: 33546303 PMCID: PMC7913569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation, becoming part of the internal energy acquired by reactant molecules. This method leads to major energy savings and reduces the reaction time by at least 60% compared to a conventional heating via conduction and convection. However, the application of microwave heating technology alone still suffers from non-homogeneous electromagnetic field distribution, thermally unstable rising temperatures, and insufficient depth of microwave penetration, which reduces the mass transfer efficiency. The strategy of integrating multiple technologies for biodiesel and biolubricant production has gained a great deal of interest in applied chemistry. This review presents an advanced transesterification process that combines microwave heating with other technologies, namely an acoustic cavitation, a vacuum, ionic solvent, and a supercritical/subcritical approach to solve the limitations of the stand-alone microwave-assisted transesterification. The combined technologies allow for the improvement in the overall product yield and energy efficiency. This review provides insights into the broader prospects of microwave heating in the production of bio-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Mohamad Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia;
| | - Robiah Yunus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia;
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Dina Kania
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Hamidah Abd Hamid
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
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5
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Patel A, Karageorgou D, Rova E, Katapodis P, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E434. [PMID: 32204542 PMCID: PMC7143722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% w/w of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; (A.P.); (E.R.); (U.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Dimitra Karageorgou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; (D.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Emma Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; (A.P.); (E.R.); (U.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Petros Katapodis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; (D.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; (A.P.); (E.R.); (U.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; (A.P.); (E.R.); (U.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; (A.P.); (E.R.); (U.R.); (P.C.)
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Abstract
This study reviewed and summarized the literature regarding the use of alcohols during hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass feedstocks. The use of both pure alcohols and alcohol-water co-solvents were considered. Based upon this review, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of different alcohol co-solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol) on the HTL treatment of a specific saltwater microalga (Tetraselmis sp.) at two temperatures: 300 °C and 350 °C. Based on their performance, two co-solvents, isopropanol and ethylene glycol, were selected to explore the effects of varying solvent concentrations and reaction temperatures on product yields and biocrude properties. The type and amount of added alcohol did not significantly affect the biocrude yield or composition. Biocrude yields were in the range of 30–35%, while a nearly constant yield of 21% insoluble products was observed, largely resulting from ash constituents within the algal feedstock. The benefits of using alcohol co-solvents (especially isopropanol) were the reduced viscosity of the biocrude products and reduced rates of viscosity increase with biocrude aging. These effects were attributed mainly to the physical properties of the co-solvent mixtures (solubility, polarity, density, etc.) rather than chemical processes. Under the reaction conditions used, there was no evidence that the co-solvents participated in biocrude production by means of hydrogen donation or other chemical processes. Recovery and recycling of the co-solvent present various challenges, depending upon the type and amount of the co-solvent that is used. For example, glycol solvents are recovered nearly completely within the aqueous product stream, whereas simple alcohols are partitioned between the biocrude and aqueous product streams. In commercial applications, the slight benefits provided by the use of co-solvents must be balanced by the challenges of co-solvent recovery and recycling.
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8
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Simplifying biodiesel production from microalgae via wet in situ transesterification: A review in current research and future prospects. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Some Advances in Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Fuels, Bio-Materials and Purification. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluids are used for the extraction of desired ingredients from natural materials, but also for the removal of undesired and harmful ingredients. In this paper, the pertinent physical and chemical properties of supercritical water, methanol, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and their mixtures are provided. The methodologies used with supercritical fluid extraction are briefly dealt with. Advances in the application of supercritical extraction to fuels, the gaining of antioxidants and other useful items from biomass, the removal of undesired ingredients or contaminants, and the preparation of nanosized particles of drugs are described.
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Zhang R, Parniakov O, Grimi N, Lebovka N, Marchal L, Vorobiev E. Emerging techniques for cell disruption and extraction of valuable bio-molecules of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:173-186. [PMID: 30470909 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae of Nannochloropsis sp. present valuable source of bio-molecules (pigments, lipids, proteins) that have nutritional potential for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Moreover, some species of Nannochloropsis are the promising sources of biofuels and excellent candidates for the replacement of classical biofuel crops. This review describes and compares the efficiency of different conventional and novel techniques that can be used for cell disruption and recovery of bio-molecules from Nannochloropsis sp. Classification of different extraction techniques includes chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and other physical methods. The detailed analysis of extraction efficiency assisted by pressure and temperature (subcritical and supercritical fluids, hydrothermal liquefaction), ultrasound, microwaves, and pulsed electric energy (pulsed electric fields and high voltage electrical discharges) is presented. The general discussion includes comparison between techniques, their effectiveness for cell disruption and selectivity of bio-molecules extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. The cost-effectiveness, benefits and limitations of different techniques are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Oleksii Parniakov
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nabil Grimi
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nikolai Lebovka
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.,Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry named after F. D. Ovcharenko, NAS of Ukraine, 42, blvr. Vernadskogo, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Luc Marchal
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, GEPEA, Université de Nantes, UMR6144, CRTT, Boulevard de l'Université, BP 406, 44602, Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Eugène Vorobiev
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
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11
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Howlader MS, Rai N, Todd French W. Improving the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms using different pretreatment techniques. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:743-755. [PMID: 30064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extraction directly from the wet oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production is preferred as it reduces the energy input for traditional processes which require extensive drying of the biomass prior to the extraction. The high water content (≥80% on cell dry weight) in the wet biomass hinders the extraction efficiency due to the mass transfer limitation. This limitation can be overcome by pretreating wet biomass prior to the lipid extraction using pressurized gas that can be used alone or combined with other pretreatments to disrupt the cell wall. In this review, an extensive discussion on different pretreatments and the subsequent lipid extraction using these pretreatments is presented. Furthermore, a detailed account of the cell disruption using pressurized gas (e.g., CO2) treatment for microbial cell lysing is also presented. Finally, a new technique on lipid extraction directly from wet biomass using the combination of pressurized CO2 and microwave pretreatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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12
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Priecel P, Perez Mejia JE, Carà PD, Lopez-Sanchez JA. Microwaves in the Catalytic Valorisation of Biomass Derivatives. SUSTAINABLE CATALYSIS FOR BIOREFINERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013567-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The application of microwave irradiation in the transformation of biomass has been receiving particular interest in recent years due to the use of polar media in such processes and it is now well-known that for biomass conversion, and particularly for lignocellulose hydrolysis, microwave irradiation can dramatically increase reaction rates with no negative consequences on product selectivity. However, it is only in the last ten years that the utilisation of microwaves has been coupled with catalysis aiming towards valorising biomass components or their derivatives via a range of reactions where high selectivity is required in addition to enhanced conversions. The reduced reaction times and superior yields are particularly attractive as they might facilitate the transition towards flow reactors and intensified production. As a consequence, several reports now describe the catalytic transformation of biomass derivatives via hydrogenation, oxidation, dehydration, esterification and transesterification using microwaves. Clearly, this technology has a huge potential for biomass conversion towards chemicals and fuels and will be an important tool within the biorefinery toolkit. The aim of this chapter is to give the reader an overview of the exciting scientific work carried out to date where microwave reactors and catalysis are combined in the transformation of biomass and its derivatives to higher value molecules and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Priecel
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Javier Eduardo Perez Mejia
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Piera Demma Carà
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- MicroBioRefinery Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Jose A. Lopez-Sanchez
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- MicroBioRefinery Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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13
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Yellapu SK, Kaur R, Kumar LR, Tiwari B, Zhang X, Tyagi RD. Recent developments of downstream processing for microbial lipids and conversion to biodiesel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:515-528. [PMID: 29472122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With increasing global population and depleting resources, there is an apparent demand for radical unprecedented innovation to satisfy the basal needs of lives. Hence, non-conventional renewable energy resources like biodiesel have been worked out in past few decades. Biofuel (e.g. Biodiesel) serves to be the most sustainable answer to solve "food vs. fuel crisis". In biorefinery process, lipid extraction from oleaginous microbial lipids is an integral part as it facilitates the release of fatty acids. Direct lipid extraction from wet cell-biomass is favorable in comparison to dry-cell biomass because it eliminates the application of expensive dehydration. However, this process is not commercialized yet, instead, it requires intensive research and development in order to establish robust approaches for lipid extraction that can be practically applied on an industrial scale. This review aims for the critical presentation on cell disruption, lipid recovery and purification to support extraction from wet cell-biomass for an efficient transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Yellapu
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Bhagyashree Tiwari
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Rajeshwar D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
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14
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Kapoore RV, Butler TO, Pandhal J, Vaidyanathan S. Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae: From Biofuels to Biorefinery. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:E18. [PMID: 29462888 PMCID: PMC5872044 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commercial reality of bioactive compounds and oil production from microalgal species is constrained by the high cost of production. Downstream processing, which includes harvesting and extraction, can account for 70-80% of the total cost of production. Consequently, from an economic perspective extraction technologies need to be improved. Microalgal cells are difficult to disrupt due to polymers within their cell wall such as algaenan and sporopollenin. Consequently, solvents and disruption devices are required to obtain products of interest from within the cells. Conventional techniques used for cell disruption and extraction are expensive and are often hindered by low efficiencies. Microwave-assisted extraction offers a possibility for extraction of biochemical components including lipids, pigments, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins, individually and as part of a biorefinery. Microwave technology has advanced since its use in the 1970s. It can cut down working times and result in higher yields and purity of products. In this review, the ability and challenges in using microwave technology are discussed for the extraction of bioactive products individually and as part of a biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Thomas O Butler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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16
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Yang M, Fan Y, Wu PC, Chu YD, Shen PL, Xue S, Chi ZY. An Extended Approach to Quantify Triacylglycerol in Microalgae by Characteristic Fatty Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1949. [PMID: 29181015 PMCID: PMC5693890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a third generation biofuel feedstock due to their high triacylglycerol (TAG) content under adverse environmental conditions. Microalgal TAG resides in a single cell and serves as a lipid class mixed with complicated compositions. We previously showed that TAG possessed characteristic fatty acids (CFAs) for quantification and was linearly correlated with the relative abundance of CFA within certain limits in microalgae. Here, we defined the application range of the linear correlation between TAG and CFA in the oleaginous microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In addition, TAG quantification was further expanded to a wide range of levels and the absolute amounts of saturated or monounsaturated CFAs, 16:0 and 18:1n9 of C. reinhardtii and 16:0 and 16:1n7 of P. tricornutum, instead of polyunsaturated CFAs, were verified to be linearly correlated to TAG levels throughout the entire period of nitrogen stress. This approach utilizes a single fatty acid to quantify TAG mixtures, and is rapid, simple and precise, which provides a useful tool for monitoring TAG accumulation of distinct microalgal species and facilitating high-throughput mutant screening for microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Pei-Li Shen
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zhan-You Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Nomanbhay S, Ong MY. A Review of Microwave-Assisted Reactions for Biodiesel Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020057. [PMID: 28952536 PMCID: PMC5590484 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass into chemicals and biofuels is an active research area as trends move to replace fossil fuels with renewable resources due to society's increased concern towards sustainability. In this context, microwave processing has emerged as a tool in organic synthesis and plays an important role in developing a more sustainable world. Integration of processing methods with microwave irradiation has resulted in a great reduction in the time required for many processes, while the reaction efficiencies have been increased markedly. Microwave processing produces a higher yield with a cleaner profile in comparison to other methods. The microwave processing is reported to be a better heating method than the conventional methods due to its unique thermal and non-thermal effects. This paper provides an insight into the theoretical aspects of microwave irradiation practices and highlights the importance of microwave processing. The potential of the microwave technology to accomplish superior outcomes over the conventional methods in biodiesel production is presented. A green process for biodiesel production using a non-catalytic method is still new and very costly because of the supercritical condition requirement. Hence, non-catalytic biodiesel conversion under ambient pressure using microwave technology must be developed, as the energy utilization for microwave-based biodiesel synthesis is reported to be lower and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifuddin Nomanbhay
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Yin Ong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Park J, Kim B, Chang YK, Lee JW. Wet in situ transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate as a co-solvent and reactant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:8-14. [PMID: 28142105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses wet in situ transesterification of microalgae for the production of biodiesel by introducing ethyl acetate as both reactant and co-solvent. Ethyl acetate and acid catalyst are mixed with wet microalgae in one pot and the mixture is heated for simultaneous lipid extraction and transesterification. As a single reactant and co-solvent, ethyl acetate can provide higher FAEE yield and more saccharification of carbohydrates than the case of binary ethanol and chloroform as a reactant and a co-solvent. The optimal yield was 97.8wt% at 114°C and 4.06M catalyst with 6.67mlEtOAC/g dried algae based on experimental results and response surface methodology (RSM). This wet in situ transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate doesn't require an additional co-solvent and it also promises more economic benefit as combining extraction and transesterification in a single process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; ABC Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1396-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Patel B, Guo M, Izadpanah A, Shah N, Hellgardt K. A review on hydrothermal pre-treatment technologies and environmental profiles of algal biomass processing. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:288-299. [PMID: 26514623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The need for efficient and clean biomass conversion technologies has propelled Hydrothermal (HT) processing as a promising treatment option for biofuel production. This manuscript discussed its application for pre-treatment of microalgae biomass to solid (biochar), liquid (biocrude and biodiesel) and gaseous (hydrogen and methane) products via Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC), Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) as well as the utility of HT water as an extraction medium and HT Hydrotreatment (HDT) of algal biocrude. In addition, the Solar Energy Retained in Fuel (SERF) using HT technologies is calculated and compared with benchmark biofuel. Lastly, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) discusses the limitation of the current state of art as well as introduction to new potential input categories to obtain a detailed environmental profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavish Patel
- Imperial College London, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miao Guo
- Imperial College London, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Arash Izadpanah
- Imperial College London, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Imperial College London, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Imperial College London, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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21
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Suh WI, Mishra SK, Kim TH, Farooq W, Moon M, Shrivastav A, Park MS, Yang JW. Direct transesterification of wet microalgal biomass for preparation of biodiesel. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Im H, Kim B, Lee JW. Concurrent production of biodiesel and chemicals through wet in situ transesterification of microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 193:386-92. [PMID: 26143574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses an unprecedented way of co-producing biodiesel (FAEE) and valuable chemicals of ethyl levulinate (EL), ethyl formate (EF) and diethyl ether (DEE) from wet in situ transesterification of microalgae. EL, EF, and DEE were significantly produced up to 23.1%, 10.3%, and 52.1% of the maximum FAEE mass with the FAEE yield higher than 90% at 125 °C. Experiments to elucidate a detailed route of EL and EF synthesis were fulfilled and it was found that its main route to the production of EL and EF was the acid hydrolysis of algal cells and esterification with ethanol. To investigate the effect of reaction variables on the products yields, comprehensive experiments were carried out with varying temperatures, solvent and alcohol volumes, moisture contents and catalyst amounts. Coproduction of DEE, EL, EF and FAEE can contribute to elevating the economic feasibility of microalgae-based biodiesel supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Taparia T, MVSS M, Mehrotra R, Shukla P, Mehrotra S. Developments and challenges in biodiesel production from microalgae: A review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:715-726. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Taparia
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Manjari MVSS
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Chemistry; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Paritosh Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
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24
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Jazzar S, Quesada-Medina J, Olivares-Carrillo P, Marzouki MN, Acién-Fernández FG, Fernández-Sevilla JM, Molina-Grima E, Smaali I. A whole biodiesel conversion process combining isolation, cultivation and in situ supercritical methanol transesterification of native microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 190:281-288. [PMID: 25965253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A coupled process combining microalgae production with direct supercritical biodiesel conversion using a reduced number of operating steps is proposed in this work. Two newly isolated native microalgae strains, identified as Chlorella sp. and Nannochloris sp., were cultivated in both batch and continuous modes. Maximum productivities were achieved during continuous cultures with 318mg/lday and 256mg/lday for Chlorella sp. and Nannochloris sp., respectively. Microalgae were further characterized by determining their photosynthetic performance and nutrient removal efficiency. Biodiesel was produced by catalyst-free in situ supercritical methanol transesterification of wet unwashed algal biomass (75wt.% of moisture). Maximum biodiesel yields of 45.62wt.% and 21.79wt.% were reached for Chlorella sp. and Nannochloris sp., respectively. The analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids of Chlorella sp. showed a decrease in their proportion when comparing conventional and supercritical transesterification processes (from 37.4% to 13.9%, respectively), thus improving the quality of the biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhir Jazzar
- LIP-MB Laboratory (LR11ES24), INSAT - University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Joaquín Quesada-Medina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Olivares-Carrillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Molina-Grima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Issam Smaali
- LIP-MB Laboratory (LR11ES24), INSAT - University of Carthage, Tunisia.
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25
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Ponnusamy S, Reddy HK, Muppaneni T, Downes CM, Deng S. Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from algal bio-crude oils extracted under subcritical water conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:454-461. [PMID: 25164337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A life cycle assessment study is performed for the energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions in an algal biodiesel production system. Subcritical water (SCW) extraction was applied for extracting bio-crude oil from algae, and conventional transesterification method was used for converting the algal oil to biodiesel. 58MJ of energy is required to produce 1kg of biodiesel without any co-products management, of which 36% was spent on cultivation and 56% on lipid extraction. SCW extraction with thermal energy recovery reduces the energy consumption by 3-5 folds when compared to the traditional solvent extraction. It is estimated that 1kg of algal biodiesel fixes about 0.6kg of CO2. An optimized case considering the energy credits from co-products could further reduce the total energy demand. The energy demand for producing 1kg of biodiesel in the optimized case is 28.23MJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harvind Kumar Reddy
- Chemical & Materials Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Tapaswy Muppaneni
- Chemical & Materials Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cara Meghan Downes
- Economics, Applied Statistics & International Business Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Shuguang Deng
- Chemical & Materials Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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26
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Cheng J, Huang R, Li T, Zhou J, Cen K. Biodiesel from wet microalgae: extraction with hexane after the microwave-assisted transesterification of lipids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:69-75. [PMID: 25125194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A chloroform-free novel process for the efficient production of biodiesel from wet microalgae is proposed. Crude biodiesel is produced through extraction with hexane after microwave-assisted transesterification (EHMT) of lipids in wet microalgae. Effects of different parameters, including reaction temperature, reaction time, methanol dosage, and catalyst dosage, on fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) yield are investigated. The yield of FAME extracted into the hexane from the wet microalgae is increased 6-fold after the transesterification of lipids. The yield of FAME obtained through EHMT of lipids in wet microalgae is comparable to that obtained through direct transesterification of dried microalgae biomass with chloroform; however, FAME content in crude biodiesel obtained through EHMT is 86.74%, while that in crude biodiesel obtained through the chloroform-based process is 75.93%. EHMT ensures that polar pigments present in microalgae are not extracted into crude biodiesel, which leads to a 50% reduction in nitrogen content in crude biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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27
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Cheng J, Huang R, Yu T, Li T, Zhou J, Cen K. Biodiesel production from lipids in wet microalgae with microwave irradiation and bio-crude production from algal residue through hydrothermal liquefaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 151:415-418. [PMID: 24183493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cogeneration process of biodiesel and bio-crude was proposed to make full use of wet microalgae biomass. High-grade biodiesel was first produced from lipids in wet microalgae through extraction and transesterification with microwave irradiation. Then, low-grade bio-crude was produced from proteins and carbohydrates in the algal residue through hydrothermal liquefaction. The total yield (40.19%) and the total energy recovery (67.73%) of the cogenerated biodiesel and bio-crude were almost equal to those of the bio-oil obtained from raw microalgae through direct hydrothermal liquefaction. Upon microwave irradiation, proteins were partially hydrolyzed and the hydrolysates were apt for deaminization under the hydrothermal condition of the algal residue. Hence, the total remaining nitrogen (16.02%) in the cogenerated biodiesel and bio-crude was lower than that (27.06%) in the bio-oil. The cogeneration process prevented lipids and proteins from reacting to produce low-grade amides and other long-chain nitrogen compounds during the direct hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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28
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Zeng D, Li R, Yan T, Fang T. Perspectives and advances of microalgal biodiesel production with supercritical fluid technology. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05766j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel, a sustainable and clean energy source, has been greatly attracting interest to compete against serious challenges like energy crisis and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zeng
- Department of chemical engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Ruosong Li
- Department of chemical engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of chemical engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of chemical engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an, 710049 China
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29
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Im H, Lee H, Park MS, Yang JW, Lee JW. Concurrent extraction and reaction for the production of biodiesel from wet microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 152:534-537. [PMID: 24291292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses a reliable in situ transesterification process which integrates lipid extraction from wet microalgae, and its conversion to biodiesel, with a yield higher than 90 wt.%. This process enables single-step production of biodiesel from microalgae by mixing wet microalgal cells with solvent, methanol, and acid catalyst; and then heating them in one pot. The effects of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, wet cell weight, reaction time, and catalyst volume on the conversion yield are investigated. This simultaneous extraction and transesterification of wet microalgae may enable a significant reduction in energy consumption by eliminating the drying process of algal cells and realize the economic production of biodiesel using wet microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - HanSol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min S Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ji-Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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30
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31
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Liu B, Vieler A, Li C, Daniel Jones A, Benning C. Triacylglycerol profiling of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:310-316. [PMID: 23948268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) from microalgae can serve as feedstock for the production of biofuels. To gain a comprehensive understanding of TAG metabolism in algae through genetic and molecular approaches, and to improve algal biofuel production, efficient and quantitative phenotyping methods focusing on TAGs are required. Towards this end, a facile ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol was developed for TAG profiling, achieving identification and quantification of intact TAG molecular species in two algae. TAG profiling was performed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis oceanica grown in nitrogen (N)-replete or N-depleted medium. For the quantification of algal TAGs and fatty acids, two sets of internal standards were developed by taking advantage of the presence of pheophytin and specific fatty acids in algal samples. Comparison of algal TAG levels was simplified by using these internal standards for TAG analysis, paving the way for high-throughput mutant screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Astrid Vieler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA.
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