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Su P, Lu X, Song G, Zhang Q, Leng Q, Zhou M. Synergy of atomic hydrogen reduction and reactive oxygen species oxidation over confined Mn bifunctional site for electrocatalytic deep mineralization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135521. [PMID: 39154475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Traditional reduction or oxidation processes generating one-component free radicals face challenges in deep dechlorination and mineralization of chlorophenols from wastewater. Herein, an efficient electrocatalytic process has been developed, which couples atomic H* reduction with reactive oxidation species (•OH and 1O2) oxidation on a bifunctional cathode for 4 -chlorophenol (4 -CP) removal. The N - doped carbon nanotubes encapsulated manganese nanoparticles was fabricated as cathode, which could generate atomic H* , initiating nucleophilic hydrodechlorination in presence of confined MnO sites. Subsequently, electrophilic oxidation by generating mainly 1O2 on confined Mn7C3 sites and •OH on confined MnO sites, facilitating the oxidative processes. Experimental results and theory calculations demonstrated that reductive dechlorination and oxidative mineralization processes could mutually promote each other, resulting in an enhancement factor of 2.90. At pH 7, this process achieved 100 % removal for 4 -CP, 84 % dechlorination, 76 % total organic carbon (TOC) removal and low energy consumption (0.76 kWh g-1TOC) within 120 min. Notably, TOC for chlorophenols containing Cl substituents at different positions and real lake water containing 4 -CP could be almost completely removed. This research establishes confined non-noble bifunctional active sites that synergistically enhance reductive dechlorination and oxidative degradation processes, holding significant treatment potential for application in deep mineralization of organochlorine from water/wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Qiuxia Leng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Mei Q, Zheng P, Ma W, Han I, Zhan M, Wu B. New insight into the irreversible membrane fouling in different pore-sized ultrafiltration ceramic membrane bioreactors (UCMBRs) for high-strength textile wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138773. [PMID: 37105308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite great achievements in ceramic membrane bioreactor applications, membrane fouling, which decreases the permeability and separation performance of bioreactors and is associated with increased operational costs and energy consumption, remains a problem. The aim of this study was to expand our understanding of the fouling behavior in the long-term performance of ultrafiltration ceramic membrane bioreactors (UCMBRs) for high-strength textile wastewater reclamation. Using real textile wastewater effluent, the effects of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane pore sizes, cleaning strategies, and foulant distribution were systematically evaluated over more than three months of continuous operation. The results showed that UCMBR system achieved chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal efficiencies as high as 91-95% and 39-43%, respectively. The high PN concentration can easily increase the viscosity of mixed liquor samples, contributing to a fouling layer on the membrane surface. In addition, the fouling layer formed on the surface of small-pore-sized ceramic UF membranes was not completely reversible but was difficult to eliminate by simple physical cleaning. Soluble extracellular polymeric substances, especially proteins and low molecular weight neutrals, remained, resulting in irreversible fouling on the UF membrane. However, saturated CO2 backwash showed great potential for enhancing the system through efficient fouling control without using environmentally unfriendly cleaning chemicals. The cake-intermediate and complete-standard models were suitable for explaining the fouling mechanism in the large- and small-pore-sized UF membranes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ihnsup Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Luo H, Fu H, Yin H, Lin Q. Carbon materials in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes: The roles and construction of active sites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128044. [PMID: 34933260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have paid more attention to the progress of carbon materials owing to their advantages, such as high activity, low cost, large surface area, high conductivity and high stability. Carbon materials have been widely used in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs), especially for graphene (G), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and biochar (BC). Various strategies are applied to promote their activity, however, up to now, the relationship between the structures of carbon materials and their activities in PS-AOPs has not been specifically reviewed. The methods to switch reaction pathway (radical and nonradical pathways) in carbon-persulfate-based AOPs have not been systematically explored. Hereon, this review illustrated the active sites of G, CNTs, BC and other carbon materials, and generalized the modification methods to promote the activity of carbon materials and to switch reaction pathway in PS-AOPs. The roles of carbon materials in PS-AOPs were discussed around reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the structures. ROS are frequently complex in AOPs, but main ROS generation is related to the active sites on carbon materials. The structures of carbon materials (e.g., metal-carbon bonds, the electron-deficient C atoms, unbalanced electron distribution and graphitized structures) play a decisive role in the nonradical pathway. Finally, future breakthroughs of carbon materials were proposed for practical engineering and multi-field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hengyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qintie Lin
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Aydin S, Arabacı DN, Shahi A, Fakhri H, Ovez S. Enhanced removal of antibiotics using Eichhornia crassipes root biomass in an aerobic hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:223-234. [PMID: 35470721 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2045484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) root biomass (WHRB) on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with an aerobic hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor (HF-MBR) was investigated. The performance of the bioreactor was assessed in terms of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and antibiotic removal and membrane biofouling rate. For deeper insight, microbial communities in sludge and biofilm layers were analyzed through Illumina sequencing. The addition of WHRB into the HF-MBR increased the COD (by 6%), as well as antibiotics and transformation products removal efficiency. Removal efficiencies of 97%, 98% and 84% were obtained for removal of erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Furthermore, WHRB modified the biodegradation network, increased the relative abundances of Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae and decreased Firmicutes, compared with the control with antibiotics. The addition of WHRB also enriched Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes while decreasing the phylla Chloroflexi and Saccharibacteria in the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Aydin
- Department of Biology, Biotechnology Section, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Nur Arabacı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aiyoub Shahi
- Institute of Environment, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ovez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Aydin S, Ünlü İD, Arabacı DN, Duru ÖA. Evaluating the effect of microalga Haematococcus pluvialis bioaugmentation on aerobic membrane bioreactor in terms of performance, membrane fouling and microbial community structure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:149908. [PMID: 34634718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, considering the enhancement potential of microalgae and MBRs for wastewater treatment, the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, which is a freshwater species of Chlorophyta with a high capacity to synthesize astaxanthin, was bioaugmented into an aerobic MBR to investigate its potential on treatment of antibiotics in wastewater, reducing membrane biofouling, and impact on the microbial community structure. For this purpose, two control MBRs, with and without antibiotics, alongside an MBR bioaugmented with H. pluvialis, were set under mesophilic conditions, using inoculum from a local wastewater treatment facility and synthetic wastewater. The common antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TET) and erythromycin (ERY) were selected to investigate removal efficiencies by Haematococcus pluvialis in an MBR for this study. In the bioaugmented reactor, membrane biofouling was delayed by 33% and chemical oxygen demand removal increased by 6%. The highest removal of antibiotics was observed for TET with a 20% enhancement from 69.75% (C2) to 89.73% (HP). The results also suggested that H. pluvialis reconstructed indigenous and biofilm microbial communities in MBR. The biodegradation network was modified and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased, while Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Aydin
- Department of Biology, Biotechnology Section, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İlayda Dilara Ünlü
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Nur Arabacı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Nişantaşı University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ateş Duru
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nişantaşı University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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Su P, Fu W, Du X, Song G, Tang Y, Zhou M. Nanoscale confinement in carbon nanotubes encapsulated zero-valent iron for phenolics degradation by heterogeneous Fenton: Spatial effect and structure–activity relationship. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Cai W, Gao Z, Yu S, Lv M, Shi Y, Wang J. New insights into membrane fouling formation during ultrafiltration of organic wastewater with high salinity. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Teng J, Wu M, Chen J, Lin H, He Y. Different fouling propensities of loosely and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and the related fouling mechanisms in a membrane bioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126953. [PMID: 32402884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fouling propensities of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPSs) and tightly bound EPSs (TB-EPSs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) were investigated. It was found that, both the LB-EPSs and TB-EPSs possessed rather high specific filtration resistance (SFR), and LB-EPSs possessed about three times higher SFR but a lower adhesion ability than the TB-EPSs. A series of characterizations demonstrated that LB-EPSs had higher ratio of proteins to polysaccharides (PN/PS ratio), lower CO bonds content, higher hydrophilicity, higher deformation or mixing ability and more abundant high molecular weight (MW) substances than TB-EPSs. Thermodynamic analyzes revealed that the total interaction energy between the TB-EPSs and membrane was always attractive and strengthened, well explaining the higher adhesion ability of the TB-EPSs than the LB-EPSs. Meanwhile, the filtration process was found to be associated with gel layer formation, and the high SFR of EPSs was caused by the chemical potential change in gel layer filtration. According to the Flory-Huggins lattice theory, LB-EPSs tended to form a gel layer with higher cross-linking and/or polymer entanglement level because they contained more abundant high molecular weight (MW) substance, corresponding to higher SFR than that of the TB-EPSs. The proposed thermodynamic mechanisms well interpreted the different fouling propensities of LB-EPSs and TB-EPSs in MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Teng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Mengfei Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Yiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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9
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Jiang L, Wang Q, Zhou M, Liang L, Li K, Yang W, Lu X, Zhang Y. Role of adsorption and oxidation in porous carbon aerogel/persulfate system for non-radical degradation of organic contaminant. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125066. [PMID: 31622888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A porous carbon aerogel (CA) was prepared to activate persulfate (PS) for the removal of phenol. The adsorption of phenol on CA and its removal in CA/PS system was fitted to a second-order model and first-order kinetic model, respectively. Influencing factors of CA/PS such as pH, CA dose, PS concentration, phenol concentration and temperature were investigated. CA/PS presented good performance on phenol removal over a pH range of 3-11 with the highest removal obtained at pH 7. Four kinds of organic pollutants including tetracycline, Rhodamine B, Safranine T and malachite green were investigated in the CA/PS system, proving that the adsorption of the contaminants benefitted their subsequent oxidation removal. The removal of aromatic compounds (phenol, p-diphenol, p-chlorophenol, and p-nitrophenol) in CA/PS system followed a decreasing order of hydroxyl > chlorine > nitro. The radical scavenging experiments suggested the removal of phenol was mainly through a non-radical pathway. The study presented the preparation and application of a green catalyst to activate PS, which is very promising for the development of the technology and the treatment of phenolic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Liang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kerui Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weilu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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10
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Teng J, Zhang M, Leung KT, Chen J, Hong H, Lin H, Liao BQ. A unified thermodynamic mechanism underlying fouling behaviors of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in a membrane bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:477-487. [PMID: 30476776 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soluble microbial products (SMPs) are the predominate foulants determining fouling extent in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, exact mechanism underlying their typical fouling behaviors remains unrevealed. In this study, the typical fouling behaviors of SMPs during initial operational period of a MBR were characterized. It was found that, although being low content, SMPs rather than sludge particulates preferentially adhered to membrane surface to accumulate a gel layer, and moreover, specific filtration resistance (SFR) of SMPs was approximately 700 times larger than that of the sludge particulates at operational day 3. According to energy balance principle, a unified thermodynamic mechanism underlying these fouling behaviors of SMPs was proposed. Thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that, the attractive interaction energy strength in contact between SMPs and membrane was larger by around 3700 times than that between sludge particulates and membrane, well explaining the extremely high adhesive ability of SMPs over sludge particlulates. Meanwhile, filtration through a SMPs layer was modelled and simulated as a thermodynamic process. Simulation on an agar gel showed that, about 92.6% of SFR was originated from mixing free energy change during filtration. Such a result satisfactorily interpreted the extremely high SFR of SMPs layer over sludge cake layer. The revealed thermodynamic mechanism underlying SMPs fouling behaviors significantly deepened understanding of fouling, and facilitated to development of effective fouling control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Teng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Meijia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Kam-Tin Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Bao-Qiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Dong Z, Shang W, Dong W, Zhao L, Li M, Wang R, Sun F. Suppression of membrane fouling in the ceramic membrane bioreactor (CMBR) by minute electric field. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:113-119. [PMID: 30216920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three ceramic MBRs (CMBR) installed with varied electrodes, i.e. Cu, Ti and Fe, were operated in parallel under the minute electric field to evaluate their suppression effect on membrane fouling, by comparison with control CMBR. Fe-CMBR released Fe2+ continuously to induce a higher organic removal efficiency and a smooth fouling rate. There was significant electric-flocculation effect in the Fe-CMBR, reflected by the increased sludge particle size and zeta potential, and to improve sludge filterability. Application of minute electric field could also affect the CMBR supernatant organic content and components, which was another reason for fouling mitigation. The formed membrane fouling layer was more easily to be detached by simple backwashing in all electric CMBRs, since that there were significant electric repulsive force to prevent foulants deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wentao Shang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan Zhao
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mu Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feiyun Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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12
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Cui Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Ngo HH, Jia H, Guo W, Gao F, Yang G, Kang D. Investigation of backwashing effectiveness in membrane bioreactor (MBR) based on different membrane fouling stages. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:355-362. [PMID: 30195993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effect of different fouling stages of hollow fiber membranes on effective backwashing length in MBR has been investigated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is imported to simulate backwashing process. A multi-physics coupling model for free porous media flow, convective mass transfer and diluted species transport was established. The laser bijection sensors (LBS) were imported to monitor the backwashing solution position inside fiber lumen. Simulation results indicated that membrane fouling degree could change the velocity of backwash solution inside fiber lumen and make a further effect on effective backwash length. The signal variations of LBS are in accordance with the simulation results. The backwashing process can only play an active role when the filtration pressure is below the critical TMP. It can be concluded that backwash duration in industrial applications need to be set based on changes in TMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dejun Kang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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13
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Feng S, Yu G, Cai X, Eulade M, Lin H, Chen J, Liu Y, Liao BQ. Effects of fractal roughness of membrane surfaces on interfacial interactions associated with membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:560-568. [PMID: 28803106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fractal roughness is one of the most important properties of a fractal surface. In this study, it was found that, randomly rough membrane surface was a fractal surface, which could be digitally modeled by a modified two-variable Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (WM) function. Fractal roughness of membrane surfaces has a typical power function relation with the statistical roughness of the modeled surface. Assessment of interfacial interactions showed that an increase in fractal roughness of membrane surfaces will strengthen and prolong the interfacial interactions between membranes and foulants, and under conditions in this study, will significantly increase the adhesion propensity of a foulant particle on membrane surface. This interesting result can be attributed to that increase in fractal roughness simultaneously improves separation distance and interaction surface area for adhesion of a foulant particle. This study gives deep insights into interfacial interactions and membrane fouling in MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Feng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Genying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xiang Cai
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Mahoro Eulade
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Science Research Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Bao-Qiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
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14
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Cheng B, Wang J, Liu W, Cui Z, Bi F, Jia H, Zhang H. Membrane fouling reduction in a cost-effective integrated system of microbial fuel cell and membrane bioreactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:653-661. [PMID: 28759447 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and membrane bioreactors (MBR) are promising technologies for wastewater treatment. However, both of them have some drawbacks and application limitations. A cost-effective hybrid system (EMBR) integrating MFC with MBR was evaluated in terms of treatment performance and membrane fouling. In this paper, two electric field directions with a membrane module in the middle were applied to explore the mechanism of membrane fouling mitigation in EMBRs. In both configurations of EMBRs, microbial activity and degradation ability of activated sludge for chemical oxygen demand and NH4+-N removals could be enhanced compared with those for the controlled MBR. In addition, the irreversible resistance significantly decreased, especially in the EMBR(-) with a longer operation time. Furthermore, two critical factors, namely enhanced bioflocculation and electrophoresis forces, were compared based on key parameters (zeta potential, particle size distribution and extracellular polymeric substances). The electrophoresis forces made a greater contribution to fouling alleviation than that conducted by the enhanced bioflocculation. The results suggested that EMBR, as a promising wastewater treatment technology, improved effluent quality and reduced energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China E-mail: ; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China E-mail: ; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhao Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fanghua Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China E-mail:
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China E-mail: ; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China E-mail:
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15
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Yang M, Yu D, Liu M, Zheng L, Zheng X, Wei Y, Wang F, Fan Y. Optimization of MBR hydrodynamics for cake layer fouling control through CFD simulation and RSM design. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:102-111. [PMID: 28013126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is an important issue for membrane bioreactor (MBR) operation. This paper aims at the investigation and the controlling of reversible membrane fouling due to cake layer formation and foulants deposition by optimizing MBR hydrodynamics through the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and design of experiment (DOE). The model was validated by comparing simulations with measurements of liquid velocity and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a lab-scale submerged MBR. The results demonstrated that the sludge concentration is the most influencing for responses including shear stress, particle deposition propensity (PDP), sludge viscosity and strain rate. A medium sludge concentration of 8820mgL-1 is optimal for the reduction of reversible fouling in this submerged MBR. The bubble diameter is more decisive than air flowrate for membrane shear stress due to its role in sludge viscosity. The optimal bubble diameter was at around 4.8mm for both of shear stress and PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaobo Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Choi J, Kim ES, Ahn Y. Microbial community analysis of bulk sludge/cake layers and biofouling-causing microbial consortia in a full-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:133-141. [PMID: 28013129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrosequencing was used to investigate biofouling-causing microbial consortia at the community level in bulk sludge and cake layers within a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The analysis revealed Chao's estimates of total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of 1726, 1806, and 1362 for bulk sludge, cake outer layer, and cake inner layer, respectively. The bulk sludge and cake outer layer OTUs clustered together, whereas the cake inner layer OTUs formed a separate group, indicating that environmental conditions affected the microbial community composition within the MBR. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant phyla in both the bulk sludge and the cake layers. Comparison at the genus level showed twelve distinct genera in the cake layers that were absent in bulk sludge. Twenty distinct genera were recorded in the inner cake layer. Those genera are likely the microbial colonization pioneers in full-scale membrane bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongdong Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sik Kim
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Ahn
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zhao L, Yang L, Lin H, Zhang M, Yu H, Liao BQ, Wang F, Zhou X, Li R. Modeling three-dimensional surface morphology of biocake layer in a membrane bioreactor based on fractal geometry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:478-484. [PMID: 27764740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While the adsorptive fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is highly dependent of the surface morphology, little progress has been made on modeling biocake layer surface morphology. In this study, a novel method, which combined static light scattering method for fractal dimension (Df) measurement with fractal method represented by the modified two-variable Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function, was proposed to model biocake layer surface in a MBR. Characterization by atomic force microscopy showed that the biocake surface was stochastic, disorder, self-similarity, and with non-integer dimension, illustrating obvious fractal features. Fractal dimension (Df) of sludge suspension experienced a significant change with operation of the MBR. The constructed biocake layer surface by the proposed method was quite close to the real surface, showing the feasibility of the proposed method. It was found that Df was the critical factor affecting surface morphology, while other factors exerted moderate or minor effects on the roughness of biocake layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Lining Yang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
| | - Meijia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Bao-Qiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
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18
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Wang J, Bi F, Ngo HH, Guo W, Jia H, Zhang H, Zhang X. Evaluation of energy-distribution of a hybrid microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) for cost-effective wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:420-425. [PMID: 26512867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost hybrid system integrating a membrane-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) was studied for fouling mitigation. The appended electric field in the MBR was supplied by the MFC with continuous flow. Supernatant from an anaerobic reactor with low dissolved oxygen was used as feed to the MFC in order to enhance its performance compared with that fed with synthetic wastewater. The voltage output of MFC maintained at 0.52±0.02V with 1000Ω resister. The electric field intensity could reach to 0.114Vcm(-1). Compared with the conventional MBR (CMBR), the contents rather than the components of foulants on the cake layer of fouled MFC-MBR system was significantly reduced. Although only 0.5% of the feed COD was translated into electricity and applied to MBR, the hybrid system showed great feasibility without additional consumption but extracting energy from waste water and significantly enhancing the membrane filterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Seperation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Fanghua Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Seperation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Huu-Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Seperation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Seperation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
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