1
|
Luo X, Guo M, Zheng X, Zheng S, Li S. Distinguished denitrifying phosphorus removal in the high-rate anoxic/microaerobic system for sewage treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142377. [PMID: 38768781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study re-evaluated the role of anoxic and anaerobic zones during the enhanced biological phosphorus (P) removal process by investigating the potential effect of introducing an anoxic zone into a high-rate microaerobic activated sludge (MAS) system (1.60-1.70 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3 d-1), i.e., a high-rate anoxic/microaerobic (A/M) system for sewage treatment. In the absence of a pre-anaerobic zone, introducing an anoxic zone considerably reduced effluent NOx--N concentrations (7.2 vs. 1.5 mg L-1) and remarkably enhanced total nitrogen (75% vs. 89%) and total P (18% vs. 60%) removal and sludge P content (1.48% vs. 1.77% (dry weight)) due to further anoxic denitrifying P removal in the anoxic zone (besides simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the microaerobic zone). High-throughput pyrosequencing demonstrated the niche differentiation of different polyphosphate accumulating organism (PAO) clades (including denitrifying PAO [DPAO] and non-DPAO) in both systems. Introducing an anoxic zone considerably reduced the total PAO abundance in sludge samples by 42% and modified the PAO community structure, including 17-19 detected genera. The change was solely confined to non-DPAOs, as no obvious change in total abundance or community structure of DPAOs including 7 detected genera was observed. Additionally, introducing an anoxic zone increased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by 39%. The high-rate A/M process provided less aeration, higher treatment capacity, a lower COD requirement, and a 75% decrease in the production of waste sludge than the conventional biological nutrient removal process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Luo
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengya Guo
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiangnan Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Shida Li
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo X, Guo M, Zheng X, Zheng S, Li S. Distinguished denitrifying phosphorus removal in the high-rate anoxic/microaerobic system for sewage treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139712. [PMID: 37536543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This study re-evaluated the role of anoxic and anaerobic zones during the enhanced biological phosphorus (P) removal process by investigating the potential effect of introducing an anoxic zone into a high-rate microaerobic activated sludge (MAS) system (1.60-1.70 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3 d-1), i.e., a high-rate anoxic/microaerobic (A/M) system for sewage treatment. In the absence of a pre-anaerobic zone, introducing an anoxic zone considerably reduced effluent NOx--N concentrations (7.2 vs. 1.5 mg L-1) and remarkably enhanced total nitrogen (75% vs. 89%) and total P (18% vs. 60%) removal and sludge P content (1.48% vs. 1.77% (dry weight)) due to further anoxic denitrifying P removal denitrification in the anoxic zone (besides simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the microaerobic zone). High-throughput pyrosequencing demonstrated the niche differentiation of different polyphosphate accumulating organism (PAO) clades (including denitrifying PAO [DPAO] and non-DPAO) in both systems. Introducing an anoxic zone considerably reduced the total PAO abundance in sludge samples by 42% and modified the PAO community structure, including 17-19 detected genera. The change was solely confined to non-DPAOs, as no significant change in total abundance or community structure of DPAOs including seven detected genera was observed. Additionally, introducing an anoxic zone increased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by 39%. The high-rate A/M process provided less aeration, higher treatment capacity, a lower COD requirement, and a 75% decrease in the production of waste sludge than the conventional biological nutrient removal process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Luo
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengya Guo
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiangnan Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Shida Li
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Bi X, Fan X, Yang T, Wang X, Chen S, Cheng L, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhao F, Nie S, Deng X. Performance and bacterial community analysis of a two-stage A/O-MBBR system with multiple chambers for biological nitrogen removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135195. [PMID: 35667503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O)-moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system with multiple chambers was established for municipal wastewater treatment. At the total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11.2 h and nitrate recycling ratio of 1, the removal efficiencies reached 83.8%, 82.5%, and 77.8% for soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 98.0%, 97.5%, and 94.9% for ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and 91.8%, 92.0%, and 87.7% for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Biofilms with functional bacterial populations were formed in the pre-anoxic reactors, the pre-oxic reactors, the post-anoxic reactors and the post-oxic reactors of the two-stage A/O-MBBR system. The highest nitrification potential was found in the last oxic reactor of the first A/O-MBBR subsystem with the highest relative abundances of the functional genes including [EC:1.14.99.39] and [EC:1.7.2.6]). The highest denitrification potential was found in the post-anoxic reactors with the highest relative abundances of the functional genes including [EC:1.7.2.1], [EC:1.7.2.5] and [EC:1.7.2.4]. This work constructed an efficient municipal biological nitrogen removal technology to achieve high effluent nitrogen standards in winter, and investigated its working mechanism to provide a basis for its design and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Bi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xing Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Tang Yang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Lihua Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Weihua Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Fangchao Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Shichen Nie
- Shandong Hynar Water Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Heze, 274000, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- Hynar Water Group Co, Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang Y, Khan A, Huang H, Tian Y, Yu X, Xu Q, Mou L, Lv J, Zhang P, Liu P, Deng L, Li X. Using nano-attapulgite clay compounded hydrophilic urethane foams (AT/HUFs) as biofilm support enhances oil-refinery wastewater treatment in a biofilm membrane bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:606-617. [PMID: 30059921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) treatments based on biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR) technology is an ideal approach and biofilm supporting material is a critical factor. In this study, BF-MBR with nano-attapulgite clay compounded hydrophilic urethane foams (AT/HUFs) as a biofilm support was used to treat PRW with a hydraulic retention time of 5 h. The removal rate of 500 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 15 mg/L NH4+ and 180 NTU of turbidity were 99.73%, 97.48% and 99.99%, which were 23%, 20%, and 6% higher than in the control bioreactor, respectively. These results were comparatively higher than that observed for the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The death rate of the Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) irrigated with BF-MBR-treated water was 4.44%, which was similar to that of the plants irrigated with tap water (3.33%) and SBR-treated water (5.56%), but significantly lower than that irrigated with raw water (84.44%). The counts demonstrated by qPCR for total bacteria, denitrifiers, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were also higher in BF-MBR than those obtained by SBR. Moreover, the results of 16 s rRNA sequencing have demonstrated that the wastewater remediation microbes were enriched in AT/HUFs, e.g., Acidovorax can degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and Sulfuritalea is an efficient nitrite degrader. In summary, BF-MBR using AT/HUF as a biofilm support improves microbiome of the actived sludge and is reliable for oil-refinery wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, PR China; Institute of Virology (VIRO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Insitute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Aman Khan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Haiying Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, PR China; Institute of Virology (VIRO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Insitute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Yanrong Tian
- Sewage Disposal Plant, Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, Huanxingdonglu #88, Lanzhou, Gansu 730060, PR China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, PR China
| | - Lichao Mou
- Signal Processing in Earth Observation (SiPEO), Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Jianguo Lv
- Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, PR China
| | - Pengyun Zhang
- Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, PR China
| | - Pu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of Virology (VIRO), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Insitute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshuinanlu #222, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Bi X, Hem LJ, Ratnaweera H. Microbial community composition of a multi-stage moving bed biofilm reactor and its interaction with kinetic model parameters estimation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 218:340-347. [PMID: 29698916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial community diversity determines the function of each chamber of multi-stage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems. How the microbial community data can be further used to serve wastewater treatment process modelling and optimization has been rarely studied. In this study, a MBBR system was set up to investigate the microbial community diversity of biofilm in each functional chamber. The compositions of microbial community of biofilm from different chambers of MBBR were quantified by high-throughput sequencing. Significantly higher proportion of autotrophs were found in the second aerobic chamber (15.4%), while 4.3% autotrophs were found in the first aerobic chamber. Autotrophs in anoxic chamber were negligible. Moreover, ratios of active heterotrophic biomass and autotrophic biomass (XH/XA) were obtained by performing respiration tests. By setting heterotroph/autotroph ratios obtained from sequencing analysis equal to XH/XA, a novel approach for kinetic model parameters estimation was developed. This work not only investigated microbial community of MBBR system, but also it provided an approach to make further use of molecular microbiology analysis results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003-IMT, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Xuejun Bi
- Qingdao University of Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation in China, Fushun Road 11, 266033 Qingdao, China
| | - Lars John Hem
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003-IMT, 1432 Aas, Norway; Oslo Water and Sewage Works, Herslebs Gate 5, 0561 Oslo, Norway
| | - Harsha Ratnaweera
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003-IMT, 1432 Aas, Norway; Qingdao University of Technology, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation in China, Fushun Road 11, 266033 Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Liu H, Zhang W, Yu T, Jin Q, Fu B, Liu H. Recovery of organic matters in wastewater by self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor: Performance and membrane fouling. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:123-131. [PMID: 29614405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation process and fouling characteristics of the dynamic membrane were studied in a modified self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (SF-DMBR) for recovering the organic matters in wastewater, and the performance of this SF-DMBR was investigated. Results indicated that 80% of the organic matters in wastewater could be quickly recovered under continuous operation. Furthermore, the evolutions of the fouling components were determined during the formation and development processes of dynamic membrane. After the long-term operation, the decreases of protein concentration, accompanying with the increases of polysaccharides and microorganisms contents due to special operating conditions, were interestingly observed in the sludge of membrane surface. This could explain why membrane fouling was much weak. Therefore, though high membrane fluxes at 50-150 L/(m2·h) were adopted in this study, the reactor can still obtain a long-term stable operation and the operating cycle reached as long as 8 days. Finally, membrane fouling process was described by combined models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215011, PR China.
| | - Wenduo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qiu Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Bo Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Wang HL, Xu YX, Fang YY, Chen XR. Sludge disintegration using a hydrocyclone to improve biological nutrient removal and reduce excess sludge. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Sun FY, Li P, Li J, Li HJ, Ou QM, Sun TT, Dong ZJ. Hybrid biofilm-membrane bioreactor (Bf-MBR) for minimization of bulk liquid-phase organic substances and its positive effect on membrane permeability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:772-780. [PMID: 26454042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four biofilm membrane bioreactors (Bf-MBRs) with various fixed carrier volumes (C:M) were operated in parallel to investigate the effect of attached-growth mode biomass involvement to the change of liquid-phase organics characteristics and membrane permeability, by comparing with conventional MBR. The experiments displayed that C:M and co-existence of biofilm with suspended solids in Bf-MBRs resulted in slight difference in pollutants removal effectiveness, and in rather distinct biomass properties and bacterial activities. The membrane permeability and specific resistance of bulk suspension of Bf-MBRs related closely with the liquid-phase organic substance, including soluble microbial products (SMP) and biopolymer cluster (BPC). Compared with conventional MBR, Bf-MBR with proper C:M had a low total biomass content and food-chain, where biofilm formation and its dominance affected liquid-phase organics, especially through reducing their content and minimizing strongly and weakly hydrophobic components with small molecular weight, and thus to mitigate membrane fouling significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Y Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - P Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - J Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H J Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Q M Ou
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - T T Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Z J Dong
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|